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Brown, Danice L., Christopher B. Rosnick, and Daniel J. Segrist. "Internalized Racial Oppression and Higher Education Values." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 4 (2016): 358–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798416641865.
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A plethora of research underscores the deleterious effects that racial discrimination can have on the higher education pursuits and experiences of African Americans. The current study investigated the relationship between internalized racial oppression, higher education values, academic locus of control, and gender among a sample of African Americans. Participants were 156 African Americans currently attending college. All participants completed measures of internalized racial oppression, perceived value of higher education, and academic locus of control. Results indicated that greater internalized racial oppression correlated with a lower valuing of higher education and a more external academic locus of control. Subsequent mediational analyses showed that academic locus of control was an intervening variable in the relationship between internalized racial oppression and the value placed on higher education for men, but not women. For African American men, greater experiences of internalized racial oppression predicted a more external locus of control, which subsequently predicted a lower valuing of higher education. Implications for mental health providers and educators were discussed herein.
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Nichols, Robert L. "One African Male in Higher Education." Multicultural Learning and Teaching 11, no. 2 (2016): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mlt-2016-0003.
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AbstractMany predominantly White universities and colleges are seeking ways to both recruit and retain Black students (Simmons, J., Lowery-Hart, R., Wahl, S. T., & McBride, M. C. (2013). Understanding the African-American student experience in higher education through a relational dialectics perspective. Communication Education, 62(4), 376–394. doi: 10.1080/03634523.2013.813631). With lower academic results from the K-12 system, it is specifically harder for these universities and colleges to recruit and retain Black male students. There has been much study given to why Black men are not as successful as other racial and gender groups in K-12, but little research has been given to Black men who successfully finish the K-12 system and matriculate to higher education (Griffin, K. A., Jayakumar, U. M., Jones, M. M., & Allen, W. R. (2010). Ebony in the ivory tower: Examining trends in the socioeconomic status, achievement, and self-concept of black, male freshmen. Equity & Excellence in Education, 43(2), 232–248. doi: 10.1080/10665681003704915). This study presents the cultural background of a male from Africa and how his culture has helped him to be successful in higher education.
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Strayhorn, Terrell L. "The Absence of African-American Men in Higher Education and Veterinary Medicine." Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 36, no. 4 (2009): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.36.4.351.
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McJamerson, Evangeline McConnell. "The declining participation of African‐American men in higher education: Causes and consequences." Sociological Spectrum 11, no. 1 (1991): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732173.1991.9981953.
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Tolliver, Jr., David V., Michael T. Miller, and G. David Gearhart. "The Postsecondary Enrollment of African American Men: Perceptions of Environmental Variables." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 11, no. 2 (2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v11i2.18311.
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Higher education has made progress in the enrollment of under-represented minorities, yet very notably, African American men continue to enroll in college at very low rates. The current study explores the factors that lead to the college enrollment of African American men, using the lived experiences of 8 undergraduates at mid-western universities. The study findings are consistent with the emerging theory of Community Expectancy, suggesting that many informal factors play important roles in encouraging the academic performance and ultimately the college enrollment of African American men.
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Assari, Shervin, Susan D. Cochran, and Vickie M. Mays. "Money Protects White but Not African American Men against Discrimination: Comparison of African American and White Men in the Same Geographic Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (2021): 2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052706.
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To compare African American (AA) and non-Hispanic White men living in same residential areas for the associations between educational attainment and household income with perceived discrimination (PD). The National Survey of American Life (NSAL), a nationally representative study, included 1643 men who were either African American (n = 1271) or non-Hispanic White (n = 372). We compared the associations between the two race groups using linear regression. In the total sample, high household income was significantly associated with lower levels of PD. There were interactions between race and household income, suggesting that the association between household income and PD significantly differs for African American and non-Hispanic White men. For non-Hispanic White men, household income was inversely associated with PD. For African American men, however, household income was not related to PD. While higher income offers greater protection for non-Hispanic White men against PD, African American men perceive higher levels of discrimination compared to White males, regardless of income levels. Understanding the role this similar but unequal experience plays in the physical and mental health of African American men is worth exploring. Additionally, developing an enhanced understanding of the drivers for high-income African American men’s cognitive appraisal of discrimination may be useful in anticipating and addressing the health impacts of that discrimination. Equally important to discerning how social determinants work in high-income African American men’s physical and mental health may be investigating the impact of the mental health and wellbeing of deferment based on perceived discrimination of dreams and aspirations associated with achieving high levels of education and income attainment of Black men.
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Miller, Michael T., David V. Tolliver, III, and G. David Gearhart. "Correlation Between Tolerance for Disagreement and Postsecondary Enrollment Among African American Men." Human Resource Research 4, no. 1 (2020): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/hrr.v4i1.17979.
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The study explored the concept of disagreement within family and societal structures, hypothesizing that for certain individuals to dramatically break with family and social traditions, they must have a high level of disagreement. Using McCroskey’s Tolerance for Disagreement scale, the findings indicated that those African American men who were included in the study had significantly higher levels of Tolerance for Disagreement than African American men who did not pursue postsecondary education.
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Assari, Shervin, and Maryam Moghani Lankarani. "Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men." Brain Sciences 8, no. 8 (2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8080139.
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Background: Sociological and epidemiological literature have both shown that socioeconomic status (SES) protects populations and individuals against health problems. Recent research, however, has shown that African Americans gain less from their SES and African Americans of high SES, particularly males, may be vulnerable to perceived discrimination, as explained by the Minorities’ Diminished Returns theory. One potential mechanism for this phenomenon is that high SES African Americans have a higher tendency to work in predominantly White workplaces, which increases their perceived discrimination. It is, however, unknown if the links between SES, working in predominantly White work groups and perceived discrimination differ for male and female African Americans. Aim: To test the associations between SES, workplace racial composition and perceived discrimination in a nationally representative sample of male and female African American adults. Methods. This study included a total number of 1775 employed African American adults who were either male (n = 676) or female (n = 1099), all enrolled from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). The study measured gender, age, SES (educational attainment and household income), workplace racial composition and perceived discrimination. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied in the overall sample and also by gender. Results: In the pooled sample that included both genders, high education and household income were associated with working in a predominantly White work group, which was in turn associated with more perceived discrimination. We did not find gender differences in the associations between SES, workplace racial composition and perceived discrimination. Conclusion: Although racial composition of workplace may be a mechanism by which high SES increases discriminatory experiences for African Americans, males and females may not differ in this regard. Policies are needed to reduce discrimination in racially diverse workplaces. This is particularly the case for African Americans who work in predominantly White work environments.
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Cade, Alfred R. "Affirmative Action in Higher Education." education policy analysis archives 10 (April 25, 2002): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v10n22.2002.
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This study analyzed the variations of policies and practices of university personnel in their use of affirmative action programs for African American students. In this study, the policy topic is affirmative action and the practices used in admissions, financial aid, and special support services for African-American students. Surveys were mailed to 231 subjects representing thirty-two Missouri colleges and universities. Most of the survey respondents were male, white, and nearly two-thirds were above the age of forty. Ethnic minorities were underepresented among the professionals. Seventy-two percent of respondents were white, 23% were African American, and 5% were Hispanic. The results of this study suggest a positive picture of student affirmative action practices and policies used by Missouri personnel. Differences among professionals were at a minimum. The overall mean score for support in diversifying Missouri institutions was fairly high, and this may reflect diversity initiatives taken by the Missouri Coordinating Board for Higher Education in the late 1980s, and early 1990s. Data suggested that Missouri personnel are aware of the judicial scrutiny by the courts in administering student affirmative action. Most Missouri institutions use a single process for assessing all applicants for admission, without reliance on a quota system. The recent Hopwood decision showed little impact on the decisions regarding professionals' use of student affirmative action at Missouri institutions. Although public attitudes toward student affirmative action may play a role in establishing policies and practices, Missouri personnel are very similar in their perceptions regardless of race/ethnicity, gender, and institutional office or position.
