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Journal articles on the topic 'African American mediums'
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1
Huffman, Lauren E., Dawn K. Wilson, Heather Kitzman-Ulrich, Jordan E. Lyerly, Haylee M. Gause, and Ken Resnicow. "Associations between Culturally Relevant Recruitment Strategies and Participant Interest, Enrollment and Generalizability in a Weight-loss Intervention for African American Families." Ethnicity & Disease 26, no. 3 (July 20, 2016): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.3.295.
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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Culturally relevant recruitment strategies may be an important approach for recruiting ethnic minorities for interventions. Previous research has examined associations between recruitment strategies and enrollment of African Americans (AA), but has not explored more deeply the role of incorporating sociocultural values into recruitment strategies. Our current study explores whether sociocultural recruitment mediums were associated with demographics, interest and enrollment in a weight-loss intervention. </p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Sociocultural mediums included community partnerships, culturally relevant ads, sociocultural events, or word-of-mouth. Non-sociocultural mediums included community/ school events that did not specifically target AAs. Analyses examined whether demographics of enrolled families differed by recruitment strategy and if recruitment strategy predicted scheduling a baseline visit, enrolling in a run-in phase, and enrolling in the intervention program. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Families recruited from culturally relevant ads, sociocultural events, or word-of- mouth were 1.96 times more likely to schedule a baseline visit (OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.05, 3.68) than families recruited from non-sociocultural mediums. No differences were found for sociocultural mediums on enrolling in the run-in phase or the intervention. However, among enrolled families, those recruited from sociocultural mediums were less likely to be employed (X2 [1, N=142] =5.53, P<.05) and more likely to have lower income (X2 [1, N=142] =13.57, P<.05). </p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sociocultural mediums were associated with scheduling a baseline visit, but not enrollment. They were, however, effective in recruiting a more generalizable sample among enrolled participants based on demographic characteristics. Integrating sociocultural values into recruitment methods may be a valuable strategy for increasing interest in participation among underrepresented AA families. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(3):295-304; doi:10.18865/ed.26.3.295 </p>
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Knowlden, Adam P., and Manoj Sharma. "Examining The Effectiveness Of Interventions Designed To Increase Mammography Adherence Among African American Women." American Journal of Health Sciences (AJHS) 2, no. 2 (November 22, 2011): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ajhs.v2i2.6625.
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The objective of this paper was to assess and synthesize the key findings, conclusions, and recommendations of mammography interventions targeting African American women conducted between 1999 and 2010. Collection of materials for this study included searches of academic databases using the following inclusion criteria: 1) publication in the English language, 2) between 1999 and 2010, 3) conducted in the United States, 4) targeting African American women. Titles and abstracts of identified studies were evaluated independently by two researchers. A total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorized as either practice-based or community-based. Classifications were then sub-categorized based on the employment of targeted or tailored strategies. Culturally-appropriate tailored and targeted messages are an effective approach to increase screening mammography adherence. Community-wide interventions that employ lay health advisors were found to assist in offsetting issues related to trust and access. Interventions delivered in faith-based settings were effective mediums for increasing adherence to screening guidelines. Stepped-care interventions were an efficient, cost-effective method for increasing adherence among non-compliant populations. The majority of the identified studies relied upon theoretical frameworks to guide the intervention. Community-based interventions should progress from atheoretical to theory-based intervention frameworks.
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Sebryuk, Anna N. "The legacy of Sea Island Creole English: Sociolinguistic features of Gullah." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 19, no. 1 (2022): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2022.111.
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This paper builds on the renewed interest in preserving the multiethnic origins of the United States and recognizing a profound impact of the Black experience on the American nation. The article centers on the Gullah language, one of the primary roots of modern African American English and the only remaining English-related Creole language in North America. The pidgin language, which originally evolved as a medium of communication between slaves from various regions of Africa and their owners, is still spoken by Black communities across coastal regions of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. While inland African American English (AAE) has received much attention in linguistic circles over past decades, relatively little research has been done on varieties of AAE spoken in the rural American South. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the origin and history of Gullah and to present a linguistic description of its most peculiar features. The Gullah language represents a combination of English and Central and West African languages. Geographical isolation, predominance of the Black population, and social and economic independence contributed to its development and survival. Also, in contrast with inland African Americans, the Gullah Geechee communities historically have had little contact with whites. Several folktales written in Gullah have been analyzed for discussing its persistent patterns. Characterizing Gullah is important for our increased understanding of the origins of AAE. Therefore, the article will be useful for scholars interested in Atlantic creoles and in African American and Diaspora Studies.
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Ibrahimi, Sahra, Korede K. Yusuf, Deepa Dongarwar, Sitratullah Olawunmi Maiyegun, Chioma Ikedionwu, and Hamisu M. Salihu. "COVID-19 Devastation of African American Families: Impact on Mental Health and the Consequence of Systemic Racism." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 9, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.408.
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African Americans are bearing a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 pandemic. To our knowledge, no previous study has delineated inequities potentially incentivized by systemic racism, and whether synergistic effects impose an abnormally high burden of social determinants of mental health on African American families in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. We applied the social ecological model (SEM) to portray inequities induced by systemic racism that impact the mental health of African American families. In our model, we identified systemic racism to be the primary operator of mental health disparity, which disproportionately affects African American families at all levels of the SEM. Programs tailored towards reducing the disproportionate detrimental effects of COVID-19 on the mental health of African Americans need to be culturally appropriate and consider the nuances of systemic racism, discrimination, and other institutionalized biases.
Key words: • African American • COVID-19 • Mental health • Systemic racism • Social determinants of mental health
Copyright © 2020 Ibrahimi et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.
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Schroedel, Jean Reith, and Roger J. Chin. "Whose Lives Matter: The Media’s Failure to Cover Police Use of Lethal Force Against Native Americans." Race and Justice 10, no. 2 (October 15, 2017): 150–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368717734614.
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The August 9, 2014, police shooting of Michael Brown reinvigorated the Black Lives Matter movement and triggered widespread media scrutiny of police use of lethal force against African Americans. Yet, there is another group, Native Americans, whose members have experienced very high levels of fatal encounters with the police, but whose deaths arguably have not generated media attention. In this research, we tracked the numbers of African American and Native American deaths associated with police use of lethal force as well as fatalities in police custody following arrest from May 1, 2014, through the end of October 2016. Then, we examined the extent of mainstream media coverage given to these fatalities in the 10 highest circulation newspapers in the United States. Finally, we considered the reasons for the disparities between the two groups.
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Perry, Ravi K. "Black Mayors in Non-Majority Black (Medium Sized) Cities: Universalizing the Interests of Blacks." Ethnic Studies Review 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 89–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2009.32.1.89.
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The nature of political representation of Black constituents' interests from their elected Black representatives is changing in the twentyfirst century. Increasingly, African Americans are being elected to political offices where the majority of their constituents are not African American. Previous research on this question tended to characterize Black politicians' efforts to represent their Black constituents' interests in two frames: deracialized or racialized (McCormick and Jones 1993; Cruse 1990). However, the advent of the twenty-first century has exhausted the utility ofthat polarization. Black politicians no longer find explicit racial appeals appropriate for their electoral goals, given the changing demographic environment, and greater acceptance of African American politicians in highprofile positions of power. Black politicians also increasingly find that a lack of attention to racial disparities facing constituents within their political boundaries does not effectively address why certain groups like Blacks are disproportionately and negatively affected than others, across a range of issues. Rather than continue to make efforts to represent Black interests within those two frames, Black politicians have begun to universalize the interests of Blacks.
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Oduor, Peter Lee Ochieng. "Inculturation Methodology as the Medium towards the Formulation and Establishment of an African Ecclesiology of Ubuntu." East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion 3, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajtcr.3.2.369.
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The emergence of ecclesiology scholarship in recent theological discourse has exposed the various approaches that ecclesiology has been studied as a distinctive discipline. The traditional ecclesiological approach has prioritized the scholarship of ecclesiology from the perspective of specific denominational orders. There has also been an approach of ecclesiology that revolves around the perspective of some renowned theologians on the basis of their affiliation to their respective church organizations. The most recent approach has been the global ecclesiology that prioritizes the concept of contextualization while looking at ecclesiological discourse from distinct sociocultural-geographical contexts. Three geographical regions hold a wealth of significance by virtue of the global trajectory of Christianity towards the global South: Asia, Africa and Latin America. African ecclesiology plays a critical role in this arrangement and is a major contributor to global ecclesiology. In this understanding, it is imperative for the pursuit of an African ecclesiology to appreciate the concept of Ubuntu as a definitive expression of the African identity. The problem is the methodology of ecclesiological scholarship in Africa that ignores the significance Ubuntu has and resultantly births a foreign ecclesiology to the indigenous African population. It is important to acknowledge that the approach of ecclesiology that will thrive in Africa is nothing less than an Ubuntu ecclesiology that prioritizes community and relationships reminiscent of our traditional African portrait as foundational pillars for her establishment. The formulation and establishment of an African friendly ecclesiology of Ubuntu can only be facilitated by the usage of the inculturation method of theology. This methodology accords due consideration to the African heritage with regard to their culture, spirituality and religious background emphasizing the values from traditional Africa that are helpful to Christian life and condemning those practices that are non-Christian in nature.
