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1
PARINOS, Nana. "African American Women in Persian Gulf Wars." Journal in Humanities 8, no. 2 (May 7, 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/hum.v8i2.408.
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The paper outlines the role, contribution and place of ethnic women minorities, namely, African American women, taking their race, religious and national backgrounds into consideration in Persian Gulf Wars. Methods: Quantitative research method; Comparative research method; Content-analyses. Results: The evidence suggests that 33 percent of women in the military were African Americans. This figure is quite impressive and indicates that women gained the best adaptation to this field. It was the military that became the trampoline that would connect them to American society. Military service gave African American women the following advantages: Career opportunities (the field is dangerous and less demanding); Ability to demonstrate goodness to the country; Adaptation to civil society.Keywords: African American women, ethnic women minorities, Persian Gulf wars, racial discrimination, sexual discrimination
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West, Carolyn M. "Partner Abuse in Ethnic Minority and Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations." Partner Abuse 3, no. 3 (2012): 336–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.3.336.
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This review seeks to synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding gender differences in rates of physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence among the four largest racial/ethnic groups in the United States, compares rates of physical and psychological IPV between sexual minorities and heterosexuals and among subgroups of sexual minorities (gay men, lesbians, bisexuals), and summarizes correlates and risk factors that are associated with rates of IPV in both ethnic and sexual minorities.A systematic search of the published literature in the past 40 years using various search engines (e.g., PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) was conducted. The review identified 55 studies that met criteria. Few gender differences in rates of physical and psychological aggression were found among African American, Hispanic American, Asian American, and Native American men and women. Psychological aggression was most frequently reported. Bidirectional violence, which primarily took the form of minor aggression, was the most frequently reported form of physical violence. When unidirectional aggression was assessed, it was more likely to be female perpetrated, particularly among African Americans. These gender patterns were consistent across general population, student, and community studies. Respondents who reported a history of same-sex cohabitation and those who identified as sexual minorities reported higher rates of IPV than those who reported only a history of opposite-sex cohabitation and those who identified as heterosexual.Regarding sexual minority subgroup differences, bisexuals appeared to be at a greater risk of IPV, and victimization among transgendered individuals has largely been neglected in the literature. Substance abuse and use, marginalized socioeconomic status in the form of family and neighborhood poverty, and exposure to violence during childhood as a witness or victim of violence in the family of origin were consistently linked to elevated rates of IPV. Associations also were found between level of acculturation and minority stress in the form of internalized homophobia and frequency of discrimination based on sexual orientation. However, the complex association among these variables was less clear across racial groups and sexual orientation. Research limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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Adzrago, David, Melissa B. Harrell, Kayo Fujimoto, Antwan Jones, and J. Michael Wilkerson. "Association between E-Cigarette Use Behaviors and Anxiety/Depression among Black/African American Adults Based on Sexual Identity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 2078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032078.
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Limited studies have examined disparities in e-cigarette use among Black/African American adults by sexual identity and whether the relationship between symptoms of anxiety/depression and e-cigarette use varies by sexual identity. We examined the association between e-cigarette use behaviors (never, former, and current use) and anxiety/depression among a nationally representative sample of Black/African American adults who identified as a sexual minority (lesbian/gay, bisexual, and others) or heterosexual individuals. We combined cross-sectional data from the 2011 to 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (n = 6267), which is a nationally representative data set. We computed weighted e-cigarette use prevalence and multinomial logistic regression results (never use compared with former and current use, respectively). Among Blacks/African Americans, a larger percentage of sexual minority individuals compared with heterosexual individuals reported former and current e-cigarette use. Among sexual minorities, lesbian/gay individuals reported higher former e-cigarette use, whereas bisexual individuals reported higher current e-cigarette use. Among sexual minority individuals, moderate symptoms of anxiety/depression, compared with no symptoms of anxiety/depression, were associated with a higher likelihood of former e-cigarette use. Among heterosexuals, moderate symptoms of anxiety/depression were also associated with a higher likelihood of former e-cigarette use, while mild and severe symptoms of anxiety/depression were associated with current e-cigarette use compared with no symptoms of anxiety/depression. The intersection between sexual identity and anxiety/depression influenced e-cigarette use behaviors in different ways among Black/African Americans. The findings reinforce the heterogeneity within the Black/African American population, indicating the dangers of not considering subgroup differences as a standard part of public health research practice.
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Essien, E. James, Michael W. Ross, Maria Eugenia Fernández-Esquer, and Mark L. Williams. "Reported condom use and condom use difficulties in street outreach samples of men of four racial and ethnic backgrounds." International Journal of STD & AIDS 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646205774763135.
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The epidemiology of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States has focused research attention on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered communities as well as on racial and ethnic minorities. Much of that attention has, however, been focused on specific racial and ethnic groups, and specific sexual minorities. We report on the results of a study that examined the association between condom use and partnership types among men from four major racial/ethnic groups. Self-reported data on sexual identity (homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual) and condom use in the past three months were collected from 806 African Americans, Hispanic, Asian, and white men intercepted in public places in Houston, TX. Data indicated that condom use was lowest in African Americans and Hispanic men, bisexual men reported the highest levels of use, with heterosexual men reporting the lowest use. African Americans and Hispanic men reported generally that it was very difficult to use a condom during sexual contact, although the patterns for self-identified homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual men varied across race/ethnicity. Homosexual African American men reported the least difficulty, and white homosexual men the most difficulty compared with heterosexual and bisexual peers. For homosexually identified men, there were considerable differences across race/ethnicity in the proportion of partners who never or rarely disagreed to use condoms, with Asians disagreeing least, and African Americans most. Within racial/ethnic groups, the levels of condom use and difficulty were similar for male and female partners, suggesting that it is sexual identity, rather than partner gender, that has impacted condom-use messages. These data suggest that racial/ethnic targeting of condom use is likely to be most efficacious in increasing condom use in men.
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Jeremiah, Rohan, Brian Taylor, Amparo Castillo, and Veronica Garcia. "A Qualitative Community Assessment of Racial/Ethnic Sexual Gender Minority Young Adults: Principles for Strategies to Motivate Action(s) for Realistic Tasks (SMART Thinking) Addressing HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Mental Health, and Substance Abuse." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 5 (September 2020): 155798832096623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320966230.
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HIV/STI, substance use, and mental health issues disproportionately affect racial/ethnic sexual minority young adults. These health vulnerabilities intensify across the life course, most notably when young adults are independent college students. To identify the perspectives of racial/ethnic sexual gender minorities living on or near an urban university, we implemented an intersectionality-informed SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats) analysis, as a qualitative community assessment situated within in a campus-community setting. The community needs assessment was the first step in the strategic prevention framework (SPF) to co-locate substance abuse, mental health, viral hepatitis, and HIV prevention care services for Latinx and Black/African American sexual gender minority young adults at a minority-serving institution. The SWOT analysis identified principles for selecting, adapting, and implementing an evidence-based intervention. The significance of these principles demonstrates the value of intersectionality in evidence-based interventions to influence health education and behavior among racial/ethnic sexual gender minorities.
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Grill, Katherine B., Jichuan Wang, Rachel K. Scott, Debra Benator, Lawrence J. D’Angelo, and Maureen E. Lyon. "What Do Adults With HIV Want? End-of-Life Care Goals, Values and Beliefs by Gender, Race, Sexual Orientation." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 38, no. 6 (January 19, 2021): 610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909120988282.
