Relevant bibliographies by topics / African American studies|Criminology|Gender studies

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'African American studies|Criminology|Gender studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 July 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "African American studies|Criminology|Gender studies"

1

Henriques, Zelma W. "African-American Women:." Women & Criminal Justice 7, no. 1 (1996): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j012v07n01_04.

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Ross, M. B. "QUEERING THE AFRICAN AMERICAN ESSAY." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 11, no. 2 (2005): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10642684-11-2-301.

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Walcott, R. "THE NEW AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDIES: Blackening Queer Studies and Sexing Black Studies." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 12, no. 3 (2006): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10642684-2005-010.

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Trotman, Frances K. "African-American Mothering." Women & Therapy 25, no. 1 (2002): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j015v25n01_02.

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Harris, Shanette M. "Lifting the Veil: African American Images and the European American Gaze." Studies in Gender and Sexuality 9, no. 1 (2008): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15240650701759409.

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Glenn, Cerise L., and Andrew R. Spieldenner. "An Intersectional Analysis of Television Narratives of African American Women with African American Men on “the Down Low”." Sexuality & Culture 17, no. 3 (2013): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-013-9189-y.

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Stone, Leonard. "African American Consciousness." Journal of African American Studies 24, no. 1 (2020): 96–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12111-020-09459-6.

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Greene, Beverly, and Nancy Boyd-Franklin. "African American Lesbian Couples:." Women & Therapy 19, no. 3 (1996): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j015v19n03_06.

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Blount-Hill, Kwan-Lamar, and Victor St. John. "Manufactured “Mismatch”." Race and Justice 7, no. 2 (2017): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368716688741.

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Studies bear out that African Americans are drastically underrepresented in criminology and criminal justice doctoral programs and that, once admitted, they have lower-than-average rates of completion. On average, throughout their careers, African Americans are less likely to secure positions in the most prestigious programs; publish in the most highly regarded journals; or receive tenure, promotion, and compensation commensurate with their European American colleagues. One explanation is that the academy espouses ideals that disadvantage those from a Black cultural background. Through auto-ethnographic narratives, this article explores the ways in which criminology and criminal justice have adopted and reinforced a professional culture that may be incongruent with that of most Black academics. Borrowing from the tenets of critical race theory, we examine the ways in which the field imposes criteria for success counter to the cultural orientation of many African Americans. Finally, we argue the need for field-wide self-assessment and proactive measures to increase receptiveness to, and inclusion of, scholars who bring broader methodological and cultural lenses to both the academic discipline and the practical administration of justice.
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Crowder. "It's Complicated: Thoughts on Nurturing African American Males." Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 27, no. 2 (2011): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jfemistudreli.27.2.137.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "African American studies|Criminology|Gender studies"

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Rivers, Tiffany. "Shoot or Be Shot| Urban America and Gun Violence among African American Males." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10841331.

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<p> Gun homicides are highly concentrated in African American communities and are widespread in urban neighborhoods. African American males are disproportionately victims and perpetrators of gun violence, have a higher propensity to use and carry weapons, and are more likely to die due to gun violence. Few studies, however, provide a detailed account of the history of gun carrying, the value of gun carrying, and the individual and situational factors that lead to or inhibit the use of guns among young African American males. </p><p> Based on semi-structured interviews of 11 African American males obtained via snowball sampling, this thesis explains the causes of African American male gun violence, and describes the patterns and decision-making processes around gun carrying and the use of guns (i.e. how gun were introduced, obtained, used or not used, loved, and despised) among African American males in Oakland, California. Based on the sample&rsquo;s insight, this thesis concludes that strengthening collective efficacy and community-police relationships, providing employment and educational opportunities and resources, implementing mentorship and restorative justice programs, and Crime Prevention Through Experimental Design (CPTED) strategies can reduce gun violence.</p><p>
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Burns-Ramirez, Angela. "The Influence of Gender and Ethnicity on the Identity and Actions of African American Female Criminal Investigators." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10264739.

