Relevant bibliographies by topics / African American high school boys

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'African American high school boys'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "African American high school boys"

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Cohen, Michele. "Boys' and Girls' High School: Art and Politics in the Civil Rights Era." Prospects 30 (October 2005): 715–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300002246.

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The story of public art in the United States is also the story of American democratic institutions. Our public schools in particular, malleable and shifting under changing societal expectations, provide clues about the nature of our educational enterprise in their very design and the commissioned art that enhances them. In New York City, home to the nation's largest public school system and one of the first, art in schools is a barometer of aesthetic preferences and a measure of larger social issues. The constellation of events that led to the decentralization of New York City's schools in 1970 also led to the creation of an outstanding collection of work by African-American artists at Brooklyn's Boys' and Girls' High School.Better known for its athletics and as the school that hosted Nelson Mandela than for its public art, Boys' and Girls' High School first opened its doors as the Central School, with a Girls' department on Nostrand Avenue and a Boys' department on Court Street. In 1886, the Girls' department moved into a new building on Nostrand Avenue and in September 1890 school officials changed the official organization of the school to two schools, with Girls' High School on Nostrand Avenue (with added wings under construction) and Boys'High School (under construction) on Marcy Avenue. By 1960, efforts were under way to build a replacement school. The planning of the new Boys' and Girls' High School coincided with the fight by New York City minority groups for local school control, and the commissioning of art for the new building was paradigmatic of this struggle.
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Chatterji, Madhabi. "Achievement gaps and correlates of early mathematics achievement: Evidence from the ECLS K—first grade sample. Vol. 13 No. 46." education policy analysis archives 13 (November 23, 2005): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v13n46.2005.

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In light of the NCLB Act of 2001, this study estimated mathematics achievement gaps in different subgroups of kindergartners and first graders, and identified child- and school-level correlates and moderators of early mathematics achievement. A subset of 2300 students nested in 182 schools from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study K-First Grade data set was analyzed with hierarchical linear models. Relative to school mean estimates at the end of kindergarten, significant mathematics achievement gaps were found in Hispanics, African Americans and high poverty students. At the end of Grade 1, mathematics gaps were significant in African American, high poverty, and female subgroups, but not in Hispanics. School-level correlates of Grade 1 Mathematics achievement were class size (with a small negative main effect), at-home reading time by parents (with a large positive main effect) and school size (with a small positive main effect). Cross-level interactions in Grade 1 indicated that schools with larger class and school sizes had a negative effect on African American children's math scores; schools giving more instructional time to reading and math had a positive effect on high poverty students' scores, and schools with higher elementary teacher certification rates had a positive effect on boys' mathematics achievement.
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Atwood, Elizabeth, and Sara Pietrzak. "Full-court press: How segregationist newspapers covered the championship season of an integrated Virginia high school basketball team." Newspaper Research Journal 39, no. 3 (2018): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739532918796229.

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This qualitative study examines how two small Virginia newspapers that had opposed school integration covered an integrated high school boys basketball team that won a state championship three years after the school admitted African American students. While previous studies of sports journalism have found evidence of racial bias in the depiction of black athletes, this study finds values governing community journalism, including local boosterism, trumped racial bias.
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Patton, Desmond U., Reuben J. Miller, James Garbarino, Adrian Gale, and Emma Kornfeld. "HARDINESS SCRIPTS: HIGH-ACHIEVING AFRICAN AMERICAN BOYS IN A CHICAGO CHARTER SCHOOL NAVIGATING COMMUNITY VIOLENCE AND SCHOOL." Journal of Community Psychology 44, no. 5 (2016): 638–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21791.

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Fenzel, L. Mickey, and Kathy Richardson. "Supporting Continued Academic Success, Resilience, and Agency of Boys in Urban Catholic Alternative Middle Schools." Journal of Catholic Education 22, no. 1 (2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/joce.2201012019.

