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1

Thomas, Anita Jones. "African American Women's Spiritual Beliefs." Women & Therapy 23, no. 4 (November 15, 2001): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j015v23n04_01.

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2

Hodge, David R., and Trina R. Williams. "Assessing African American Spirituality with Spiritual Ecomaps." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 83, no. 5 (October 2002): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.57.

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While there is increasing awareness that spirituality is a central dimension of human existence, there are few assessment instruments that operationalize spiritual strengths in a clinically useful manner. Further, instruments tailored specifically for African Americans, the population for whom spirituality may be most salient, have been almost completely lacking in the literature. Correspondingly, this paper develops a diagrammatic assessment instrument, spiritual ecomaps, for assessing African American spirituality. After delineating the theoretical components of a spiritual ecomap, practical suggestions are given for the instrument's use, including a number of possible interventions that flow from the assessment process. A case study is provided to familiarize the reader with the instrument. The paper concludes by offering suggestions for using the instrument for other populations in a culturally sensitive manner.
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Cheadle, Alyssa C. D., Christine Dunkel Schetter, Robin Gaines Lanzi, Maxine Reed Vance, Latoya S. Sahadeo, Madeleine U. Shalowitz, M. Vance, et al. "Spiritual and Religious Resources in African American Women." Clinical Psychological Science 3, no. 2 (May 2014): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702614531581.

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4

Roff, Lucinda Lee, Cassandra E. Simon, Debra Nelson-Gardell, and Heather M. Pleasants. "Spiritual Support and African American Breast Cancer Survivors." Affilia 24, no. 3 (June 10, 2009): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109909337372.

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5

Chandler, Diane J. "African American Spirituality: Through Another Lens." Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care 10, no. 2 (November 2017): 159–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193979091701000205.

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African American spirituality provides a rich lens into the heart and soul of the black church experience, often overlooked in the Christian spiritual formation literature. By addressing this lacuna, this essay focuses on three primary shaping qualities of history: the effects of slavery, the Civil Rights Movement under Dr. Martin Luther King's leadership, and the emergence of the Black Church. Four spiritual practices that influence African American spirituality highlight the historical and cultural context of being “forged in the fiery furnace,” including worship, preaching and Scripture, the community of faith and prayer, and community outreach. The essay concludes by recognizing four areas of the lived experiences of African Americans from which the global church can glean: (1) persevering in pain and suffering, (2) turning to God for strength, (3) experiencing a living and passionate faith, and (4) affirming God's intention for freedom and justice to be afforded to every individual.
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Coats, Heather, Janice D. Crist, Ann Berger, Esther Sternberg, and Anne G. Rosenfeld. "African American Elders’ Serious Illness Experiences." Qualitative Health Research 27, no. 5 (July 9, 2016): 634–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732315620153.

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The foundation of culturally sensitive patient-centered palliative care is formed from one’s social, spiritual, psychological, and physical experiences of serious illness. The purpose of this study was to describe categories and patterns of psychological, social, and spiritual healing from the perspectives of aging seriously ill African American (AA) elders. Using narrative analysis methodology, 13 open-ended interviews were collected. Three main patterns were “prior experiences,” “I changed,” and “across past, present experiences and future expectations.” Themes were categorized within each pattern: been through it . . . made me strong, I thought about . . . others, went down little hills . . . got me down, I grew stronger, changed priorities, do things I never would have done, quit doing, God did and will take care of me, close-knit relationships, and life is better. “Faith” in God helped the aging seriously ill AA elders “overcome things,” whether their current illness or other life difficulties.
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Runnels, Ratonia C., Kimberly Parker, and Kyle Erwin. "Identifying spiritual markers in African American HIV positive women." Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought 37, no. 4 (August 17, 2018): 395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2018.1503070.

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8

Corless, Roger. "Dreaming Me: An African American Woman's Spiritual Journey (review)." Buddhist-Christian Studies 22, no. 1 (2002): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcs.2002.0001.

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9

Siler, Shaunna, Kelly Arora, Katherine Doyon, and Stacy M. Fischer. "Spirituality and the Illness Experience: Perspectives of African American Older Adults." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 38, no. 6 (January 19, 2021): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909120988280.

