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Journal articles on the topic 'African American soldiers United States'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Adeshkin, Ilya Nikolaevich. "The participation of African Americans in the American Expeditionary Forces during the World War I." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 5 (May 2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.5.35717.

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This article examines the participation of African Americans in the World War I in the ranks of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during the 1917 – 1918. The author studies the attitude of the African-American community towards participation in the World War I, describes the peculiarities of military service of African American soldiers in the American Expeditionary Forces, and reveals the manifestations of racial discrimination. The article also reviews the attitude of French soldiers and officers towards African American soldiers of the U. S. Army, analyzes the impact of the acquired combat experience and sociocultural interaction with foreign soldiers upon the activity of African American population in fighting for their rights and freedoms in the United States. In Russian historiography, the participation of African Americans in the American Expeditionary Forces during the World War I, peculiarities of their service, and the impact of war on self-consciousness of this category of military servicemen have not previously become the subject of special research. Based on the article. The conclusion is made that the attitude of African American community towards participation in the World War I was quite ambiguous. Their soldiers faced different forms of discrimination during their military service: they could not serve in the Marine Corps and other elite units, and most of the time were engaged in the rear. A different experience received African American soldiers from the units transferred under the leadership of the French Army, whose officers treated them with respect; the blood shed for their country, combat experience and respectful of the allies enhanced desire of the African Americans to gain equal civil rights and freedoms in their homeland.

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2

Bolzenius, Sandra. "Asserting Citizenship: Black Women in the Women’s Army Corps (wac)." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 39, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03902004.

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Military service has long been seen as one of the few routes available to African American men to demonstrate their rights to full citizenship. In 1942, the Women’s Army Corps (wac) opened this path for black women. More than 6,500 black Wacs served during the Second World War, yet, marginalized while in uniform and later overshadowed in narratives of black servicemen and white servicewomen, they and their unique experiences remain largely unknown outside of academia. This article examines the multiple subordinate positions to which the United States Army confined black Wacs, as black female soldiers, during the first years of the corps; investigates the army’s gender and racial policies and their civilian and military roots; and forefronts the actions of black Wacs who, by challenging their subordination, laid claim to their full rights as soldiers and as citizens.

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3

Diamond, Jeff. "African-American Attitudes towards United States Immigration Policy." International Migration Review 32, no. 2 (1998): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547191.

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4

Diamond, Jeff. "African-American Attitudes towards United States Immigration Policy." International Migration Review 32, no. 2 (June 1998): 451–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200207.

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5

Williams, Karen Jaynes, Martha A. Hargraves, and Keith C. Norris. "Book Reviews: African American Health in the United States." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 11, no. 2 (August 2, 2008): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-008-9168-9.

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6

Schiel, Rebecca, Jonathan Powell, and Ursula Daxecker. "Peacekeeping Deployments and Mutinies in African Sending States." Foreign Policy Analysis 16, no. 3 (April 23, 2020): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa011.

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Abstract Research on host-country effects of peacekeeping deployments has highlighted destabilizing consequences for contributing states, suggesting that deployments can increase the willingness and ability of soldiers to mutiny or attempt coups. Yet others expect that peacekeeping contributions may bring a variety of benefits, including improved civilian control of the armed forces. We reconcile these conflicting assessments in two ways. First, we identify important differences across peacekeeping organizations. Missions undertaken by the United Nations (UN) are generally better funded and equipped, invoke selection criteria that should produce fewer grievances than missions operated by regional organizations, and may be more risk averse. The benefits or hazards of peacekeeping can thus vary substantially, leading to different consequences for organizations. Second, the pros and cons of peacekeeping can incentivize mutinies and coups differently. When grievances are present, financial incentives of peacekeeping may prompt soldiers to prefer mutiny over coups to avoid being disqualified from future participation. We assess these expectations for African states’ participation in UN and non-UN peacekeeping operations from 1990 to 2011. We find no evidence that UN peacekeeping deployments increase mutiny risk, while non-UN deployments have a positive effect on the occurrence of mutiny. These findings remain robust across a large number of model specifications.