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Dixson, Dante D., Cyrell C. B. Roberson, and Frank C. Worrell. "Psychosocial Keys to African American Achievement? Examining the Relationship Between Achievement and Psychosocial Variables in High Achieving African Americans." Journal of Advanced Academics 28, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 120–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932202x17701734.
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Grit, growth mindset, ethnic identity, and other group orientation are four psychosocial variables that have been associated with academic achievement in adolescent populations. In a sample of 105 high achieving African American high school students (cumulative grade point average [GPA] > 3.0), we examined whether these four psychosocial variables contributed to the achievement of high achieving African Americans beyond the contribution of socioeconomic status (SES) and other demographic variables. Results indicated that the psychosocial variables were not significant predictors of academic achievement for the high achieving African American students in this sample. However, SES was a significant predictor of the academic achievement with a medium effect size. These findings suggest that interventions focused on grit, growth mindset, ethnic identity, and other group orientation may not be as effective as hypothesized.
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Asombang, Akwi W., R. Madsen, M. Simuyandi, G. Phiri, M. Bechtold, J. A. Ibdah, K. Lishimpi, and L. Banda. "Pancreatic Cancer: Patterns in a Low- to Middle-Income Population, Zambia." Medical Journal of Zambia 44, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.44.4.96.
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Introduction In 2007, the Cancer Disease Hospital (CDH) was opened as the national referral center for patients diagnosed with cancer in Zambia. Since inception of the CDH, there has been no systematic analysis of the disease burden and implication on healthcare delivery with regards to pancreatic cancer. There are limited studies describing patterns of pancreatic cancer in a native African population. Data suggest African-Americans have a higher incidence and poorer prognosis of pancreatic cancer than non-African Americans.
Objective:
Our aim is to describe the demographic features (age, gender) of pancreatic cancer using the Cancer Disease Hospital (CDH) data base in a native African population and compare with the African-American cohort using the Surveillance, Epidemiology End Results (SEER) Program database.
Methods This was a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer at the CDH in Zambia, Southern Africa between 2007 and 2014. We entered the term “pancreatic cancer” into the CDH database, extracted patient medical records numbers, and manually located the records for review. From each chart we extracted: age, gender, geographic origin, ethnicity, clinical features at presentations, location of tumor, stage at diagnosis and treatment. Data collection tool and master code sheet created a priori were used. Data was analyzed using statistical analysis software (SAS). Descriptive statistics including means, medians as well as frequency distributions and cross-tabulations were used. SEER database was used to compare subjects between Zambia and USA. Groups were compared using Chi-square tests and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. A p-value less than 0.05 was used as the level of significance.
Results Thirty-eight charts were identified in the CDH dataset, of which 27 were included in final analysis and 11 excluded (5 non-pancreatic cancer diagnosis, 6 not manually located). The mean age of diagnosis was 55.7 years in the native African population, compared to 66.7 years for the African-Americans in the SEER database, p < 0.0001. There were 63.0% males (CDH) compared to 48.1% (SEER), p=0.121. Further review of the CDH database revealed that the most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain (52.6%), mode of diagnosis surgical (83%, missing 3), histopathology adenocarcinoma (86%, missing 6), location head of pancreas (83%, missing 9) and stage 4 at diagnosis (100%, missing 3). ConclusionPancreatic cancer occurs at a younger age in Zambians when compared to the African American, USA population. There is no statistically significant difference in sex presentation between Zambian and USA black population.
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Yusuf, Korede K., Deepa Dongarwar, Sahra Ibrahimi, Chioma Ikedionwu, Sitratullah O. Maiyegun, and Hamisu M. Salihu. "Expected Surge in Maternal Mortality and Severe Morbidity among African-Americans in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 9, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.405.
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Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, African-American mothers were three times as likely to die from pregnancy-related causes compared to white mothers. The impact of the pandemic among African- Americans could further worsen the racial disparities in maternal mortality (MM) and severe maternal morbidity (SMM). This study aimed to create a theoretical framework delineating the contributors to an expected rise in maternal mortality (MM) and severe maternal morbidity (SMM) among African-Americans in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic due to preliminary studies suggesting heightened vulnerability of African-Americans to the virus as well as its adverse health effects. Rapid searches were conducted in PubMed and Google to identify published articles on the health determinants of MM and SMM that have been or likely to be disproportionately affected by the pandemic in African-Americans. We identified socioeconomic and health trends determinants that may contribute to future adverse maternal health outcomes. There is a need to intensify advocacy, implement culturally acceptable programs, and formulate policies to address social determinants of health.
Keywords: • COVID-19 • Maternal mortality • Severe maternal morbidity • African-Americans
Copyright © 2020 Yusuf et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.
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Lott, Martha. "The Relationship Between the “Invisibility” of African American Women in the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s and Their Portrayal in Modern Film." Journal of Black Studies 48, no. 4 (April 18, 2017): 331–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717696758.
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This research argues that the representation of African American women in modern civil rights film is a result of the “invisibility” that they faced during the civil rights movement in America during the 1950s and 1960s. To make its argument, this article contends that the media’s scant but negative coverage of women activists along with male leaders, such as Malcolm X’s attitude toward African American women during the period of the movement, is the reason why ultimately African American women activists received lack of recognition for their involvement in the movement. This work also argues that the lack of recognition for these women is evident in modern civil rights film and they negatively portray African American women’s role during the movement. This is shown by examining two films— Selma and The Help. This work also debates whether using film as a historical source is correct. This work touches upon the ongoing stereotypical role of “Mammy” in films such as The Help and argues that overall, by studying various arguments, and as historian Peniel Joseph believes, that many prestigious movies take dramatic license with historical events, arguing that films are not scholarly books and people should not learn about historical events through films.
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Cotty, Peter J., and Kitty F. Cardwell. "Divergence of West African and North American Communities of Aspergillus SectionFlavi." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 2264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.5.2264-2266.1999.
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ABSTRACT West African Aspergillus flavus S isolates differed from North American isolates. Both produced aflatoxin B1. However, 40 and 100% of West African isolates also produced aflatoxin G1 in NH4 medium and urea medium, respectively. No North American S strain isolate produced aflatoxin G1. This geographical and physiological divergence may influence aflatoxin management.
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Blaney, Barry, Sukumar Chakraborty, and Sally-Ann Murray. "Alkaloid production by isolates of the sorghum ergot pathogen (Claviceps africana) from Australia and other countries." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 9 (2006): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05334.
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Isolates of Claviceps africana from Australia, Africa, Asia, and America were tested for the production of dihydroergosine (DHES), and its biogenic precursors dihydroelymoclavine (DHEL) and festuclavine (FEST), in culture. Several growth media were evaluated to optimise alkaloid production with little success. The best of these involved 2-stage culturing on high-sucrose substrate. Australian C. africana isolates varied widely and inconsistently in alkaloid production, with DHES concentrations in mycelium ranging from: <0.1 to 9 mg DHES/kg; <0.1 to 1.6 mg DHEL/kg; and <0.1 to 0.4 mg FEST/kg. In a separate experiment using similar culturing techniques, DHES was produced by 2 of 3 Australian isolates, 1 of 3 USA isolates, 1 of 4 Indian isolates, the sole Puerto Rican isolate, the sole Japanese isolate, but not the sole South African isolate. In this experiment, DHES concentrations detected in mycelium of Australian isolates (0.1–1.0 mg DHES/kg) were of similar magnitude to isolates from other countries (0.2–1.8 mg DHES/kg). Three C. africana isolates, including one that produced only traces of alkaloid in culture after 8 weeks, were inoculated onto panicles of sterile male sorghum plants. After 8 weeks, all 3 isolates produced 10–19 mg DHES/kg in the panicles, demonstrating that the growing plant favoured more consistent alkaloid production than culture medium.
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Bruce, Marino A., Bettina M. Beech, Roland J. Thorpe, and Derek M. Griffith. "Racial Disparities in Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Change Efficacy Among Male First-Year College Students." American Journal of Men's Health 10, no. 6 (July 7, 2016): NP168—NP175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988315599825.