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Background: Disparities in hospice and palliative care (PC) for African Americans have been linked to mistrust toward the healthcare system, racial inequalities, and cultural preferences. Spirituality has been identified as important to African Americans in general. Less is known about the influence of spirituality on African American illness experiences. Objective: The goal of this study was to understand older African Americans’ perspectives on how spirituality influences chronic illness experiences to inform the development of a culturally tailored PC intervention. Methods: In partnership with 5 churches in the Denver metropolitan area, we conducted focus groups with African American older adults (n = 50) with chronic health conditions and their family caregivers. Transcripts were analyzed using a deductive approach. The theoretical framework for this study draws on psychology of religion research. Results: Themes referenced participants’ spiritual orienting systems, spiritual coping strategies, and spiritual coping styles. Psycho-spiritual struggles, social struggles, and sources of social support were also identified. Findings suggest African Americans’ spirituality influences chronic illness experiences. Participants relied on their spirituality and church community to help them cope with illness. In addition, social struggles impacted the illness experience. Social struggles included mistrust toward the healthcare system and not being connected to adequate resources. Participants expressed a need to advocate for themselves and family members to receive better healthcare. Churches were referred to as a trusted space for health resources, as well as spiritual and social support.
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Bradley, Joe. "Defining and Overcoming Barriers between Euro-American Chaplains and African American Families." Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications 63, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154230500906300313.

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This article describes various communication barriers between Euro-American chaplains and African American families which prevent effective spiritual care. These barriers include covert and deeply internalized racism, belief in false ideologies, persistent stereotyping, and being unaware of white privilege. Proposes potential solutions of acknowledging ones own race; becoming sensitive to the history and continuing oppression of Euro-Americans toward African Americans; building multicultural competence through education; and building equal-status relationships with African American individuals.
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11

Moore-Thomas, Cheryl, and Norma L. Day-Vines. "Culturally Competent Counseling for Religious and Spiritual African American Adolescents." Professional School Counseling 11, no. 3 (February 2008): 2156759X0801100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x0801100302.

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Religion and spirituality are deeply rooted in traditional African American culture. Data suggest that African American adolescents maintain higher baseline rates of religious activities and beliefs than their peers (Bachman, Johnston, & O'Malley, 2005; Smith, Faris, Denton, & Regnerus, 2003). Recognizing these data, this article examines strategies for helping school counselors enhance their multicultural counseling competence through the integration of African American adolescents’ value orientations and belief systems in counseling aimed to maximize academic, career, and personal/social development.
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12

Black, Helen K. "Poverty and Prayer: Spiritual Narratives of Elderly African-American Women." Review of Religious Research 40, no. 4 (June 1999): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3512122.

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13

Holt, Cheryl L., Emily Schulz, Beverly Williams, Eddie M. Clark, Min Qi Wang, and Penny L. Southward. "Assessment of Religious and Spiritual Capital in African American Communities." Journal of Religion and Health 51, no. 4 (July 19, 2012): 1061–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9635-4.

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14

Ruppel, Timothy, Jessica Neuwirth, Mark P. Leone, and Gladys-Marie Fry. "Hidden in view: African spiritual spaces in North American landscapes." Antiquity 77, no. 296 (June 2003): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092309.

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How did enslaved African people in North America use material culture to create and signal their own identity? In a paper that has much significance for many other periods and places, the authors draw on archaeological and documentary evidence to show how African spiritual spaces were created in houses and gardens in the form of coded landscapes that were often hidden – though in view.
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Moore-Thomas, Cheryl, and Norma Day-Vines. "Culturally Competent Counseling for Religious and Spiritual African American Adolescents." Professional School Counseling 11, no. 3 (February 2008): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5330/psc.n.2010-11.159.

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16

Frame, Marsha Wiggins, Carmen Braun Williams, and Evelyn L. Green. "Balm in Gilead: Spiritual Dimensions in Counseling African American Women." Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 27, no. 4 (October 1999): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1999.tb00334.x.

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17

Agbere, Dawud Abdul-Aziz. "Islam in the African-American Experience." American Journal of Islam and Society 16, no. 1 (April 1, 1999): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v16i1.2138.