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The persistent inequalities in urban public education in the U. S. that have left far too many Black and Hispanic male students behind with respect to academic skill development, high school graduation, and college success have led Catholic groups to provide alternative secondary school models to advance the academic and career success of urban students. One of these initiatives is the NativityMiguel model school, the first of which opened in New York City in 1971. The present study examines the lived experience, with respect to benefits of this education on the subsequent academic and career successes, of male graduates of two of these schools, one for African American, or Black, students and one for Mexican American students in different parts of the country. Analyses of interviews with 37 graduates showed that they benefitted from the schools’ approach to academic skill development and the building of resilience, leadership, and a commitment to service in the context of a community that continued to support the development of resilience after middle school graduation. Differences in aspects of the two programs are examined along with the implications for making use of the schools’ initiatives on a larger scale.
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Sasser, Tyler R., Charles R. Beekman, and Karen L. Bierman. "Preschool executive functions, single-parent status, and school quality predict diverging trajectories of classroom inattention in elementary school." Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 3 (2014): 681–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000947.

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AbstractA sample of 356 children recruited from Head Start (58% European American, 25% African American, and 17% Hispanic; 54% girls; Mage = 4.59 years) were followed longitudinally from prekindergarten through fifth grade. Latent profile analyses of teacher-rated inattention from kindergarten through third grade identified four developmental trajectories: stable low (53% of the sample), stable high (11.3%), rising over time (16.4%), and declining over time (19.3%). Children with stable low inattention had the best academic outcomes in fifth grade, and children exhibiting stable high inattention had the worst, with the others in between. Self-regulation difficulties in preschool (poor executive function skills and elevated opposition–aggression) differentiated children with rising versus stable low inattention. Elementary schools characterized by higher achievement differentiated children with declining versus stable high inattention. Boys and children from single-parent families were more likely to remain high or rise in inattention, whereas girls and children from dual-parent families were more likely to remain low or decline in inattention.
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Kelsey, Caroline, Janice Zeman, and Danielle Dallaire. "Emotion Correlates of Bullies, Victims, and Bully-Victims in African American Children." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 7 (2016): 688–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798416680719.

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Bullying is a pervasive and widely studied problem. Less is known about the emotion correlates that accompany being a bully, being a victim of bullying, and experiencing both bullying and victimization for African American elementary-school-age students. The current study examined differences in emotion dysregulation and internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety) across levels of bullying and victimization. Children ( N = 336, Mage = 9.58 years, 42.3% boys, 100% African American) were recruited from two inner-city elementary schools and completed self- and peer-reports of bullying and self-reports of victimization, emotion dysregulation, and internalizing symptoms. Results indicated that emotion dysregulation and anxiety symptoms were predicted by an interaction between self-reported bullying and victimization. For children low in victimization, higher levels of self-reported bullying predicted an increase in emotion dysregulation and anxiety symptoms. However, for children high in victimization, bullying was not predictive of these outcomes. Depressive symptoms were predicted by self- and peer-reported bullying and self-reported victimization. Understanding underlying emotional correlates of bullying and victimization within this context have important implications for prevention programs.
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WAKSCHLAG, LAUREN S., and SYDNEY L. HANS. "Maternal smoking during pregnancy and conduct problems in high-risk youth: A developmental framework." Development and Psychopathology 14, no. 2 (2002): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579402002092.

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Smoking during pregnancy is associated with adverse consequences for children. Most recently, it has been established as a risk factor for developmental psychopathology, specifically Conduct Disorder (CD). Although this association has been shown to be robust, developmental pathways from exposure to CD have not been established. We examined how prenatal exposure to cigarettes interacts with child and family factors to increase risk of CD symptoms in a longitudinal study of 10-year-old urban, African-American youth (N = 77). The effects of prenatal exposure at school age were moderated by child sex. Boys whose mothers smoked during pregnancy were significantly more likely to develop CD symptoms, but exposure did not increase risk in girls. A similar trend was found during infancy: prenatal smoking was associated with low sociability/negative emotionality only for boys. The effects of smoking during pregnancy were also moderated by the quality of the early caregiving environment. Exposed boys whose mothers were unresponsive during infancy were at increased risk of CD symptoms, but exposed boys with early responsive mothers were not. Prospective studies, with developmentally based measures of behavior across time, are critical for further elucidating pathways from prenatal exposure to cigarettes to the development of clinical disorder. The identification of a potentially modifiable, prenatal risk factor for early onset developmental psychopathology has important implications for prevention.
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Eisenman, Russell. "Possible Gender Bias in Ivy League and Selective Colleges." Psychological Reports 70, no. 3 (1992): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.3.970.