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Lee, Jaewon, and Jisuk Seon. "Educational Attainment and Health Behaviors Among Young Adult Men: Racial/Ethnic Disparities." American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 6 (2019): 155798831989448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988319894488.
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Although promoting health behaviors are important for sustaining physical and mental health, little is known about young adult men’s health behaviors or how they vary across race and ethnicity. This study examines the impact of educational attainment on health behaviors across young adult men, and differences in the association across race/ethnicity. This study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults. The final sample consists of 3,115 non-Hispanic White males, 1,617 African American males, and 1,144 Hispanic males. The average age of the participants was about 27 years old. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Educational attainment was associated with both food intake and preventive health care visits. Those who received a higher education were less likely to eat fast food than those who did not (β = –.37, p < .001) and were more likely to eat fruits and vegetables (β = .77, OR = 2.15, p < .01; β = 6.44, OR = 1.91, p < .10). Higher education was also positively associated with routine eye exams and health check-ups (β = .50, OR = 1.64, p < .01); β = 1.84, OR = 6.29, p < .01). This study identified interaction effects between educational attainment and African Americans for predicting fast food intake (β = .57, p < .05). Education is one way to improve health behaviors and to lessen racial/ethnic disparities in health behaviors. Specifically, promoting health behaviors in education should target African American men to improve their perception toward the importance of healthy food intake.
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Black, Ray, and Albert Y. Bimper. "Successful Undergraduate African American Men's Navigation and Negotiation of Academic and Social Counter-Spaces as Adaptation to Racism at Historically White Institutions." Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 22, no. 2 (2017): 326–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1521025117747209.
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Extant research has extensively illuminated African American men's experiences with racism at historically White institutions. Their efforts to persist and graduate meant many of them learned to navigate and respond to racism on and off campus. Such learned behavior has necessitated adopting coping mechanisms to acculturate to the social, cultural, and academic environments within and surrounding institutions of higher education. Drawn from a larger study, this qualitative case study explored the experiences and the strategies used by two participants as they self-navigated the institution's support programs, affinity groups, and campus organizations to achieve personal and academic success. Academically persistent and successful African American men formed unique personal networks; sought out support; and received help from African American organizations, family members, faculty members, and staff members. This research advances a growing body of literature focusing on the success strategies of undergraduate African American men pursuing their educational goals at historically White institutions.
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Mouzon, Dawne M., Robert Joseph Taylor, Ann W. Nguyen, Mosi Adesina Ifatunji, and Linda M. Chatters. "Everyday Discrimination Typologies Among Older African Americans: Gender and Socioeconomic Status." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (2019): 1951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz088.
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Abstract Objectives Discrimination is associated with several negative social, economic, and health consequences. Past research focuses on the impact of discrimination while less is known about both the type and correlates of discrimination, particularly among older adults. Methods Using the National Survey of American Life, we used latent class analysis to identify discrimination typologies (frequency and type) among African Americans aged 55 and older. We then used multinomial logistic regression to identify demographic correlates of discrimination types, including a statistical interaction between gender and educational attainment. Results We identified three discrimination typologies. Increasing age was associated with lower probability of belonging to the high discrimination and disrespect and condescension subtypes. Men and non-Southern residents were most likely to belong in the high discrimination subtype. Higher levels of education increased the probability of belonging in the high discrimination and disrespect and condescension subtypes for older men, but not women. Discussion Older African American men, particularly those with more education, are vulnerable to both high-frequency discrimination and discrimination characterized by disrespect and condescension. This finding suggests that, for men with more years of education, increased exposure to discrimination reflects efforts to maintain social hierarchies (male target hypothesis).
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Taylor, Harry Owen, and Robert Joseph Taylor. "Interpersonal and Structural Social Isolation among African American and Black Caribbean Men." International Journal of Mens Social and Community Health 3, no. 2 (2020): e1-e18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22374/ijmsch.v3i2.33.
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Social relationships are important for promoting health and well-being in men and confer many benefits that help prevent the onset and mitigate adverse impacts of disease and disability. Social isolation, or the absence of social relationships, is associated with a wide range of negative health outcomes; however, most studies of social isolation have been conducted among predominantly White samples. As a consequence, we know very little about social isolation among Black men. Using an intersectionality framework, this study examines the prevalence and correlates of social isolation among men who identify as African Americanor Black Caribbean.Data come from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), a nationally representative sample ofAfrican Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Whites living in the United States. The current study focuses on men who identified as African American or Black Caribbean. Further, within this sample, we distinguish by ethnicity and nativity in examining Black men who are African American (native to the U.S.), U.S.-born Black Caribbean men, and foreign-born Black Caribbean men. Social isolation was operationalized using two constructs: interpersonal isolation and structural isolation. The analyses adjusted for age, education, income, marital status, and region. We conducted a series of Poisson regressions to determine: (1) ethnic differences in interpersonal and structural social isolation and (2) ethnic-specific correlates of interpersonal and structural social isolation among Black men. All analyses accounted for the complex study design of the NSAL.There were no significant ethnic differences among Black men for interpersonal isolation. However, U.S. born Black Caribbean men had higher rates of structural social isolation compared to African American men and foreign-born Black Caribbean men. There were very few differences in the correlates of interpersonal isolation among Black men regardless of ethnicity. However, in terms of structural isolation, African American men had more significant correlates in comparison to U.S. born Black Caribbean men and foreign-born Black Caribbean men.
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Song, Jieun, and Marsha Mailick. "Bereavement and Physiological Dysregulations in African American Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 934–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3424.
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Abstract This study uses data from National Survey of Midlife in the U.S. (MIDUS) to examine the effect of bereavement on physiological dysregulations in African American adults, with moderating effects of gender. Models were estimated using data from 210 Non-Hispanic African American respondents who participated in MIDUS 2 (M2: 2004-2005) and the biomarker data collection (2004-2009). We analyzed data from two groups, respondents who experienced the death of an individual(s) close to them, either family or friends (97 women, 40 men) and respondents who did not experience any deaths of close individuals during the same period (46 women, 27 men), controlling for age, education, marital status, prior family bereavement, number of negative life events since M2, and physical health prior to bereavement. Physiological dysregulations were assessed for 7 systems: HPA axis, glucose metabolism, lipids metabolism, sympathetic system, parasympathetic system, inflammation, and cardiovascular functioning. The results show that African American men and women who experienced bereavement were at higher risk of dysregulation of glucose metabolism (assessed by HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and fasting glucose) than the non-bereaved, even after adjusting prior diabetes diagnosis. In addition, African American women (but not men) who experienced recent bereavement were at higher risk of dysregulation of HPA axis functioning (assessed by urinary cortisol and blood DHEA-S) than their counterparts. The other physiological systems were not significantly associated with bereavement experience in African American adults. The findings suggest that bereavement has adverse impacts on health in African American adults via dysregulations in glucose metabolism and HPA axis functioning.
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Ayazi, Maryam, Kayla T. Johnson, Marcellus M. Merritt, et al. "Religiosity, Education, John Henryism Active Coping, and Cardiovascular Responses to Anger Recall for African American Men." Journal of Black Psychology 44, no. 4 (2018): 295–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798418765859.
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The present study examined if high levels of religious attendance (ORG), private religious activity (NOR), or intrinsic religiosity (SUB) buffer cardiovascular responses to active speech and anger recall lab stressors alone and by John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC) and educational attainment. A sample of 74 healthy African American males, aged 23 to 47 years, completed psychosocial surveys and a lab reactivity protocol involving active speech and anger recall with a 5-minute baseline and ensuing recovery periods. Measures of religiosity, JHAC, and education were related to continuous measures of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), for each task and rest period with repeated measures ANOVA tests. The period by education by JHAC interaction effect was significant for diastolic BP responses at low but not higher NOR. At low education and low NOR, diastolic BP levels increased significantly during anger recall and ensuing recovery for high but not low JHAC persons. Thus, being deprived of education and private religious activity may put these African American men in a vulnerable situation where higher effort coping may exacerbate their cardiovascular reactivity and recovery to anger induction.