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7

Kieh, George Klay. "The American style of development aid to Liberia." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 44, no. 2 (January 30, 2015): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/71.

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There is a growing corpus of literature on the critical issue of the various styles used by donors in giving development aid to recipient states in various parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. This article seeks to contribute to the body of literature by examining the nature and dynamics of the American style of development aid to Liberia and the resulting implications for the latterâ€™s social and economic development. Using the realpolitik model as its analytical framework, the article situates the American style of development aid giving within the broader context of Liberia-United States (US) relations. Based on this foundation, the article then interrogated the flows of US development aid to Liberia from 1946â€“2013. The findings indicate that the American style of aid giving is ostensibly designed to serve the economic, political, military and strategic interests of the US. In this vein, Liberia is required to serve as a foot soldier in the promotion of American national interests in the former and elsewhere. Accordingly, in terms of the implications for social and economic development, for the past six decades American development aid has not helped to advance the material conditions of Liberiaâ€™s subaltern classes. However, in order to change this situation, the US would need to rethink the realpolitik foundation of its development aid programme and the Liberian government would need to press for such a policy rethinking. However, both of these possibilities are highly unlikely, given the USâ€™ determination to prosecute its imperial project and its clientelist relationship with the Liberian government.

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8

Watson, James R. "Resuscitation and Surgery for Soldiers of the American Civil War (1861–1865)." Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 1 (1985): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00032830.

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On June 2, 1862, William A. Hammond, Surgeon General of the United States Army, announced the intention of his office to collect material for the publication of a “Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1861–1865)” (1), usually called the Civil War of the United States of America, or the War Between the Union (the North; the Federal Government) and the Confederacy of the Southern States. Forms for the monthly “Returns of Sick and Wounded” were reviewed, corrected and useful data compiled from these “Returns” and from statistics of the offices of the Adjutant General (payroll) and Quartermaster General (burial of decreased soldiers).

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9

Furman, Andrew, Tom Lutz, and Susanna Ashton. "These "Colored" United States: African American Essays from the 1920s." MELUS 24, no. 1 (1999): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/467923.

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10

Barber, John T., and Oscar H. Gandy. "Press portrayal of African American and white United States representatives." Howard Journal of Communications 2, no. 2 (March 1990): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10646179009359713.

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11

Rivas, Joseph R. "Canada Serving the African American Population in the United States." Neurosurgery 43, no. 3 (September 1998): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199809000-00217.

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12

Royer, Michael, and Mark Crowe. "American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 126, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2002-126-0471-acl.

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Abstract We present 3 cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis occurring in soldiers of a unit of US Army Rangers who parachuted into the jungles of Panama. Shortly after returning to the United States, these 3 soldiers each developed a crusted, indurated papule, which slowly enlarged during the following 6 weeks. Routine microscopy of skin biopsies revealed a dermal granulomatous inflammation and a predominantly lymphoid infiltrate. Numerous histiocytes contained small oval organisms with bar-shaped paranuclear kinetoplasts, morphologically consistent with leishmanial parasites. Cultures grew Leishmaniasis brasiliensis, subspecies panamensis. The soldiers were treated with intravenous pentavalent antimonial therapy daily for 20 days with good clinical improvement. Epidemics of leishmaniasis occur periodically in tropical regions of the world, and leishmaniasis has emerged in new settings, for example, as an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–associated opportunistic infection. With an increasingly mobile society, it is important to be familiar with the clinical and histopathologic appearance of conditions such as leishmaniasis, which are common in tropical and subtropical regions and are increasingly significant in other regions of the world.

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13

Cottrell, David, Michael C. Herron, Javier M. Rodriguez, and Daniel A. Smith. "Mortality, Incarceration, and African American Disenfranchisement in the Contemporary United States." American Politics Research 47, no. 2 (March 23, 2018): 195–237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x18754555.