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African-American Islam, especially as practiced by the Nation oflslam, continuesto engage the attention of many scholars. The racial separatist tendency,contrasted against the color blindness of global Islam, has been the focal pointof most of these studies. The historical presence of African Americans in themidst of American racism has been explained as, among other things, the mainimpetus behind African-American nationalism and racial separatism. Islam inthe African-American Experience is yet another attempt to explain this historicalposition. Originally the author's Ph.D. dissertation, the book spans 293pages, including notes, select biographies, indices, and thirteen illustrations. Itstwo parts, "Root Sources" and "Prophets of the City," comprise six chapters; there is also an introduction and an epilogue. The book is particularly designedfor students interested in African-American Islam. The central theme of thebook is the signifktion (naming and identifying) of the African Americanwithin the context of global Islam. The author identifies three factors thatexplain the racial-separatist phenomenon of African-American Islam:American racism, the Pan-African political movements of African-Americansin the early twentieth century, and the historic patterns of racial separatism inIslam. His explanations of the first two factors, though not new to the field ofAfrican-American studies, is well presented. However, his third explanation,which tries to connect the racial-separatist tendency of African-AmericanMuslims to what he tern the “historic pattern of racial separatism” in Islam,seems both controversial and problematic.In his introduction, the author touches on the African American’s sensitivityto signification, citing the long debate in African-American circles. Islam, heargues, offered African Americans two consolations: first, a spiritual, communal,and global meaning, which discoMects them in some way from Americanpolitical and public life; second, a source of political and cultural meaning inAfrican-American popular culture. He argues that a black person in America,Muslim or otherwise, takes an Islamic name to maintain or reclaim Africancultural roots or to negate the power and meaning of his European name. Thus,Islam to the black American is not just a spiritual domain, but also a culturalheritage.Part 1, “Root Sources,” contains two chapters and traces the black Africancontact with Islam from the beginning with Bilal during the time of theProphet, to the subsequent expansion of Islam to black Africa, particularlyWest Africa, by means of conversion, conquest, and trade. He also points to animportant fact: the exemplary spiritual and intellectual qualities of NorthAmerican Muslims were major factors behind black West Africans conversionto Islam. The author discusses the role of Arab Muslims in the enslavement ofAfrican Muslims under the banner of jihad, particularly in West Africa, abehavior the author described as Arabs’ separate and radical agenda for WestAfrican black Muslims. Nonetheless, the author categorically absolves Islam,as a system of religion, from the acts of its adherents (p. 21). This notwithstanding,the author notes the role these Muslims played in the educational andprofessional development of African Muslims ...
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18

Kočan Šalamon, Kristina. "Translating Culture: Contemporary African American Poetry." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 12, no. 2 (December 29, 2015): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.12.2.211-224.

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The paper interrogates cultural specifics of contemporary African American poetry and exhibits translation problems when translating this poetic work. African American writers have always included much of their cultural heritage in their writing and this is immediately noticed by a translator. The cultural elements, such as African American cuisine, attire and style in general, as well as spiritual and religious practices, often play a significant role for African American poets who are proclaiming their identity. Moreover, the paper presents the translation problems that emerge when attempting to transfer such a specific, even exotic, source culture into a target culture, like Slovene. The goal is to show to what extent contemporary African American poetry can successfully be translated into the Slovene language and to highlight the parts that inevitably remain lost in the translation process.
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19

Thurman, Dawn. "Psychosocial Correlates of Depressive Symptoms Among Preadolescent African American Youth." Urban Social Work 2, no. 1 (June 2018): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2474-8684.2.1.48.

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The present study seeks to explore the correlations of depressive symptoms among African American youth. The sample included 118 African American preadolescents (age range: 9–12, M = 10.54; SD = 1.02) living in an urban environment. The sample was primarily female (64.4%, n = 76) and in the 4th grade (43.2%, n = 51). Depressive symptoms were negatively associated with spiritual well-being, self-esteem and positively associated with exposure to violence and bullying. This study identified correlations as well as predictors of depressive symptoms. The predictors include spiritual well-being, bullying, exposure to violence, and self-esteem. These findings documented individual and social level psychosocial factors as an important determinant of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, these findings provided needed empirical evidence documenting factors that affect depressive symptoms among African American children.
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20

Fultz, Lucille P. "Sentimental Confessions: Spiritual Narratives of Nineteenth-Century African American Women (review)." Biography 25, no. 2 (2002): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2002.0021.

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21

Siler, R. Neal. "The Efficacy of Spiritual Direction in the African American Christian Community." Journal of Spiritual Formation and Soul Care 10, no. 2 (November 2017): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193979091701000218.