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Racial disparities in weight-related outcomes among males may be linked to differences in behavioral change efficacy; however, few studies have pursued this line of inquiry. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which self-efficacy associated with changing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption intake varies by race among male first-year college students. A self-administered, cross-sectional survey was completed by a subsample of freshmen males ( N = 203) at a medium-sized southern university. Key variables of interest were SSB intake and self-efficacy in reducing consumption of sugared beverages. African American and Whites had similar patterns of SSB intake (10.2 ± 2.8 vs. 10.1 ± 2.6); however, African Americans had lower proportions of individuals who were sure they could substitute sugared beverages with water (42.2% vs. 57.5%, p < .03). The results from logistic regression models suggest that self-efficacy to reduce SSB intake among males vary by race. African American males were less likely to assert confidence in their ability to change behaviors associated with SSB (odds ratio = 0.51; confidence interval [0.27, 0.95]) in the full model adjusting for weight-related variables including SSB consumption. The findings suggest that weight loss and weight prevention interventions targeting young African American males require components that can elevate self-efficacy of this group to facilitate behavioral modifications that reduce SSB consumption and their risk for obesity-related diseases.
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Gooden, Mario. "Colonialism, water and the Black body." Design Ecologies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/des_00002_1.
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For the Black body, water is a topological condition that has been a medium for European colonialism and the construction of race illustrated in the earliest fifteenth century Portuguese nautical master charts depicting the latest knowledge of African coastlines by the transport of enslaved Africans to the shores of the ‘new world’ in North America, South America and the Caribbean, as a means of delineating spatial separation through segregated water fountains, swimming pools and beaches in the United States and South Africa; by the forced migration of people of colour due to sea-level rise and disastrous typhoons and hurricanes such as Irma, Maria, Harvey and most recently Dorian – all the result of global climate change induced by centuries-old pollution in the industrialized nations of Europe and North America; by the lack of access to clean drinking water not only in former European colonies in Africa but also in cities such as Flint, Michigan and Newark, NJ, and to the paucity of water and severe drought in places like the former Portuguese colony of Cape Verde as well as Cape Town, South Africa, formerly colonized by the Dutch and the British. Water as a line from coloniality to climate change represents the spectacle of vulnerability within the quotidian condition of Black life and its indigeneity and diasporic formation linked by a vicious history of imperialism and colonization. The topology of water refers to not only geometric properties of water in terms of its liquidity, flows, movement and capacity for infinite temporal and morphological containments but also the cultural landscape of water defined by relationships of power that do not so much change but take up new guises of privilege and subjugation.
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Baker, Courtney R. "Framing Black Performance." Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 35, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/02705346-8359506.
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Recent African American film scholarship has called for an attention to the structures of black representation on screen. This work echoes the calls made in the 1990s by black feminist film and cultural scholars to resist the allure of reading for racial realism and to develop more appropriate critical tools and terms to acknowledge black artistic innovations. This essay takes up and reiterates that call, drawing attention to the problems of film interpretation that attend to a version of historical analysis without an understanding of form and medium. Foregrounding film as a terrain of struggle, the essay mobilizes an analysis of the 2014 film Selma to illuminate the multiple resonances of the concept representation. Focusing on the film’s representation of women and girl characters, the essay argues that cinematic play with the terms and conditions of representation comment powerfully on the limitations of cinematic and historical discourses to speak about the black femme as a political subject. Analysis of Selma exposes the key problems of reception and criticism facing contemporary African American film. The film speaks to the failure of de jure representational regimes in post–civil rights movement America and offers up the cinematic terrain as an important twenty-first-century site of African American struggle.
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Lacy, Stephen, and Karyn A. Ramsey. "The Advertising Content of African-American Newspapers." Journalism Quarterly 71, no. 3 (September 1994): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909407100304.
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This study analyzed seventy-two issues from May 1989 of thirty-five African-American newspapers. Results showed a lower percentage of advertising from local sources than was found in newspapers that participated in the Inland Press Association's 1989 study of weekly newspapers. The African-American newspapers also had little advertising support from group-owned businesses. Large-circulation African-American newspapers had less advertising linage than did medium-circulation newspapers, which resulted in a smaller newshole for the large-circulation newspapers.
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Metz, Nicholas D., Heather M. Archambault, Alan F. Srock, Thomas J. Galarneau, and Lance F. Bosart. "A Comparison of South American and African Preferential Pathways for Extreme Cold Events." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 2066–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-12-00202.1.
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Abstract In the Southern Hemisphere, a relatively well-known preferential pathway along which cold air surges equatorward is situated to the east of the Andes Mountains. In this study, a second preferred pathway is identified to the east of the African Highlands, with additional minor pathways identified east of the Brazilian Highlands and Madagascar. The primary objective of this study is to compare climatological and synoptic characteristics of extreme cold events (ECEs) along the Andes and African Highlands pathways. ECEs are defined as the top 1% coldest 925-hPa temperatures within the Andes and the African Highlands pathways using the 1977–2001 subset of the 2.5° × 2.5° 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40). ECEs within the Andes and African Highlands pathways are associated with dynamically forced anticyclogenesis and have low-level characteristics that vary substantially. Along the Andes pathway, ECEs feature 925-hPa temperatures as much as 17°C below normal, with 925-hPa southerly winds ranging from 0 to 10 m s−1 and 925–700-hPa lapse rates as low as −3°C km−1. In contrast, ECEs along the African Highlands pathway feature 925-hPa temperatures up to 10°C below normal, with 925-hPa southerly winds ranging from 5 to 15 m s−1, and 925–700-hPa lapse rates generally between 2° and 5°C km−1. Composite analyses reveal that despite stronger southerly winds, ECEs along the African Highlands pathway are typically not as cold or stable as those along the Andes pathway because cold air from Antarctica must traverse a longer distance over water to reach Africa.
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Pandita, Ramesh, and Shivendra Singh. "Oncology Research Output and its Citation Analysis at Continental Level: A Study (2003-2012)." International Letters of Natural Sciences 17 (June 2014): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.17.139.
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The present study examines the research output and citation analysis in the field of Oncology, a branch of medical science which deals with the study and treatment of tumours, what we commonly know as cancer. Cancer as a disease is not confined to a particular region or a country, but is a global phenomenon and is still beyond the complete understanding and control of medicos. Research in the field of biomedical sciences in general and oncology is particular is undertaken at global level with almost each country contributing its bit in understating and control of disease. The study makes an empirical assessment of the research output and growth in the field of oncology at continental level for the period 2003-2012 and evaluates the aspects like research growth, citation analysis, h-Index etc. Data for the present study has been retrieved from the SCImago Journal and Country Ranking, which is totally based on the SCOPUS data source. Findings: - A total of 310593 research papers were published across six continents of the world during the period 2003-2012. Europe emerged the largest continent with its publication share of (124598, 40.11 %). Europe is followed by North America with its share percentage of (102897, 33.12 %) and Asia with (70555, 22.71 %). The contribution of Oceania, South America & Africa to the world oncology research is not that encouraging, as such there is greater need to promote oncology research in these continents. African contribution to global oncology research during the period remained (2215, 0.71 %), South American (3009, 0.96 %) and Oceania contributed (7319, 2.35 %). Oncology research publication on average during the period of study grew annually at 8.15 %, while as at continental level Africa registered highest annual publication growth of 19.08 %. North America and Europe are the only continents which recorded publication's growth below the average global growth.
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Pandita, Ramesh, and Shivendra Singh. "Oncology Research Output and its Citation Analysis at Continental Level: A Study (2003-2012)." International Letters of Natural Sciences 17 (June 30, 2014): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-v7898o.
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The present study examines the research output and citation analysis in the field of Oncology, a branch of medical science which deals with the study and treatment of tumours, what we commonly know as cancer. Cancer as a disease is not confined to a particular region or a country, but is a global phenomenon and is still beyond the complete understanding and control of medicos. Research in the field of biomedical sciences in general and oncology is particular is undertaken at global level with almost each country contributing its bit in understating and control of disease. The study makes an empirical assessment of the research output and growth in the field of oncology at continental level for the period 2003-2012 and evaluates the aspects like research growth, citation analysis, h-Index etc. Data for the present study has been retrieved from the SCImago Journal and Country Ranking, which is totally based on the SCOPUS data source. Findings: - A total of 310593 research papers were published across six continents of the world during the period 2003-2012. Europe emerged the largest continent with its publication share of (124598, 40.11 %). Europe is followed by North America with its share percentage of (102897, 33.12 %) and Asia with (70555, 22.71 %). The contribution of Oceania, South America & Africa to the world oncology research is not that encouraging, as such there is greater need to promote oncology research in these continents. African contribution to global oncology research during the period remained (2215, 0.71 %), South American (3009, 0.96 %) and Oceania contributed (7319, 2.35 %). Oncology research publication on average during the period of study grew annually at 8.15 %, while as at continental level Africa registered highest annual publication growth of 19.08 %. North America and Europe are the only continents which recorded publication's growth below the average global growth.
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Woudberg, Nicholas J., Julia H. Goedecke, and Sandrine Lecour. "Protection from Cardiovascular Disease Due to Increased High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in African Black Populations: Myth or Reality?" Ethnicity & Disease 26, no. 4 (October 20, 2016): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.4.553.