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On account of poor living conditions, African Americans in the United States experience disproportionately high rates of mortality and incarceration compared with Whites. This has profoundly diminished the number of voting-eligible African Americans in the country, costing, as of 2010, approximately 3.9 million African American men and women the right to vote and amounting to a national African American disenfranchisement rate of 13.2%. Although many disenfranchised African Americans have been stripped of voting rights by laws targeting felons and ex-felons, the majority are literally “missing” from their communities due to premature death and incarceration. Leveraging variation in gender ratios across the United States, we show that missing African Americans are concentrated in the country’s Southeast and that African American disenfranchisement rates in some legislative districts lie between 20% and 40%. Despite the many successes of the Voting Rights Act and the civil rights movement, high levels of African American disenfranchisement remain a continuing feature of the American polity.

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14

Herrera, Ricardo A. "A People and its Soldiers: The American Citizen as Soldier, 1775–1861." International Bibliography of Military History 33, no. 1 (2013): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115757-03301003.

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Military service was the vehicle by which American soldiers from the War of Independence through the Civil War demonstrated and defined their beliefs about the nature of American republicanism and how they, as citizens and soldiers, were participants in the republican experiment. This military ethos of republicanism, an ideology that was both derivative and representative of the larger body of American political beliefs and culture, illustrates American soldiers’ faith in an inseparable connection between bearing arms on behalf of the United States and holding citizenship in it. Patterns of thought and behavior within the ethos were not exclusively military traits, but were characteristic of the larger patterns within American political culture.

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15

Prell, Riv Ellen. "Teaching African American-Jewish American Relations in the United States: A Special Section." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 15, no. 3 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.1997.0032.

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16

Trotter, Joe W. "African American Fraternal Associations in American History: An Introduction." Social Science History 28, no. 3 (2004): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012797.

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The growth of black fraternal associations is closely intertwined with the larger history of voluntary associations in American society. In the aftermath of the American Revolution, compared to its European counterparts, the United States soon gained a reputation as “a nation of joiners.” As early as the 1830s, the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville described the proliferation of voluntary associations as a hallmark of American democracy. In his view, such associations distinguished America from the more hierarchically organized societies of Western Europe. “The citizen of the United States,” Tocqueville (1947 [1835]: 109) declared, “is taught from his earliest infancy to rely upon his own exertions in order to resist the evils and the difficulties of life; he looks upon social authority with an eye of mistrust and anxiety, and he only claims its assistance when he is quite unable to shift without it.” Near the turn of the twentieth century, a writer for theNorth American Reviewdescribed the final decades of the nineteenth century as the “Golden Age of Fraternity” (Harwood 1897).

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17

Phinney, Jean S., and Mukosolu Onwughalu. "Racial identity and perception of American ideals among African American and African students in the United States." International Journal of Intercultural Relations 20, no. 2 (March 1996): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(95)00040-2.

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18

Obraztsova, Margarita. "Economic relations between the United States and South Africa." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015880-5.

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The article analyses the role of the South African mining sector in the development of long-term relations between the United States and South Africa. Largely with the help of American investments the South African mining industry was formed. Thereby America provided its firms with access to South Africa’s rich resource potential. The increasing dependence of the United States on those types of minerals that are of strategic importance for its defense industry makes relations with South Africa a priority. Therefore, US policy is primarily aimed at ensuring the access of American companies to the South African market.

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19

Hibbert, Liesel. "English in South Africa: parallels with African American vernacular English." English Today 18, no. 1 (January 2002): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078402001037.

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A comparison between Black English usage in South Africa and the United StatesThere has been a long tradition of resistance in South African politics, as there has been for African-Americans in the United States. The historical links between African Americans and their counterparts on the African continent prompt one to draw a comparison between the groups in terms of linguistic and social status. This comparison demonstrates that Black South African English (BSAfE) is a distinctive form with its own stable conventions, as representative in its own context as African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is in the United States.

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20

BOCZAR, DANIEL, DAVID J. RESTREPO, ANDREA SISTI, MARIA T. HUAYLLANI, HUMZA Y. SALEEM, XIAONA LU, GABRIELA CINOTTO, OSCAR J. MANRIQUE, AARON C. SPAULDING, and ANTONIO J. FORTE. "Analysis of Melanoma in African American Patients in the United States." Anticancer Research 39, no. 11 (November 2019): 6333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.13844.