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<p> In the past four decades, women and African Americans have made great strides in the labor market, breaking the proverbial glass ceiling as well as climbing the corporate ladder. Despite scholarly studies revealing those strides across work domains, the influences of race and gender that continue to exist for African American women in the workplace&mdash;particularly when it comes to the law enforcement field&mdash;have not been studied extensively. </p><p> The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the influence of ethnicity and gender in African American women who were working as criminal investigators in federal law enforcement through the theoretical lens of identity theory and career decision-making. This study employed a phenomenological approach to capture the rich, thick descriptive summaries of participants&rsquo; experiences and convert those findings into emergent themes that accurately described the participants&rsquo; interpretation of those events. Moreover, the researcher used a modified version of Seidman&rsquo;s (2006) three-interview structure for this study.</p><p> There were six findings in this study. First, perceptions of identity, in terms of race and gender or the combination of the two, did not hinder the participants in succeeding in their role as a criminal investigator. Second, participants experienced a variety of issues and challenges as a result of a combination of race and gender in regards to lack of respect, lack of support, and lack of guidance relevant to completing their duties and responsibilities. Third, five factors influenced participants&rsquo; choice of a career as a criminal investigator. Fourth, participants had a difficult time separating their identity as an African American and as a woman. Fifth, many participants perceived that training was a tool that better equipped them for doing the job. Sixth, and lastly, participants made decisions based on following the rules, regulations, and orders that governed the agency.</p><p> This study contributes to the body of research on African American female criminal investigators (and women as a whole) in federal law enforcement. Furthermore, the findings in this study have given these participants a voice. </p>
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Brooks, Johnny. "The Utility of Restorative Justice in Urban Communities For Afro Americans Males 12-17." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1114.

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Juvenile delinquency continues to be a major social problem in the United States. One of the more salient problems with the juvenile justice system in the United States is its staggering incarceration rate, which poses a significant problem for youth exposed to the juvenile justice system, and the community as a whole. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to understand the perspective of the program facilitators about the effectiveness of the restorative justice program in reducing recidivism for African American males aged 12 to 17 in Baltimore City's urban community. This study relied upon restorative justice theory as conceptualized by Braithwaite as the theoretical framework. Using intrinsic case study design, data were collected from 7 restorative justice facilitators, who participated in face-to-face interviews using semistructured, open-ended questions. Miles and Huberman's qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data and to record emerging themes and patterns. The key finding of this study indicates that facilitators believe restorative justice results in a reduction of the recidivism rate specifically through the conferencing program when Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming is incorporated into the process. According to the program facilitators, the conferencing program is effective in reducing juvenile recidivism as it promotes transparency and openness to all stakeholders through being very clear and upfront on all levels with the juveniles, parents, and volunteers. As such, there are implications for positive social change by involving all the stakeholders---family, community, policy makers, and juvenile justice practitioners---that may result in reduced incidences of juvenile offending, thereby promoting safer communities.
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McPherson, Marian. "Framing of African-American Women in Mainstream and Black Women's Magazines." Thesis, University of Missouri - Columbia, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13850741.

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<p> For decades, there has been a concern with the negative framing of black women in the media. Historically, black women are placed into four stereotypical frames: The Mammy, The Jezebel, The Sapphire and The Matriarch. However, in 2008, a new image of black women arose through Michelle Obama. She was well rounded &mdash; beautiful, intelligent, insightful, humorous, strong, yet soft all at the same time. This study seeks to understand the changes in the framing of black women since Michelle Obama&rsquo;s time as First Lady.</p><p> More specifically, this study focuses on the medium of magazine journalism, which seems to be largely ignored in the realm of media studies. Thirty articles from a mainstream (<i>Glamour</i>) and a black women&rsquo;s magazine (<i>Essence</i>) were analyzed for the presence of historical frames along with the emergence of new ones. The study employs the qualitative method of textual analysis as a way to determine frames and their meanings through a grounded theory approach.</p><p> The primary outcomes of this study are a greater understanding of how historical frames still affect how magazines, mainstream and black, frame black women, and the revealing of new frames that depart from those historical representations. Furthermore, this study will be used as a foundation for editors, writers, educators and students alike, to create more authentic and multifaceted stories about black women.</p><p>
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Moore, Courtney L. "Stress and Oppression| Identifying Possible Protective Factors for African American Men." Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3717844.

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<p>One of the most discriminated groups of people in the United States are African American men who experience daily individual, institutional, and systemic racism. This research study will explore how several factors may influence the impact of the experience of discrimination on African American males who are over the age of 18 years. More specifically, this study will examine how formation of a sense of identity, personal definition of life satisfaction and an individual's adaptability in stressful situations impact the overall sense of well-being among African American males in the United States. There were 5 self-report research measures used in this study. This study?s correlations showed that if African American men experience stress in one area, they would also experience stress in other ways. An individual having a more developed racial identity and a higher sense of coherence will have a higher sense of well-being and overall satisfaction with life. The findings in this study can benefit the African American male community by providing more information to understand how discrimination and internalized oppression adversely impact their overall quality of life.
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Dixon, Dorenda Karen. "Family Continuity and Multiple Incarcerations Among African American Women." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2350.

