Journal articles on the topic 'African American mayors'

The nature of political representation of Black constituents' interests from their elected Black representatives is changing in the twentyfirst century. Increasingly, African Americans are being elected to political offices where the majority of their constituents are not African American. Previous research on this question tended to characterize Black politicians' efforts to represent their Black constituents' interests in two frames: deracialized or racialized (McCormick and Jones 1993; Cruse 1990). However, the advent of the twenty-first century has exhausted the utility ofthat polarization. Black politicians no longer find explicit racial appeals appropriate for their electoral goals, given the changing demographic environment, and greater acceptance of African American politicians in highprofile positions of power. Black politicians also increasingly find that a lack of attention to racial disparities facing constituents within their political boundaries does not effectively address why certain groups like Blacks are disproportionately and negatively affected than others, across a range of issues. Rather than continue to make efforts to represent Black interests within those two frames, Black politicians have begun to universalize the interests of Blacks.

Several libraries in New York City have exceptionally rich resources for the study of relations between African Americans and Jewish Americans. The holdings of and access to these collections are discussed; some sources in other parts of the U.S. are mentioned as well. The most important collection is in the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library. Besides books, there is a vast Clipping File, the unique Kaiser Index, manuscript collections, and some audio and visual materials. The Jewish Division of The New York Public Library has unparalleled holdings of Jewish newspapers from around the world, from which relevant articles can be derived. The libraries of the Jewish Theological Seminary and the VIVO Institute ,are also both fine sources. Their book holdings are up-to-date, and YIVO's clipping file is also, including such items as publicity releases from Mayors Koch and Dinkins. YIVO's archives have such important historical holdings as the American Jewish Committee Records (1930s to the 1970s), and some NAACP materials from the thirties and forties. Children's books on this top ic and ways of acquiring information are noted. A list of the major libraries, with addresses, telephone numbers, and hours is in an appendix.

I want you to have power because I will have power.Roscoe Conkling Simmons (1881–1951) was an African American journalist and lifelong Republican, frequently acclaimed as the greatest orator of his day. He wrote for the Chicago Defender, the nation's largest black paper, and was later a columnist for the Chicago Tribune. A sometime advisor on black affairs to Republican administrations during the 1920s, Simmons seconded the re-nomination of Herbert Hoover for president in 1932, where “His exit from the platform was blocked by senators, committeemen, governors and others high in the public life who sought to touch ‘the hem of his garment.’” Throughout his career, the Colonel, as Simmons was often called, forged close links with black organizations. On regular speaking tours, he participated in the affairs of fraternities, churches, and educational institutions nationwide. Simmons was a social chameleon, on familiar terms with black America's most powerful businessmen and editors, entertainers and mobsters, but equally comfortable among the working men and women with whom he gossiped in barber shops and at church picnics. Senators, mayors, and aldermen admired his talent on the speaking platform and valued his connections to the black community. When white Republicans needed help in rallying northern black voters, Simmons was the fixer they summoned. He gladly obliged, out of loyalty to the Grand Old Party and in anticipation of reciprocal dispensations.

Desde hace más de 10 años, un tercio de la cocaína que ingresa a Europa lo hace a través de África Occidental. Sin embargo, poco se sabe de la relación existente entre América Latina, como región productora de cocaína, y África Occidental, como zona de tráfico, acopio y consumo. Este trabajo, de carácter exploratorio, busca entender por qué África Occidental se presenta atractiva para los traficantes latinoamericanos y cómo funciona el vínculo entre ellos y los africanos. La hipótesis que plantea es que los Estados africanos han sido cooptados por las organizaciones criminales. Estas generan mayores incentivos para las organizaciones criminales latinoamericanas, que consideran que dicha ruta es menos riesgosa y más redituable que otras, aun cuando tengan que negociar, parte de la logística con sus pares africanos. Como resultado, se han detectado tres hubs por los que ingresa la cocaína proveniente de América Latina: uno en la Costa Atlántica, uno en el Sahel y otro en el golfo de Benín. Abstract For more than 10 years, one third of the cocaine that enters Europe does so through West Africa. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship between Latin America, as the region that produces cocaine, and West Africa, as a zone of trafficking, stockpiling and consumption. This article, which is of an exploratory kind, seeks to understand why West Africa presents itself as attractive to Latin-American traffickers and how the link between them and the Africans works. The hypothesis stated in this work is that African States have been co-opted by criminal organizations. They generate greater incentives for Latin American criminal organizations, which consider this route less risky and more profitable than others, even though they have to negotiate part of the logistics with their African peers. As a result, three hubs through which cocaine comes from Latin America have been detected: one on the Atlantic Coast, one in the Sahel and another one in the Gulf of Benin.

AbstractScores on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) are frequently lower for African American when compared with Caucasian adults. Although demographically based norms can mitigate the impact of this discrepancy on the likelihood of erroneous diagnostic impressions, a growing consensus suggests that group norms do not sufficiently address or advance our understanding of the underlying psychometric and sociocultural factors that lead to between-group score discrepancies. Using item response theory and methods to detect differential item functioning (DIF), the current investigation moves beyond comparisons of the summed total score to examine whether the conditional probability of responding correctly to individual BNT items differs between African American and Caucasian adults. Participants included 670 adults age 52 and older who took part in Mayo’s Older Americans and Older African Americans Normative Studies. Under a two-parameter logistic item response theory framework and after correction for the false discovery rate, 12 items where shown to demonstrate DIF. Of these 12 items, 6 (“dominoes,” “escalator,” “muzzle,” “latch,” “tripod,” and “palette”) were also identified in additional analyses using hierarchical logistic regression models and represent the strongest evidence for race/ethnicity-based DIF. These findings afford a finer characterization of the psychometric properties of the BNT and expand our understanding of between-group performance. (JINS, 2009, 15, 758–768.)

In November of 1969, 2,700 members of Newark’s African American and Puerto Rican community assembled at the Black and Puerto Rican Political Convention to mobilize and strategize a plan to gain socio-political power. Unified through their discrimination in housing, employment, and police brutality, Newark’s communities of color resolved that the election of the city’s first Black mayor would provide a solution to many of their problems. Accordingly, the election of Kenneth Gibson validated the communities’ unified efforts and symbolized one of the most successful multiracial coalitions in Newark’s history. Although a monumental milestone, not all Newarkers remembered the convention as a symbol of hope and unity amongst Newark’s marginalized. For many Puerto Ricans, Gibson’s victory was the impetus for a major rift between Puerto Ricans and African Americans. While the history of the Black and Puerto Rican coalition is quite rich, it is largely unexamined within dominant narratives about the 1967 Newark Rebellion. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to excavate the details of the Black and Puerto Rican coalition in order to weave together a more complete, multiracial narrative about the Newark Rebellion that both includes and necessitates the legacy of Puerto Ricans within the long history of Newark community activism.