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21

Hamel, Lauren M., Robert Chapman, Mary Malloy, Susan Eggly, Louis A. Penner, Anthony F. Shields, Michael S. Simon, Justin F. Klamerus, Charles Schiffer, and Terrence L. Albrecht. "Critical Shortage of African American Medical Oncologists in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 32 (November 10, 2015): 3697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.59.2493.

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22

Khan, Shaza. "Muslims in the United States." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i1.1740.

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Karen Leonard’s book, Muslims in the United States: The State ofResearch, seeks to provide “a useful research tool for exploring” the largebody of social science research that exists on Islam and Muslims in theUnited States (p. ix). As a “non-Muslim secular scholar” and anthropologist(p. xi), she reviews research that examines the lives of all those whoself-identify as Muslim, including those generally excluded from such discussions,such as Ahmedis, Five Percenters, and homosexuals. The varietyof topics explored in this review promises to draw a broad readership.Topics as diverse as immigration and racialization, international conflictsand intra-Muslim tensions, “un-mosqued” Muslims and extremist ideologuesare all covered. Therefore, those interested in sociology, history, religion,and, more specifically, individuals researching Islam and Muslimswill benefit from reading Muslims in the United States.The book is divided into three sections. In part 1, “Historical Overviewof Muslims in the United States,” Leonard briefly introduces Islam’s basictenets and proceeds to discuss the historical and political realities thataffected the growth of African-American, Arab, and South Asian Muslimpopulations in this country. She identifies three sets of issues that have historically arisen in research and theory building on Muslims in the UnitedStates: legitimacy as it relates to African-American Muslim movements,the problem of religious authority in the smaller national-origin and sectariancommunities, and the lack of research on the lives of “un-mosqued,”“invisible,” or secular Muslims ...

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23

Smith, Susan L. "Mustard Gas and American Race-Based Human Experimentation in World War II." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, no. 3 (2008): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.299.x.

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During World War II, scientists funded by the United States government conducted mustard gas experiments on 60,000 American soldiers as part of military preparation for potential chemical warfare. One aspect of the chemical warfare research program on mustard gas involved race-based human experimentation. In at least nine research projects conducted during the 1940s, scientists investigated how so-called racial differences affected the impact of mustard gas exposure on the bodies of soldiers. Building on cultural beliefs about “race,” these studies occurred on military bases and universities, which became places for racialized human experimentation.

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24

Widawski, Maciej. "Semantic Change in African American Slang." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 48, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stap-2013-0002.

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Abstract Semantic change is an important part of African American slang and involves two mechanisms: figuration and shifting. Both are enormously productive and account for numerous slang expressions based on standard English. This paper presents these processes in detail. Partially drawing from the author’s earlier publications, the presentation is based on lexical material from a sizable database of citations from contemporary African American sources collected through extensive fieldwork in the United States in recent years.

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25

Islam, K. M., Robin High, Veenu Minhas, and Ruth Margalit. "Sexually Transmitted Infections among African-American Population of the Midwest United States." Advances in Infectious Diseases 04, no. 01 (2014): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aid.2014.41009.

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26

Alem, G., MK Maneno, EB Ettienne, and L. Wingate. "Serum Vitamin D Deficiency among African American Women in the United States." Value in Health 19, no. 3 (May 2016): A173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.03.1452.

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27

Isike, Christopher, Ufo Okeke Uzodike, and Lysias Gilbert. "The United States Africa Command: Enhancing American security or fostering African development?" African Security Review 17, no. 1 (March 2008): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2008.9627457.

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28

Long, Charles H. "African American Religion in the United States of America: An Interpretative Essay." Nova Religio 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2003.7.1.11.

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This essay addresses the problematical nature of the meaning of religion as it is related to the formation and destiny of peoples of African descent in the United States. Moving beyond a narrow understanding of the nature of religion as expressed in much of Black Theology, for example, this essay proposes a "thick" and complex depiction of religion in the African American context through a recognition of its relationship to the contact and conquest that marked the modern world.