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22

Banfield, Lori E. "Fostering spiritual resilience and vitality in formerly incarcerated persons of African American descent." Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling: Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications 73, no. 4 (December 2019): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1542305019886532.

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The process of reentry for formerly incarcerated persons can be a burdensome, stigma-laden transition, and any difficult transition requires resilience. African Americans—the group most impacted by incarceration trauma—commonly depend on faith leaders in times of crisis to provide meaning, encouragement, and guidance, fostering spiritual resilience. This study conceptualizes spiritual resilience and proposes it as a vital quality for successful reentry; giving credence to the significant role clergy and pastoral clinicians play in mediating restorative reintegration.
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23

Mellis, James. "Continuing Conjure: African-Based Spiritual Traditions in Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad and Jesmyn Ward’s Sing, Unburied, Sing." Religions 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10070403.

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In 2016 and 2017, Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad and Jesmyn Ward’s Sing, Unburied, Sing both won the National Book Award for fiction, the first time that two African-American writers have won the award in consecutive years. This article argues that both novels invoke African-based spirituality in order to create literary sites of resistance both within the narrative of the respective novels, but also within American culture at large. By drawing on a tradition of authors using African-based spiritual practices, particularly Voodoo, hoodoo, conjure and rootwork, Whitehead and Ward enter and engage in a tradition of African American protest literature based on African spiritual traditions, and use these traditions variously, both as a tie to an originary African identity, but also as protection and a locus of resistance to an oppressive society. That the characters within the novels engage in African spiritual traditions as a means of locating a sense of “home” within an oppressive white world, despite the novels being set centuries apart, shows that these traditions provide a possibility for empowerment and protest and can act as a means for contemporary readers to address their own political and social concerns.
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Vinson, Ebony S., and Carrie B. Oser. "Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation in African American Women With a History of Sexual Violence as a Minor." Violence Against Women 22, no. 14 (July 9, 2016): 1770–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216632614.

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Compared with other ethnic groups, African Americans have the highest rate of childhood victimization. The literature is sparse with regard to suicidal ideation among African American women with a history of sexual violence as a minor. Using survey data, this study utilized logistic regression to investigate the roles of a risk factor, criminal justice involvement, and protective factors, ethnic identity, and spiritual well-being, in experiencing suicidal ideation. Findings suggest that criminal justice involvement and the interaction of ethnic identity and spiritual well-being are important factors in understanding which African American women may be at a greater risk of experiencing suicidal ideation.
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Chiles, Katy L., and Katherine Clay Bassard. "Spiritual Interrogations: Culture, Gender, and Community in Early African American Women's Writing." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 21, no. 2 (2002): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4149247.

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26

Zafar, Rafia, and Katherine Clay Bassard. "Spiritual Interrogations: Culture, Gender, and Community in Early African American Women's Writing." African American Review 34, no. 4 (2000): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2901435.

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27

Weddle-West, Karen, Waldon Joseph Hagan, and Kristie M. Norwood. "Impact of College Environments on the Spiritual Development of African American Students." Journal of College Student Development 54, no. 3 (2013): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/csd.2013.0050.

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28

Griffin, F. J. "Spiritual Interrogations: Culture, Gender, and Community in Early African American Women's Writing." American Literature 72, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-72-1-183.

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29

Stover, Johnnie M. "Radical Spiritual Motherhood: autobiography and empowerment in nineteenth-century African American women." Prose Studies 35, no. 2 (August 2013): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440357.2013.830846.

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30

Horace J. Maxile, Jr. "Olly Wilson's Contemporary Reflection on “I've Been 'Buked,” an African-American Spiritual." Perspectives of New Music 54, no. 2 (2016): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7757/persnewmusi.54.2.0107.

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31

Dunn, Adriana Balaguer, and Sharese Johnson Dawes. "Spirituality-Focused Genograms: Keys to Uncovering Spiritual Resources in African American Families." Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 27, no. 4 (October 1999): 240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.1999.tb00338.x.

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32

Richards, Phillip M., and Katherine Clay Bassard. "Spiritual Interrogations: Culture, Gender, and Community in Early African American Women's Writing." Journal of American History 87, no. 1 (June 2000): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567944.