El estudio de los topónimos de Costa Rica ha reflejado diversos orígenes de los nombres seleccionados. En este trabajo se analiza la influencia extranjera en la toponimia costarricense y se establecen los países, ciudades o continentes que presentan mayores porcentajes. En el estudio se concluye que en la toponimia costarricense hay una amplia gama de nombres extranjeros tomados de las más diversas ciudades o países del mundo. Como característica especial, la provincia de Limón presenta la mayor brevedad debido a su multietnia y la provincia de Heredia, la menor influencia extranjera. Obviamente, el continente que más influencia ha ejercido en la nomenclatura es el europeo, seguido por el americano, especialmente países de Norteamérica y en menor proporción el continente asiático y el africano. La influencia de nombres extranjeros designados por la Iglesia Católica es muy significativa.

The Birmingham Civil Rights Institute marks its twenty-fifth year as the focal point for the city’s civil rights district. Inspired by the vision of Mayor David Vann, it became a reality under the leadership of the Dr. Richard Arrington, the city’s first African American mayor. A team of committed community volunteers led the institute through thirteen years of development in spite of corporate skepticism and citizen resistance. BCRI evolved as a model for staff development, community engagement and leadership and is now a key partner in the Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument, a unit of the National Park Service established in 2017.

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis comparativo de las características físicas y químicas de racimos de genotipos de Elaeis oleifera y de sus híbridos interespecíficos OxG con Elaeis guineensis, determinando los componentes y el potencial del aceite del racimo, y la calidad de los aceites, analizando el contenido de ácidos grasos, vitamina E y carotenos. En el estudio se utilizaron racimos provenientes de inflorescencias sin polinización asistida con la presencia perimetral de E. guineensis. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con tres unidades experimentales, cada una conformada por tres racimos. Los mayores cuajados del fruto se encontraron en el genotipo de E. oleifera Sinú (76,53 %) y el híbrido OxG II (72,64 %). Los potenciales de extracción de aceite fueron superiores en los materiales híbridos OxG destacándose el II (20,82 %). Las palmas E. oleifera presentaron mejores perfiles de ácidos grasos, destacándose los materiales del genotipo Sinú (79,1 % de ácidos grasos insaturados) y los del híbrido II (70,2 %). Para el contenido de vitamina E se confirmó la alta calidad del aceite de los materiales de E. oleifera, sobresaliendo el genotipo Coarí (1.006,7 ppm) y el híbrido II (1.549,6 ppm); el material del genotipo Sinú registró el mayor contenido de carotenos totales (1.524,7 ppm).

Despite the hopes of the civil rights movement, researchers have found that the election of African Americans to office has not greatly improved the well-being of the black community. This study focuses on the white community, however, and finds that black leadership can have a profound effect. Under black mayors there is positive change in the white vote and in the racial sentiments expressed by members of the white electorate. Although white Republicans seem largely immune to the effects of black incumbency, for Democrats and independents an experience with a black mayoralty tends to decrease racial tension, increase racial sympathy, and increase support of black leadership.

AbstractUsing a wide array of official and unofficial data spanning two decades in the neighborhoods of Chicago, we explore connections between legal cynicism, the electoral regime of Mayor Richard M. Daley, and citizen calls for police assistance and police reports of drug crime. We find that the disproportionate concentration of legal cynicism about law enforcement in African American neighborhoods played a prominent and insufficiently understood role in building opposition to Mayor Daley’s political machine. This race linked legal cynicism was grounded in neighborhood concerns about effective prevention of and protection from drug crime. The more punitive than preventative and protective approach to drug law enforcement that characterized the politics of the Daley crime machine contributed to a legacy that foreshadowed the growing and ultimately explosive demands for new mechanisms of police accountability in Chicago.

AbstractDuring the last twenty years, Senegalese migration has shifted from West African cities to France, from France to its European neighbour countries and finally towards the United States of America. Whereas the secular French state discourages religious display, especially within public space, the more community-oriented USA is far from opposed to religious expression in the public sphere. In this article, I analyze how Senegalese migrants who have grown up in secular states (Senegal and/or France) use American public space to demonstrate their political and religious identity through the organization of special events. Even though the migrants, notably the political and religious activists, take into consideration the cultural and political differences between their different places of residence, they follow continuous strategies across their translocal spaces. Special events like the Murid Parade in July or the Senegalese presidential election campaign in spring 2000 provide rich empirical data for the analysis of the complex interaction between Senegalese inside and outside their country, their translocal networks and their connections to the local situation in New York City. The latter includes the different inhabitants of Harlem and the local geographical setting, the representatives of the state and the politics of migration, as well as the Mayor and his political program. The recently opened House of Islam, founded by members of the Murid Sufi order in Harlem, shows how deeply the Senegalese in the US are already rooted. However, the annual religious event organized by the Murids is only one demonstration of identity politics. In order to illustrate the diversity of the community, I show how the events organized during the Senegalese presidential election campaign in 2000 in New York City take into consideration the complexity of the religious, political and economic identities of the American Senegalese.

AbstractAedes aegypti, historically known as yellow fever (YF) mosquito, transmits a great number of other viruses such as Dengue, West Nile, Chikungunya, Zika, Mayaro and perhaps Oropouche, among others. Well established in Africa and Asia, Aedes mosquitoes are now increasingly invading large parts of the American continent, and hence the risk of urban YF resurgence in the American cities should because of great concern to public health authorities. Although no new urban cycle of YF was reported in the Americas since the end of an Aedes eradication programme in the late 1950s, the high number of non-vaccinated individuals that visit endemic areas, that is, South American jungles where the sylvatic cycle of YF is transmitted by canopy mosquitoes, and return to Aedes-infested urban areas, increases the risk of resurgence of the urban cycle of YF. We present a method to estimate the risk of urban YF resurgence in dengue-endemic cities. This method consists in (1) to estimate the number of Aedes mosquitoes that explains a given dengue outbreak in a given region; (2) calculate the force of infection caused by the introduction of one infective individual per unit area in the endemic area under study; (3) using the above estimates, calculate the probability of at least one autochthonous YF case per unit area produced by one single viraemic traveller per unit area arriving from a YF endemic or epidemic sylvatic region at the city studied. We demonstrate that, provided the relative vector competence, here defined as the capacity to being infected and disseminate the virus, of Ae. aegypti is greater than 0.7 (with respect to dengue), one infected traveller can introduce urban YF in a dengue endemic area.