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In a 1991 report it was shown that many college women, especially conservatives, would not want a woman or an African-American to be President of the United States. Data are presented from a 1989 report by Persell and Cookson of 1035 high school seniors, showing Ivy League colleges and other highly selective colleges appeared to discriminate against female applicants. Even though both male and female applicants were from the pool of what elite colleges might consider to be the most qualified candidates, 92% of the boys but only 77% of the girls were accepted by the colleges.
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Wright, Paul M., Weidong Li, and Sheng Ding. "Relations of Perceived Motivational Climate and Feelings of Belonging in Physical Education in Urban Schools." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 2 (2007): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.2.386-390.

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The current pilot study examined the relationship between feelings of belonging and perceptions of motivational climate in physical education classes among 87 African-American, inner-city high school students (41 boys, 46 girls). Motivational climate was assessed by the Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire and feelings of belonging were assessed by the Belonging Scale. Contrary to the hypothesis, scores for both the task- and ego-involved subscales of the Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire had moderate positive correlations with scores on the Belonging Scale, indicating the relationship between these specific motivational climates and social-emotional outcomes in physical education is not clear and direct. Further research is warranted to assess these findings and to identify what experiences and instructional strategies are most effective in promoting social-emotional outcomes in physical education in urban schools.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "African American high school boys"

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Grieve, Kimberly A. "Urban African American male high school students' educational aspirations for college and the influence of family, school, and peers /." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1258735643.

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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2009.<br>Typescript. Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Higher Education." Bibliography: leaves 96-106.
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Gayle, Marlon De Shawn. "African American administrators' perspectives: Improving African American male high school graduation rates in San Joaquin County." Scholarly Commons, 2012. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/83.

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This Northern California single case qualitative study used Critical Race Theory as a framework for examining the perspectives of African American administrators on improving graduation rates of African American male public high school students in San Joaquin County. Barriers to graduation completion in San Joaquin County public high schools continue to leave stakeholders looking for solutions to change the status quo for African American male high schools students. Ten San Joaquin County African American male and female administrators (identified by pseudonyms) from various public elementary, middle, and high schools were interviewed individually. Participants' responses were categorized into themes according to their answers for each question. Contrary to explanations for low graduation rates of African American male students, as predicted in the literature review of this study, the participants' perspectives rarely indicated that discipline, or lack of parental involvement was a prevailing reason for low graduation rates for African American male students. Low teacher expectations, lack of role models and advocates, and the failure of the school systems to implement successful strategies to improve the graduation rates of African American male students appeared to be the most common themes as discussed in the literature review. Participants perspectives suggest public high schools in San Joaquin County struggle to make positive connections with African American male students. All of the participants claimed that teachers, administrators, and school staff struggle to build and maintain healthy relationships with African American male students. Some of the recommendations from the participants of this study suggest that stakeholders can assist African American male students in overcoming barriers and improving their graduation rates by: starting African American male charter schools, operating mentoring programs in schools, and recruiting more African American teachers and administrators.
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Kirkland, Kipchoge Neftali. "Brothers in the spotlight : effects on critical cultural consciousness of African American males in a suburban high school /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7814.

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Frazier, Andrea D. "Academic self-concept and possible selves of high-ability African American males attending a specialized school for gifted and talented high school students." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/774.

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Grant, David G. "Listening to student voices web-based mentoring for Black male students with emotional disorders /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002316.

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Jones, Barbara Archer. "Effects of a mentor program on the academic success and self concept of selected black males in the junior high school." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40197.

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Lack of academic success among Black male students has become a focus of educational debate. Concerned educators have led the search for effective models of intervention and prevention. Current literature indicates that positive interaction with adult male mentors in the educational. setting might foster academic success among Black male students. This study investigated the effects of a mentor program on the academic success and self concept of selected Black males in the junior high school. A mentor program was implemented in an Alexandria, Virginia junior high school. Based upon teacher and administrator referral, 50 students who might benefit from participation in a mentor program were identified. Twenty-five students were randomly assigned to the treatment group and participated in the full mentor program. The control group of 25 students was monitored. Eleven city agency and school staff members served as mentors to the experimental group.<br>Ed. D.
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Celico, Andrea. "A Study of Resiliency in African-American Middle School Boys." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1229540936.

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Johnson, Ivy J. "Behavioral Impacts of Father Absence on Middle School African American Boys." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4144.