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29

Guerrero, Perla M. "Paul Ortiz. An African American and Latinx History of the United States." American Historical Review 124, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 1470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz032.

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30

Naghshpour, Shahdad, and Sediq Sameem. "Convergence of Mortality Among African Americans." American Economist 64, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0569434518812782.

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The purpose of this study is to explore any possible convergence in African American mortality rates in the United States. Using county-level data of the United States over a period of nearly five decades (1968-2015), the findings indicate that β-convergence has occurred in mortality rates of African American population implying that their mortality rates are getting closer to their means. The results are particularly stronger for females and the elderly. The findings reflect lower cost of implementation and dissemination of strategies that would target the health of such population. JEL Classifications: II0, I30, R10

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31

McFadden, Emily Jean. "Kinship Care in the United States." Adoption & Fostering 22, no. 3 (October 1998): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599802200303.

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Within the last decade in the United States, kinship care (placement with relatives or those non-related friends of family known as fictive kin) has evolved from an infrequently utilised option for temporary care and/or permanence, to a widely used and often preferred solution for children in need of care. Emily Jean McFadden discusses the background to this development and how it is related to the rising placement of children of colour, particularly African American children and adolescents who are over-represented in the American foster care system. Wide professional recognition of the importance of culture in identity formation and advocacy by professional groups has led to the acknowledgment of kinship care as a preferred placement option; it is now used extensively in many states, both in informal care which takes place outside of court intervention and in the formal foster care system.

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32

Moore, Cornelius. "African Cinema in the American Video Market." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 20, no. 2 (1992): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004716070050153x.

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There are probably a billion videocassettes in the United States. Yet few, probably under a thousand, are African films. I want to ask why this is and describe a strategy to change it.How can one of the least known and most under-funded cinemas in the world, African cinema, find a place in the most lavishly promoted and capitalized media marketplaces on earth, the U.S. feature film market?

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33

Feddes, David. "Islam among African-American Prisoners." Missiology: An International Review 36, no. 4 (October 2008): 505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182960803600408.

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African American prison inmates convert to Islam at a rate faster than any other demographic group in the United States. In this article, I focus on the Christian encounter with Islam among African Americans in prison. First, I examine the wider demographic and historical context influencing the rise of Islam among prisoners. I trace the tendency of African Americans initially to join heterodox Black Nationalist Islamic groups and then to move toward Sunni orthodoxy. I then explore why some African Americans, especially inmates, find Islam more attractive than other Americans do. I discuss prison policy changes that seek to accommodate Muslim practices within a society where the predominant faith is Christianity. Finally, I offer recommendations for Christians to meet challenges and seize opportunities in the encounter with Islam among African American prisoners.

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34

Mastin, Teresa, Shelly Campo, and Natoshia M. Askelson. "African American Women and Weight Loss." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 23, no. 1 (August 22, 2011): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659611414140.

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In the United States, almost 80% of African American women are either overweight or obese. In this study, 46 low-income African American women struggling with weight issues participated in structured interviews using a social cognitive theory framework. Participants shared their social cognitive theory related weight loss thoughts and their perceived weight loss obstacles. Results suggest that although participants’ primary weight-related obstacles were environment-based, for example, unsafe environments in which to engage in regular exercise, they more often offered individual-based solutions. The study concludes with a discussion of media advocacy as a tool that can be used to promote environmental solutions.

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35

Bogan, Vicki, and William Darity. "Culture and entrepreneurship? African American and immigrant self-employment in the United States." Journal of Socio-Economics 37, no. 5 (October 2008): 1999–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2007.10.010.

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36

Steinberg, Stephen. "Just Neighbors?: Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 42, no. 4 (July 2013): 625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306113491549zz.

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37

Fry, Carla A., Erin P. Silverman, and Sarah Miller. "Addressing Pneumococcal Vaccine Uptake Disparities among African-American Adults in the United States." Public Health Nursing 33, no. 4 (April 22, 2016): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phn.12257.