Between the 1940s and 1960s, Arthur Rubloff established a formidable presence in Chicago real estate development and in the city’s urban renewal programs. And yet, not even a skilled operator like Rubloff and members of his network of business executives possessed the savvy, clout, and resources to bring all or most of their projects to a successful conclusion. Nor were the fabled Mayor Richard J. Daley and his allies in the Central Area Committee able to achieve the prerequisite unity to “renew” downtown Chicago. Rubloff surely brought greater heft and glitz to his high-priced proposals than African Americans and Puerto Ricans could muster to defend their homes and modest businesses from renewal projects. Renewal politics in downtown Chicago turned into a decades-long, grinding affair.

After his election in 1973, Los Angeles’s first African American mayor, Tom Bradley, worked to implement reforms that would increase civilian oversight and accountability of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). Ensuring procedural fairness that treated all residents equally, Bradley and other liberals believed, would lead to reductions in police harassment, abuse, and shootings. Placing their faith in the power of government to effectively manage the police allowed liberals to pledge both strong support for tough law enforcement and propose police reforms. This liberal law-and-order, however, did not result in similar police reforms, such as civilian review, pursued in other Democratic-run cities. No event demonstrated this limitation of Bradley’s liberal law-and-order approach to police reform as the Rodney King beating and the 1992 Los Angeles rebellion. Rather than demonstrating the failure of liberal reform, Los Angeles shows how liberal law-and-order facilitated the expansion of police authority after the 1960s.

An early break in Harold Washington's political career came via a 1955 speech he delivered on equality of educational opportunity. Leaders of Chicago's Roosevelt University invited the popular alumnus (Washington was the first African-American class president) to speak at the tenth anniversary of the school's founding. The young Assistant State's Attorney shared the platform with such notables as former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, and newly elected Mayor Richard J. Daley. In his speech, Washington remembered the university as “an experience in democratic living.” He viewed equal educational opportunity as the school's “cornerstone” because its admissions policy relied on objective examinations. At Roosevelt, Washington found “at all levels… people reaching out to fill whatever gaps [less privileged students] may have had in their backgrounds, which might retard them in their efforts… to be more useful citizens in our greater democracy.” Daley loved the crowd-pleasing speech and began grooming Washington to become the next Cook County prosecutor. Washington's career path, however, led elsewhere.

Este trabajo se realizó en el Laboratorio de extracción de aceite del Programa de Palma Africana de la Estación Experimental “Santo Domingo” del INIAP, el objetivo fue determinar la eficiencia de tres equipos de extracción de aceite, en tres genotipos de palma aceitera. Los equipos utilizados fueron: extractor de solvente Velp, extractor Soxhlet y la prensa hidráulica de 1500 psi. Los genotipos evaluados forman parte del Banco de Germoplasma del Programa de Palma: palma africana (Elaeis guineensis), palma americana (Elaeis oleífera) y el híbrido interespecífico (E. oleífera x E. guineensis). El diseño experimental utilizado fue un diseño completo al azar (DCA), con 20 observaciones, asistido por las pruebas de significancia de t de student y Tukey al 5 %, para determinar diferencias entre medias de tratamientos. Los resultados mostraron diferencias altamente significativas entre los diferentes factores evaluados. El mayor porcentaje de aceite por racimo se obtuvo con el genotipo E. guineensis en el extractor Soxhlet (18,43 %) y el menor porcentaje para E. oleífera con la prensa hidráulica (0,34%). Realizado el análisis de costos de los tratamientos, se determinó que el menor costo se obtuvo con la prensa hidráulica con 8.20 dólares por muestra de extracción de aceite.

Diplodia ear rot of corn is primarily caused by the fungus Stenocarpella maydis in the United States. Stenocarpella macrospora is a closely related fungus present in the U.S. but primarily associated with Diplodia leaf streak. S. macrospora is recognized as a major ear rot pathogen in South America and South Africa, but has infrequently been associated with ear rot in the U.S. This brief presents the first reports of Diplodia ear rot in Illinois and Tennessee. This is also the first confirmation of S. macrospora causing ear rot in the U.S. in over 60 years. Accepted for publication 19 May 2016. Published 15 June 2016.

Arthritogenic alphaviruses are responsible for a dengue-like syndrome associated with severe debilitating polyarthralgia that can persist for months or years and impact life quality. Chikungunya virus is the most well-known member of this family since it was responsible for two worldwide epidemics with millions of cases in the last 15 years. However, other arthritogenic alphaviruses that are as of yet restrained to specific territories are the cause of neglected tropical diseases: O’nyong’nyong virus in Sub-Saharan Africa, Mayaro virus in Latin America, and Ross River virus in Australia and the Pacific island countries and territories. This review evaluates their emerging potential in light of the current knowledge for each of them and in comparison to chikungunya virus.

En la provincia de Esmeraldas, se han identificado 11 áreas endémicas de oncocercosis. El foco mayor, localizado en el Río Cayapas, consiste de 65 comunidades positivas con una incidencia de infección de 51,1%. Esta área está habitada primariamente por una tribu indígena; los Cayapas. El Río Santiago, con una población negra, tenía prevalencia de 18,8%. En ambos ríos la incidencia más alta de infección ocurre en las cabeceras de los ríos. Hacia la desembocadura de los ríos, la incidencia baja. Se encontraron nueve focos aislados, dispersos por toda la provincia, formados por la migración de las personas positivas para oncocercosis. Las manifestaciones clínicas indican que el Ecuador la forma Africana es más predominante que la forma Americana. En las áreas hipoendémicas el 84,6% de los positivos para oncocercosis comprobada, no tienen ninguna evidencia clínica de la enfermedad, mientras en el área hiperendémica el 57,9% presenta el cuadro clínico clásico de oncocercosis. La prevalencia y densidad de las microfilarias en la piel, más alta en los hombres que en las mujeres, es mayor en los hombres de 40-45 años de edad y en las mujeres que tienen 60 años o más de edad. El contacto con los sitios primarios de transmisión determinaría la prevalencia e intensidad de la enfermedad.