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Assari, Shervin, and Mohsen Bazargan. "Polypharmacy and Psychological Distress May Be Associated in African American Adults." Pharmacy 7, no. 1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7010014.
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Background: Compared to Whites, African Americans are at a higher risk of multiple chronic conditions, which places them at a higher risk of polypharmacy. Few national studies, however, have tested whether polypharmacy is associated with psychological distress—the net of socioeconomic status, health status, and stress—in African Americans. Aims: In a national sample of African Americans in the US, this study investigated the association between polypharmacy and psychological distress. Methods: The National Survey of American Life (NSAL, 2003) included 3570 African American adults who were 18 years or over. This number was composed of 2299 women and 1271 men. Polypharmacy (using ≥ 5 medications) and hyper-polypharmacy (using ≥ 10 medications) were the independent variables. Psychological distress was the dependent variable. Age, gender, socioeconomic status (education attainment, income, employment, and marital status), health care access (insurance status and usual place of care), and health status (multimorbidity and psychiatric disorders) were the covariates. Linear multivariable regression was applied to perform the data analysis. Results: Both polypharmacy and hyper-polypharmacy were associated with psychological distress. This association was significant after controlling for all the covariates. Conclusions: African Americans with polypharmacy, particularly those with hyper-polypharmacy, are experiencing higher levels of psychological distress, which itself is a known risk factor for poor adherence to medications. There is a need for a comprehensive evaluation of medications as well as screening for psychopathology in African Americans with multiple medical conditions.
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Greer, Tawanda M., Adrian Laseter, and David Asiamah. "Gender as a Moderator of the Relation between Race-Related Stress and Mental Health Symptoms for African Americans." Psychology of Women Quarterly 33, no. 3 (2009): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036168430903300305.
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The present study tested gender as a moderator of the relationship between race-related stress and mental health symptoms among African American adults. Because African American women are exposed to stressors associated with race and gender, we hypothesized that African American women would have higher levels of race-related stress and more severe mental health outcomes related to experiences of race-related stress compared to African American men. Multivariate analyses revealed that African American men had higher stress appraisals for institutional racism than did women. No significant gender differences were found for cultural and individual racism. Moderated regression analyses revealed that increases in stress appraisals for individual racism were associated with increases in anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms for African American women. Race-related stress had no significant effects on mental health symptoms for African American men. The findings suggest that gender is an important factor in determining the impact of race-related stress on mental health.
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Clay, PhD, Olivio J., Roland J. Thorpe, Jr., PhD, Larrell L. Wilkinson, PhD, et al. "An Examination of Lower Extremity Function and Its Correlates in Older African American and White Men." Ethnicity & Disease 25, no. 3 (2015): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.25.3.271.
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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Maintaining functional status and reducing/eliminating health disparities in late life are key priorities. Older African Americans have been found to have worse lower extremity functioning than Whites, but little is known about potential differences in correlates between African American and White men. The goal of this investigation was to examine measures that could explain this racial difference and to identify race-specific correlates of lower extremity function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were analyzed for a sample of community-dwelling men. Linear regression models examined demographics, medical conditions, health behaviors, and perceived discrimination and mental health as correlates of an objective measure of lower extremity function, the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Scores on the SPPB have a potential range of 0 to 12 with higher scores corresponding to better functioning.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of all men was 74.9 years (SD=6.5), and the sample was 50% African American and 53% rural. African American men had scores on the SPPB that were significantly lower than White men after adjusting for age, rural residence, marital status, education, and income difficulty (<em>P</em>&lt;.01). Racial differences in cognitive functioning accounted for approximately 41% of the race effect on physical function. Additional models stratified by race revealed a pattern of similar correlates of the SPPB among African American and White men.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this investigation can be helpful for researchers and clinicians to aid in identifying older men who are at-risk for poor lower extremity function and in planning targeted interventions to help reduce disparities. <em>Ethn Dis.</em>2015;25(3):271- 278.</p>
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McDonald, Alicia C., Clareann H. Bunker, Jay Raman, John Richie, and Alan L. Patrick. "Serum carotenoid and retinol levels in African-Caribbean Tobagonian men with high prostate cancer risk in comparison with African-American men." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 8 (2017): 1128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517000873.
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AbstractBlack men are known to have a higher risk for prostate cancer (PC). Carotenoids and retinol, linked to PC, have not been compared in different black populations at risk. We examined serum carotenoid and retinol levels between PC-free African-Caribbean (AC) Tobagonian men with a high PC risk (high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical foci or repeated abnormal PC screenings) and African-American (AA) men with elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (≥4 ng/ml). AC men who participated in the 2003 lycopene clinical trial and AA men who participated in the 2001–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were compared. Serum specimens were analysed for carotenoid (β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin and lycopene) and retinol levels by isocratic HPLC. Quantile regression was used to examine the association between serum carotenoid and retinol levels and black ethnicity, overall and among men with elevated serum PSA. There were sixty-nine AC men and sixty-five AA men, aged 41–79 years, included. AC men were associated with lower serum lycopene and retinol levels, and higher serum α- and β-carotenes and lutein/zeaxanthin levels compared with AA men, after adjusting for age, BMI, ever smoked cigarettes, education and hypertension (P≤0·03). Among men with elevated PSA, serum retinol was no longer statistically significant with ethnicity (P=0·06). Possible differences may be attributed to dietary intake, genetics and/or factors that influence bioavailability of these micronutrients. Prospective studies are warranted that investigate whether these differences in micronutrients between AC Tobagonian and AA men influence PC risk.
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Assari, Shervin, James L. Smith, Mohammed Saqib, and Mohsen Bazargan. "Binge Drinking among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults with Diabetes." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 9 (2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9090097.
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Purpose. This study investigated the effect of demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological factors as well as the role of health determinants on alcohol consumption and binge drinking among economically disadvantaged African American older adults with type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM). Methods. This survey recruited 231 African Americans who were older adults (age 65+ years) and had T2DM. Participants were selected from economically disadvantaged areas of South Los Angeles. A structured face-to-face interview was conducted to collect data on demographic factors, objective and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) including education and financial difficulty, living arrangement, marital status, health, and drinking behaviors (drinking and binge drinking). Results. Age, gender, living alone, pain, comorbid conditions, and smoking were associated with drinking/binge drinking. Male gender, pain, and being a smoker were associated with higher odds of drinking/binge drinking, while individuals with more comorbid medical conditions had lower odds of binge drinking. Conclusion. In economically constrained urban environments, gender, pain, and smoking but not age, SES, depression, and health may predict binge drinking for African American older adults with T2DM. African Americans older adult men with T2DM with comorbid pain should be screened for binge drinking.
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Wilson, George, and Krysia Mossakowski. "FEAR OF JOB LOSS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, no. 2 (2009): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x09990221.
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AbstractSociologists have not attempted to explain the causes of higher levels of perceived job insecurity among racial/ethnic minorities than those of Whites in privileged occupations. This study examines two possible explanations for this finding among White, African American, and Latino professionals and managers. The first emphasizes the discrimination-induced, structural marginality experienced by minorities in the workplace (the marginalized-worker perspective), and the second emphasizes learned dispositions—i.e., fatalism and mistrust—that are brought to the workplace (the dispositional perspective). Using data from the General Social Survey (GSS) and ordered probit regression analyses for both men and women, our findings provide greater support for the marginalized-worker perspective. Results reveal African Americans and Latino men and women have a greater fear of job loss than their White counterparts, regardless of their human capital credentials (e.g., education, work experience) and job/labor market advantages (e.g., job authority, job autonomy, unionized status, favorable market sector). Along these lines, these traditional, stratification-based predictors provide greater insulation from perceived job insecurity for Whites than racial/ethnic minorities. Less support is found for the dispositional perspective: one disposition—fatalism—is associated with greater fear of job loss for African American men and women compared to Whites.