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33

Lewis, Lisa M. "Medication Adherence and Spiritual Perspectives Among African American Older Women with Hypertension." Journal of Gerontological Nursing 37, no. 6 (February 16, 2011): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20100201-02.

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34

Horace J. Maxile, Jr. "Olly Wilson's Contemporary Reflection on "I've Been 'Buked," an African-American Spiritual." Perspectives of New Music 54, no. 2 (2016): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pnm.2016.0006.

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35

Sample, Maxine. "Book Review: Sentimental Confessions: Spiritual Narratives of Nineteenth-Century African American Women." Christianity & Literature 51, no. 1 (December 2001): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833310105100115.

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36

Bynum, Thomas L. "Downhome Gospel: African American Spiritual Activism in Wiregrass Country (review)." Alabama Review 65, no. 2 (2012): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ala.2012.0022.

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37

Lamis, Dorian A., Christina K. Wilson, Nicholas Tarantino, Jennifer E. Lansford, and Nadine J. Kaslow. "Neighborhood disorder, spiritual well-being, and parenting stress in African American women." Journal of Family Psychology 28, no. 6 (December 2014): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036373.

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38

Dailey, Dawn E., and Anita L. Stewart. "Psychometric characteristics of the spiritual perspective scale in pregnant African-American women." Research in Nursing & Health 30, no. 1 (2007): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.20173.

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39

White, Mary L., and Stephanie Myers Schim. "Development of a Spiritual Self-Care Practice Scale." Journal of Nursing Measurement 21, no. 3 (2013): 450–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.21.3.450.

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Background and Purpose: Development of a valid, reliable instrument to measure spiritual self-care practices of patients with heart failure. Methods: African American patients (N = 142) with heart failure participated in the study. Spiritual advisors from several religious groups reviewed the Spiritual Self-Care Practices Scale (SSCPS) for content validity. Construct validity was determined using a principal components factor analysis. Reliability was established using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. Results: Religious advisors provided suggestions to improve content validity. Four factors consistent with spiritual practices (personal spiritual practices, spiritual practices, physical spiritual practices, and interpersonal spiritual practices) emerged from the factor analysis. The alpha coefficient was moderate at 0.64. Conclusions: Results indicated the SSCPS was reliable and valid for measuring spiritual self-care practices among African Americans with heart failure. Additional testing is needed to confirm results in other patient groups with chronic illnesses.
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WHARRY, CHERYL. "Amen and Hallelujah preaching: Discourse functions in African American sermons." Language in Society 32, no. 2 (February 25, 2003): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404503322031.

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Numerous discourse markers have been examined in conversation and lecture contexts, but research is sparse on markers in the sermon genre and on the religious discourse communities in which sermons occur. This article examines discourse marker functions of sermonic expressions frequent in performed African American sermons (e.g. Amen, Hallelujah, Praise God). Functions identified include those of textual boundary marker, spiritual maintenance filler, rhythmic marker, and the infrequent call-response marker. Results support the importance of the role that culture (here, African oral tradition) plays in sermon performance.
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Kim, Mi-A. "On the Comparative Study of African American’s Blues and Korean’s Arirang." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 53 (March 10, 2019): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.53.596.602.

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There are diverse cultures which have been expressed and sublimed into the form of art when we look into the world history. When it comes to African American culture and Korean culture, African American’s blues, spirituality, and Korean’s Arirang have been in the deep ideological root of the two nations. Under unilateral dominance and colonization, African Americans and Korean nations needed something that could embrace and burst out their agony and sadness. It was the African-American spirituality, blues, and Arirang that sometimes became their mother, their partner and their social company, consoling their despair. Although the early African-American spiritual and blues and Korean’s Arirang didn’t have any specific musical form, they were the reflectors of the two nations’ emotion and culture. It is a legacy that best reflects the sentiment of two nations. The analysis on blues, Black spiritual and Arirang in this paper will be looked into the same viewpoint of Ayana Smith and J Rhee who claimed that African American’ and Korean’s positive power was originated from their singing of blues and Arirang. This paper will unceasingly try hard to analyze the traces of their positive identity through their history and their life story. Blues and Black spiritual were sung anywhere of their life to express their true story. Arirang and other folk songs were also sung anywhere Koreans scattered to burst out their anger, sadness and joy. Likewise, the examination of the history of blues, Black spiritual and Arirang let the readers face up African American’s and Korean’s real life in the form of art. The finding in this paper will supply people with more understanding of blues and Arirang for African Americans and Koreans who were in unique historical and cultural situation. This paper will look into how the musical foundation of these two nations could become the cornerstone of rebuilding up their positive identity in the harsh reality. It will be researched and analyzed in the view of Ayana Smith and J Rhee. This study will explore and analyze the history of blues, Black spiritual and Arirang, which played a crucial role in establishing the positive identity of the two peoples.
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42