Abstract Sipha maydis Passerini (Heteroptera: Aphididae) is a cereal pest with an extensive geographical range that includes countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. Reports of S. maydis in the United States have been infrequent since it was first detected in California, 2007. Two studies, focused (NW CO) and multistate (OK, TX, NM, CO, UT, WY), were conducted to determine the distribution and host range of S. maydis in the Rocky Mountain and Southern Plains states over a 3-yr period, 2015–2017. In 2015, focused sampling in NW Colorado found S. maydis at 59% of the 37 sites, primarily on wheat. Sipha maydis did not survive extreme winter temperatures from late December 2015 to early January 2016 that ranged from −9.0 to −20.9°C over a 9-d period, which resulted in no aphids detected in 2016. In the multistate study, S. maydis occurred in 14.6% of 96 sites sampled in 2015, 8% of 123 sites in 2016, and 9% of 85 sites in 2017 at wide range of altitudes from 1,359 to 2,645 m. Sipha maydis occurred mainly in NW and SW Colorado and NE New Mexico along with a few sites in NE Colorado, SE Utah, and SE Wyoming. This aphid mainly infested wheat followed by a variety of eight wild grass species. No parasites, predators, sexual morphs, or significant plant damage occurred at the sites. Sipha maydis utilized 14 hosts in the United States including 8 new host records, which expands its host range to 52 plant species worldwide. Sipha maydis may be of concern to wheat, barley, and sorghum production in the United States if its populations continue to increase.

The formal title of this three day public conference at the University of São Paulo, August 13–15, 2003, was “History and Perspectives of the Left,” but the infratext for this gathering of scholars, analysts and activists from four continents—Europe, Africa, North and South America—was what are the lessons from the experience of the Left in government elsewhere that the new leftist government in Brazil and its leading party—the Workers Party (PT)—should keep in mind? This was underscored in the formal introductions and welcomes of the sponsors: the PT's Fundação Perseo Abramo, the French Socialist party's Fundacion Jean Juares, the University of São Paulo and the office of the PT mayor of São Paulo, Marta Suplicy. As her secretary for international relations, Keld Jakobsen, stressed: this is the first time that the Brazilian left has the opportunity to govern their country and it is important that they do it well. For that reason, it is also important that they learn from other experiences of the left in government.

When called upon to hosta banquet celebrating the forthcoming Great Exhibition of 1851, the world's first display of international industry, the Mayor of York turned to the period's most renowned chef for the catering. The Frenchman Alexis Soyer, who had recently resigned from his position at the Reform Club in Pall Mall, had made a name for himself in Britain through a combination of extravagant culinary endeavours and popular household cookery books. The banquet at York was an important occasion; joining Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's Consort, was a long list of national luminaries from Victorian high society and the political world. Soyer did not disappoint the Mayor, or his guests. TheTimescommented that amongst the vast array of international cuisines on offer was featured “one dish, to which turtles, ortolans, and other rich denizens of land and sea had contributed, [which] cost not less than 100l.” The paper noted with satisfaction that the feast was consumed before an “emblematical device representing Britannia in her conventional attire receiving the industrial products of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America” (“The Banquet at York” 5). That this emblem provided the backdrop to such cosmopolitan fare was salient: it spoke to the way in which the production and consumption of food would become a crucial motif in the positive representation of globalisation as it was understood at the Exhibition; it also highlighted the important role that the Victorian metropolis would fulfil in the realisation of this new world order. Certainly, the internationalist bent of Soyer's cooking seemed entirely appropriate to the luminaries gathered at the York banquet, and it was no doubt with the French chef's culinary scope in their minds as well as their stomachs that the Exhibition's organisers invited Soyer to submit a tender to provide refreshments at the display itself (Soyer 197).

Se analiza el origen continental de los haplogrupos del cromosoma Y en poblaciones de Santiago del Estero y San Miguel de Tucumán con el fin de ampliar el mapa filogeográfico de los linajes paternos argentinos. Se recolectaron 283 muestras de sangre con encuestas genealógicas a donantes voluntarios de sexo masculino en centros de salud públicos y privados de ambas localidades. Mediante PCR alelo-específica se tipificaron 18 marcadores bialélicos de la región no recombinante del cromosoma Y de presencia ampliamente confirmada en Argentina. El 89% de los linajes fueron de origen euroasiático, el 7% americano y el 4% fueron identificados como de posible ascendencia africana y/o del sudoeste asiático, debido a su asignación al linaje E1b1a1. Las frecuencias de haplogrupos de las poblaciones muestreadas fueron semejantes a las de poblaciones de las regiones Pampeana, Cuyo y Noreste. La muestra procedente del centro privado de Tucumán presentó en sus haplogrupos alóctonos frecuencias similares a las reportadas para Europa y Medio Oriente, corroborando que los tres contingentes migratorios que han aportado mayor número de inmigrantes en San Miguel de Tucumán: españoles, italianos y árabes, han dejado su huella en el acervo genético de sus poblaciones actuales. El patrón de distribución de los haplogrupos nativo americanos del cromosoma Y no difiere sustancialmente del detectado en el noroeste y en otras poblaciones argentinas y el mismo es congruente con la información arqueológica, etnohistórica y censal de Santiago del Estero y San Miguel de Tucumán.