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<p style="tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm;"> </p><p class="Pa7">The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in sub-Saharan Africa has increased over the last decade. Despite this, African Black populations present with relatively low incidences of coronary heart disease and ischemic heart disease, which may be attributed to their lower total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, compared with White populations. Commensurate with these lower lipid levels, it was believed that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations would be higher in Black populations compared with their White counterparts. This is based on data from previous studies of African and African American populations; however, recent studies conducted in Africa found similar or lower HDL-C concentrations in Black compared with White individuals. Current research, therefore, suggests that HDL-C may not be a good indicator of cardiovascular risk and future research should focus on HDL quality (vs quantity), by measuring HDL functionality and subclass.</p><p class="Pa7"><em>Ethn Dis.</em>2016;26(4):553-560; doi:10.18865/ed.26.4.553</p><p style="tab-stops: dotted 13.0cm;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p>
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Francis, Terri. "Cosmologies of Black Cultural Production: A Conversation with Afrosurrealist Filmmaker Christopher Harris." Film Quarterly 69, no. 4 (2016): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2016.69.4.47.
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FQ Contributing Editor Terri Francis interviews filmmaker Christopher Harris, situating Afrosurrealist filmmaking within a constellation of African American artists and writers that includes the painter Kerry James Marshall, novelist Toni Morrison, poet Elizabeth Alexander, and composer Roscoe Mitchell. The discussion revolves around the experimental poetics of African American literature that provide Harris with flares of revelation that light the path for his diverse projects. Harris's oeuvre is in dialogue with the nature of the film medium and with what it means to work, observe, and think, as an artist, living between the ideals of American happiness and the realities of American inequality.
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Gehlawat, Monika. "Strangers in the Village." James Baldwin Review 5, no. 1 (September 2019): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jbr.5.4.
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This essay uses Edward Said’s theory of affiliation to consider the relationship between James Baldwin and contemporary artists Teju Cole and Glenn Ligon, both of whom explicitly engage with their predecessor’s writing in their own work. Specifically, Baldwin’s essay “Stranger in the Village” (1953) serves a through-line for this discussion, as it is invoked in Cole’s essay “Black Body” and Ligon’s visual series, also titled Stranger in the Village. In juxtaposing these three artists, I argue that they express the dialectical energy of affiliation by articulating ongoing concerns of race relations in America while distinguishing themselves from Baldwin in terms of periodization, medium-specificity, and their broader relationship to Western art practice. In their adoption of Baldwin, Cole and Ligon also imagine a way beyond his historical anxieties and writing-based practice, even as they continue to reinscribe their own work with his arguments about the African-American experience. This essay is an intermedial study that reads fiction, nonfiction, language-based conceptual art and mixed media, as well as contemporary politics and social media in order consider the nuances of the African-American experience from the postwar period to our contemporary moment. Concerns about visuality/visibility in the public sphere, narrative voice, and self-representation, as well as access to cultural artifacts and aesthetic engagement, all emerge in my discussion of this constellation of artists. As a result, this essay identifies an emblematic, though not exclusive, strand of African-American intellectual thinking that has never before been brought together. It also demonstrates the ongoing relevance of Baldwin’s thinking for the contemporary political scene in this country.
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Antonovich, Ivan I. "Systematic racism in the USA and the problem of polarisation of society." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Sociology, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6821-2020-4-39-49.
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The article analyzes the essence of the radical protests of the African American population of the USA, which exacerbated the crisis of the state social system and have a negative impact on social equilibrium in the countries of the Pan-Atlantic Community. There was made an attempt to trace the negative impact of uncontrollable spontaneous radical protests on global processes. Over the course of two decades of the 21st century, it has become obvious that the USA does not have enough internal resources for the implementation of world-governing tasks, which turned out to be unbearable for the systems of political power based on the ideology of liberalism. There is not enough economic, social and even moral resources to solve the urgent problems facing the world. Political polarization and economic crisis have become a serious threat to the very functioning and existence of the American state. Colossal dysfunctions of democratic procedures, the growing ideological intransigence of party programs, the growing number of unemployed, the ruin of small and medium-sized businesses give social protest the form of political confrontation. There is talk of a second civil war in the USA. Moreover, it is difficult to say whether the ideology of black racism will be less radical than the ideology of white. African American Democrats, who encouraged spontaneous riots in many cities, accuse Republicans of initiating social protests. Democrats blame the Republicans for failing to create an effective governance system that would prevent such social explosions and growing discontent. Radical African American protest is becoming a structural component of USA public life. It was introduced into the system of public relations at all levels, paralyzing the activities of state institutions, systems of legal support for everyday existence, destroying the established value systems and the very practice of rule of law, which constituted the basis of American statehood. What is happening in America is having a negative impact on the entire Transatlantic community.
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Cassidy-Bushrow, Andrea E., Ganesa Wegienka, Suzanne Havstad, Albert M. Levin, Susan V. Lynch, Dennis R. Ownby, Andrew G. Rundle, Kimberley J. Woodcroft, Edward M. Zoratti, and Christine Cole Johnson. "Race-Specific Association of Caesarean-Section Delivery with Body Size at Age 2 Years." Ethnicity & Disease 26, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.1.61.
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<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Objectives:</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> African American children are at higher risk of obesity than White children and African American women are more likely to undergo caesarean-section (CS) delivery than White women.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">CS is associated with childhood obesity, however, little is known whether this relationship varies by race.</span><span style="font-size: medium;">We examined if the association of CS with obesity at age 2 years varied by race.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Design: </span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Longitudinal birth cohort.</span><strong></strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Setting:</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> Birth cohort conducted in a health care system in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan with follow-up at age 2 years.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Participants:</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> 639 birth cohort participants; 367 children (57.4%) were born to African American mothers and 230 (36.0%) children were born via CS.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Main Outcome Measure: </span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Obesity defined as body mass index </span><strong></strong><span style="font-size: medium;">≥95</span><sup><span style="font-size: small;">th</span></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"> percentile at age 2 years.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Results:</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> Slightly more children of African American (n=37; 10.1%) than non-African American mothers (n=18; 6.6%) were obese (</span><span style="font-size: medium;">P</span><span style="font-size: medium;">=.12). There was evidence of effect modification between race and delivery mode with obesity at age 2 years (interaction<em> </em></span><span style="font-size: medium;">P</span><span style="font-size: medium;">=.020).</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In children of African-American mothers, CS compared to vaginal birth was associated with a significantly higher odds of obesity (aOR=2.35 (95% CI: 1.16, 4.77), </span><em><span style="font-size: medium;">P</span></em><span style="font-size: medium;">=.017).</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">In contrast, delivery mode was not associated with obesity at age 2 years in children of non-African-American mothers (aOR=.47 (95% CI: .13, 1.71), </span><span style="font-size: medium;">P</span><span style="font-size: medium;">=.25).</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="font-size: medium;">Conclusions:</span></strong><span style="font-size: medium;"> There is evidence for a race-specific effect of CS on obesity at age 2 years; potential underlying mechanisms may be racial differences in the developing gut microbiome or in epigenetic programming.</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">Future research is needed to determine if this racial difference persists into later childhood. <em>Ethn Dis.</em> 2016;26(1):61-68; doi:10.18865/ed.26.1.61<br /></span></span></p><p> </p>
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Fryer, Kimberly E., Anissa I. Vines, and Alison M. Stuebe. "A Multisite Examination of Everyday Discrimination and the Prevalence of Spontaneous Preterm Birth in African American and Latina Women in the United States." American Journal of Perinatology 37, no. 13 (July 31, 2019): 1340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693696.
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Abstract Objective African American women have a higher risk of spontaneous preterm birth than White and Latina women. Although Latina women are exposed to similar social determinants of health, they have lower rates of spontaneous preterm birth. One theory for this difference is the maternal stress biological pathway, whereby lifetime stressors, such as racial discrimination, lead to a premature activation of parturition. We investigated the prevalence of self-reported discrimination and its association with the prevalence of spontaneous preterm birth. Study Design Using data from the Community Child Health Research Network Study, a multisite cohort study from 2008 to 2012, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1,154 African American women and 578 Latina women. Results Adjusting for multiple risk factors, African American and Latina women who experienced the highest tertile of discrimination had a higher prevalence of preterm birth compared with those who experienced discrimination less than once per year, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.5 (0.7–3.1) and 3.6 (0.9–14.4), respectively. Conclusion In our cohort, we found a statistically significant association only in the medium discrimination group in Latina women, but we did not find a statistically significant association in African American women. Reduction in experienced discrimination may be an important intervention for reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Owei, Ibiye, Nkiru Umekwe, Frankie Stentz, Jim Wan, and Sam Dagogo-Jack. "Association of plasma acylcarnitines with insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and prediabetes in a biracial cohort." Experimental Biology and Medicine 246, no. 15 (April 29, 2021): 1698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15353702211009493.