Jackson, LeRon C., Laura C. Hanson, Michelle Hayes, Melissa Green, Stacie Peacock, and Giselle Corbie-Smith. "They Lift My Spirit Up." Health Education & Behavior 41, no. 6 (April 9, 2014): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198114529591.

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Background. Active social and spiritual support for persons with cancer and other serious illnesses has been shown to improve psychological adjustment to illness and quality of life. Objective. To evaluate a community-based support team intervention within the African American community using stakeholder interviews. Methods. Support team members were recruited from African American churches, community organizations, and the social network of individuals with serious illness. Support teams provided practical, emotional, and spiritual care for persons with cancer and other serious illness. The intervention was evaluated using semistructured interviews with 47 stakeholders including those with serious illness, support team volunteers, clergy, and medical providers. Results. Stakeholders report multiple benefits to participation in the support team; themes included provision of emotional and spiritual support, extension of support to patients’ family, and support complementary to medical care. Reported barriers to participation were grouped thematically as desiring to maintain a sense of independence and normalcy; limitations of volunteers were also discussed as a barrier to this model of supportive care. Conclusions. This qualitative evaluation provides initial evidence that a support team intervention helped meet the emotional and spiritual needs of African American persons with cancer or other serious illness. Volunteer support teams merit further study as a way to improve quality of life for persons facing serious illness.
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43

Winston, Carole A., Paula Leshner, Jennifer Kramer, and Gillian Allen. "Overcoming Barriers to Access and Utilization of Hospice and Palliative Care Services in African-American Communities." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 50, no. 2 (March 2005): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qqkg-epfa-a2fn-ghvl.

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While there is ample evidence to support the need for hospice and palliative care services for African Americans, only 8% of patients who utilize those services are from African-American communities. The underutilization of end-of-life and palliative care can be attributed to several barriers to service access including incompatibility between hospice philosophy and African-American religious, spiritual, and cultural beliefs; health care disparities; distrust of the medical establishment; physician influence; financial disincentives, and hospice admission criteria. Suggestions for dismantling barriers to care access include developing culturally competent professionals in the health and human services, expanding the philosophy of hospice to include spiritual advisors from client communities, and funding national initiatives to promote improved access to health care at all stages in the life cycle of members of all underserved communities.
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44

Phillips, Irene. "Religious and Spiritual Supports of the Christian African-American HIV-Affected Grandparent Caregiver." Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services 4, no. 4 (February 27, 2006): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j187v04n04_05.

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Black, Helen K. "Life As Gift: Spiritual Narratives of Elderly African-American Women Living in Poverty." Journal of Aging Studies 13, no. 4 (December 1999): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0890-4065(99)00020-1.

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Gash, Jean, Olivia G. M. Washington, David P. Moxley, and Holly Feen-Calligan. "The Relationship between Spiritual Resources and Life Attitudes of African American Homeless Women." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 35, no. 4 (April 2014): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2013.797062.

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Reed, Darius D., and Raymond Adams. "A Social-Ecological Perspective of Spiritual Resilience and Suicidality among African-American Men." Social Work in Public Health 35, no. 8 (October 1, 2020): 710–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2020.1824845.

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48

Pierce, Yolanda. "African American Literature as Spiritual Witness: The Poetic Example of Margaret Alexander Walker." Christianity & Literature 58, no. 2 (March 2009): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833310905800212.

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49

Rankine, Patrice D. "Spiritual, Blues, and Jazz People in African American Fiction: Living in Paradox (review)." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 50, no. 2 (2004): 483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2004.0042.

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50

Wilson, Christina K., Dorian A. Lamis, Stephanie Winn, and Nadine J. Kaslow. "Intimate Partner Violence, Spiritual Well-Being, and Parenting Stress in African-American Women." Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health 16, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2014.957604.

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