Este artigo aborda a análise das citações recebidas pelas publicações do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (ibge) no período de 2001-2010 sob a ótica da teoria de fatores de difusão do conhecimento. Considerando-se que as citações representam uma maneira de medir o quanto as ideias científicas são difundidas, entende-se que quanto maior o número de diferentes autores, instituições e países citantes maior será o grau de difusão. Identifica 3.158 documentos citantes à produção científica do ibge. Das 1,272 instituições de filiações dos autores citantes, 748 (58.80%) são brasileiras ou estão sediadas no Brasil, enquanto 518 (40.72%) são estrangeiras. As instituições voltadas para atividades educacionais lideram (47.96%), seguidas pelas instituições de P&D (22.88%) e as demais ocupam os setores públicos. Em relação aos países, das 7.587 ocorrências de países presentes no vínculo institucional dos autores, 6,168 (81.3%) destas se referem ao Brasil e as demais ocorrências estão distribuídas entre 49 países diferentes situados na América do Sul (82.35%), América do Norte (9.71%), Europa (6.93%), e América Central, Ásia, Oceania, África e Oriente Médio (aproximadamente 1% dos autores citantes). Ao aplicar o fator de difusão com base no estudo proposto Rousseau, Liu e Ye (2012) obteve-se o índice de Gini de 0.62 em 2009 e 0.72 em 2001 e 2003 respectivamente. Conclui que o fator de difusão é satisfatório, ou seja, há um grande número de autores, instituições e países diferentes que citam as publicações do ibge.AbstractThis paper discusses the analysis of the citations received by the publications of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (ibge) in the period of 2001-2010 under perspective of the theory of diffusion factors. Considering that citations represent a way to measure the spreading of scientific ideas, it is presumable that the larger the number of different authors, institutions and countries citing one idea, the larger its diffusion is. Identifies 3,158 documents citing ibge’s scientific output. Out of 1,272 institutions which citing authors are affiliated with, 748 (58.80%) are Brazilian institutions or based in Brazil, while 518 (40.72%) are from other countries. Institutions focused on education lead (47.96%) the amount, followed by R&D (22.88%), and the rest (29.16%) is lying on public sectors. A number of 6,168 (81.3%) from 7,587 citation occurrences happens to be of authors with affiliations with Brazilian institutions, with the rest being distributed between the other South American countries (82.35%), North America (9.71%), Europe (6.93%), and Central America, Asia, Oceania, Africa and Middle East (sum is about 1%). Applying the diffusion factors proposed by Rousseau, Liu & Ye (2012), the Gini Index obtained varies from 0.62 in 2009 and 0.72 in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Concludes that the diffusion factor is satisfactory because there is a large number of authors, institutions and different countries that cite ibge’s publications.ResumenEste artículo aborda el análisis de las citas recibidas por las publicaciones del Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (ibge) en el período de 2001 a 2010 desde la perspectiva de la teoría de los factores de la difusión del conocimiento. Teniendo en cuenta que las citas son una manera de medir cómo se difunden las ideas científicas, entiéndese que, cuanto mayor es el número de diferentes autores, instituciones y países citantess, mayor será el grado de difusión. Identifica 3,158 documentos citantes a la producción científica del ibge. De las 1,272 instituciones de afiliación de los autores citantes, 748 (58.80 %) son de Brasil o tienen su sede en Brasil, mientras que 518 (40.72%) son extranjeros. Las instituciones direccionadas para las actividades educativas lideran (47.96%), seguidas por las instituciones de I&D (22.88 %) y las demás ocupan los sectores públicos. En relación con los países, de las 7,587 ocurrencias de países presentes en el vínculo institucional de los autores, 6,168 (81.3%) de éstas se refieren a Brasil y otras se distribuyen entre 49 países ubicados en América del Sur (82.35%), América del Norte (9.71%), Europa (6.93%), América Central, Asia, Oceanía, África y Medio Oriente (aproximadamente 1% de los autores citados). Al aplicar el factor de difusión, con base en el estudio propuesto por Rousseau, Liu y Ye (2012), se obtuvo el coeficiente de Gini de 0.62 en 2009 y de 0.72 en 2001 y 2003, respectivamente. Concluye que el factor de difusión es satisfactorio, es decir, hay un gran número de autores, instituciones y países diferentes que citan las publicaciones del ibge.

Desde la década de 1990, después de la adopción depolíticas “multiculturales’’ dirigidas específicamente a poblaciones indígenas y afrodescendientes por instituciones multilaterales y de gobernanza mundial, tales como agencias de las Naciones Unidas, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y otras, y también como resultado del activismo político de las comunidades indígenas y afrodescendientes, muchos estados-nación latinoamericanos revisaron o reemplazaron sus constituciones y en ocasiones aprobaron leyes especiales que expresan una preocupación por una mayor inclusión de esas poblaciones. La invisibilidad real de las poblaciones indígenas y afrodescendientes en los textos constitucionales anteriores en los cuales “las poblaciones nacionales” eran mencionadas como simplemente homogéneas sin distinciones étnicas o raciales, fue reemplazada por un reconocimiento inequívoco de las poblaciones nacionales étnicamente y racialmente plurales en “nuevas” constituciones a orientación multiculturalista. Es en ese contexto que surgió lo que Charles Hale llama el indio permitido (literalmente la “identidad india permitida”) y que las poblaciones afrodescendientes latinoamericanas ganaron una mayor visibilidad y margen de maniobra en comparación con su exclusión o construcción marcada como (últimos) otros durante el previo período de “mestizaje monocultural’’. En este ensayo, queremos evaluar de manera comparativa estas nuevas constituciones y leyes especiales, examinando cualitativamente las formas por las cuales estos textos se refieren a poblaciones afrodescendientes. Queremos descubrir y comparar—antes y más allá del hecho de que los Afrodescendientes son por ahora, finalmente, mencionados como parte integral de la población nacional—el tipo de derechos que se les da y el tipo de “sujetos” en que fueron construidos en los discursos sobre la nación que las constituciones y otros instrumentos jurídicos representan inevitablemente.Palabras-clave: Constituciones Nacionales, políticas multiculturales, afrodescendientes---Os afrodescendentes e à transição para o multiculturalismo nas "novas" constituições latino-americanas e outras leis especiais: peculiaridades da região andinaA partir da década de 90, em seguida a adoção de políticas “multiculturais”, dirigidas especificamente às populações indígenas e afrodescendentes, por instituições multilaterais e de governança mundial, tais como as Nações Unidas, a Organização Mundial da Saúde e outras, e também como resultado do ativismo político das comunidades indígenas e afrodescendentes, muitos estados-nações latinoamericanos revisaram ou substituíram suas constituições e/ou, em alguns casos, aprovaram leis especiais que expressam uma preocupação com uma maior inclusão dessas populações. A invisibilidade real das populações indígenas e afrodescendentes nos textos constitucionais anteriores, nos quais as “populações nacionais” eram mencionadas como simplesmente homogêneas, sem distinções étnicas ou raciais, foi substituída por um reconhecimento manifesto das populações nacionais étnica e racialmente plurais nas “novas constituições” à orientação multiculturalista. É nesse contexto que surgiu o que Charles Hale chamou de “índio permitido”, literalmente a “identidade índia permitida”, e que as populações afrodescendentes latino-americanas ganharam uma maior visibilidade e margem de manobra, em comparação com sua exclusão ou construção marcada como (últimos) “outros” durante o prévio período de “mestiçagem monocultural”. Nesse artigo, queremos avaliar de maneira comparativa essas novas constituições e leis especiais, examinando qualitativamente as formas pelas quais esses textos referem-se a populações afrodescendentes. Queremos descobrir e comparar – antes e além do fato de que os afrodescendentes são agora, finalmente, mencionados como parte integral da população nacional – o tipo de direitos que lhes é concedido e o tipo de “sujeitos” em que foram concebidos nos discursos sobre a nação que as constituições e outros instrumentos jurídicos inevitavelmente representam.Palavras chaves: Constituições Nacionais, políticas multiculturais, afrodescendentes---Afrodescents and the shift towards multiculturalism in the "new" Latin American constitutions and other special laws: peculiarities of the Andean region From the 90s, then the adoption of "multicultural" policies, specifically targeted at indigenous and Afro-descendant populations, by multilateral institutions of global governance such as the UN, the World Health Organization and others, as well as a result of the political activism of indigenous and Afro-descendant communities, many Latin American nation-states have revised or replaced their constitutions and/or, in some cases, passed special laws that express a concern for greater inclusion of these populations.A real invisibility of indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants in previous constitutions, in which "national populations" were mentioned as simply homogeneous, without ethnic or racial distinctions, was replaced by a manifesto of ethnically and racially plural recognition in national populations' "new constitution" to the multiculturalist orientation. Is in this context that emerged what Charles Hale called "Indians allowed", literally "Indian identity allowed" and that Latin American Afro-descendants have gained greater visibility and leeway compared to its exclusion or construction marked as (last) "other" during the preliminary period of "monocultural miscegenation." In this article, we review, comparatively, these new constitutions and special laws, qualitatively examining the ways in which these texts refer to Afro-descendant populations. We want to find and compare - before and beyond the fact that Afro-descendants are now finally mentioned as an integral part of the national population - the kind of rights granted to them and the kind of "subjects" that were designed in the discourses about nation that constitutions and other legal instruments inevitably represent.Keywords: National Constitutions, multicultural policies, African descent