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Barber, Clifton E. "Olfactory Acuity as a Function of Age and Gender: A Comparison of African and American Samples." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 44, no. 4 (1997): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/81ee-ckjd-redm-fj9g.
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A frequently reported finding in age-related sensory impairment is that olfaction shows consistent and uniform decline with age. In most studies, discerning whether loss in olfaction is due to aging per se or to factors extrinsic to the aging process (e.g., smoking, chemical exposure, head injury) is difficult. Moreover, studies of olfaction have generally relied on data collected from samples drawn primarily from Western societies. As such, little is known regarding differences in olfaction involving non-Western cultures. Using international data from the 1986 National Geographic Smell Survey, responses of 19,219 American respondents and 3,204 respondents from Africa were analyzed. All respondents were screened for factors negatively affecting olfaction. Measures of olfactory acuity included odor detection, identification, intensity, and quality. The odor of interest was androstenone, a scent produced by bacteria on the human body and appearing in sweat. The results indicate that some measures of olfactory acuity tend to decline across age groups, but that this decline is less marked than reported in previous studies. The most important finding is that loss of olfaction is not consistent or uniform between geographic regions of America or Africa, between male vs. female respondents, or among the four measures of olfactory acuity. African respondents (both men and women) had significantly higher percentages of detection than did American respondents, women generally reported higher levels of olfactory functioning than did men, and some measures of olfaction were stable across age groups, or were higher among older respondents (e.g., odor identification).
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Smith, Matthew, Ledric Sherman, Daunte Cauley, Brittany Badillo, and R. Kirby Goidel. "Pneumococcal Pneumonia Vaccination Among Older African American and Hispanic Men With Chronic Conditions." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1081.
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Abstract The CDC estimates that 70% of adults ages 65 years and older received the pneumococcal pneumonia vaccination (PPV). However, documented PPV rates are substantially lower for men, especially non-white men. This study examined common and unique factors associated with PPV among racial/ethnic minority men age 65 and older with one or more chronic conditions. Data were analyzed from a national sample of 470 African American (n=267) and Hispanic (n=203) males using an internet-delivered questionnaire. Two binary logistic regression models were fitted to compare factors associated with PPV. On average, participants were age 70.1(±4.5) years and reported 3.9(±2.6) chronic conditions. PPV rates were 56.8% and 43.2% among African American and Hispanic males, respectively. Across models, men who received vaccines for influenza (P&lt;0.001) and shingles (P&lt;0.01) were more likely to receive the PPV; whereas, those who reported more disease self-care barriers were less likely to receive the PPV (P&lt;0.05). Among African American males, those who were widowed (OR=3.80, P=0.022) and had an annual eye examination (OR=3.10, P=0.001) were more likely to receive the PPV; whereas, divorced/separated men were less likely to receive the PPV (OR=0.33, P=0.003). Among Hispanic males, those who took more medications daily (OR=1.36, P=0.005), reported higher disease self-management efficacy (OR=1.15, P=0.011), and had a colon cancer test in the past 12 months (OR=3.55, P=0.007) were more likely to receive the PPV. Findings suggest the need for culturally tailored education and self-management interventions to increase PPV and preventive healthcare service utilization among older racial/ethnic minority men.
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Hewitt, Timothy, Kim A. Killinger, Spencer Hiller, Judith A. Boura, and Michael Lutz. "Exploring Racial Differences Surrounding Prostate Cancer Screening: Beliefs and Attitudes in Community Dwelling Men Attending an Urban Men’s Health Event." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 6 (2018): 1929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318784838.
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The purpose of the study was to explore attitudes/beliefs in men attending an urban health fair to explore barriers to prostate cancer (PCa) screening. Five hundred and forty-four men attending the PCa booth at the fair in 2014 or 2015 completed questionnaires about PCa. Data were examined using Pearson’s χ2, Fisher’s Exact, and Wilcoxon rank tests after grouping men by African American (AA) and non-African American ethnicity. Three hundred and twenty-six (60%) men were AA and two hundred and eighteen (40%) were non-AA (89% white). Median age (54 vs. 56 years) and prior PCa screening were similar between AA and non-AA; income ( p = .044) and education ( p = .0002) differed. AA men were less likely to have researched prostate-specific antigen (PSA) on the internet ( p = .003), but more used TV ( p = .003) and media ( p = .0014) as information sources. Family members had a stronger influence over screening decisions for AA men ( p = .005). After reading PSA information, AA men were more likely to still be confused ( p = .008). A higher proportion of AA men were less worried about dying from PCa ( p = .0006), but would want treatment immediately instead of watchful waiting ( p < .0001). Interestingly, a higher proportion of AA men indicated that they would prefer not to know if they had PCa ( p = .001). Ultimately, more AA men had a PSA done (98.4% vs. 95.1%; p = .031). When considering screening eligible men, a higher proportion of AA men had an abnormal PSA (13.1% vs. 5.3%; p = .037). AA men’s beliefs surrounding PCa differ from non-AA men, and should be considered when developing culturally appropriate education, screening, and treatment strategies for this group.
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Moss, Hilary J. "Education's Inequity: Opposition to Black Higher Education in Antebellum Connecticut." History of Education Quarterly 46, no. 1 (2006): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2006.tb00168.x.
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New Haven, thou hast rashly done a deed,Which shrouds thy glory in a black eclipse;Whereof in view the hearts of good men bleed,The friend, yet, strange to tell, the foe of light!Preceptor of the age, yet dost denyTo Brethren—countrymen—the common rightTheir empty minds with knowledge to supply!Encourager of learning-science-artsYet hostile to a race who fain would learn!When from the dust a sable brother starts,Suffering thy cheeks with angry fire to burn!Would I might give the honors of Old Yale,To blot from history's page this most disgraceful tale.—William Lloyd Garrison, October 8, 1831.In the late 1820s, African Americans’ access to primary and religious instruction expanded significantly throughout the urban Northeast, yet barriers to their higher education remained firm. Segregated in public “African” schools, blacks were also barred from most private academies. Collegiate education similarly remained out of reach. In response, an alliance of black and white abolitionists launched a campaign to build a separate “African” college in 1831. Two ministers, one black, Peter Williams from New York, the other white, Simeon Jocelyn from New Haven, led the endeavor. After much consideration, they selected New Haven, Connecticut to house the new institution, believing that in “no place in the Union” is the “situation [of blacks] more comfortable, or the prejudices of a community weaker against them.” On September 5, 1831, Williams and Jocelyn announced their intentions. Their timing could not have been worse.
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Palmer, Nynikka R., Hala T. Borno, Steven E. Gregorich, Jennifer Livaudais-Toman, and Celia P. Kaplan. "Prostate cancer patients’ self-reported participation in research: an examination of racial/ethnic disparities." Cancer Causes & Control 32, no. 10 (2021): 1161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-021-01463-9.
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Abstract Purpose We examined prostate cancer patients’ participation in research and associated factors by race/ethnicity in a multiethnic sample. Methods Men with a new diagnosis of prostate cancer were identified through the California Cancer Registry. Patients completed a cross-sectional telephone interview in English, Spanish, Cantonese or Mandarin. Multivariable logistic regression models, stratified by race/ethnicity, estimated the associations of patient demographic and health characteristics with participation in (1) any research, (2) behavioral research, and (3) biological/clinical research. Results We included 855 prostate cancer patients: African American (19%), Asian American (15%), Latino (24%), and White (42%). In the overall model of participation in any research, African American men (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.54, 95% CI 1.63–3.94), and those with two or more comorbidities (OR = 2.20, 95% CI 1.27–3.80) were more likely to report participation. Men 65 years old and older (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.47–0.91), those who were married or living with a partner (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.45–0.98), and those who completed the interview in Spanish (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.15–0.85) were less likely to report participating in any research. Stratified analyses identified racial/ethnic-specific sociodemographic characteristics associated with lower research participation, including Spanish or Chinese language, older age, and lower education. Conclusion African American prostate cancer patients reported higher research participation than all other groups. However, recruitment efforts are still needed to overcome barriers to participation for Spanish and Chinese speakers, and barriers among older adults and those with lower education levels.