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The ability to predict prediabetes, which affects ∼90 million adults in the US and ∼400 million adults worldwide, would be valuable to public health. Acylcarnitines, fatty acid metabolites, have been associated with type 2 diabetes risk in cross-sectional studies of mostly Caucasian subjects, but prospective studies on their link to prediabetes in diverse populations are lacking. Here, we determined the association of plasma acylcarnitines with incident prediabetes in African Americans and European Americans enrolled in a prospective study. We analyzed 45 acylcarnitines in baseline plasma samples from 70 adults (35 African-American, 35 European-American) with incident prediabetes (progressors) and 70 matched controls (non-progressors) during 5.5-year (mean 2.6 years) follow-up in the Pathobiology of Prediabetes in a Biracial Cohort (POP-ABC) study. Incident prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance) was confirmed with OGTT. We measured acylcarnitines using tandem mass spectrometry, insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, and insulin secretion using intravenous glucose tolerance test. The results showed that progressors and non-progressors during POP-ABC study follow-up were concordant for 36 acylcarnitines and discordant for nine others. In logistic regression models, beta-hydroxy butyryl carnitine (C4-OH), 3-hydroxy-isovaleryl carnitine/malonyl carnitine (C5-OH/C3-DC), and octenoyl carnitine (C8:1) were the only significant predictors of incident prediabetes. The combined cut-off plasma levels of <0.03 micromol/L for C4-OH, <0.03 micromol/L for C5-OH/C3-DC, and >0.25 micromol/L for C8:1 acylcarnitines predicted incident prediabetes with 81.9% sensitivity and 65.2% specificity. Thus, circulating levels of one medium-chain and two short-chain acylcarnitines may be sensitive biomarkers for the risk of incident prediabetes among initially normoglycemic individuals with parental history of type 2 diabetes.
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Karpf, Juanita. "The Possibility of Theomusicology: William Bradbury’s Esther, the Beautiful Queen." Religion and the Arts 16, no. 1-2 (2012): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852912x615865.
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AbstractAfrican-American scholar, theologian, and musician Jon Michael Spencer issued his initial publications on his theory of theomusicology in 1986. As an alternative to more traditional musicologies, Spencer specifies theomusicology as a theoretical model of theologically, biblically, and spiritually-informed historical and analytical studies in music, of particular appropriateness to African-American music making. Theomusicology redirects the analytical and critical objectivity of musicologies to facilitate concentration on iterations of ethical, religious, and mythological beliefs, regardless of their medium, location, and cultural function. It seeks ways to describe the synthesis of the sacred and profane—the meshing of seeming opposites. This article explores the application of theomusicology to African-American performances of a popular large-scale vocal work entitled,Esther, the Beautiful Queen, written in 1856 by U.S. composer William Bradbury.
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Bertrand, Jean Michel, and Emmanuel Ferraz Jardim de Sá. "Where are the Eburnian–Transamazonian collisional belts?" Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 10 (October 1, 1990): 1382–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-148.
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The reconstruction of Early Proterozoic crustal evolution and geodynamic environments, in Africa and South America, is incomplete if cratonic areas alone are studied. If the presence of high-grade gneisses is considered as a first clue to past collisional behaviour, 2 Ga high-grade gneisses are more abundant within the Pan-African–Brasiliano mobile belts than in the intervening pre-Late Proterozoic cratons. The West African craton and the Guiana–Amazonia craton consist of relatively small Archaean nuclei and widespread low- to medium-grade volcanic and volcanoclastic formations intruded by Early Proterozoic granites. By contrast, 2 Ga granulitic assemblages and (or) nappes and syntectonic granites are known in several areas within the Pan-African–Brasiliano belts of Hoggar–Iforas–Air, Nigeria, Cameroon, and northeast Brazil. Nappe tectonics have been also described in the Congo–Chaillu craton, and Early Proterozoic reworking of older granulites may have occurred in the São Francisco craton. The location of the Pan-African–Brasiliano orogenic belts is probably controlled by preexisting major structures inherited from the Early Proterozoic. High-grade, lower crustal assemblages 2 Ga old have been uplifted or overthrust and now form polycyclic domains in these younger orogenic belts, though rarely in the cratons themselves. The Congo–Chaillu and perhaps the São Francisco craton are exceptional in showing controversial evidence of collisional Eburnian–Transamazonian assemblages undisturbed during Late Proterozoic time.
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Whitmore, Gabrielle, Amin Ramzan, Jeanelle Sheeder, and Saketh R. Guntupalli. "African American women with advanced-stage ovarian cancer have worse outcomes regardless of treatment type." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 30, no. 7 (February 26, 2020): 1018–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2019-000555.
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ObjectiveThere has been an increase in the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in recent years. Our objective was to determine if African American women are more likely to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy than primary debulking surgery, when compared to their Caucasian counterparts, and the impact of such an approach on oncologic outcomes.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Women aged 18–90 years, diagnosed with stage IIIC or IV epithelial ovarian cancer between January 2010 through December 2014 were included. Women with unknown treatment or treatments outside of neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary debulking surgery were excluded. Only women of Caucasian, African American, or Hispanic origin who received either neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary debulking surgery were included; all other races were excluded. Descriptive statistics were computed, and continuous variables were assessed for normality. Groups were compared using ANOVA or non-parametric medians tests for continuous variables, and chi-squared tests were used for dichotomous or categorical variables. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of treatment. A p value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 19 838 women with stage IIIC and IV epithelial ovarian cancer met the inclusion criteria. A total of 14 988 (75.6%) were treated with primary debulking surgery, while 4850 women (24.4%) were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Of those treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 24.5% were white, 27.0% were African American, and 22.1% were Hispanic (p=0.005), and when adjusted for confounders, being African American was a predictor of receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.29, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.51). Ninety-day mortality rates were higher in African American women compared with Caucasian and Hispanic women (2.9% vs 2.0% vs 1.6%, p=0.013). There were no differences in 30-day mortality, 90-day mortality, or status at last contact in African American women, when comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy and primary debulking surgery. In Caucasian women, outcomes were worse in women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.ConclusionsCompared to other races, African American women with advanced ovarian cancer are more likely to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy than primary debulking surgery and had a higher 90-day mortality rate. In African American women there was no difference in outcomes based on treatment type.
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Jajeh, Ahmad, Rose Catchatourian, Deimante Tamkus, David Osafo, Ghassan Zalzaleh, and Barbara Yim. "Thalidomide Response in African American Patients with Multiple Myeloma." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 5147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.5147.5147.
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Abstract African american are not well presented in clinical trials. This is a retrospective analysis studying Thalidomide response in predominantly african american patients with multiple myeloma from January 2000 till August 2005. A total of fifty patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma started on Thalidomide which was given through the S.T.E.P. Program. Twenty one males and twenty nine females. Thirty six african americans (72%), eleven hispanics (22%), three whites and one other. Mean age at starting treatment is 63 years (range 41–76). All were stage II-III. Mean serum Albumin is 3.4mg/dL (range 2.2–4.7) and Beta 2 microglobulin is 3.8 (range 0.60–13.6), the normal range is 0–0.63 mg/dL. Twenty four patients with IgG kappa, twelve patients with IgG lambda, three with lambda light chain, three with kappa light chain, seven patients with IgA and one patient with non secretory MM. Mean Thalidomide dose is 100 mg Oraly, daily (range 50–200 mg). Medium duration of therapy is one year (range 3 months- three and a half years). Two patients stopped in the first few weeks because of intolerance due to side effects. Eighty percent of patients given treatment after failure to prior therapies. Fifty percent of patients recieved Thalidomide with Dexamethason. Response were evaluated as of Blade criterae. Seven patients (14%) achieved complete response CR or very good partial response. Partial response PR was achieved in nine patients (18%), minimal response was achieved in three patients (6%) and stable disease in six (12%). Total response rate of fifty percent(50%). Fifteen patients (30%) achieved a rise in back ground depressed serum level of IgA (range 1–3 folds of normal value). Two patients(4%) achieved arise in the back ground depressed level of IgG in IgA MM. Median time to progression in patients with CR and PR was not reached. However most of the progression occured at one and a half years from response. Conclusion: Thalidomide alone or in combination with Dexamethasone is a well tolerated regimen. Low dose as 50 to 100mg seem to be effective and tolerated in most of the african american patients. The rise in IgA level is an interesting phenomena. This is particularly seen in CR and very good partial response. Whether this is an immune response or an epiphenomena need to be investigated.
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Kundi, Dr Minu. "Representation of Marginalization in the Life Writing of African American Women Writers." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 172–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i1.10890.
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The process of imperialism and colonialism was established on the covert idea of economic and political exploitation of the underdeveloped eastern cultures by the dominant west. With the process of decolonization, the marginalized and the poor have been given a centre space alongwith the reversal of the order where those who were the object for centuries, suddenly refuse to be subjected to misrepresentation and domination, and begin to constitute their own discourses. Literature serves as a medium of honest self expression and platform to express the true self for women. American society has triply disempowered and disenfranchised African American women on the basis of race, gender and class. Many African American women writers attempt to break down traditional structures and dislocate narrative strategies in order to re-examine subject identity and to demonstrate the complexity of female experience. By writing about their lives the marginalized are valorized and their oppression turns into empowerment. Life writing helps females to explore subjectivity and to assume authorship of their own life. The account of the life of African American women writers chronicles their frequent encounters with racism, sexism and classism as they describe the people, events and personal qualities that helped them to survive the devastating effects of their environment.