The 12th International Workshop on Grapevine Trunk Diseases (12th IWGTD) was held in Mikulov, Czech Republic, from 10 to 14 July, 2022. The Workshop was chaired by Dr Aleš Eichmeier and organized by Mendel University in Brno and Svaz Vinařů České Republiky/Union of Winemakers of the Czech Republic. The ICGTD Council meeting took place on 10 July, and that evening the welcome reception was opened by Rostislav Koštial (Mayor of Mikulov, Senator and viticulturist), Dr Martin Chlad (President of Svaz Vinařů České Republiky/Union of Winemakers of the Czech Republic), and Dr Svatopluk Kapounek (Vice-Rector, Mendel University, Brno).The scientific programme was opened by Dr Alena Salašová (Dean, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University, Brno). The Workshop was attended by 133 researchers from 25 countries, presenting 61 oral and 49 poster papers. These presentations were in five sessions, including; Pathogen Characterization and Identification, Epidemiology, Plant-pathogen Interactions, Microbial Ecology, and Disease Management in Nurseries and Vineyards. The Disease Management session aimed to provide grape growers with an overview of practical options for trunk disease control. This session included contributions from researchers who have completed field trials on trunk disease management. David Gramaje (Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino (ICVV), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain, outlined an evaluation of treatments for protection of grapevine pruning wounds from natural pathogen infections; Francois Halleen (University of Stellenbosch, South Africa) presented detailed results of efficiency of hot water treatments in nurseries; and Josè Úrbez-Torres (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada SuRDC) outlined research on biological control of Botryosphaeria dieback in grapevines.A field trip (13 July) visited vineyards in the South Moravia. Delegates were presented with an overview of grapevine production in South Moravia, followed by discussions on the main diseases (including GTDs) affecting grapevines in the Czech Republic. Vineyards affected by GTD pathogens were also visited, where the growers outlined their viewpoints. The field trip focused on presenting the current situation of GTDs in South Moravia, and the management strategies being adopted. Student competitions for best oral and poster presentations included papers presented by 29 postgraduate students. For best posters:1st place went to Catarina Leal (University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France, and Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain), “Evaluation of Trichoderma atroviride SC1 and Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 combination against grapevine trunk diseases pathogens in nursery propagation process”;2nd place went to Marcelo Bustamante (University of California, Davis, United States of America), “Investigating the role of Fusarium spp. in young vine decline in California”; 3rd place went to María Julia Carbone (Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay), “Interactive effects of Dactylonectria macrodidyma inoculation on the rhizosphere and root microbiome of grapevine”.For best oral presentations:1st place went to Catarina Leal, (University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France, and Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain), “Beneficial effects of Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 and Trichoderma atroviride SC1 against the Botryosphaeria-dieback pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum may vary with grapevine cultivar”;2nd place went to Isidora Silva-Valderama (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada), “Predicting pathogens virulence: linking host breadth and pathogenicity of the Botryosphaeriaceae fungal family in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera)”;3rd place went to Colin Todd (University of California, Riverside, United States of America), “Tracking the fungal pathobiome associated with young grapevine decline in California nurseries”.The 13th IWGTD will be held in Ensenada, Mexico, in 2025.

RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. 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El talento humano juega un papel fundamental dentro de la estructura operativa, táctica y estratégica de las organizaciones, las cuales están apuntando a contar con personal mejor cualificado y capaz de hallar soluciones a los problemas y retos que enfrenta para el sostenimiento de su ventaja competitiva. En este contexto, el aprendizaje organizacional y la universidad corporativa, como herramientas, tienen una tendencia de aplicación cada vez mayor. El presente trabajo realiza un estado del arte sobre dichos conceptos, mostrando sus tendencias de acuerdo a una escala de clasificación definidaPalabras clave: Universidad corporativa, aprendizaje organizacional, entornos virtuales de aprendizaje, competenciasCorporate university and organizational learning: a theoretical frameworkAbstract: Human talent plays a key role in the operational, tactical and strategic structure of organizations, which are targeting to have a better qualified staff who find solutions to problems and face challenges to sustain its competitive advantage. In this context, Organizational Learning and Corporate University, as tools, have a trend of increasing application. In this vein, this paper aims to give the readers a conceptual framework about the application and state of the art on Corporate Universities and Organizational Learning. Applying the methodology of classification proposed by Lage and Godinho (2010) in their research, different sources were analyzed and classified in order to develop a theoretical framework. In particular, the papers were classified according to seven topics: a) Geographical location in which the research was developed, which refers to the place where its subject of study was located (America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Middle East and/or Oceania); b) Sector in which the research was conducted, that is, the sector where the Corporate University was created, taking into account sub-levels of classifications (textile, automobile and metal-mechanical industries, healthcare industry and educational sector); c) Main topic of research, which was divided into five (5) categories (Integral organizational learning systems, Virtual learning environments, Corporate university, Enterprise-university programs and Information Technologies (IT’s) used); d) Educational strategy, which represents all educational strategies raised in the research related to the topics under study, using sub-categories as Training Programs, Virtual Education programs, Classroom programs in higher education and Hybrid educational development programs; e) Related information technologies, which deals with the use of ICT in the process of educational development and using subcategories used for this topic: Virtual Platforms, Implemented programs on the intranet and Platforms on the cell phone; f) Competency-based approach, considering whether or not the program was made based on competencies and g) Results obtained, which refers to the successfully achievement of the results expected when the research was planned. The consulted literature was classified under the previous mentioned criteria, in order to show the readers the impact of Corporate University and Organizational Learning. The findings of this study and the theoretical framework are shown at the end of this paper. Researchers and practitioners will find this synthesis useful since it can be considered an important aid to analyze the rationale under these approaches for staff developing in the current context of organizations. Finally, the results show that there is extensive research about virtual learning environments, continuing progress in corporate universities and there is an open and growing field toward integrated learning systems in organizations. It was found that Corporate Universities show a major growing trend, and it is expected that they could be compared in size with traditional universities in the long term since they have the advantage of offering specific and applied solutions to those problems organizations face day by day.Keywords: Corporate University, Organizational Learning, Virtual Learning Environments, Competencies

Background: Paragonimus spp. are trematode parasites that infect human populations worldwide. It is believed that infection rates within Asia reach five to ten percent of the total population. Three of the largest areas of possible infection are Asia, Central and South America as well as Africa, where the total population at risk is estimated to be 293 million people. Humans are infected via ingestion of raw or undercooked decapod crustaceans. Objective: To identify the presence of Paragonimus spp. in crabs from Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: The native crab Neostrengeria macropa and the aquatic invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii in Bogotá, Colombia, were collected from local markets, pet stores and waterways and dissected to assess the presence of Paragonimus spp. Results: The native crab species, N. macropa (n=29) had an infection prevalence of 17.2%, while the invasive crayfish species, P. clarkii (n=22), had a prevalence of 36.4% combined from both field captured animals and purchased samples. Conclusion: Although the estimated prevalence is lower compared to previous studies in other cities of Colombia, Paragonimus represent a risk to human health. Several environmental factors may contribute to the difference in prevalence including collecting season, rainfall, temperature, altitude and the El Niño Southern Oscillation. Keywords: crabs, invasive species, Neostrengeria macropa, Procambarus clarkii, trematode. ResumenAntecedentes: Los Paragonimus spp. constituyen un grupo de parásitos tremátodos que infectan a humanos en todo el mundo. Se considera que entre 5 y 10% de la población humana de Asia está infectada. Las áreas con mayor posibilidad de infección son Asia, Centro y Sur América, así como África. Se estima que 293 millones de personas están en riesgo de infección. Los humanos se pueden infectar al consumir crustáceos decápodos crudos. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de Paragonimus spp. en crustáceos en Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Una muestra de cangrejos nativos Neostrengeria macropa y de decápodos invasores Procambarus clarkii fue colectada tanto en mercados locales de Bogotá, como en tiendas de mascotas, ríos, y quebradas. Posteriromente fueron diseccionados para detectar la presencia de Paragonimus spp. Resultados: La prevalencia de la infección en N. macropa (n=29) fue de 17,2%, y en la especie invasora, P. clarkii (n=22), fue de 36,4% (porcentaje combinado de los animales colectados en el campo y los comprados en tiendas). Conclusión: Aunque la prevalencia en este estudio fue más baja que la de otras investigaciones relacionadas, se considera que existe riesgo para la salud humana. Es probable que algunos factores medio ambientales hayan contribuido a la diferencia, incluyendo: temporada de colecta, nivel de lluvias, temperatura, altura, y el fenómeno El Niño. Palabras claves: cangrejos, especie invasora, Neostrengeria macropa, Procambarus clarkii, tremátodo. ResumoAntecedentes: Paragonimus spp. são trematódeos parasitas que infectam populações humanas ao redor do mundo. Acredita-se que as taxas de infecção na Ásia atingem de 5 a 10% da população. As três maiores áreas de infecção se localizam na Ásia, Américas do Sul e Central e África, onde a população total em risco é estimada em 293 milhões de pessoas. Os humanos são infectados pela ingestão de crustáceos decápodes crus ou mal cozidos. Objetivo: Identificar a presença de Paragonimus spp. em Bogotá, Colômbia. Métodos: Indivíduos de caranguejo nativo Neostrengeria macropa e lagostim aquático invasivo Procambarus clarkii foram coletados em mercados locais, lojas de animais de estimação e cursos de água em Bogotá (Colômbia) e posteriormente dissecados para verificação da presença de Paragonimus spp. Resultados: A espécie de caranguejo nativa N. macropa (n=29) apresentou prevalência de infecção de 17,2%, enquanto a espécie de lagostim invasivo, P. clarkii (n=22), apresentou prevalência de 36,4%, quando combinados os animais capturados em campo e os animais comprados. Conclusão: Embora a prevalência estimada neste estudo foi menor do que a de pesquisas anteriores realizadas em outras cidades da Colômbia, existe um risco para a saúde humana. Há inúmeros fatores ambientais que podem contribuir para a diferença de prevalência, dentre eles: a estação em que a coleta foi realizada, pouca precipitação, temperatura, altitude e a Oscilação Sul-El Niño.Palabras-chave: caranguejos, espécies invasivas, Neostrengeria macropa, Procambarus clarkii, trematódeos.