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Father absence is the experience of children who grow up in households without their biological father. The African American population experiences the highest level of father absence of all demographic groups in the United States. Research shows that father absence influences school behavior. There is a lack of literature evaluating the extent to which father absence affects children, particularly African American boys, at different stages of development. This quantitative study was used to evaluate how father absence affected school behavior of African American boys, ages 13-15, in the middle school setting, in Houston, TX. Guided by attachment theory, the research question for this study asked how father absence impacts the school behavior of African American boys between the ages of 13 and 15 from mother-only homes when compared to school behavior of African American boys from intact families. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine overall and types of externalizing behavior of 60 purposive sampled participants identified from the Child Behavior Checklist-Teacher Report Scale subscales. Results indicated that African American boys from father absent homes displayed an overall higher rate of externalizing behavior than same- aged peers from intact families on all 3 dependent variables (Overall, Rule-Breaking, and Aggressive Behavior). This study is an important contribution to the existing literature and enhances social change initiatives by bringing increased focus on school behavior, adolescent behavior, middle school practices, and behavior interventions. Specifically, the results of this study can be used by educational stakeholders to develop early intervention and prevention programs to address behaviors associated with the absent father experience.
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Broadway, Everly Estes Friel Susan N. "African American achievement in high school mathematics." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2216.

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Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 26, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Education in the School of Education." Discipline: Education; Department/School: Education.
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Archer-Banks, Diane Alice Marie. "Voices of high-performing African American high school girls." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0020760.

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Books on the topic "African American high school boys"

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Jones, Allan J. A scholar's vice. Darkhail Pub., 2006.

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Schooled. Scholastic, 2012.

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The rhythm boys of Omaha Central: High school basketball at the 68 racial divide. University of Nebraska Press, 2011.

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The contender. HarperCollins, 1987.

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Lipsyte, Robert. The contender. HarperCollins, 1987.

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Lipsyte, Robert. The Contender. HarperCollins, 2010.

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Lipsyte, Robert. The contender. HarperKeypoint, 1987.

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Lipsyte, Robert. The contender. ABC-Clio, 1987.

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Lipsyte, Robert. The contender. HarperTrophy, 1993.

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Lipsyte, Robert. The contender. Trumpet Club, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "African American high school boys"

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Bentley-Edwards, Keisha L., Duane E. Thomas, and Howard C. Stevenson. "Raising Consciousness: Promoting Healthy Coping Among African American Boys at School." In Handbook of Culturally Responsive School Mental Health. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4948-5_9.

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Pedroni, Thomas C. "The End of the Comprehensive High School? African American Support for Private School Vouchers." In The Death of the Comprehensive High School? Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230608788_7.

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Fletcher, Edward C., Donna Y. Ford, and James L. Moore. "An Examination of Microaggressions Encountered by African American STEAM Academy High-School Students*." In Global Perspectives on Microaggressions in Schools. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003089681-5.

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Voisin, Dexter R., and Torsten B. Neilands. "School Engagement, Peer Influences, and Sexual Behaviors Among High School African American Adolescent Boys." In Social Work With African American Males. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314366.003.0006.

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Brown, Jeannette. "Industry and Government Labs." In African American Women Chemists. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199742882.003.0009.

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Dr. Hopkins is one of the few American women to have held a doctorate in science and a license to practice before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Her career included academia, industry, and government. Esther was born Esther Arvilla Harrison on September 16, 1926, in Stamford, Connecticut. She was the second of three children born to George Burgess Harrison and Esther Small Harrison. Her father was a chauffeur and sexton at a church, and her mother worked in domestic service. Neither of her parents had an advanced education. Her father had some high school education; her mother attended only primary school. However, both of her parents wanted to make sure their children had a good education. When Esther was three and a half years old, her mother took her along to register her older brother for school. Because Esther was taller than her brother, the teacher suggested that she take the test to start school. She passed the test and was able to start kindergarten at the age of three and a half! She and her brother went to school together all through elementary school. Boys and girls were separated in junior high school; in high school they remained separate but attended the same school. She decided in junior high school that she wanted to be a brain surgeon. This was because she met a woman doctor in Stamford who had an office in one of the buildings that her father cleaned. The woman was a physician and graduate of Boston University Medical School. Esther decided that she wanted to be just like her. Therefore, when Esther entered high school, she chose the college preparatory math and science track. She took as many science courses as possible in order to get into Boston University. She spent a lot of time at the local YWCA, becoming a volunteer youth leader. One speaker at a YWCA luncheon discouraged her from entering science and suggested that she become a hairdresser. Esther was hurt but not discouraged by this. She graduated from Stamford High School in 1943.
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Miller, James W. "Organizing Athletics." In Integrated. University Press of Kentucky, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813169118.003.0005.