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Objective: We examined factors influencing end-of-life care preferences among persons living with HIV (PLWH). Methods: 223 PLWH were enrolled from 5 hospital-based clinics in Washington, DC. They completed an end-of-life care survey at baseline of the FACE™-HIV Advance Care Planning clinical trial. Findings: The average age of patients was 51 years. 56% were male, 66% heterosexual, and 86% African American. Two distinct groups of patients were identified with respect to end-of-life care preferences: (1) a Relational class (75%) who prioritized family and friends, comfort from church services, and comfort from persons at the end-of-life; and (2) a Transactional/Self-Determination class (25%) who prioritized honest answers from their doctors, and advance care plans over relationships. African Americans had 3x the odds of being in the Relational class versus the Transactional/Self-determination class, Odds ratio = 3.30 (95% CI, 1.09, 10.03), p = 0.035. Males were significantly less likely to be in the relational latent class, Odds ratio = 0.38 (CI, 0.15, 0.98), p = 0.045. Compared to non-African-Americans, African-American PLWH rated the following as important: only taking pain medicines when pain is severe, p = 0.0113; saving larger doses for worse pain, p = 0.0067; and dying in the hospital, p = 0.0285. PLWH who were sexual minorities were more afraid of dying alone, p = 0.0397, and less likely to only take pain medicines when pain is severe, p = 0.0091. Conclusion: Integrating culturally-sensitive palliative care services as a component of the HIV care continuum may improve health equity and person-centered care.
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Cunningham, George B., and Nicole Melton. "Prejudice Against Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Coaches: The Influence of Race, Religious Fundamentalism, Modern Sexism, and Contact with Sexual Minorities." Sociology of Sport Journal 29, no. 3 (September 2012): 283–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.29.3.283.
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In drawing from Herek’s (2007, 2009) sexual stigma and prejudice theory, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among prejudice toward sexual minority coaches, religious fundamentalism, sexism, and sexual prejudice and to determine whether race affected these relationships. The authors collected data from 238 parents. Results indicated that Asians expressed greater sexual prejudice than Latinos and Whites, while African Americans expressed more religious fundamentalism than did Whites. There were also differences in the associations among the variables. For African Americans, sexism held the strongest association with prejudice toward sexual minority coaches. While for Asians and Whites, religious fundamentalism held the strongest association, contact with lesbian and gay friends was a significant predictor of prejudice for Asians, but not for the other groups. For Latinos, both religious fundamentalism and sexism were associated with sexual prejudice. The authors discuss the results in terms of theoretical and practical implications.
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MacCarthy, Sarah, Leandro Mena, Philip A. Chan, Jennifer Rose, Dantrell Simmons, Reginald Riggins, Michael Hoffmann, Amaya Perez-Brumer, Nicholas Chamberlain, and Amy Nunn. "Sexual Network Profiles and Risk Factors for STIs Among African-American Sexual Minorities in Mississippi: A Cross-Sectional Analysis." LGBT Health 2, no. 3 (September 2015): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0019.
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Fix, Rebecca L., Melissa A. Cyperski, and Barry R. Burkhart. "Disproportionate Minority Contact." Sexual Abuse 29, no. 3 (August 2, 2016): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063215601436.
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The overrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities within the criminal justice system relative to their population percentage, a phenomenon termed disproportionate minority contact, has been examined within general adult and adolescent offender populations; yet few studies have tested whether this phenomenon extends to juvenile sexual offenders (JSOs). In addition, few studies have examined whether offender race/ethnicity influences registration and notification requirements, which JSOs are subject to in some U.S. states. The present study assessed for disproportionate minority contact among general delinquent offenders and JSOs, meaning it aimed to test whether the criminal justice system treats those accused of sexual and non-sexual offenses differently by racial/ethnic group. Furthermore, racial/ethnic group differences in risk, legal classification, and sexual offending were examined for JSOs. Results indicated disproportionate minority contact was present among juveniles with non-sexual offenses and JSOs in Alabama. In addition, offense category and risk scores differed between African American and European American JSOs. Finally, registration classifications were predicted by offending characteristics, but not race/ethnicity. Implications and future directions regarding disproportionate minority contact among JSOs and social and legal policy affecting JSOs are discussed.
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Assari, Shervin, Shanika Boyce, Golnoush Akhlaghipour, Mohsen Bazargan, and Cleopatra H. Caldwell. "Reward Responsiveness in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study: African Americans’ Diminished Returns of Parental Education." Brain Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060391.
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(1) Background: Reward responsiveness (RR) is a risk factor for high-risk behaviors such as aggressive behaviors and early sexual initiation, which are all reported to be higher in African American and low socioeconomic status adolescents. At the same time, parental education is one of the main drivers of reward responsiveness among adolescents. It is still unknown if some of this racial and economic gap is attributed to weaker effects of parental education for African Americans, a pattern also called minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs). (2) Aim: We compared non-Hispanic White and African American adolescents for the effects of parent education on adolescents RR, a psychological and cognitive construct that is closely associated with high-risk behaviors such as the use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. (3) Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 7072 adolescents from the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was parent education. The main outcome as adolescents’ RR measured by the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) measure. (4) Results: In the overall sample, high parent education was associated with lower levels of RR. In the overall sample, we found a statistically significant interaction between race and parent education on adolescents’ RR. The observed statistical interaction term suggested that high parent education is associated with a weaker effect on RR for African American than non-Hispanic White adolescents. In race-stratified models, high parent education was only associated with lower RR for non-Hispanic White but not African American adolescents. (5) Conclusion: Parent education reduces RR for non-Hispanic White but not African American adolescents. To minimize the racial gap in brain development and risk-taking behaviors, we need to address societal barriers that diminish the returns of parent education and resources in African American families. We need public and social policies that target structural and societal barriers, such as the unequal distribution of opportunities and resources. To meet such an aim, we need to reduce the negative effects of social stratification, segregation, racism, and discrimination in the daily lives of African American parents and families. Through an approach like this, African American families and parents can effectively mobilize their resources and utilize their human capital to secure the best possible tangible outcomes for their adolescents.
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Suen, Leslie W., Mitchell R. Lunn, Katie Katuzny, Sacha Finn, Laura Duncan, Jae Sevelius, Annesa Flentje, et al. "What Sexual and Gender Minority People Want Researchers to Know About Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Questions: A Qualitative Study." Archives of Sexual Behavior 49, no. 7 (September 1, 2020): 2301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01810-y.
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Abstract Sexual and gender minority (SGM) people—including members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer communities—are understudied and underrepresented in research. Current sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) questions do not sufficiently engage SGM people, and there is a critical gap in understanding how SOGI questions reduce inclusion and accurate empirical representation. We conducted a qualitative study to answer the question, “For SGM people, what are the major limitations with current SOGI questions?” Focus groups probed reactions to SOGI questions adapted from prior national surveys and clinical best practice guidelines. Questions were refined and presented in semi-structured cognitive interviews. Template analysis using a priori themes guided analysis. There were 74 participants: 55 in nine focus groups and 19 in cognitive interviews. Participants were diverse: 51.3% identified as gender minorities, 87.8% as sexual minorities, 8.1% as Hispanic/Latinx, 13.5% as Black or African-American, and 43.2% as Non-white. Two major themes emerged: (1) SOGI questions did not allow for identity fluidity and complexity, reducing inclusion and representation, and (2) SOGI question stems and answer choices were often not clear as to which SOGI dimension was being assessed. To our knowledge, this represents the largest body of qualitative data studying SGM perspectives when responding to SOGI questions. We present recommendations for future development and use of SOGI measures. Attention to these topics may improve meaningful participation of SGM people in research and implementation of such research within and for SGM communities.
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Brennan-Ing, Mark, and Charles Emlet. "The Impact of Intersectional Identities on Older People With HIV." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2560.