<p>The elastic structure beneath Australia is shown by means of S-velocity maps for depths ranging from zero to 400 km, determined by the regionalization and inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion. The traces of 233 earthquakes, occurred from 1990 to 2010, have been used to obtain Rayleigh-wave dispersion data. These earthquakes were registered by 65 seismic station located in Australia and the surrounding area. The dispersion curves were obtained for periods between 5 and 250 s, by digital filtering with a combination of MFT (Multiple Filter Technique) and TVF (Time Variable Filtering), filtering techniques. Later, all seismic events (and some stations) were grouped to obtain a dispersion curve for each source-station path. These dispersion curves were regionalized and inverted according to the generalized inversion theory, to obtain shear-wave velocity models for a rectangular grid of 2.5º×2.5º mesh size. The shear-velocity structure obtained through this procedure is shown in the S-velocity maps plotted for several depths. These results agree well with the geology and other geophysical results previously obtained. The obtained S-velocity models suggest the existence of lateral and vertical heterogeneity. The zones with consolidated and old structures present greater S-velocity values than those in the other zones, although this difference can be very little or negligible in some case. Nevertheless, in the depth range of 15 to 50 km, the different Moho depths present in the study area generate the principal variation of S-velocity. A similar behaviour is found for the depth range from 65 to 180 km, in which the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary generates the principal variations of S-velocity. Finally, it should be highlighted a new and interesting feature was obtained in this study: the definition of the base of the asthenosphere, for depths ranging from 155 to 280 km, in Australia and the surrounding area. This feature is also present in the continents: South America, Antarctica and Africa, which were part of the same super-continent Gondwanaland, in the early Mesozoic before fragmentation.</p><p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>La estructura elástica bajo Australia es mostrada por medio de mapas de velocidad de onda S, para profundidades que varían desde cero a 400 km, determinada por regionalización e inversión de dispersión de ondas Rayleigh. Las trazas de 233 terremotos, ocurridos desde 1990 hasta 2010, han sido usadas para obtener datos de dispersión de ondas Rayleigh. Estos terremotos fueron registrados por 65 estaciones sísmicas localizadas en Australia y el área circundante. Las curvas de dispersión fueron obtenidas para periodos entre 5 y 250 s, por filtrado digital con una combinación de las técnicas de filtrado: MFT (técnica del filtro múltiple) y TVF (filtrado en tiempo variable). Luego, todos los eventos sísmicos (y algunas estaciones) fueron agrupados para obtener una curva de dispersión para cada trayecto fuente-estación. Estas curvas de dispersión fueron regionalizadas e invertidas de acuerdo con la teoría de la inversión generalizada, para obtener modelos de velocidad de onda de cizalla para una rejilla regular de tamaño de celda de 2.5º×2.5º. La estructura de velocidad de cizalla obtenida a través de este procedimiento es mostrada en los mapas de velocidad de onda S representados para diversas profundidades. Estos resultados concuerdan bien con la geología y otros resultados geológicos y geofísicos previamente obtenidos. Los modelos de velocidad de onda S obtenidos sugieren la existencia de heterogeneidad lateral y vertical. Las zonas con estructuras antiguas y bien consolidadas presentan mayores valores de velocidad de onda S que los correspondientes a otras zonas, aunque esta diferencia puede ser muy pequeña o despreciable en algún caso. No obstante, en el rango de profundidad de 15 a 50 km, las diferentes profundidades del Moho presentes en el área de estudio generan la principal variación de velocidad de onda S. Un comportamiento similar es encontrado par el rango de profundidad desde 65 a 180 km, en el cual la frontera litosfera-astenosfera genera la principal variación de velocidad de onda S. Finalmente, debería ser notado que una nueva e interesante característica fue obtenida en este estudio: la definición de la base de la astenosfera, para profundidades que varían desde 155 a 280 km, en Australia y el área circundante. Esta característica está también presente en los continentes: América del Sur, Antártida y África, los cuales fueron parte del mismo súper-continente: Gondwana, en el Mesozoico temprano antes de fragmentarse.</p>

"I am concerned and I am frustrated because I don't know what the alternates are...It clearly isn't racist; its economics. The real question you have to ask yourself is: Is this good orbad?"-Norman Rice, former Mayor of Seattle, On gentrification in that cityUrban America is in a state of crisis. A huge pool of America's resources is increasingly disconnected from mainstream society. That pool is within the core of major cities and particularly includes African American and Hispanic male youth. By way of illustration, more than half of all core city African American men do not finish high school. The correlation between drop-out rates, unemployment, and incarceration is profound. As of 2004, 72% of African American dropouts who are in their 20's are unemployed, up from 65% in 2000.s Incarceration levels are at historic highs and increasing, where by their mid-30's, 6 in 10 of these high school drop outs have spent time in prison. That rate is four times higher than that of Black men in South Africa under the apartheid regime. Seventy-five percent of African American males incarcerated in Baltimore Maryland did not graduate from high school. The infant mortality rate among all African Americans is more than twice the national average, and is much worse among the poor in the core of urban America. After the Katrina floodwatershave receded, some see an opportunity to buy low and sell high. But themuted voices of the poor cry to keep what they had.' For them it was aKatrina moment. For the urban core poor across the nation, it has been aKatrina erosion over the decades from a series of unnatural disasters.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Mycosphaerella zea-maydis Mukunya & Boothroyd. Hosts: Maize (Zea mays). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Kenya, South Africa, Europe, France, Switzerland, North America, Canada, Ontario, USA, Wisconsin, New England, South America, Bolivia, Ecuador.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Physoderma maydis (Miyabe) Miyabe. Hosts: Maize (Zea mays). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Asia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Jilin, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Sichuan, Shangdong, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Georgia, India, Bihar, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Orissa, Madhya, Pradesh, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Russian Far East, Thailand, Australasia & Oceania, Australia, Queensland, Vict, North America, Mexico, USA, Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, California, Kansas, Central America & West Indies, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Panama, South America, Argentina, Brazil, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Venezuela.

Abstract A description is provided for Cercospora zeae-maydis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot of maize. HOSTS: Zea mays (Gramineae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Cameroon, Ethiopia (WEGARY et al., 1999), Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Colorado, Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin, West Virginia). CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Mexico, Trinidad & Tobago. SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil (São Paulo), Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela. ASIA: China (Jilin). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia and infection from debris of the previous year's maize crop.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Peronosclerospora maydis (Racib.) E. J. Butler. Hosts: Maize (Zea mays). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Zaire, Asia, China, Gunagxi, Yunnan, India, Bihar, Maharashtra, Indonesia, Java, Madura, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Australasia, Australia, Northern Territory, Western Australia, South America, Venezuela.