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John, Eze, Felix, Odigbo, Ben E., and Bassey, Agness Edem. "Small and Medium-Scale Agro-Produce Entrepreneurship and Promotion of Non-Oil Exports from Nigeria." International Business Research 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n11p164.
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The study undertook a critical appraisal of marketing communications’ tools for the promotion of non-oil exports by small and medium-scale agro-produce entrepreneurs in Nigeria. It was motivated by the problem of low performance of the non-oil export sub-sector in the country. This is in spite of government’s incentives and the introduction of African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in May 2000 by the United States of America, which was to improve export of products particularly in agriculture from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States. The focus of AGOA was to enhance the economic growth of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa through export leverages rooted in the reduction of tariffs and non-tariff barriers. The specific objectives of the study were to: determine the effect of internet-marketing communications media as tools for promoting small and medium-scale farming entrepreneurs’ non-oil exports from Nigeria; and ascertain the effect of social-media communications as tools for promoting small and medium-scale farming entrepreneurs’ non-oil exports from Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted in the study. The sample frame comprised small and medium-scale agro-produce farmers drawn from three States representing the three-former regional structure of the country. Data sourced were statistically analyzed. Results indicate that both internet marketing and social media communications were not yet significant for promoting non-oil exports by small and medium-scale farming entrepreneurs from Nigeria, because of other serious diluting variables like poor products’ quality, packaging, processing, storage and other systemic bottlenecks. It was then recommended that the Governments in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nigeria, should introduce and educate small and medium-scale agro-produce entrepreneurs wishing to go into non-oil exports, among other things, to improve their products’ qualities to meet international markets’ standards, before employing internet and social media marketing communications to create global awareness and demands for them.
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Macnab, John. "Does game cropping serve conservation? A reexamination of the African data." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 2283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-320.
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Commercial culling of wildlife species in natural habitats (game cropping) or in fenced areas (game farming) has been suggested as a means of conserving such species in North America. An alternative hypothesis proposes that such exploitation may have an adverse impact on these species and other species associated with them. Commercial exploitation uses the precedent of African cropping projects originally set up for conservation. This review examines the biological and economic evidence from Africa in the light of these two hypotheses. The biological evidence is now seen to suggest that domestic ungulates are more productive than wild species in medium-rainfall natural habitats of Africa. Game farming, which provides luxury products (meat), and services (tourism, hunting) to foreigners, is more productive than game cropping which tries to provide cheap meat to low-income native peoples. The economic evidence in favour of cropping is drawn from culling programs for management in national parks, and from private ranches in southern Africa. However, these park culling schemes subsidized costs and were not intended for profit, whereas private ranches sold to luxury markets and were subsidized by tourism and sport hunting. Although many private game farms are a commercial success, their value for conservation is limited. There may also be some negative effects on conservation.
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Jajeh, Ahmad, Rosalind Catchatourian, David Osafo, Deimante Tamkus, Ghassan Zalzaleh, and Anshul Bamrolia. "Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin (PLD), Vincristine and Reduced-Dose Dexamethasone (DVd) in the Treatment of a Predominantly African American Population with Multiple Myeloma." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 2573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.2573.2573.
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Abstract Recently there has been an important recognition of potentially different responses to pharmaceuticals based on genetic predisposition, with the first FDA advisory panel recommending approval of a heart failure drug for African Americans alone. Liposomal doxorubicin (DOXIL; PLD) is a microscopic pegylated phospholipid vesicle with a core containing conventional doxorubicin. The pegylated coat protects the liposomes from detection by mononuclear phagocytes increasing blood circulation time (t½ = 55 hours). Due to its prolonged half-life, PLD provides a similar effect to using continuous infusion doxorubicin, but administered over 1-hour, transforming the regimen into an outpatient treatment. PLD has also been shown to have a significantly better cardiac safety profile than conventional doxorubicin. A phase II trial using DVd was started in October 2000 and is still enrolling (PLD 40 mg/m2, vincristine 2 mg IVP, and dexamethasone 40 mg PO 1–4 d every 4-weeks). Twenty-seven patients have been enrolled (11 males/16 females; mean age 56 years [range 41–75]). The majority of patients enrolled in this study are African American (74%), a patient population not commonly studied. Patients presented with relatively advanced disease (stages II – III). Baseline mean serum albumin level was 3.5 mg/dL (range 1.4 to 4.4), beta-2 microglobulin 3.38 (range 1.0 – 8.97), fourteen patients had IgG Kappa, three patients has IgG Lambda, six patients with IgA, and four patients with light chain disease. Eighteen patients completed six cycles of therapy, with two patients completing five cycles. Six patients underwent autologous bone marrow transplant following their response to DVd. CR, and nCR was achieved in nine patients, partial responses were achieved in seven patients, minor response in two patients, and progressive disease in five patients, based on Blade Response Assessment. Median follow up is twenty-four months (range 3 months – 5 years). Overall medium time to progression is approximately 1 year. Twenty patients are still alive, one patient has been lost to follow up, and six deaths have occurred. Four early deaths were due to disease progression and sepsis. Two died after one year of therapy due to progressive refractory disease. One died after the second cycle because of sudden cardiac death with sepsis. Three of the early deaths had amyloidosis. No episodes of cardiac dysfunction were observed. Conclusion: African Americans have a 3-fold higher risk of cardiac toxicity with conventional doxorubicin. The use of DVd in this predominantly African American patient population was cardiac safe and provided an easy administered outpatient option, with an overall response rate of ~66% in stage II–III patients.
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Smith, Siobhan E., Lindsay J. Della, Theresa Rajack-Talley, Margaret U. D'Silva, Deborah A. Potter, Lisa B. Markowitz, Latonia Craig, Keneka Cheatham, and Quaniqua Carthan. "Exploring Media’s Impact on African American Women’s Healthy Food Habits in Kentucky." Journal of Intercultural Communication Research 42, no. 3 (September 2013): 228–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2013.823455.
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Harper, Kaitlyn, Emma Lewis, and Joel Gittelsohn. "Exploring Accessibility of Culturally Relevant Foods in a Low-Income Neighborhood in Baltimore City." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa046_025.
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Abstract Objectives Culturally relevant foods (CRF) are food items that hold significance for a particular culture or subcultural group. Improving access to healthy CRF may be important for improving diets of minority populations, who are disproportionately affected by poor diet quality, obesity, and chronic disease. However, few studies have carefully identified CRF and evaluated their availability in retail stores. The present study aimed to (1) identify culturally relevant foods for African Americans living in Northeast Baltimore; and (2) examine access to the identified CRF at community food retail stores. Methods Free listing activities were conducted for 20 adult African American participants that live in Northeast Baltimore to identify CRF, frequency of consumption, and typical purchasing location. Smith's S saliency scores were calculated for each item and location using the AnthroTools package. An environmental checklist was used to determine accessibility of the 16 most salient items at the five most salient locations—Giant, DMG Foods (a small community grocery store in Baltimore), Safeway, Aldi, and Family Dollar. Each location was visited four times to account for price fluctuations and item availability. Availability scores were calculated for each location. Results One hundred and forty-five items were mentioned by participants in the free listing activity. Of these, chicken/fried chicken (S = 0.40) and greens/collard greens (S = 0.30) had the highest saliency scores and were mentioned by over 50% of participants. Other highly salient items included shrimp (S = 0.27), steak (S = 0.17), salad (S = 0.14), tomatoes (S = 0.13), and spaghetti (S = 0.13). Giant and Safeway had the highest availability scores (94%), followed by DMG Foods (69%) Aldi (56%), and Family Dollar (13%). Conclusions This study showed that CRF for adult African Americans living in Baltimore are widely available in large food retail stores, but only moderately available in medium sized grocery stores, and sparsely available in dollar stores. Future analyses will examine variability of stores by depth of stock, placement, and price of CRF. Funding Sources Urban Health Institute Small Grants Program.
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Cooky, Cheryl, Faye L. Wachs, Michael Messner, and Shari L. Dworkin. "It’s Not About the Game: Don Imus, Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Media." Sociology of Sport Journal 27, no. 2 (June 2010): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.27.2.139.
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Using intersectionality and hegemony theory, we critically analyze mainstream print news media’s response to Don Imus’ exchange on the 2007 NCAA women’s basketball championship game. Content and textual analysis reveals the following media frames: “invisibility and silence”; “controlling images versus women’s self-definitions”; and, “outside the frame: social issues in sport and society.” The paper situates these media frames within a broader societal context wherein 1) women’s sports are silenced, trivialized and sexualized, 2) media representations of African-American women in the U. S. have historically reproduced racism and sexism, and 3) race and class relations differentially shape dominant understandings of African-American women’s participation in sport. We conclude that news media reproduced monolithic understandings of social inequality, which lacked insight into the intersecting nature of oppression for women, both in sport and in the United States.