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Abstract Kimberlé Crenshaw introduced the term “intersectionality” in the late 1980s to highlight the experience discrimination and marginalization of Black and African-American women originating from the confluence of their racial/ethnic and gender identities. Since that time the focus on intersectionality has broadened to consider other communities and individuals who may have multiple stigmatized and discredited identities, including older people with HIV (PWH). For example, Porter and Brennan-Ing described the “Five Corners” model as the intersection of ageism, racism, classism, sexism, and HIV stigma for older transgender and gender non-conforming PWH. HIV disproportionately affects marginalized communities (e.g., racial/ethnic and sexual minorities). Thus, for older PWH it is important to consider how HIV stigma may intersect with other marginalized identities and impact physical and psychological well-being. The first paper in this session examines how the intersection of HIV serostatus, gay identity, and age complicates identity disclosure, leading to social isolation and interference with care planning. The second paper describes how intersectional identities among older PWH interfere with access to mental health services in a population that is disproportionately affected by depression and PTSD. Our third paper examines the role of race, education, and behavioral health in neurocognitive functioning among a diverse sample of older HIV+ gay and bisexual men. Our last paper examines neurocognitive functioning among older Latinx PWH, finding that sexual and gender minorities were at greater risk for impairment. Implications of these findings for research and programming that accounts for the effects of intersectionality among older PWH will be discussed.
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Fields, Errol L., Amanda Long, Kehinde Bademosi, Ricky Granderson, Christina M. Schumacher, Aruna Chandran, Yvonne Kingon, and Jacky M. Jennings. "Identifying Community-Informed Language to Promote HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in Black LGBTQ Communities in Baltimore." AIDS Education and Prevention 32, no. 2 (April 2020): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.2.152.
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LGBTQ populations, particularly Black men who have sex with men and transgender women, experience significant HIV disparities; public health messages may inadvertently stigmatize LGBTQ populations. We sought to use qualitative methods to inform a PrEP campaign. Unstructured focus groups were conducted among predominantly Black LGBTQ persons recruited through social media and events. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed in NVivo using categorical analysis. Eighty individuals participated in 13 focus groups; 80% (64) identified as sexual or gender minorities. Eighty-eight percent (70) identified as Black/African American. Four themes emerged: (1) culturally competent, community-informed, locally relevant messaging, (2) avoiding stigmatizing language or images, (3) inaccessibility of clinical language, and (4) using identity labels representing local communities and their diversity. Findings suggest PrEP campaigns need to be developed through community-informed processes to engage and avoid stigmatizing priority populations. Ongoing partnerships between public health and LGBTQ communities can facilitate development of campaigns with engaging, acceptable language.
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Rita Ogechi Chukwu, Chinedu James Ezeh, Peace Makinde, Adewale Mubaraq Folawewo, Mmesoma Barbra Eze, and Clara Chinyere Mgbeahurike. "Prevalence and determinants of risky behaviors: a comprehensive review of substance use and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents in the United States." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 1 (July 30, 2024): 2132–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.1.2199.
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Adolescents are often the most vulnerable to risky behaviors due to their quest for independence, experimentation, and identity development, resulting in deep-rooted patterns that affect health across the life course. This review examines the prevalence and determinants of substance use and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents in the United States. A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature published between 1980-2023 was conducted using multiple databases. Studies focusing on U.S. adolescents aged 12-19 and reporting on prevalence or associated factors of substance use (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or any illicit drugs) or sexual risk behaviors (early sexual initiation, multiple partners, or inconsistent condom use) were included. The review synthesized data from 40 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Results indicate concerning rates of substance use and sexual risk-taking, with variations by demographic factors. Alcohol and marijuana use were most prevalent, reported by 30-40% of adolescents. Nearly half of high school students reported having sexual intercourse, with 40% not using condoms consistently. Prevalence was generally higher among older adolescents, sexual minorities, and some racial minority groups. Key determinants of risk behaviors were reviewed based on socioecological models including individual, interpersonal, community and societal factors. The review highlights the multilevel nature of influences on adolescent risk behaviors. Findings underscore the need for tailored interventions addressing multiple determinants. Particular attention to vulnerable groups such as African American Adolescents and social determinants of health inequities is warranted. More research on risk and protective factors and effective interventions is needed. This synthesis can inform the development of evidence-based policies and programs to reduce substance use and sexual risk behaviors among U.S. adolescents.
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Flores, René D. "“A Little More Ghetto, a Little Less Cultured”: Are There Racial Stereotypes about Interracial Daters in the United States?" Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 6, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649219835851.
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Negative stereotypes about racial minorities, particularly African Americans, persist in the United States. Given the imperviousness of racial stereotypes about minorities, can individuals who date interracially also be stereotyped? The author investigates this by conducting the first systematic study of men’s attitudes toward white and black women who date outside their race. First, the author inductively uncovers these stereotypes through focus groups. Second, to assess these stereotypes’ nationwide prevalence and to minimize social desirability bias, the author applies a survey experiment, in which interracial dating is subtly primed via photographs of couples, to a national sample of men. The findings are mixed. In the experiment, crossing the white-black racial boundary does activate negative stereotypes for women, which may have reputational costs, but mostly among older white male respondents. These costs include changes in men’s perceptions of their class status, cultural values, and even sexual practices. In conclusion, interracial dating is a key social site where gender-based moral norms are policed, class divisions are constructed, and racial boundaries are maintained.
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Yakovenko, I. "Resistance and liberation discourse in Audre Lorde’s “Sister Outsider”." Studia Philologica 1, no. 14 (2020): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2020.1416.
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The article focuses on the essays of Audre Lorde — African American writer, Black feminist and activist. Through the lens of African American and Feminist Studies the essay collection “Sister Outsider” by Audre Lorde is analysed as a political manifesto which critiques the Second Wave feminism, and suggests a unique perspective on issues of racism, sexism, heterosexism, homophobia, women’s erotic and creativity. Although Lorde’s early poetry collections are characterised by the wide usage of authentic imagery and Afro-centric mythology, the later poetry, the 1982 biomythography “Zami: A New Spelling of My Name”, and the 1984 essay collection “Sister Outsider”, are politicised writings in sync with the Black / feminist consciousness. In the essays, Audre Lorde argues that institutionalised rejection of race / gender / class / sexual differences stems from the Western European patriarchal frame thus aggravating discriminating practices. The writer emphasises the role of the oppressed groups — ethnic minorities, women, the working class, in the destruction of the societal patriarchal ‘norms’. Audre Lorde’s essay collection has become instrumental in initiating the feminist discussion on intersectionality, which will later be theorized by Kimberle Crenshaw, and in articulation of the Black feminist ideology. Lorde’s critique of White feminists is triggered by their dismissal of the non-European women’s heritage, and by their unwillingness to acknowledge differences inside the gender group, which for the Black feminist Audre Lorde was an adoption of the patriarchal frame of reference. The poet’s timely theory of differences urges to break up silences concerning societal discriminating practices towards the oppressed groups, thus challenging the hierarchies of powers in the society.
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J. Potter, Sharyn, Nicole Fox, Delilah Smith, Nora Draper, Elizabeth A. Moschella, and Mary M. Moynihan. "Sexual Assault Prevalence and Community College Students: Challenges and Promising Practices." Health Education & Behavior 47, no. 1_suppl (April 6, 2020): 7S—16S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198120910988.
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Recently, much research has been dedicated to understanding how to prevent and address the aftermath of sexual assault (SA) on traditional 4-year college and university campuses in the United States. However, less scholarly attention has been paid to 2-year institutions, commonly known as community colleges. This review illuminates the different situational contexts faced by community college students, compared with students at 4-year colleges. These differences are shaped by community college characteristics, student demographics, and geographic location of their students. Community colleges enroll a higher percentage of women, first-generation students, and low-income students than 4-year colleges. Furthermore, community colleges are academic homes to the most racially and ethnically diverse student population, with higher numbers of African Americans, Latinos, immigrants, and nonnative English speakers. These populations (e.g., women, racial minorities, first-generation, low-income) are at a greater risk for SA; yet, 2-year institutions have less funding and resources available to address SA on their campuses. Thus, this article reviews the problem of campus SA on community colleges and highlights the challenges that 2-year institutions face in comparison with those that 4-year institutions face when implementing SA prevention and response strategies. Then, a case study of a 3-year project on one nonresidential and seven community colleges is presented, which illustrates how 2-year institutions can forge relationships with community professionals to address SA on their campuses.