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Stokes, Joseph P., David J. McKirnan, Lynda Doll, and Rebecca G. Burzette. "Female Partners of Bisexual Men." Psychology of Women Quarterly 20, no. 2 (1996): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00470.x.
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Individual interviews with 350 behaviorally bisexual men aged 18-30 revealed that 71% of their female sexual partners and 59% of their steady female sexual partners in the past 6 months had not been aware of their homosexual activity. Rates of nondisclosure were higher for African-American than White men. Compared to nondisclosers, men who disclosed to all their female partners were less self-homophobic and perceived their friends, families, and neighbors as more accepting of their homosexual behavior. Compared to men who had disclosed, the nondisclosers had more female partners and used condoms less consistently with women.
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Burt, Brian A., Alexander Knight, and Justin Roberson. "Racializing Experiences of Foreign-Born and Ethnically Diverse Black Male Engineering Graduate Students: Implications for Student Affairs Practice, Policy, and Research." Journal of International Students 7, no. 4 (2017): 925–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v7i4.182.
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Despite a growing body of work on the experiences of Black collegians, the higher education knowledge base lacks scholarship focused on Black men in graduate programs who are foreign-born and/or identify ethnically as other than African American. In this article, we provide a domain-specific investigation (i.e., based on students’ field of study), centering on nine Black men in engineering graduate programs. Three themes emerged regarding students’ racialized experiences and effects of racialization: (1) racialization as a transitional process; (2) cultural identity (dis)integrity; and (3) racialized imposter syndrome. We conclude with implications for developing and implementing promising practices and activities that aid students throughout graduate school. Such targeted efforts might also improve the likelihood of students remaining in the engineering workforce.
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Phillip, C. R., K. Mancera-Cuevas, C. Leatherwood, et al. "Implementation and dissemination of an African American popular opinion model to improve lupus awareness: an academic–community partnership." Lupus 28, no. 12 (2019): 1441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203319878803.
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Objective Lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease that disproportionately affects African Americans. We adapted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Popular Opinion Leader model to implement an intervention tailored for African American individuals that leverages an academic-community partnership and community-based social networks to disseminate culturally appropriate lupus education. Methods Academic rheumatologists, social scientists, and researchers in Boston, MA and Chicago, IL partnered with local lupus support groups, community organizations, and churches in neighborhoods with higher proportions of African Americans to develop curriculum and recruit community leaders with and without lupus (Popular Opinion Leaders; POLs). POLs attended four training sessions focused on lupus education, strategies to educate others, and a review of research methods. POLs disseminated information through their social networks and recorded their impact, which was mapped using a geographic information system framework. Results We trained 18 POLs in greater Boston and 19 in greater Chicago: 97% were African American, 97% were female; and the mean age was 57 years. Fifty-nine percent of Boston POLs and 68% of Chicago POLs had lupus. POLs at both sites engaged members of their social networks and communities in conversations about lupus, health disparities, and the importance of care. Boston POLs documented 97 encounters with 547 community members reached. Chicago POLs documented 124 encounters with 4083 community members reached. Conclusions An adapted, community-based POL model can be used to disseminate lupus education and increase awareness in African American communities. Further research is needed to determine the degree to which this may begin to reduce disparities in access to care and outcomes.
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Friedman, Daniela B., Tracey L. Thomas, Otis L. Owens, and James R. Hébert. "It Takes Two to Talk About Prostate Cancer." American Journal of Men's Health 6, no. 6 (2012): 472–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988312453478.
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Prostate cancer (PrCA) is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin cancer among men. African American (AA) men in South Carolina have a PrCA death rate 150% higher than that of European American (EA) men. This in-depth qualitative research explored AA men’s and women’s current practices, barriers, and recommended strategies for PrCA communication. A purposive sample of 43 AA men and 38 AA spouses/female relatives participated in focus groups (11 male groups; 11 female groups). A 19-item discussion guide was developed. Coding and analyses were driven by the data; recurrent themes within and across groups were examined. Findings revealed AA men and women agreed on key barriers to discussing PrCA; however, they had differing perspectives on which of these were most important. Findings indicate that including AA women in PrCA research and education is needed to address barriers preventing AA men from effectively communicating about PrCA risk and screening with family and health care providers.
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Assari, Shervin. "Prostate Cancer Screening in Middle-Aged and Older American Men: Combined Effects of Ethnicity and Years of Schooling." Hospital Practices and Research 5, no. 2 (2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpr.2020.12.
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Background: Prostate cancer screening is more commonly utilized by highly educated people. As shown by marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs), the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) such as education on the health outcomes are considerably smaller for ethnic minorities than for Whites. The role of MDRs as a source of ethnic health disparities is, however, still unknown. Objectives: The current study had two aims: first, to explore the association between years of schooling and having taken a prostatespecific antigen (PSA) test among men in the US, and second, to explore ethnic differences in this association. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS-2015). The data of 5,053 men aged 55 years or older who were either Latino, non-Latino, African–American, or White were analyzed. Years of schooling was the independent variable. The dependent variable was taking a PSA test sometime during one’s lifetime. Age, region, and employment were the control variables. Ethnicity was the focal moderating variable. Binary logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: A higher number of years of schooling was associated with higher odds of having taken a PSA test, net of all confounders. Ethnicity showed a significant statistical interaction with years of schooling on having taken a PSA test. This interaction was suggestive of a smaller slope for Latino men than non-Latino men. White and African American men did not show differential effects of years of schooling on having taken a PSA test. Conclusion: Similar to the MDRs patterns in other domains, non-Latino White men show more health gain from their years of schooling than Latino men. Highly educated Latino men still need programs to encourage their use of prostate cancer screening.
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Hines, Erik M., L. DiAnne Borders, and Laura M. Gonzalez. "“It takes fire to make steel”." Journal for Multicultural Education 9, no. 4 (2015): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-01-2015-0001.
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Purpose – This study aims to understand the asset and success factors that contributed to college completion of African American males who persisted through college. Only a dismal 22 per cent of African American males receive bachelor’s degrees compared to 41 per cent of White males (Kena et al., 2015). Design/methodology/approach – The data were analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. The authors interviewed two first-generation African-American males from rural backgrounds to capture their experiences of their process to college completion. Findings – Themes, based in cultural capital theory, that impacted their college persistence were identified within their pre-college experiences, college experiences and post-college perceptions. Recommendations for helping rural African-American males attend and persist through college are offered. Research limitations/implications – Only two participants from one predominately white institution in the southeastern USA were interviewed. Rural students from other geographical areas might have different backgrounds, challenges, assets and successes. Although the interview questions were based on relevant literature, they may not have covered all key aspects of the participants’ experiences. As in any qualitative study, biases of the researchers and research team may have influenced the results, although these were identified and shared before reading any of the transcripts and then discussed several times during the data analysis process. Practical implications – Educators not only should try to address the cultural capital limitations of these men but also highlight and build on their cultural assets. These assets include familial and platonic individuals who see their potential for success and encourage them to attend college to become something better than what they see in their community, reverse role models who encourage youth to make different choices than they did, media-based examples of successful Black students, cultural messages of strength and determination (e.g. Million Man March) and the exhortation to be an example that other African-American boys could look up to. Originality/value – This paper addresses the need for K-12 and higher education institutions to understand how to assist first-generation, rural African-American males in getting admitted to college, matriculating through college and graduating from college.
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Woods-Burnham, Leanne, Laura Stiel, Colwick Wilson, et al. "Physician Consultations, Prostate Cancer Knowledge, and PSA Screening of African American Men in the Era of Shared Decision-Making." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 4 (2018): 751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318763673.