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38

Cyrus, Elena, Rachel Clarke, Dexter Hadley, Zoran Bursac, Mary Jo Trepka, Jessy G. Dévieux, Ulas Bagci, et al. "The Impact of COVID-19 on African American Communities in the United States." Health Equity 4, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0030.

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39

MOSELEY, KATHRYN L., and DAVID B. KERSHAW. "African American and White Disparities in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation in the United States." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 21, no. 3 (May 25, 2012): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180112000072.

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40

Adams, Eugene W. "A Historical Overview of African American Veterinarians in the United States: 1889–2000." Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 31, no. 4 (December 2004): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.31.4.409.

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41

Lichter, Daniel T. "Just neighbors? Research on African American and Latino relations in the United States." Ethnic and Racial Studies 37, no. 5 (November 12, 2013): 905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.854923.

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42

Curtis, Edward E., and Sylvester A. Johnson. "The Transnational and Diasporic Future of African American Religions in the United States." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 87, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 333–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfz018.

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43

Qiao, Shan, LaDrea Ingram, Morgan L. Deal, Xiaoming Li, and Sharon B. Weissman. "Resilience resources among African American women living with HIV in Southern United States." AIDS 33 (June 2019): S35—S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000002179.

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44

Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe. "Building intellectual bridges: from African studies and African American studies to Africana studies in the United States." Afrika Focus 24, no. 2 (February 25, 2011): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02402003.

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The study of Africa and its peoples in the United States has a complex history. It has involved the study of both an external and internal other, of social realities in Africa and the condition of people• of African descent in the United States. This paper traces and examines the complex intellectual, institutional, and ideological histories and intersections of African studies and African American studies. It argues that the two fields were founded by African American scholar activists as part of a Pan-African project before their divergence in the historically white universities after World War II in the maelstrom of decolonization in Africa and civil rights struggles in the United States. However, from the late 1980s and 1990s, the two fields began to converge, a process captured in the development of what has been called Africana studies. The factors behind this are attributed to both demographic shifts in American society and the academy including increased African migrations in general and of African academics in particular fleeing structural adjustment programs that devastated African universities, as well as the emergence of new scholarly paradigms especially the field of diaspora studies. The paper concludes with an examination of the likely impact of the Obama era on Africana studies.

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Hall, Melvin E. "Evaluation’s Race Problem in the United States." American Journal of Evaluation 39, no. 4 (October 22, 2018): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098214018792624.

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Despite political and rhetorical pronouncements of a reduction in racism, growing inequity in U.S. society continues to feature race as a prominent fault line with no evidence of reduction on the horizon. Of significant concern is the degree to which inequity among racially identified subgroups of the population link to policies and practices of local, state, and federal government and thereby influence the operation and evaluation of important programs and services. Evaluation as a principal tool of knowledge creation on behalf of government and the public trust must examine its role with respect to these alarming trends and potential vulnerability. The author examines how race and racism (particularly as focused on African American communities) may influence the theories, models, practices, and techniques of evaluation and calls for creation of an ongoing forum in the American Journal of Evaluation where these critical issues can receive thoughtful and continuous attention from the field.

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Monga, Yvette Djachechi. "Dollars and Lipstick: The United States Through the Eyes of African Women." Africa 70, no. 2 (May 2000): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2000.70.2.192.

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AbstractIn their quest for material well-being Cameroonian women see the United States as a country of virtually boundless opportunities. It is Eldorado, offering chances of earning money by selling cosmetics that are guaranteed not to have been tampered with. It is the new frontier, the Far West, where mothers send their children to study in the hope that a job-oriented education will make it easier for them to return home. It is the future, prefigured in the New York skyscrapers; Cameroonian mothers dream of bringing forth American children, and so giving tham a better chance of absorbing this world of the future. When the American dream is not accessible, the United States still offers an imaginary space where women reinvent the conditions of their existence by adopting some of the signs of American culture in their everyday life in the tropics. The use of lipstick thus appears as the symbol of a world-culture behind which hovers the giant image of the United States. The experiences of Cameroonian women can be extended to women in other African countries and, beyond, to the men of Africa, also suffering the precariousness of the present, faced with the same challenges of the future and engaged in the same quest for material well-being.