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Perez-Stable, Eliseo J., and Erik J. Rodriquez. "Uniting the Vision for Health Equity through Partnerships: The 2nd Annual Dr. Elijah Saunders & Dr. Levi Watkins Memorial Lecture." Ethnicity & Disease 29, Suppl 1 (February 21, 2019): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865//ed.29.s1.193.
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Minority health research focuses on outcomes by race and ethnicity categories used in the United States census. Overall mortality has decreased significantly for African Americans, Latinos, and Asians over the past 20 years even though it has stopped improving for poor Whites and continues to increase for American Indians/ Alaska Natives. Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease partly account for this trend, but there is room for improvement. Health disparities research also includes persons of less privileged socioeconomic status, underserved rural residents, and sexual and gender minorities of any race and ethnicity when the outcomes are worse than a reference population. Understanding mechanisms that lead to health disparities from behavioral, biological, environmental and health care perspectives will lead to interventions that reduce these disparities and promote health equity. Experiences with racism and discrimination generate a chronic stress response with measurable effects on biological processes and study is needed to evaluate long-term effects on health outcomes. A clinical example of effective approaches to reducing disparities is management of hypertension to promote stroke reduction that requires health system changes, patient-clinician partnerships and engagement of community organizations. Clinicians in health care settings have the potential to promote health equity by implementing standardized measures of social determinants, leveraging the power of health information technology, maximizing cultural competence and socially precise care and engaging communities to reduce health disparities. Strategic partnerships between health care institutions and community-based organizations need to parallel patient-clinician partnerships and are essential to promote health equity and reduce disparities. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(Suppl 1):193-200; doi:10.18865/ed.29.S1.193.
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Perez-Stable, Eliseo J., and Erik J. Rodriquez. "Uniting the Vision for Health Equity through Partnerships: The 2nd Annual Dr. Elijah Saunders & Dr. Levi Watkins Memorial Lecture." Ethnicity & Disease 29, Suppl 1 (February 21, 2019): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.29.s1.193.
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Minority health research focuses on outcomes by race and ethnicity categories used in the United States census. Overall mortality has decreased significantly for African Americans, Latinos, and Asians over the past 20 years even though it has stopped improving for poor Whites and continues to increase for American Indians/ Alaska Natives. Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease partly account for this trend, but there is room for improvement. Health disparities research also includes persons of less privileged socioeconomic status, underserved rural residents, and sexual and gender minorities of any race and ethnicity when the outcomes are worse than a reference population. Understanding mechanisms that lead to health disparities from behavioral, biological, environmental and health care perspectives will lead to interventions that reduce these disparities and promote health equity. Experiences with racism and discrimination generate a chronic stress response with measurable effects on biological processes and study is needed to evaluate long-term effects on health outcomes. A clinical example of effective approaches to reducing disparities is management of hypertension to promote stroke reduction that requires health system changes, patient-clinician partnerships and engagement of community organizations. Clinicians in health care settings have the potential to promote health equity by implementing standardized measures of social determinants, leveraging the power of health information technology, maximizing cultural competence and socially precise care and engaging communities to reduce health disparities. Strategic partnerships between health care institutions and community-based organizations need to parallel patient-clinician partnerships and are essential to promote health equity and reduce disparities. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(Suppl 1):193-200; doi:10.18865/ed.29.S1.193.
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Jennings Mayo-Wilson, Larissa, Jessica Coleman, Fatmata Timbo, Fred M. Ssewamala, Sebastian Linnemayr, Grace T. Yi, Bee-Ah Kang, et al. "Microenterprise Intervention to Reduce Sexual Risk Behaviors and Increase Employment and HIV Preventive Practices Among Economically-Vulnerable African-American Young Adults (EMERGE): A Feasibility Randomized Clinical Trial." AIDS and Behavior 24, no. 12 (June 3, 2020): 3545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02931-0.
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AbstractEconomic vulnerability, such as homelessness and unemployment, contributes to HIV risk among U.S. racial minorities. Yet, few economic-strengthening interventions have been adapted for HIV prevention in this population. This study assessed the feasibility of conducting a randomized clinical trial of a 20-week microenterprise intervention for economically-vulnerable African-American young adults. Engaging MicroenterprisE for Resource Generation and Health Empowerment (EMERGE) aimed to reduce sexual risk behaviors and increase employment and uptake of HIV preventive behaviors. The experimental group received text messages on job openings plus educational sessions, mentoring, a start-up grant, and business and HIV prevention text messages. The comparison group received text messages on job openings only. Primary feasibility objectives assessed recruitment, randomization, participation, and retention. Secondary objectives examined employment, sexual risk behaviors, and HIV preventive behaviors. Outcome assessments used an in-person pre- and post-intervention interview and a weekly text message survey. Several progression criteria for a definitive trial were met. Thirty-eight participants were randomized to experimental (n = 19) or comparison group (n = 19) of which 95% were retained. The comparison intervention enhanced willingness to be randomized and reduced non-participation. Mean age of participants was 21.0 years; 35% were male; 81% were unemployed. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of experimental participants completed ≥ 70% of intervention activities, and 74% completed ≥ 50% of intervention activities. Participation in intervention activities and outcome assessments was highest in the first half (~ 10 weeks) of the study. Seventy-one percent (71%) of weekly text message surveys received a response through week 14, but responsiveness declined to 37% of participants responding to ≥ 70% of weekly text message surveys at the end of the study. The experimental group reported higher employment (from 32% at baseline to 83% at week 26) and lower unprotected sex (79% to 58%) over time compared to reported changes in employment (37% to 47%) and unprotected sex (63% to 53%) over time in the comparison group. Conducting this feasibility trial was a critical step in the process of designing and testing a behavioral intervention. Development of a fully-powered effectiveness trial should take into account lessons learned regarding intervention duration, screening, and measurement.Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT03766165. Registered 04 December 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03766165
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Adsul, Prajakta, Kendal Jacobson, and Joe Rodman. "Abstract B006: How should providers communicate around cervical cancer screening with LGBTQIA+ individuals with a cervix? “Be real, be caring…and actually listen to me”." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): B006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-b006.
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Abstract Introduction: Sexual and gender minorities, referred to here as LGBTQIA+ individuals, experience several barriers to healthcare, including: discrimination from healthcare providers based on their sexual orientation, historical and systematic stigmatization from the healthcare community, and a lack of understanding around gender-based healthcare concerns from their providers. Such structural barriers have been understudied when considering cancer prevention interventions, such as vaccinations or screening. Most importantly, there is limited research on how best to promote the uptake of these interventions among the LGBTQIA+ community while addressing these barriers in healthcare. This study explored provider-related communications around cervical cancer screening for LGBTQIA+ individuals with a cervix. Methods: Using social media and outreach through community partners, we recruited 22 participants from New Mexico’s LGBTQIA+ community and conducted five discussions in two online formats (an itracks discussion board and a zoom video call) with the following groups: (1) lesbians; (2) bisexual and non-binary individuals; and (3) transgender and genderqueer individuals. Discussions focused on preventive health care and cervical cancer screening. Each discussion was audio recorded and transcribed. Study team members used a grounded theory approach to identify emergent themes. Results: Of the 22 participants, most were in the 31-40-year age group and nine (40%) participants identified as either Hispanic or African American. Almost 80% said they had a primary care provider, and all but two participants had screened for cervical cancer. In analyzing their experience around cervical cancer screening, three key themes emerged. First, many participants acknowledged that cervical cancer screening tests are effective and an important prevention tool for reducing their risk from cancer, often reasoned through cancer experiences of their family and friends. Second, several participants noted uninformed, insensitive, and awkward experiences around cervical health. Participants recounted providers who told them that they “didn’t need screening as I was only sleeping with other women” or “every time I go to a provider, I have to explain what queer is” or providers making “inappropriate comments about my sex life.” Finally, participants noted that although the screening procedure can be “physically unpleasant,” having providers that acknowledge the discomfort, actively empathize with patients, ensure they are “feeling safe and having a comfortable space”, and give patients some control during the screening procedure (i.e., allowing patient to insert the speculum themselves or using different sized speculums) could reduce the barriers towards improving cervical cancer screenings. Conclusion: Study analyses reveal the need for supplementing ongoing provider trainings around sexual and gender minority health with specific information around cervical health, to reduce the misinformation and anxiety experienced by many LGBTQIA+ members in the community. Citation Format: Prajakta Adsul, Kendal Jacobson, Joe Rodman. How should providers communicate around cervical cancer screening with LGBTQIA+ individuals with a cervix? “Be real, be caring…and actually listen to me” [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B006.