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African American (AA)/Black men are more likely to develop aggressive prostate cancer (PCa), yet less likely to be screened despite guidelines espousing shared decision-making regarding PCa screening and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. Given the documented racial disparities in PCa incidence and mortality, engaging interactions with physicians are especially important for AA/Black men. Thus, this study evaluated occurrence of physician–patient conversations among AA/Black men, and whether such conversations were associated with PCa knowledge. We also quantified the serum PSA values of participants who had, and had not, discussed testing with their physicians. Self-identified AA/Black men living in California and New York, ages 21–85, donated blood and completed a comprehensive sociodemographic and health survey ( n = 414). Less than half (45.2%) of participants had discussed PCa screening with their physicians. Multivariate analyses were used to assess whether physician–patient conversations predicted PCa knowledge after adjusting for key sociodemographic/economic and health-care variables. Increased PCa knowledge was correlated with younger age, higher income and education, and having discussed the pros and cons of PCa testing with a physician. Serum PSA values were measured by ELISA. Higher-than-normal PSA values were found in 38.5% of men who had discussed PCa screening with a physician and 29.1% who had not discussed PCa screening. Our results suggest that physician–AA/Black patient conversations regarding PCa risk need improvement. Encouraging more effective communication between physicians and AA/Black men concerning PCa screening and PSA testing has the potential to reduce PCa health disparities.
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Boyer, Cherrie B., Lauren Greenberg, James Korelitz, et al. "Sexual Partner Characteristics, Relationship Type, and HIV Risk Among a Community Venue–Based Sample of Urban Adolescent and Young Adult Men Who Have Sex With Men." Youth & Society 51, no. 2 (2016): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x16669259.
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Few studies have examined sexual partnerships and HIV risk in diverse samples of African American/Black and Hispanic/Latino adolescent and young adult men who have sex with men (YMSM), a group that have a high burden of HIV in the United States. A community–venue recruitment approach was used, which identified significant differences in HIV risk by sexual partner type among 1,215 YMSM. Those with casual partners had a higher number of sexual partners, had more sexually transmitted infections (STIs), were more likely to engage in transactional sex, and to use alcohol, marijuana, or other substances compared with those with main partners only. Among those with female sexual partners, many used condoms “every time” when engaging in vaginal sex with casual partners, but a sizable proportion “never/rarely” used condoms with their main partners. Our findings demonstrate a need for tailored HIV prevention education and counseling with necessary skills regarding consistent and correct condom use with all sexual partnerships.
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Allen, Jennifer D., Ifedayo C. Akinyemi, Amanda Reich, Sasha Fleary, Shalini Tendulkar, and Nadeerah Lamour. "African American Women’s Involvement in Promoting Informed Decision-Making for Prostate Cancer Screening Among Their Partners/Spouses." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 4 (2018): 884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988317742257.
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Routine prostate cancer screening is not recommended but African American men who are at higher risk for the disease should be offered the opportunity for shared decision-making with their health-care providers. This qualitative study sought to better understand the potential role of women in educating their male spouses/partners about prostate cancer screening. Nine focus groups were conducted ( n = 52). Women were recruited from a variety of community venues. Those eligible were African American and married to or in a partnership with an African American male age ≥ 45. Women provide numerous types of support to their male partners in an effort to facilitate participation in preventive health care. While women agreed that they would like to educate their partners about prostate cancer screening, they had little information about screening guidelines or the potential harms and limitations. The current findings suggest that women are eager information-seekers and can disseminate information to men and facilitate their efforts to make more informed decisions about prostate cancer screening. Women should be included in educational interventions for to promote informed decision-making for prostate cancer screening.
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FIGUEROA-ARMIJOS, MARIA, and THOMAS G. JOHNSON. "ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL AMERICA ACROSS TYPOLOGIES, GENDER AND MOTIVATION." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 18, no. 02 (2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946713500143.
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This study examines the effect of rurality on early-stage necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship among women and men in America from three rural typology perspectives. To achieve this objective, we build a dataset that combines GEM U.S. individual data for 2005—2010 and county economic characteristics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau. We use three typologies to define rurality and compare the results, the OMB metro-nonmetro classification system (2003), Isserman (2005) and county population density. We further analyze this data in subsamples by gender using cross-section time-series rare events logistic regression with clustered robust errors and year fixed effects. Key findings indicate the three rural typologies show similar results in magnitude, direction and significance, although population density shows sensitivity to the rurality variable and subsamples. Also, compared to women in OMB metro counties in America, women who live in OMB nonmetro counties have a higher probability of engaging in opportunity entrepreneurship. This probability increases with college education and decreases if the woman lives alone or is retired. Among men, living in OMB nonmetro or Isserman rural counties also increases their probability of engaging in opportunity entrepreneurship. College education and being African American also increases this probability. Predictors of necessity entrepreneurship are having an income below 50,000 among women and being employed part time among men.
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Estrada, Gabriel, Maurice Dawson, and Jose Antonio Cárdenas-Haro. "Investigating Issues in Computing Education: Usability Factors for the Use of an Operating System Among African American and Hispanic American High School Students." International Journal of Information and Communication Technologies in Education 8, no. 1 (2019): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijicte-2019-0001.
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Abstract African Americans and Hispanic Americans historically have been underrepresented in U.S. jobs in the fields of STEM in large part because of the usability of technology. In this research, the goal was to discover the usability factors relative to operating systems that may limit African Americans and Hispanic Americans from pursuit of computer science higher education. For the purpose of this study, “usability” refers to the “appropriateness of purpose.” Categorized by three factors, appropriateness of purpose can be defined as (i) the effectiveness of the users’ ability to complete tasks while using technology and the quality or output of those tasks, (ii) the efficiency and the level of resources used in performing tasks, and (iii) the satisfaction or users’ reaction to the use of technology (Brooke, 2014). This research examined quantitative analysis based on students’ routine computer task knowledge using a survey questionnaire and the SUS. The population included high school students responding to questions on common tasks and usability. A web survey was conducted to assess the measurement and understanding pattern demonstrated by the participants. The quantitative analysis of the computer usability included ANOVA, independent t-tests and orthogonal contrasts. The analysis of the SUS measured usability and learnability. The results of the data analysis showed that the combined African American and Hispanic group has a mean computer usability score that is significantly lower when compared with the other ethnicities and the SUS findings included the highest gap among this most underrepresented group in the STEM field.
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Ji, Eun, James Schaller, Barbara Pazey, and Kate Glynn. "Education and Employment Outcomes from the RSA Data File for Transition-Age African American, White, and Hispanic Youth with Learning Disabilities." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 46, no. 3 (2015): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.46.3.15.
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Relationships among consumer demographic variables, services, and employment outcomes for 25,218 15 to 18 year old youth with learning disabilities were examined using the Rehabilitation Services Administration database from 2012. The 25,218 individuals were randomly split for cross-validation purposes into Sample One and Sample Two. A separate logistic regression was run for each sample. Variables significant for both samples included being African American, college and occupational training, and job placement. The correct classification of the logistic regression for Sample One was 67.1% and for Sample Two it was 66%. African American males had significantly lower successful employment rates than White or Hispanic males. African American females had significantly lower successful employment rates than White or Hispanic females. Mean earnings per week for White males and females combined were significantly higher than African American males and females combined. Hypotheses for the above findings include White and Hispanic youth using job placement resources at educational institutions, cultural mistrust, and rehabilitation counselors following youth’s expressed preferences. Implications for practice include engaging ethnically diverse consumers in vocational rehabilitation through an empowerment approach and viewing family involvement in transition planning as a continuum.
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Ashorobi, Omotola S., Jacqueline Frost, Xuemei Wang, et al. "Prostate Cancer Education, Detection, and Follow-Up in a Community-Based Multiethnic Cohort of Medically Underserved Men." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 1 (2016): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988315584794.