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Forde, Allana T., Mario Sims, Paul Muntner, Tené Lewis, Amanda Onwuka, Kari Moore, and Ana V. Diez Roux. "Discrimination and Hypertension Risk Among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study." Hypertension 76, no. 3 (September 2020): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14492.
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African Americans have a higher risk of hypertension compared with other racial or ethnic groups in the United States. One possible explanation for this disparity is discrimination. Few studies have examined the association between discrimination and incidence of hypertension. We examined whether everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination, and stress from discrimination were associated with incident hypertension and whether these associations differed by gender, age, discrimination attribution, and coping responses to discrimination among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. Discrimination was self-reported by 1845 African Americans aged 21 to 85 years without hypertension at baseline (2000–2004). Participants completed 2 follow-up study visits from 2005 to 2008 and 2009 to 2013. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate associations of discrimination with incident hypertension. Overall, 52% (n=954) of the participants developed hypertension over the follow-up period. After adjustment for age, gender, socioeconomic status and hypertension risk factors, medium versus low levels of lifetime discrimination (hazard ratio, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.18–1.89]), and high versus low levels of lifetime discrimination (hazard ratio, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.07–1.68]) were associated with a higher incidence of hypertension. No statistically significant interactions with gender, age, attribution, or coping were present. Higher stress from lifetime discrimination was associated with higher hypertension risk after adjustment for demographics (hazard ratio for high versus low, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.01–1.40]), but the association was attenuated after adjustment for hypertension risk factors (hazard ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, 0.97–1.35]). Lifetime discrimination may increase the risk of hypertension in African Americans.
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Botha, M., D. Franzsen, and L. Koch. "Comparison of the sensory integrative function of South African infants to normative data on two standardised tests." South African Journal of Occupational Therapy 52, no. 3 (December 2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2310-3833/2022/vol52n3a2.
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BACKGROUND: The Dunn Infant Toddler Sensory Profile and DeGangi's Test of Sensory Functions in Infants are two standardised tests that are widely used by South African therapists to assess sensory integrative function in infants. There is, however, no research available on the validation of these standardised tests for a South African population. This research determined whether the normative data established in the United States of America on the Infant Toddler Sensory Profile and the Test of Sensory Functions in Infants were valid for use with South African infants between the ages of 7 and 18 months. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative cross-sectional, descriptive, correlation study design was used to investigate the equivalence between the normative data from the United States of America and a sample of typically developing South African infants. FINDINGS: The results indicated that the mean scores for the South African sample in five of the six processing sections of the Infant Toddler Sensory Profile and all quadrant scores, were in the lower range of the typical performance according to the normative data of the United States of America. On the Oral Processing Section and the Sensation-Seeking Quadrant, test results should be interpreted with caution due to the medium effect size indicating clinical differences to the reported norms. A higher percentage of South African infants had a clear definite difference "more than others" score compared to normative data from the United States of America. On the Test of Sensory Functions in Infants, the means of the frequency distribution for deficient, at risk, and typical for all five sections and the Total Test Scores for the South African sample were significantly different from the normative data of the United States of America and the mean scores fell into the lower range or below the range for the typical performance reported in the test manual. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The Infant Toddler Sensory Profile can be used without substantial re-norming based on the findings related to this South African sample. Due to significant differences in scores on the Test of Sensory Functions in Infants, the first author questions the use of the test and recommends further research on South African infants with a larger population group. However, it should be noted that this study had a small sample size and therefore the results should be interpreted with caution and cannot be generalised.
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Thomson, NJ, and DJ Luckett. "Heterosis and combining ability effects on cotton. I. Combining ability." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 6 (1988): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880973.
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Combining ability for a number of yield and quality attributes of cultivated cotton (Gossypium) was studied in two diallel experiments under high-yielding conditions in northern Australia. The first diallel comprised nine G. hirsutum parents of North American and African origin, the second diallel of thirteen parents besides American and African cultivars also included an Indian line, some Australian lines and an American G. barbadense cultivar. Each set of hybrids was grown as a half-diallel (plus the parents), first as a plant crop and then as a ratoon crop in the following season. Generally variation due to general combining ability (GCA) was significant and substantial for all traits, although specific combining ability (SCA) was also significant. GCA was shown to be closely associated with parental performance per se which may, therefore, be used with good reliability in choosing parents for use in a breeding program. The plant and ratoon performances were very similar in most instances. The African cultivars together with some medium-quality American ones showed high combining ability for yield, but the best GCA for quality characters was found in the high- quality parents. The G. barbadense cultivar was exceptional in this regard, hut it had a low GCA for yield, and there are other technical problems associated in establishing good inbred lines from hybrids between the two cultivated tetraploid species. Genotypic correlations between a pair of traits were usually similar for the plant and its respective ratoon crop, but often quite different for the two diallel combinations. In both populations selection for increased lint yield would tend to be accompanied by adverse changes in some other important characteristics.
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Im, Eun-Ok, Sun Ju Chang, Wonshik Chee, and Eunice Chee. "Attitudes of women in midlife to web-based interventions for promoting physical activity." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 18, no. 7 (October 2012): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jtt.2012.120514.
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We explored the attitudes of women at midlife to web-based interventions for promoting physical activity. 145 women volunteered to participate in one of four online forums. The forums were for four major racial/ethnic groups. 90 volunteers were recruited for the online forums (29 Whites, 23 Hispanics, 21 African Americans, and 17 Asians). Two sets of topics on attitudes to physical activity and racial/ethnic contexts were used. Each topic had some introductory questions and related prompts, and these were posted on the online forum sites in a serial fashion during the six-month period. We used a thematic analysis. Four major themes emerged: (1) ‘a matter of the source of the information’; (2) ‘I can pace myself’; (3) ‘lack of interpersonal interactions’; and (4) ‘culture-specificity and low cost.’ The women in all ethnic groups thought that the source of the information was much more important than the medium of the information (e.g. web-based, booklet or face-to-face). They liked the self-controllability in web-based interventions. They preferred web-based interventions to other types of interventions because of easy accessibility, but they were concerned about lack of interpersonal interaction. None of the White or African American women indicated the need for culture-specificity in web-based interventions, but Hispanic and Asian women indicated that culture-specific interventions should be provided. Web-based interventions appear to have several advantages over conventional approaches to promoting physical activity.
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Craft, Eleanor, and Aimee Howley. "African American Students’ Experiences in Special Education Programs." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 120, no. 10 (October 2018): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811812001001.
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Background/Context Disproportionate placement of African American students into special education programs is likely to be a form of institutional racism, especially when such placement stigmatizes students. If placement also fails to lead to educational benefits, the practice becomes even more suspect. Some studies have explored disproportionate placement (i.e., over-representation) from the perspectives of policy makers and educators, but few have looked at the practice from the vantage of the African American students experiencing it. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This study explored how nine African American students in secondary special education placements perceived their school experiences and the benefits, challenges, and detriments associated with their placements and accompanying disability labels. Setting Participating students attended one of three high schools in an urban district in the midwestern United States. Respectively, the schools had low, medium, and high percentages of students on individualized education programs (IEPs). Population/Participants/Subjects Three students from each of three schools participated in the study. With the help of school personnel, the researchers selected students who (a) were African American, (b) were juniors or seniors, (c) carried the label of learning disabilities or mild cognitive impairment, and (d) had received special education services for at least three years. Research Design The researchers used an in-depth interview design including three increasingly detailed interviews with each student. Verbatim transcripts of interviews provided the data the researchers analyzed using (a) inductive coding, (b) development of case-specific profiles, (c) organization of codes to identify patterns in the data, and (d) identification of emergent themes. Findings/Results Three emergent themes suggested that, in most cases, students found the negative consequences of their special education placement to outweigh any benefits. The limited benefits of placement included interactions with responsive teachers and, in a few cases, more suitable instructional pacing. The negative consequences included the experience of being stigmatized by peers, making limited academic progress because of a slow-paced curriculum, and confronting barriers that kept them from returning to general education placements. Conclusions/Recommendations The study found that traumatic events in the students’ lives led to academic difficulties, which subsequently led to placement in special education. Rather than supporting the students through a difficult phase of their lives, educators used special education referral and placement as a form of victim blaming. This response had the effect of excluding the students from engagement with the general education curriculum and from interaction with friends. The dynamics of victim blaming led the researchers to judge special education referral and placement of the nine African American students as a form of institutional racism.
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Monk-Payton, Brandy. "Blackness and Televisual Reparations." Film Quarterly 71, no. 2 (2017): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2017.71.2.12.