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Vincent, Wilson. "Willingness to Use Digital Health Screening and Tracking Tools for Public Health in Sexual Minority Populations in a National Probability Sample: Quantitative Intersectional Analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 26 (March 8, 2024): e47448. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/47448.
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Background Little is known about sexual minority adults’ willingness to use digital health tools, such as pandemic-related tools for screening and tracking, outside of HIV prevention and intervention efforts for sexual minority men, specifically. Additionally, given the current cultural climate in the United States, heterosexual and sexual minority adults may differ in their willingness to use digital health tools, and there may be within-group differences among sexual minority adults. Objective This study compared sexual minority and heterosexual adults’ willingness to use COVID-19–related digital health tools for public health screening and tracking and tested whether sexual minority adults differed from each other by age group, gender, and race or ethnicity. Methods We analyzed data from a cross-sectional, national probability survey (n=2047) implemented from May 30 to June 8, 2020, in the United States during the height of the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using latent-variable modeling, heterosexual and sexual minority adults were tested for differences in their willingness to use digital health tools for public health screening and tracking. Among sexual minority adults, specifically, associations with age, gender, and race or ethnicity were assessed. Results On average, sexual minority adults showed greater willingness to use digital health tools for screening and tracking than heterosexual adults (latent factor mean difference 0.46, 95% CI 0.15-0.77). Among sexual minority adults, there were no differences by age group, gender, or race or ethnicity. However, African American (b=0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.62), Hispanic or Latino (b=0.36, 95% CI 0.18-0.55), and other racial or ethnic minority (b=0.54, 95% CI 0.31-0.77) heterosexual adults showed greater willingness to use digital health tools for screening and tracking than White heterosexual adults. Conclusions In the United States, sexual minority adults were more willing to use digital health tools for screening and tracking than heterosexual adults. Sexual minority adults did not differ from each other by age, gender, or race or ethnicity in terms of their willingness to use these digital health tools, so no sexual orientation-based or intersectional disparities were identified. Furthermore, White heterosexual adults were less willing to use these tools than racial or ethnic minority heterosexual adults. Findings support the use of digital health tools with sexual minority adults, which could be important for other public health-related concerns (eg, the recent example of mpox). Additional studies are needed regarding the decision-making process of White heterosexual adults regarding the use of digital health tools to address public health crises, including pandemics or outbreaks that disproportionately affect minoritized populations.
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Qiao, Shan, Guangyu Zhou, and Xiaoming Li. "Disclosure of Same-Sex Behaviors to Health-care Providers and Uptake of HIV Testing for Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 5 (June 27, 2018): 1197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318784149.
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To promote HIV-testing and offer optimal care for men who have sex with men (MSM), health-care providers (HCPs) must first be aware of their patients’ sexual behaviors. Otherwise, HCPs may overlook MSM’s risks for HIV infection and their special health-care needs. For MSM, reporting their same-sex behaviors to HCPs (disclosure to HCPs) may promote their linkage to HIV prevention and treatment cascade and improve their health outcomes. No literature review has been conducted to examine the relationship between disclosure to HCPs and uptake of HIV-testing among MSM. The current study reviewed and synthesized findings from 29 empirical studies published in English by 2016. We summarized the rates of MSM’s disclosure to HCPs, investigated the association between disclosure and HIV-testing among MSM, identified potential facilitators and barriers for disclosure, and discussed the implications of our findings in research and clinical practices. The disclosure rates varied across subgroups and study settings, ranging from 16% to 90% with a median of 61%. Disclosure to HCPs was positively associated with uptake of HIV-testing. African American MSM were less likely to disclose to HCPs. MSM who lived in urban settings with higher education attainment and higher income were more likely to disclose. MSM tended to perceive younger or gay-friendly doctors as safer targets of disclosure. Clinics with LGBT-friendly signs were viewed as safer contexts for disclosure. Having previous communications about substance use, sex, and HIV with HCPs could also facilitate disclosure. The main reasons for nondisclosure included lack of probing from HCPs, concerns on confidentiality breach and stigma, and perceived irrelevance with services. Providing appropriate trainings for HCPs and creating gay-friendly clinical settings can be effective strategies to facilitate disclosures of same-sex behaviors among MSM and meet their specific medical needs. Interventions to promote disclosure should give priorities to MSM from the most marginalized subgroups (e.g., MSM in rural areas, MSM of ethnic minorities).
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Staccini, Pascal, and Annie Y. S. Lau. "Consuming Health Information and Vulnerable Populations: Factors of Engagement and Ongoing Usage." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 31, no. 01 (August 2022): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1742549.
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Objectives: To summarise the state of the art during the year 2021 in consumer health informatics and education, with a special emphasis on “Inclusive Digital Health: Addressing Equity, Literacy, and Bias for Resilient Health Systems”. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of articles published in PubMed using a predefined set of queries. In order to build queries, we have used a common understanding of digital inclusion. Leaving no one behind in the digital age requires not only reaching the most vulnerable populations, but also those people and population groups that are not digitally literate. It implies appropriate access, digital skills, and usability and navigability aspects in the development of technological solutions. Thus, we identified 126 potential articles for review. These articles were screened according to topic relevance and 13 were selected for consideration of best paper candidates, which were then presented to a panel of international experts for full paper review and scoring. The top five papers were discussed in a consensus meeting. Four papers received the highest score from the expert panel, and these papers were selected to be representative papers on consumer informatics for exploring inclusive digital health in the year 2021. Results: Bibliometrics analysis conducted on words found in abstracts of the candidate papers revealed five clusters of articles, where the clustering outcomes explained 93.58% of the dispersion. The first cluster analysed the use of mobile apps to improve quality of communications between racial subgroups (e.g., Black patients and their family members) and healthcare professionals, and reduce racial disparities in core palliative care outcomes. The second cluster revealed studies reporting health literacy and experience of patients with specific diseases or impairments (e.g., type 2 diabetes, asthma and deaf people). The third focused assessing the effectiveness of interactive social media interventions on changing health behaviors, health outcomes and health equity in the adult population. The fourth targeted people with limited health literacy, as well as potentially disadvantaged or marginalized groups (people with cerebrovascular or cancer problems, students with mental problems, African American Young adults), and explored how social media may help reduce health disparities and improve health outcomes. The last explored health literacy levels among groups who experience difficulties with health service engagement and retention (patients with cancer or lay consumers of online disease information). Conclusions: Although the query was built to address consumer inclusiveness and digital health, without specifying any health status or disease, COVID-19 was the topic in a lot of retrieved papers. Beyond the classic health issues targeted by social media (e.g., influencing health behaviors, from smoking and diet adherence to preventative screening and exercise habits), the pandemic has exposed many situations of vulnerability and health inequality. There is universal agreement on the necessity of a healthcare policy that addresses issues of gender, age, sexual orientation, and different cultures to ensure health equity for all, regardless of age or resources available. The place of digital health is studied both as a solution and a possible factor of accentuating healthcare disparities, inequalities, and exclusions. Healthcare providers should implement a digital health literacy plan to make sure health information technology is an option for everyone. Public health policies and health promotion strategies must focus on strengthening and adapting the digital health literacy in known vulnerable subgroups (ethnic and racial minorities, sexual and gender minorities, children and adolescents, elderly people, students population, impaired people, patients with cancer and chronic diseases) increasing citizen technology engagement and guaranteeing equity in access to information and in the skills to manage, discriminate, and apply information to health.