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The Prostate Outreach Project (POP) provided free prostate cancer (PCa) education and early detection to medically underserved communities. POP recruited participants in medically underserved communities. PCa education and detection events occurred in POP locations (static) or natural gathering places (mobile) within the community. PCa education was delivered by video and evaluated using a questionnaire. Screening consisted of serum prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination. A navigated follow-up strategy was utilized to provide medical care for participants with abnormal screening examinations (ASE). POP recruited 4,420 men, 62.8% (2,667) were African American (AA). Most participants had a high school education and no prior screening. Fifty-four percent (2,159) were uninsured and 41% (1,811) had no access to a physician. PCa knowledge increased following the educational video. Prostate-specific antigen levels were elevated in 9.8% (436), while 6.9% (233) had an abnormal digital rectal examination. Follow-up among 609 men with ASE was successful in 40% (244), despite a navigated approach. Overall, 3.3% (144) cancers were diagnosed among the POP with AA participants exhibiting a significantly higher incidence. Recruitment, education, and PCa testing among a medically underserved cohort was successful. However, failure to follow through on ASE could contribute to maintaining the disparity in PCa outcomes noted among AAs and the medically underserved if not addressed.
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Tang, Weizhou. "RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN NON-COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND CAREGIVER DEPRESSION." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3150.
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Abstract Behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPS) represent a heterogeneous group of non-cognitive symptoms occurring in persons with Alzheimer’s disease (PwAD), and they are often associated with negative outcomes for AD caregivers. Evidence indicates differences in caregivers’ mental health across race/ethnic groups. However, there is a lack of research that compares racial differences in BPS in PwAD. This study aims to compare racial differences in BPS in PwAD and caregiver depression. The study analyzed data collected from the South Carolina AD Registry in 2010. The survey used in the interview included measures of caregiver depression, caregiver burden, PwAD’s non-cognitive symptoms, caregiving competence, caregiver distress, and demographics. The final analysis focused on 635 African-American (n=313) and white (n=322) caregivers. Mann-Whitney U-tests, Chi-square tests, and multiple linear regression were conducted. Among all PwAD, higher percentage of whites than African Americans exhibited apathy/indifference (67.52% vs 52.44%, p=.0001), depression/dysphoria (61.54% vs 44.59%, p&lt;.0001), and anxiety (45.08% vs 29.64%, p&lt;.0001). In terms of both frequency and severity of BPS, whites had significantly higher BPS score (Mean=35.49, SD=24.75) than African Americans (Mean=28.13, SD=23.97; p&lt;.0001). Mean comparisons indicated significant group differences in caregiver depressive symptoms between white caregivers (mean=11.89, SD=6.90) and African-American caregivers (mean=9.41, SD=5.77). However, there were no racial differences in the relationship between BPS in PwAD and caregiver depression. The findings of this study highlight the importance of developing more effective and targeted treatment options and therapies for neuropsychiatric symptoms and delivering cultural relevant education programs/interventions to ethnic groups.
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Freedman, B. I., J. M. Soucie, and W. M. McClellan. "Family history of end-stage renal disease among incident dialysis patients." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 8, no. 12 (1997): 1942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v8121942.
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As part of a larger study of genetic risk factors for the occurrence of renal failure, the prevalence of a family history of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in first- and second-degree relatives of all incident dialysis patients treated in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina (ESRD Network 6) in 1994 was ascertained. Family histories were obtained from 4365 dialysis patients (83% of those eligible), and 856 (20%) reported having a family history of ESRD. Among race-sex groups, 14.1% of Caucasian men, 14.6% of Caucasian women, 22.9% of African-American men, and 23.9% of African-American women reported a first- or second-degree relative with ESRD (P = 0.001). The prevalence of relatives with ESRD varied by the reported etiology: 22.2% in diabetes mellitus; 18.9% in hypertension, 22.7% in glomerulonephritis; and 13.0% of other etiologies (P = 0.001). Patient characteristics independently associated with family history of ESRD included race, younger age, higher levels of education, and etiology of ESRD. In this report, it is concluded that a large proportion of incident ESRD cases have close relatives with ESRD in whom preventive actions might be directed. Genetic analyses in multiply affected families may identify the inherited factors contributing to progressive renal failure.
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Aga, Fekadu B., Sandra B. Dunbar, Tedla Kebede, Melinda Kay Higgins, and Rebecca A. Gary. "Correlates of Self-Care Behaviors in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Comorbid Heart Failure." Diabetes Educator 45, no. 4 (2019): 380–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721719855752.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial correlates of diabetes self-care behaviors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and comorbid heart failure (HF). Method Baseline data of 180 participants from a clinical trial that tested a 6-month integrated self-care intervention for persons with comorbid HF and T2D were analyzed. Correlational bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine correlates of diabetes self-care behaviors. Result Participants had a mean age of 58 ± 11years; the majority were male (n = 118, 66%) and African American (n = 119, 66%). Number of comorbidities >2 ( P < .001), having more than a high school education ( P < .05), and African American ethnicity ( P < .05) predicted better exercise, self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), and foot care behaviors, respectively. The use of an aldosterone inhibitor ( P < .05) predicted worse exercise performance, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores ( P < .01) predicted worse SMBG, and treatment with diet plus medication ( P < .05) and dyslipidemia ( P < .001) predicted worse foot care. Conclusion Findings from this study provide new insights into the complex self-care requirements for T2D patients with comorbid HF. Integrated self-care interventions are clearly warranted in persons living with multiple chronic conditions for optimal health outcomes and the prevention of complications. Our sample of predominately African American men showed they had better T2D self-care behaviors than whites than previously reported. Additional research is needed to determine racial and gender differences on health outcomes in persons with T2D and comorbid HF.
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Owens, Otis L., Jenay M. Beer, Ligia I. Reyes, and Tracey L. Thomas. "Systematic Review of Commercially Available Mobile Phone Applications for Prostate Cancer Education." American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 1 (2018): 155798831881691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318816912.
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Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer among all men and the second most common cause of death. To ameliorate the burden of prostate cancer, there is a critical need to identify strategies for providing men with information about prostate cancer screening and the importance of informed decision making. With mobile phones becoming more ubiquitous, many individuals are adopting their phones as sources for health information. The objective of this systematic review is to identify and evaluate commercially available apps for promoting informed prostate cancer screening decisions. Two keywords “prostate cancer screening” and “prostate cancer” were entered into the search engines of Google and iOS app stores in May 2017. Evaluations were conducted on apps’ (a) quality, (b) grade-level readability, (c) cultural sensitivity, and (d) usability heuristics. None of the 14 apps meeting the inclusion criteria contained the full breadth of information covered in the 2016 American Cancer Society’s Prostate Cancer Prevention and Early Detection Guidelines, but over half were inclusive of topics consistent with these guidelines. Most apps’ readability was higher than an eighth-grade reading level. Most apps were also not framed and had a neutral tone. Only four apps met most criteria for being culturally sensitive to African Americans. Usability among apps was variable, but some contained major usability concerns. Recommendations for improving educational apps for prostate cancer screening include: disseminating evidence-based information; using culturally sensitive language; knowing the implications of the one and framing of content; making apps interactive; and following common usability principles.
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Sternfeld, Barbara, Alicia Colvin, Andrea Stewart, et al. "Understanding Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Physical Performance in Midlife Women: Findings From SWAN (Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation)." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (2019): 1961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz103.
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Abstract Objectives Evaluate degree to which racial/ethnic differences in physical performance are mediated by sociodemographic, health, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. Methods Physical performance was evaluated using a decile score derived from grip strength, timed 4 m walk, and timed repeat chair stand in 1,855 African American, Caucasian, Chinese, Hispanic, and Japanese women, mean age = 61.8 (SD = 2.7) in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Mediators included education, financial strain, comorbidities, pain, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and perceived stress. Structural equation models provided estimates of the total difference in physical performance between Caucasians and each race/ethnic groups and differences due to direct effects of race/ethnicity and indirect effects through mediators. Results The mean decile score for Caucasian women was 16.9 (SD = 5.6), 1.8, 2.6, and 2.1 points higher than the model-estimated scores in African Americans, Hispanics and Chinese, respectively, and 1.3 points lower than the Japanese. Differences between Caucasians and the Chinese and Japanese were direct effects of race/ethnicity whereas in African Americans and Hispanics 75% or more of that disparity was through mediators, particularly education, financial strain, BMI, physical activity, and pain. Discussion Addressing issues of poverty, racial inequality, pain, and obesity could reduce some racial/ethnic disparity in functional limitations as women age.