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Nadir, Aneesah. "Islam in the African-American Experience." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i2.1714.

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Islam in the African-American Experience is a historical account of Islamin the African-American community. Written by a scholar of African-American world studies and religious studies, this book focuses on theinterconnection between African Americans’ experiences with Islam as itdeveloped in the United States. While this scholarly work is invaluable forstudents and professors in academia, it is also a very important contributionfor anyone seriously interested in Islam’s development in this country.Moreover, it serves as a central piece in the puzzle for Muslims anxious tounderstand Islam’s history in the United States and the relationship betweenAfrican-American and immigrant Muslims. The use of narrative biographiesthroughout the book adds to its personal relevance, for they relate thepersonal history of ancestors, known and unknown, to Islam’s history inthis country. Turner’s work furthers African-American Muslims’ journeytoward unlocking their history.The main concept expressed in Turner’s book is that of signification, theissue of naming and identity among African Americans. Turner argues thatsignification runs throughout the history of Islam among African Americans,dating back to the west coast of Africa, through the Nation of Islam, to manyof its members’ conversion to orthodox Sunni Islam, and through Islamicmessages disseminated via contemporary hip-hop culture. According toTurner, Charles Long refers to signification as “a process by which names,signs and stereotypes were given to non-European realities and peoples duringthe western conquest and exploration of the world” (p. 2). The renamingof Africans by their oppressors was a method of dehumanization andsubjugation.The author argues that throughout the history of African-AmericanMuslims, Islam served to “undercut signification by offering AfricanAmericans a chance to signify themselves” (p. 3). Self-signification is anantithesis to the oppressive use of signification, for it facilitates empowermentand growing independence from the dominant group. In addition,“signification involved double meanings. It was both a potent form ofoppression and a potent form of resistance to oppression” (p. 3). By choosingMuslim names, whether they were Muslim or not, Turner claims that ...

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Forney-Gorman, Alison, and Katy B. Kozhimannil. "Differences in Cervical Cancer Screening Between African-American Versus African-Born Black Women in the United States." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 18, no. 6 (September 8, 2015): 1371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0267-0.

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Brown, Sue-Ellen. "The Under-representation of African American Employees in Animal Welfare Organizations in the United States." Society & Animals 13, no. 2 (2005): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568530054300217.

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AbstractThe purpose of this research was to document the alleged underrepresentation of African Americans employed in U.S. nonhuman animal welfare organizations. A telephone survey of 32 animal welfare organizations yielded responses from 13 with 1,584 employees. Almost all organizations were reluctant to respond. Of the 13 organizations responding, 62% (N = 8) had no African American employees. African Americans made up 4% (N = 63) of the total number of employees with only 0.8% (N = 12) at the top levels (officials, managers, and professionals). African Americans never made up more than 7% of the employees in their respective organization. This paper discusses a model of, and resources for, successful diversity building in nonprofit organizations.

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Halász, Dorottya. "Propaganda Versus Genocide: The United States War Refugee Board and the Hungarian Holocaust." Hungarian Cultural Studies 5 (January 1, 2012): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2012.66.

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In 1944 the Second World War had been raging for more than four long years, with the death toll among soldiers and civilians alike climbing. European Jews constituted a special group of the victims, a fact that leaders of the Allied powers failed to acknowledge. In January 1944 a major revision of previous government policy was brought about in the United States with the establishment of the War Refugee Board in Washington, promising an American commitment to the rescue of European war refugees, including Jews. In March of the same year the situation for Jewish inhabitants in Hungary turned dire as German forces occupied the country. For lack of any other instantly applicable way to influence Hungarian developments, leaders of the new American War Refugee Board decided to launch a propaganda campaign to fight the Nazis and their accomplices. This paper will examine the motivations of American policy makers in focusing on political propaganda measures during the first phase of the Hungarian Holocaust (March–July 1944), and it will describe the logic and workings of the campaign as a means to save Hungary’s Jewry in the last full year of the Second World War.

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