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Ratnapradipa, Kendra L., Krishtee Napit, Keyonna M. King, Athena K. Ramos, Lady Beverly L. Luma, Danae Dinkel, Tamara Robinson, Laura Schabloske, Tatiana Tchouankam, and Shinobu Watanabe-Galloway. "Abstract A115: A qualitative analysis of barriers to colorectal screening and strategies to improve screening uptake among African Americans and Latinos in Nebraska." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): A115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-a115.
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Abstract As part of a statewide cancer needs assessment, this study aimed to elicit perspectives from African American (AA) and Latino communities about colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Four virtual focus groups were held April-August 2021 conducted by AA and Latina researchers, respectively, with Latino groups conducted in Spanish. Groups were 60-90 minutes, used a structured guide, and were audio recorded. Eligibility criteria included age 30+, cancer survivor or caregiver, and Nebraska resident. Participants (n=7 AA, n=12 Latinos) received a $40 gift card. Transcripts were inductively coded using directed content analysis. Most participants were female (84%) and survivors (58%). Only 3 participants (rural Latino) had not heard of colonoscopy, two of whom had not heard of any screening. Across groups, awareness of fecal testing was low, with confusion about tests. Physician bias about testing recommendations contributed to lack of knowledge about options; some providers did not make screening recommendations. A barrier is limited use of healthcare. Cultural and economic factors lead to care seeking only when people “have a major problem.” The female AA group brought forward distrust in the health system; historical angst led them not to trust and listen to providers who do not look like them. All groups stated access barriers include costs, work, transportation, and insurance. Hourly workers cannot afford to take time off for care. Such usage patterns lead to lack of preventive care and education about cancer screening. Across groups, colonoscopy is treated as a joke associated with fear, embarrassment, and sexual innuendo. It “kind of scares you away from even having to go get checked out.” Negative perceptions of colonoscopy led an AA man with family history of CRC to “forego the screening.” Latino groups identified machismo as a limiting factor for males. Fear of a cancer diagnosis (“death sentence”) and denial (“I don’t think it’s going to happen to me”) contribute to screening avoidance. Suggested approaches to improve CRC screening included 1) increasing awareness at a grassroots level (e.g., health fairs, community education programs, presentations at churches and schools), 2) using social media to share information about the importance of screening, and 3) having healthcare providers consistently recommend CRC screening. Message delivery can be done by survivors, navigators, and group texts. Messages shared by survivors encourage a sense of hope that “diagnosis is taking that step to live.” AA participants indicated that healthcare facilities must build networks and trust with their communities by being present at community events. Healthcare providers need to consistently recommend CRC screening and provide detailed explanations about screening options. “Explain to us so that we can understand what it is like and why it is important.” Additionally, system-level barriers, including accessibility, need to be addressed to normalize routine check-ups and preventive screening in these communities. Citation Format: Kendra L. Ratnapradipa, Krishtee Napit, Keyonna M. King, Athena K. Ramos, Lady Beverly L. Luma, Danae Dinkel, Tamara Robinson, Laura Schabloske, Tatiana Tchouankam, Shinobu Watanabe-Galloway. A qualitative analysis of barriers to colorectal screening and strategies to improve screening uptake among African Americans and Latinos in Nebraska [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A115.
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PARINOS, Nana. "The Role of African American Women in American Society (XIX-XX Centuries)." Journal in Humanities 7, no. 2 (March 18, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/hum.v7i2.377.
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The paper outlines the role, contribution and place of ethnic women minorities, namely, African American women, taking their race, religious and national backgrounds into considerationin XIX-XX century United States.Keywords: African American women, American society, ethnic women minorities, XIX-XXcenturies United States.
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Epprecht, Marc. "Sources of anxiety about (and among) sexual minorities in Africa." International Psychiatry 10, no. 2 (May 2013): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600003726.
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There is a perceived increase in incidents of rhetoric, legislation and vigilantism against sexual minorities and their allies across Africa. This ‘African homophobia’ is counter to human rights conventions, public health best practices and sound economic development. The paper reviews areas of progress as well as the broad economic and cultural contexts for the experiences of African sexual minorities.
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Ebobrah, Solomon T. "Africanising Human Rights in the 21st Century: Gay Rights, African Values and the Dilemma of the African legislator." International Human Rights Law Review 1, no. 1 (2012): 110–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00101007.
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Since the late 1990s, African political leaders have personified the disgust that African societies supposedly hold against homosexuality and sexual minorities. Relying on international human rights norms that require the protection of sexual minority rights, advocates have mounted sustained pressure on parliaments in Africa to decriminalise homosexuality and make law advantageous to sexual minorities. This article argues that focus on parliaments is not the best option as legislators face a dilemma when they have to choose between respect for international human rights norms and responsiveness to their electorates. This article does not argue that African lawmakers should be excused from a duty to ensure compliance with international human rights obligations undertaken by their respective states by decriminalising homosexuality. Rather, the article points out that in comparative terms, the judicial arms of African governments are better situated to provide leadership by recognising and safeguarding the rights of the most vulnerable minorities.
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Awunti, MegCholack, Yi Guo, Sherise Rogers, Lisa Scarton, Diana Wilkie, and John Allen. "Abstract 1932: Evaluation of racial and ethnic psychotropic medication use among patients with colorectal cancer." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1932.
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Abstract Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 4th most common cancer type in the US. Following CRC treatment, about 37% of CRC survivors experience symptoms associated with anxiety and depression. Additionally, psychosocial distress is especially prevalent among CRC survivors with a stoma, and those reporting CRC-induced sexual dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy is one of the mainstay treatment options for psychological distress among patients with CRC. Research has shown that racial disparities are present with the use of supportive care medications in other cancer types. However, this has not been explored with the use of psychotropic medication for patients with CRC. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the presence of racial disparities in psychotropic medication use among patients with CRC. Methods: Utilizing the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (NCI SEER)- Medicare linked database, our analysis included all patients with a CRC diagnosis and an active outpatient prescription claims for psychotropic medications from 2009-2018. Prescription claims were specific to patients diagnosed with CRC and stratified by self-identified race and ethnicity. Patients who were on psychotropic medications before CRC diagnosis, or unspecified race or ethnicity were excluded from the analysis. Psychotropic medications consisted of anxiolytics, antidepressants, and antipsychotic medications. Results: 136,014 participants were included in the analysis. The racial and ethnic breakdown comprised of 81.56% White, 11.22% African American (AA), 2.66% Hispanic, 4.27% Asian/Pacific Islander (API), and 0.25% Native American (NA). Results are presented as unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Compared to White patients, AA (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.50-0.56), API (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.46-0.54), Hispanic (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.58-0.71), and NA (OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.43-0.81) patients had lower utilization of anxiolytic medications. Regarding antidepressant use, AA (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.53-0.57), API (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.43-0.49), Hispanic (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.68-0.79), and NA (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.63-0.96) had lower utilization compared to White patients. Differences in antipsychotic medication use was observed with Asian/Pacific Islanders (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.64-0.78) and Native Americans (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.31-0.76) compared to White patients. No other racial differences in antipsychotic medications were identified. Conclusion: The study showed that racial and ethnic disparities are present with the use of psychotropic medications among patients with CRC. Racial and ethnic minority patients had lower use for most of the drug classes evaluated. Further research is warranted to assess the potential barriers and facilitators of psychotropic medication use among patients belonging to historically minoritized racial and ethnic groups. Citation Format: MegCholack Awunti, Yi Guo, Sherise Rogers, Lisa Scarton, Diana Wilkie, John Allen. Evaluation of racial and ethnic psychotropic medication use among patients with colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1932.
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Xie, Junze, Qinxuan Zhu, Ruofan Shao, and Yijun Yuan. "How do African-American and Asian-American Income Inequalities Affect Their Race Relations?" Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 6, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/6/20220879.