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The television screen has increasingly come to serve as a complex threshold for images of blackness across genres. What could be termed “televisual reparations,” therefore, emphasizes the medium's attempts to address the paradox of black “unfreedom” and provide redress for continuing race-related grievances, especially those connected to histories of violence. Such televisual acts of reparation occur at the levels of television industry, text, and audience. The industry maintains a tenuous commitment to provide opportunities for African American producers, writers, directors, and actors to the degree that such practice continues to be helpful to the reputation of the medium as well as profitable. The programming created often comments on civil rights by mobilizing references to the past of racial injustice in a variety of imaginative ways. Reparations, in this way, underscore how blackness comes to be televisually transmitted to audiences through the realm of spirits—spirits that come to resonate with viewers and call forth engagement with, and response to, representations of black mortality in the afterlife of slavery.
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Needham, Gill. "There is a Significant Relationship Between Computer Attitudes and Library Anxiety Among African American Graduate Students." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 2, no. 1 (March 14, 2007): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8ww2j.
Full textAbstract:
Objective – To investigate whether African American students’ computer attitudes predict levels of library anxiety.
Design – A user study in which two instruments were administered to a group of graduate students to measure computer attitudes and library anxiety.
Setting – The College of Education at an historically black college and university in the United States of America.
Subjects – Ninety-four, predominantly female, African American graduate students, ranging in age from 22-62 years old, and enrolled in either a statistics or a measurement course.
Methods – Two instruments, the Computer Attitude Scale (CAS) and the Library Anxiety Scale (LAS) were administered to all the study participants. The Computer Anxiety Scale contains forty Likert-type items that assess individuals’ attitudes toward computers and their use. It includes four scales which can be administered separately:
1. Anxiety or fear of computers
2. Confidence in the ability to use computers
3. Liking or enjoying working with computers
4. Computer usefulness
The LAS contains forty-three, 5-point, Likert-format items that assess levels of library anxiety experienced by college students. It also has five subscales as follows:
1. Barriers with staff
2. Affective barriers
3. Comfort with the library
4. Knowledge of the library
5. Mechanical barriers
Main results – There were twenty correlations between the library anxiety subscale scores and the computer attitude subscale scores. Four of these correlations were statistically significant. Liking or enjoying working with computers was statistically significantly linked to affective barriers, comfort with the library, and knowledge of the library. There was also a statistically significant association between an attitude of computer usefulness and knowledge of the library.
Conclusion – These findings suggest that in this group of students there is a medium to strong relationship between computer attitudes and library anxiety.
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Tewoldemedhin, Y. T., S. C. Lamprecht, J. J. Geldenhuys, and F. J. Kloppers. "First Report of Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome Caused by Fusarium virguliforme in South Africa." Plant Disease 98, no. 4 (April 2014): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-13-0748-pdn.
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Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop in many countries and production is currently increasing (from 311,450 ha in 2010 to 516,500 ha in 2013) in South Africa. On 27 February 2013 in the Lydenburg/Badfontein area, Mpumalanga Province, on a no-till commercial farm planted to soybean cultivar PAN 737 (Roundup Ready, maturity group 7) under irrigation for a second consecutive season, leaf symptoms typical of soybean sudden death syndrome were observed and reported by a farmer (3). The symptoms developed at the R6 growth stage (near physiological maturity) of the soybean plants. Leaf symptoms were interveinal chlorotic blotches that became necrotic while the veins remained green. These symptoms appeared throughout the plant but were most severe on the top leaves. Some of the severely affected leaflets dropped off with the petioles remaining attached to the plant. The vascular tissue in the upper taproot and lower stem turned gray-brown, but the pith remained white. Roots of the affected plants had decayed lateral roots. Surface disinfested root pieces with rot symptoms and spores directly from blue sporodochia on the rotten root were plated on potato dextrose agar amended with novostreptomycin 0.04 g/L (PDA+). Slow growing Fusarium isolates with blue to purple masses of sporodochia were consistently obtained from diseased plants. Cultures were single-spored and plated on PDA+. Growth rate of cultures on PDA+ was on average 6 to 9 mm after 5 days at 20°C. The morphology of the isolates fit the description of Fusarium virguliforme in Aoki et al. (1). Sequence analyses of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial translation elongation factor (EF-1a) gene of the recovered eight isolates revealed that these isolates matched 99.6% with F. virguliforme O'Donnell & T. Aoki (Accession Nos. KF648835 to KF648850), one of the soybean sudden death syndrome causing species found in North and South America (1). All isolates are identical in each loci except that three isolates had one nucleotide deletion and two insertions at the EF-1a loci. The isolates are deposited at the national culture collection in Pretoria (PPRI13434 to PPRI13441). A glasshouse bioassay was conducted to test the pathogenicity of eight single-spored isolates by inoculating pasteurized planting medium (1:1:1 ratio of sand, perlite, and soil) with a layer of infested sand-bran medium (2) to each pot (13 cm in diameter) and covered with 2 cm of planting medium (4) after planting 20 seeds of soybean cultivar PAN 737. There were three pots per isolate randomized in a complete block design trial. All the South African F. virguliforme isolates tested induced leaf and root rot symptoms of sudden death syndrome on the soybean seedlings under glasshouse conditions after 4 weeks of inoculation. The fungus was re-isolated on PDA+ from diseased roots of the soybean seedlings to fulfill Koch's postulates. This is the first record of F. virguliforme in South Africa, and as an important component of soilborne diseases of soybean it may pose a major threat to the South African soybean industry. References: (1) T. Aoki et al. Mycoscience 46:162, 2005. (2) S. C. Lamprecht et al. Plant Dis. 95:1153, 2011. (3) J. C. Rupe and G. L. Hartman. Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed. G. L. Hartman et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (4) M. M. Scandiani et al. Trop. Plant Pathol. 36:133, 2011.
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Sah, Pramod K. "A research agenda for English-medium instruction." Journal of English-Medium Instruction 1, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jemi.21022.sah.
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Abstract Since English-Medium Instruction (EMI) has emerged as an important field of policy and research, there are a multiplicity of issues that are unexamined but need critical attention. This paper features some key scholars of EMI who together highlight contemporary issues of EMI as a field of research and its primary future research agendas moving forward, including appropriate methods of collecting information about EMI. The nine researchers, who represent different geographical contexts (South/East Asia, Africa, Europe, and South America), have offered their views regarding the future research agendas of EMI. Based on the conversations with these researchers, this paper presents eight strands of EMI research agendas that need to be carried on.
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Brown, Kendrick T. "Book Review: Black demons: The media’s depiction of the African American male criminal stereotype." Journal of Black Psychology 32, no. 2 (May 2006): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798406286802.
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Djagalov, Rossen. "Racism, the Highest Stage of Anti-Communism." Slavic Review 80, no. 2 (2021): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2021.83.
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There are many and different types of racism in contemporary Russia: institutional racism, far-right racism, everyday (bytovoi) racism, and a fourth kind to which this essay will be devoted, the racism of the liberal intelligentsia. Russian liberal media's reaction to the BLM protests of 2020 has offered abundant material for the study of its social base, main tropes, and underlying logic. This article attempts to historicize it, locating its origins in the anti-Soviet pro-western dissidence of the stagnation era and illustrating its workings through some statements made by Joseph Brodsky and his milieu. Furthermore, the article identifies the intersection of two main ideas from which this racism emerges. In the first place, this is Cold-War rejection of real or perceived Soviet alliances with newly decolonized countries of Africa and Asia or with African Americans during the Civil Rights era. In the second place, this is dissident civilizational hierarchies that placed the west at the top and saw the east or the south as a backward space best avoided.
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Hall, Nicholas M. J., Hervé Douville, and Laurent Li. "Extratropical Summertime Response to Tropical Interannual Variability in an Idealized GCM." Journal of Climate 26, no. 18 (September 9, 2013): 7060–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00461.1.
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Abstract A primitive equation model is used to investigate the role of the tropics in generating seasonal-mean anomalies in the extratropics. A nudging technique is applied to guide selected tropical regions toward 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/Department of Energy Reanalysis (NCEP-2). The time-independent linear response to these tropical anomalies is calculated for extratropical basic states taken from reanalysis climatologies and also from the climatological states of Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) and Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMDZ) general circulation model simulations. For summer case studies, time-independent linear solutions show that some seasonal anomalies can be attributed to linear wave propagation from the tropics, especially for lower extratropical latitudes. If nudging is applied to the anomaly part of the tropical flow, the linear response shows little dependence on the basic state. Regional tropical nudging experiments display a global extratropical response. The persistent European summer anomaly in 2003 is partly attributable to a linear response to both Central American and West African monsoon circulations. The African region also triggers a wave train along the Asian subtropical jet. The model is then used in “simple GCM” mode to obtain extratropical responses that include a contribution from transient eddies. Tropical nudging improves the simple GCM's stationary wave climatology, and transient eddy forcing can produce substantial seasonal anomalies at high latitudes with better correspondence to some observed cases, especially in the Western Hemisphere, with stronger communication between the Asian monsoon and North America.