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Ragland Woods, Catherine C., Krista M. Chronister, Aleksandria Perez Grabow, William E. Woods, and Kyndl Woodlee. "Racial Battle Fatigue: The Experiences of Black/African American, Biracial Black, and Multiracial Black Identified Graduate Students." Journal of Black Psychology 47, no. 4-5 (2021): 219–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00957984211002615.
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Black students attending historically White institutions of higher education experience racism, racial microaggressions, racial stress, and consequent racial battle fatigue (RBF; Franklin et al., 2014). We examined Black counseling and clinical graduate students’ (BGS) experiences of psychological, physiological, and behavioral RBF across their roles as students in class, advisees, and supervisees and differences in RBF experiences by gender and race. Participants were 57 counseling and clinical graduate students who identified as Monoracial, Biracial, or Multiracial Black. One-way, repeated measures analysis of variance results showed that BGS experienced the highest levels of RBF in their student-in-class role, and those experiences differed for women and men. Results suggest that the RBF framework has utility for measuring and further understanding how BGS’ student role and learning contexts influence their postsecondary experiences and how institutions can develop better supports for this student population.
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Park, M. Jane, and David Breland. "Starting on a Healthy Path: Promotion of Young Men's Sexual Health." American Journal of Men's Health 1, no. 2 (2007): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988307300784.
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Sexuality is an integral part of human life. Men's needs in sexual and reproductive health and health care are receiving increased attention. Adolescence offers the opportunity to improve men's sexual health, as males begin exploring their sexual identity and developing romantic relationships. Despite encouraging trends in risky behavior and health status, rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain high and disparities persist. Young African American men have higher incidence of risky behavior, STIs, and HIV/AIDS. Promoting sexual health and well-being for young men requires multifaceted strategies, including clinical care, education, and improved access to services. Strategies should address the needs of all youth, including homosexual youth. Although reducing specific risky behaviors and health problems remains a priority, more holistic efforts to understand the context and meaning of sexual activity for young males are needed.
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Tucker, Carolyn M., Guillermo M. Wippold, Andrea D. Guastello, et al. "Predictors of Cancer Screening Among Culturally Diverse Men." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 4 (2016): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316644398.
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Men have higher rates of all cancers and are more likely to die from cancer than women; however, men are less likely to utilize disease prevention services. African American/Black men and Hispanic men have lower cancer survival rates and are less likely to utilize health care services than non-Hispanic White men. The present study examined demographic variables (age, household income, education, marital status, race/ethnicity, health insurance status), motivators to engage in healthy eating, and motivators to engage in physical activity as predictors of culturally diverse, medically underserved men’s likelihood of getting a cancer screening (a) at the present time, (b) if no cancer symptoms are present, and (c) if a doctor discovers some cancer symptoms. Analyses were conducted using data from 243 men (47.3% non-Hispanic Black, 29.5% Hispanic, 16.5% non-Hispanic White, and 6.8% “other”) recruited at the Men’s Health Forum in Tampa, Florida. Age, having a medical or health condition that benefits from eating healthy, and having a commitment to physical activity were significant positive predictors of the likelihood of receiving a cancer screening. Motivation to engage in physical activity because of a personal priority was a significant negative predictor of the likelihood of getting a cancer screening. The findings from this study suggest that interventions to increase cancer screenings among culturally diverse, medically underserved men should be informed at least in part by an assessment of participating men’s motivators for engaging in health promoting lifestyle behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating.
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Bazargan, Mohsen. "Self-Reported Sleep Disturbance among African-American Elderly: The Effects of Depression, Health Status, Exercise, and Social Support." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 42, no. 2 (1996): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gm89-nrty-derq-lc7d.
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The prevalence and correlates of self-reported difficulties in initiating and maintaining sleep were investigated for a sample of 998 Black elderly. In terms of prevalence, only 68.3 percent of this sample had no trouble falling asleep. Over 14.5 percent of men and 23.6 percent of women participants in this study reported sleep latencies exceeding thirty minutes. Almost 13 percent reported getting less than four hours of sleep at night. Moreover, 14.5 percent of participants wake up at least three times during a typical night's sleep other than to use the bathroom and 45.3 percent said when they wake up during the night, they remain awake at least thirty minutes before falling back to sleep. Compared to men, women reported longer sleep latency, waking up more frequently at night, and were more likely to visit a health practitioner for sleeping problems. Multivariate analysis indicates that self-reported sleep problems were significantly greater among Black elderly who were women, with a higher level of depression/anxiety, those with a higher number of chronic illnesses, those who did not exercise, and those who reported lower levels of emotional social support.
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Deere, Bradley, Michael Griswold, Seth Lirette, Ervin Fox, and Mario Sims. "Life Course Socioeconomic Position and Subclinical Disease: The Jackson Heart Study." Ethnicity & Disease 26, no. 3 (2016): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.3.355.
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<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>African Americans experience higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and lower childhood and adult socioeconomic position (SEP). Research that examines the associations of multiple measures of SEP with subclinical CVD markers among African Americans is limited. </p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) were used to examine cross-sectional associations of childhood SEP and adult SEP with subclinical markers among 4,756 African American participants (mean age 54, 64% female), adjusting for age, health behaviors and CVD risk factors. Subclinical markers included prevalent left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), peripheral artery disease (PAD), coronary artery calcification (CAC), and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). </p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of LVH, PAD and CAC was 7%, 6% and 45%, respectively. The mean CIMT was .72 ± .17 mm. In fully-adjusted models, having a college education was inversely associated with PAD (OR, .27; 95% CI .13,.56) and CIMT (β=-29.7, P&lt;.01). Income was inversely associated with LVH after adjustment for health behaviors (OR, .49 95% CI .25,.96), though associations attenuated in the fully-adjusted model. Measures of childhood SEP (material resources and mother’s education) were not consistently associated with subclinical disease measures other than a positive association between material resources and CIMT. </p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Subclinical disease markers were patterned by adult SEP measures among African Americans. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2016;26(3);355-362; doi:10.18865/ed.26.3.355 </p>
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Thorpe, Roland J., and Keith E. Whitfield. "RESILIENCE, COPING, AND HEALTH IN MIDDLE TO LATE LIFE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (2019): S752—S753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2763.
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Abstract Stress and resilience are two factors that are receiving attention as key determinants that can provide insights that underlie the deleterious effects on the overall health and well-being of individuals by influencing behavioral and biological processes. This symposium contains a collection of papers seeking to address the influence of resilience and coping on health outcomes in middle to late life adults. Tobin and Thorpe identified profiles of psychosocial resilience and examined their association with allostatic load (AL) among 283 Black men in the Nashville Stress and Health Study. Using Latent class analysis (LCA), individuals in the high resilience class had the greatest odds of high AL; high resilience worsened physical health for older but not younger Black men. Tan and colleagues explored satisfaction across life domains and correlates of satisfaction across domains in 93 Black adults. The authors report that higher satisfaction was associated with less education, less financial strain, lower depressive symptoms, and better self-rated physical health. Nguyen examined the association between everyday discrimination and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and whether church-based relationships buffer the negative effects of everyday discrimination on GAD among older African Americans. Using data from 670 African American respondents age 55 and older from the NSAL, the author reports, that significant interactions indicated that frequent contact with church members and high levels of subjective closeness to church members buffered against the negative effects of discrimination on GAD. These presentations collectively will bolster our knowledge of how stress and resilience impacts health disparities.