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This study investigates the causes of discrimination and discordant relationships among Asian and African Americans in the United States. The thesis will answer questions about the grounds of discrimination between the two minorities by collecting data from previous studies. This study examines the rarely explored area of "mutual discrimination between minorities." It identifies the reasons for mutual discrimination between African Americans and Asian Americans as income inequalities and social media impacts. Finally, this study suggests American government assign education resources more evenly, provide financial assistance to low-income families, encourage every individual to speak out against racial discrimination, and enhance their communication and interactions with people from other ethnic groups.
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Almeida, Elzenir Pereira de Oliveira, and Modesto Leite Rolim Neto. "The lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender movement: A systematic review with meta-analysis." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 66, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764019882966.
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Background: To identify, through the conscientious, explicit and judicious use, the evidence about health behaviors and situations included in the decision making on individuals belonging to the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) group in the context of ethnic disparities and sexual minorities. Methods: A systematic review with meta-analysis meta-synthesis from searches in electronic databases SCOPUS and Virtual Health Library (VHL), portal that hosts databases such as MEDLINE, using the following descriptors MeSH (Medical Subject Headings): ‘Sexual Minorities’, ‘Health’, ‘African Continental Ancestry Group’ and ‘Brazil’. To achieve safe and reproducible research, the authors decided to gather the descriptors using Boolean operators AND and OR, in the following manner: in the VHL, Sexual Minorities AND Health AND African Continental Ancestry Group OR Brazil; in SCOPUS, Sexual Minorities AND Health AND African Continental Ancestry Group. The selection of articles occurred in two stages. Results: Of the 52 results found, this study included 14 articles, according to the stages of screening and eligibility criteria. The research carried out proved to be scarce when related to Brazil, so that the review was constructed from studies carried out in international environment. Conclusion: The scarcity of studies in this area suggested lack of knowledge on the health profiles of the LGBT Afro Population. The individualized attention proved to be insufficient and reveals the need for training health professionals aware of the aspects and health care for this population, with a view to implementing integral health policies that already exist.
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Watson, Laurel B., Dawn Robinson, Franco Dispenza, and Negar Nazari. "African American Women’s Sexual Objectification Experiences." Psychology of Women Quarterly 36, no. 4 (August 10, 2012): 458–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684312454724.
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Muliawan, Haryanti, and Brian H. Kleiner. "African‐American perception of sexual harassment." Equal Opportunities International 20, no. 5/6/7 (August 2001): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02610150110786732.
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S. Maydosz, Ann. "Disproportional representation of minorities in special education." Journal for Multicultural Education 8, no. 2 (June 3, 2014): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-01-2014-0002.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a brief exploration of the disproportional representation of African American students in special education with a focus on addressing racial bias in the identification process at the school level. Design/methodology/approach – This inquiry was conducted through a literature search of data and extant literature on school-level remedies to disproportional representation, particularly bias in the process of special education identification. Findings – While racial bias in any process remains difficult to expose, it cannot be eliminated as a contributing factor in the disproportional representation of African American students in special education. This review will acquaint the reader with competing explanations and proposed remedies. Originality/value – Critics have proposed that the disproportional representation of African American students in special education and in discipline statistics has become a way to segregate minority students, therefore an exploration of this practice merits concern.
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Morison, Tracy, and Ingrid Lynch. "‘We can’t help you here’: The discursive erasure of sexual minorities in South African public sexual and reproductive health services." Psychology of Sexualities Review 7, no. 2 (2016): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssex.2016.7.2.7.
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Worldwide, sexual and gender minorities struggle to access sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. In South Africa, sexual prejudice is entrenched and pervasive in health systems and SRH services do not cater for a diverse range of people. Though health reform is underway, little attention has been given to how sexuality is being addressed in this process, particularly in the National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme currently being piloted. We analyse interview data generated in an NHI pilot district, using discursive methodology, informed by a sexual and reproductive justice standpoint. We show how sexual and gender minorities are discursively in/visibilised in health settings and discuss these findings in relation to the social justice and solidarity aims of health systems reform.
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Morison, Tracy, and Ingrid Lynch. "‘We can’t help you here’: The discursive erasure of sexual minorities in South African public sexual and reproductive health services." Lesbian & Gay Psychology Review 7, no. 2 (July 2006): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpslg.2016.7.2.7.
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Worldwide, sexual and gender minorities struggle to access sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. In South Africa, sexual prejudice is entrenched and pervasive in health systems and SRH services do not cater for a diverse range of people. Though health reform is underway, little attention has been given to how sexuality is being addressed in this process, particularly in the National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme currently being piloted. We analyse interview data generated in an NHI pilot district, using discursive methodology, informed by a sexual and reproductive justice standpoint. We show how sexual and gender minorities are discursively in/visibilised in health settings and discuss these findings in relation to the social justice and solidarity aims of health systems reform.
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Indriyanto, Kristiawan. "ARTICULATING THE MARGINALIZED VOICES: SYMBOLISM IN AFRICAN AMERICAN, HISPANIC, AND ASIAN AMERICAN LITERATURE." British (Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris) 9, no. 2 (September 26, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31314/british.9.2.20-36.2020.
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The present study contextualizes how symbolism is employed by writers of ethnically minority in the United States as an avenue of their agency and criticism against the dominant white perspective. The history of American minorities is marred with legacy of racial discrimination and segregation which highlights the inequality of race. Literature as a cultural production captures the experiences of the marginalized and the use of symbolism is intended to transform themes into the field of aesthetics. This study is a qualitative research which is conducted through the post-nationalist American Studies framework in order to focus on the minorities’ experience instead of the Anglo-Saxon outlook. The object of the study is three playscripts written from authors from Mexican-American, African-American and Asian-American to emphasize how discrimination is faced by multi-ethnic. The finding suggests how symbolism in these literary works intends to counter the stereotypical representation of Mexican-American, aligns with the passive resistance of the Civil Right Movement and subvert binary opposition of East and West which exoticizing the East. Keywords : minority literature in the U.S , symbolism, post-national
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Harris, Allyssa L., Heidi Collins Fantasia, and Courtney E. Castle. "Father 2 Son: The Impact of African American Father–Son Sexual Communication on African American Adolescent Sons’ Sexual Behaviors." American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 155798831880472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988318804725.
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Parent–child sexual communication has been associated with reducing adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Limited research on parent–child sexual communication has been conducted on African American (AA) adolescent males who are at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this research was to examine AA father–son sexual communication and the effect of contextual factors on the sexual risk behaviors. The final sample consisted of 96 AA adolescent males, ages 16–21 years. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the variables of interest (neighborhood characteristics, father–son closeness and connectedness, father–son communication, sexual permissiveness, condom attitudes, sexual risk behaviors). A path model was developed and tested. Results demonstrated that AA father–son closeness and connectedness were related to father–son communication. AA father–son communication was negatively related to sons’ permissiveness and positively related to condom attitudes. Sons’ permissiveness positively predicted their sexual risk behaviors. AA sons’ condom attitudes did not negatively or positively predict their sexual risk behaviors. The findings from this study demonstrate that AA father–son communication is an important factor in decreasing AA adolescent males’ sexual risk behaviors and HIV risk.
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Batisai, Kezia. "BEING GENDERED IN AFRICA’S FLAGDEMOCRACIES: NARRATIVES OF SEXUAL MINORITIES LIVING IN THE DIASPORA." Gender Questions 3, no. 1 (January 13, 2016): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/818.