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This chapter explores how basketball became an organized sport at black schools and its historical importance. As benefactors such as Julius Rosenwald poured support into education for young black men and women, athletic programs began to grow and flourish. By the 1920s, more than fifty African American high schools in Kentucky were engaged in sports competition. In 1932 educators from the Kentucky Negro Educational Association organized the Kentucky High School Athletic League (KHSAL) to standardize rules and equalize competition. Whitney Young of Lincoln Institute and William Kean of Louisville Central High School were instrumental in organizing Kentucky's African American schools into a statewide association. The first state championship sponsored by the KHSAL was the annual boys basketball tournament.
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Bachynski, Kathleen. "It’s All We’ve Got." In No Game for Boys to Play. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653709.003.0009.

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Increased media coverage of college and professional college shaped beliefs about the benefits and risks of youth football. The importance attributed to high school football in schools and communities contributed to the expansion of football at the little league level. Football among elementary and middle school children increasingly served as a feeder system for the high school level of play. In addition, the appeal of future access to social and financial resources, including the hope of landing a college football scholarship and a potential professional career, became increasingly prominent in the latter half the twentieth century. The possibility of accessing higher education through football influenced how parents and players weighed the risks and benefits of the sport at the high school level and younger. The ways football improved perceived access to higher social standing and higher education contributed in part to the changing racial demographics of tackle football, particularly with the increasing involvement of African American athletes. Meanwhile, sportscasters’ glorification of “big hits” fostered celebration of football’s dangers even as sports organizers claimed both educational and physical benefits for the youth sport.
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Brown, Jeannette E. "Chemists Who Work in Industry." In African American Women Chemists in the Modern Era. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190615178.003.0006.

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Dr. Dorothy J. Phillips (Fig. 2.1) is a retired industrial chemist and a member of the Board of Directors of the ACS. Dorothy Jean Wingfield was born in Nashville, Tennessee on July 27, 1945, the third of eight children, five girls and three boys. She was the second girl and is very close to her older sister. Dorothy grew up in a multi- generational home as both her grandmothers often lived with them. Her father, Reverend Robert Cam Wingfield Sr., born in 1905, was a porter at the Greyhound Bus station and went to school in the evenings after he was called to the ministry. He was very active in his church as the superintendent of the Sunday school; he became a pastor after receiving an associate’s degree in theology and pastoral studies from the American Baptist Theological Seminary. Her mother, Rebecca Cooper Wingfield, occasionally did domestic work. On these occasions, Dorothy’s maternal grandmother would take care of the children. Dorothy’s mother was also very active in civic and school activities, attending the local meetings and conferences of the segregated Parent Teachers Association (PTA) called the Negro Parent Teachers Association or Colored PTA. For that reason, she was frequently at the schools to talk with her children’s teachers. She also worked on a social issue with the city to move people out of the dilapidated slum housing near the Capitol. The town built government subsidized housing to relocate people from homes which did not have indoor toilets and electricity. She was also active in her Baptist church as a Mother, or Deaconess, counseling young women, especially about her role as the minister’s wife. When Dorothy went to school in 1951, Nashville schools were segregated and African American children went to the schools in their neighborhoods. But Dorothy’s elementary, junior high, and high schools were segregated even though the family lived in a predominately white neighborhood. This was because around 1956, and after Rosa Park’s bus boycott in Montgomery, AL, her father, like other ministers, became more active in civil rights and one of his actions was to move to a predominately white neighborhood.
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Iruka, Iheoma U., Donna-Marie C. Winn, and Christine Harradine. "High Achieving African American Boys." In Advances in Race and Ethnicity in Education. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s2051-231720140000002020.

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Deal, Terrence E., and Dwight Roper. "A Dilemma of Diversity: The American High School." In Adolescent Boys in High School. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315231549-2.

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Reports on the topic "African American high school boys"

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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