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 Critical engagement with existing scholarship reveals that many postcolonial African states have set up legal frameworks which institutionalise heterosexuality and condemn counter-sexualities. Clearly discernible from this body of literature is the fact that non-complying citizens constantly negotiate ‘the right to be’ in very political and gendered ways. Ironically, narratives of how these non-complying citizens experience such homophobic contexts hardly find their way into academic discourses, irrespective of the identity battles they fight on a daily basis. To fill this scholarly gap, I first insert the question of diaspora into the argument made extensively in literature that gender, sexuality and homophobia are intrinsic to defining national identity in postcolonial African states. Subsequently, I capture the experiences of queer Africans that emerged out of fieldwork conducted in Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa, between 2011 and 2014. The focus is on the narratives of sexual minorities who migrated permanently to South Africa to flee draconian legislation and diverse forms of sexual persecution in Zimbabwe, Uganda and Nigeria. Juxtaposed with the experiences of South African sexual minorities, deep reflections of how queer foreign nationals have experienced their bodies beyond the borders of their respective homelands tell a particularly interesting story about the meaning of the postcolonial state, read through the intersections of gender, sexuality and diaspora discourses. Local and foreign sexual minorities’ experiences are replete with contradictions, which make for rich and ambivalent analyses of what the reality of being a sexual minority in (South) Africa means. Contrary to queer Africans who construct living in South Africa as an institutionalisation of ‘liberty’, sexual minorities of South African origin frame the country’s democracy as an intricate and confusing space. Although analysed in this article, this conundrum paves the way for further engagement with the interplay between sexuality, homophobia and migration/diaspora discourses, which are often invisible to queer research on the continent.
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Barrientos, Jaime, and Henrique Caetano Nardi. "Introduction: Sexual Minorities’ Discrimination in Iberian and Latin American Countries." Journal of Homosexuality 63, no. 11 (August 12, 2016): 1443–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1222823.
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Gerver, Mollie. "Paying minorities to leave." Politics, Philosophy & Economics 17, no. 1 (July 13, 2017): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470594x17712684.
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In April 1962, white segregationists paid money to African Americans agreeing to leave New Orleans. In 2010, the British National Party proposed paying non-white migrants money to leave the UK. Five years later, a landlord in New York paid African American tenants to vacate their apartments. This article considers when, if ever, it is morally permissible to pay minorities to leave. I argue that paying minorities to leave is demeaning towards recipients and so wrong. Although the payments are wrong, it is not clear if they are impermissible, given the benefits for the recipients. I argue that payments are impermissible if at least one of two conditions are met: The payments demean or harm other members of society, or the payments are provided to recipients who have failed to consent to the payments.
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Wyatt, Gail E., and Monika Riederle. "Sexual Harassment and Prior Sexual Trauma Among African-American and White American Women." Violence and Victims 9, no. 3 (January 1994): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.9.3.233.
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This study examined the relationship between sexual harassment in work, educational, and social settings and sexual abuse in childhood and/or adulthood in a stratified community sample of 248 African-American and white American women. The cumulative impact of sexual victimization on women’s sense of general well-being was also examined. Those most likely to be sexually harassed in work and social settings were women with contact sexual abuse histories, regardless of ethnicity. The work status of harassers of women with sexual abuse histories differed significantly by ethnic group. Although women with prior sexual abuse experiences from both ethnic groups most frequently reported a response to sexual harassment at work, they least frequently did so in social settings. A history of childhood sexual abuse was more negatively associated with African-American women’s well-being than were repeated experiences of sexual violence. Future research should address the implications of ethnic and cultural issues on the cumulative impact of incidents of sexual violence on women of color.
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Braik, Fethia. "New Deal for Minorities." Traduction et Langues 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v16i2.573.
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During the Depression years, minority groups in the United States suffered more than the other segments of the American society. Yet, they were not the focus of New Dealers. One may wonder why and how were the lives of women, African Americans, and Indian Americans, impoverished by the Great Depression, enhanced under the New Deal. At the outset, NIRA codes emphasized women’s inferiority to men since they reinforced traditional long-range place in the labor arena. African Americans, too, suffered more because of the NIRA. Likewise, the AAA and the CCC were administrated in segregationist manners. It was until 1935 onwards that things changed in favor of those minorities. Federal relief programs and agencies like the FERA, the WPA, and the NYA; and many other acts and executive orders contributed significantly in enhancing minorities’ conditions of life during the Depression years
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Tucker-Seeley, Reginald, Carlene Davis, Jubilee Ahazie, Matti Robi, and Leora Steinberg. "A Scoping Review of Aging in Place: Is the Current Literature Inclusive of African American Women?" Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.158.
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Abstract Approximately 80% of adults aged 50+ report a desire to stay in their homes as long as possible, or to “age in place.” Yet, as the US aging population becomes more racially and ethnically diverse, the frameworks used to describe “aging in place” will require explicit recognition of the issues specific to racial/ethnic minorities. For example, given the intersection of historical discrimination related to race, gender, age, and lower socioeconomic status, older African American women are at increased risk for poor health outcomes as they attempt to “age in place.” We conducted a scoping review of “aging in place” studies in the US (N=479), to determine whether current “aging in place” frameworks included issues relevant to racial/ethnic minorities generally, and African American women, specifically. Our inclusion criteria for articles were as follows: 1) a definition of “aging in place”; 2) a conceptual framework related to “aging in place” and/or 3) the incorporation of racial/ethnic minorities generally and African-American women specifically in the research sample. We adapted the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework for our review to search the PubMed database for “aging in place” studies. After applying our inclusion/exclusion criteria (N=244), the findings from our review showed that approximately 40% of studies included an explicit definition of “aging in place” (N=100), but few studies focused on African American women (N=20). Future studies on “aging in place” should consider the unique challenges that African American women face as they navigate the challenges of “aging in place.”
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Haglund, Kristin. "Understanding Sexual Abstinence in African American Teens." MCN, The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 31, no. 2 (March 2006): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005721-200603000-00006.
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Waldrop-Valverde, Drenna G., Teaniese L. Davis, Jessica M. Sales, Eve S. Rose, Gina M. Wingood, and Ralph J. DiClemente. "Sexual concurrency among young African American women." Psychology, Health & Medicine 18, no. 6 (December 2013): 676–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2013.764462.
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Hall, Naomi M., Dawn A. Morales, Tamera Coyne-Beasley, and Janet St. Lawrence. "Correlates of African American Men’s Sexual Schemas." Sex Roles 67, no. 11-12 (October 1, 2012): 670–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0217-4.
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Cecil, Heather, and Steven C. Matson. "Sexual Victimization Among African American Adolescent Females." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 21, no. 1 (January 2006): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260505281606.
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McNair, Lily D., and Helen Neville. "African American Women Survivors of Sexual Assault:." Women & Therapy 18, no. 3-4 (October 1996): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j015v18n03_10.
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Emmanuel, Ima Usen. "Sexual Orientation Identity in Select African and African American Novels." Communication, Society and Media 2, no. 2 (May 28, 2019): p90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/csm.v2n2p90.
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This paper set out to interrogate Sexual Orientation Identity in select African and African American novels, using the Queer theory. Some heterosexual writers inadvertently dwell on queer relationships in their works. Toni Morrison in both The Bluest Eye and Beloved portrayed bestiality/zoophillia, phytophilliac or dendraphilliac, Spectorphilli, incest, rape/molestation, masturbation, polyamorous relationships, homoerotic, homosocial, and heterosexuality. Whereas, Damon Gulet’s In a Strange Room and Sello Duiker’s Thirteen Cents depicted lesbianism, homosexuality and bisexuality. With the likes of Geraldine in Morrison’s The Bluest Eye and Mr Lebowitz in Duiker’s Thirteen Cents, I agree with Tyson on biological essentialism, that the rest of the population is naturally heterosexual. I also agree with other critics that all human beings have the potential for sexual activity that does not fit into heterosexual framework. I share the opinion of social constructionism; that LGBTQ sexuality and heterosexuality are products of social, not biological forces; our societies are fast losing their mores, hence these evil practices. Since patriarchy is the law, no stiff penalty is effected on their wide spread jeopardizing habits. Queerness is a generational destroyer of both moral and humanity. This paper is emphatic that stiff penalties be brought on the practitioners of psychology of peadophile.