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Scholars have studied incarceration among women in the United States of America for more than a decade, but few studies have explored the influence of repeated incarcerations among African American women and their family relationships. The research question for this study examined how African American women describe the effects of multiple incarcerations on family trust relationships and their ability to reintegrate into the family system and society. This multiple case study was conducted in Chicago, Illinois, and drew a sample of 4 African American women released from prison with histories of multiple incarcerations. The study explored their perspectives through a series of semistructured, in-depth interviews. Data consisted of narrative interview transcripts and artifacts collected and analyzed using a framework of feminist theory and critical criminology. Findings from the analysis indicated these African American women experienced profound and long-term devastation to relationships with family and friends following periods of multiple incarcerations. Repeated periods of imprisonment negatively altered their perceptions of themselves and reduced their social engagement with others. Results of repeated incarcerations included (a) broken trust with loved ones; (b) resentment, anger, and blame; and (c) permanent damage to social and family networks. This study contributes to social change by increasing understanding of the repercussions and effects of multiple incarcerations on African American women and family continuity, and the study offers insight into guiding program development to help families rebuild and stabilize.
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Williams, Jennifer. "The Audacity to Imagine Alternative Futures: An Afrofuturist Analysis of Sojourner Truth and Janelle Monae's Performances of Black Womanhood as Instruments of Liberation." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/390887.

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African American Studies<br>Ph.D.<br>I examine Sojourner Truth and Janelle Monáe’s identity performances to identify some strategies and tactics Black women use to transgress externally defined myths of Black womanhood. I propose that both of these women use their identity as a liberation technology - a spiritual, emotional, physical, and/or intellectual tool constructed and/or wielded by Africana agents. They wield their identity, like an instrument, and use it to emancipate Africana people from the physical and metaphoric chains that restrict them from reproducing their cultural imperatives. I argue that both Truth and Monáe consciously fashion complex narratives of revolutionary Black womanhood as a way to disseminate their identities in ways that “destroy the societal expectations” of Black womanhood and empowers women to reclaim their ability to imagine self-defined Black womanhoods. I analyze the performance texts of Truth and Monáe using Afrofuturism, a theoretical perspective concerned with Africana agents’ speculation of their futures and the functionality of Africana agents’ technologies. Its foundational assumption is the pantechnological perspective, a theory that assumes “everything can be interpreted as a type of technology.” When examining Africana agency using an Afrofuturism perspective, the researcher should examine the devices, techniques, and processes – externally or intra-culturally generated – that have the potential to influence Africana social development.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Davaran, Ardavan Darab. "Predicting race-specific drug arrests| The underexplored role of police agencies." Thesis, Washington State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10043087.

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<p> This study builds on research that explains <i>why</i> differences in drug arrest rates exist across space and by race, and sheds light on <i> how</i> these differences are produced. By identifying police organizational arrangements and practices associated with race-specific drug arrest rates, this research highlights the influence law enforcement agencies have on producing drug arrests, and identifies potential mechanisms that help to explain how disproportionate drug arrest rates across space and by race are produced. Using data gathered from the Law Enforcement Management and Administration Statistics: 2000 Sample Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies, the Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Arrests by Age, Sex, and Race 1999, 2000, and 2001, and the 2000 decennial Census for city-level demographic information, findings demonstrate that police organizational arrangements and practices influence drug arrest rates.</p><p> Key findings from this study indicate that (1) the presence of specialized drug unit personnel and the practice of police agencies supplementing their budgets with drug asset forfeitures are significantly associated with higher drug arrest rates. The positive associations are twice as strong on the black population as the white population; (2) indicators of bureaucratic conditions of structural control, structural complexity and officer diversity are associated with drug arrest rates; and, (3) the practice of police agencies supplementing their budget with drug asset forfeitures is not significantly associated with black or white drug trafficking arrest rates, but is significantly and positively associated with black and white drug possession arrest rates. This indicates that drug asset forfeiture programs may not be achieving their originally intended goals of reducing drug crime by attacking the economic viability of the drug trade (i.e., drug trafficking), and provides preliminary evidence that drug asset forfeiture programs incentivize police agencies to target low level drug users, and minority drug users more specifically.</p>
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Weber, John William. "A Literature of Combat: African American Prison Writers of the Vietnam Era." W&M ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626370.

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Smith, Qiana Brandy. "Parental Mentoring| An African American Approach to Raising Daughters with Self-Esteem." Thesis, Lindenwood University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3722292.

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<p> There is an ample amount of research that documents the positive effect of self-esteem on a child established through an affirmative parental or mentoring relationship, verses a specific parent-mentoring approach designed with a curriculum to enhance the positive self-esteem of African-American daughters based on the relationship with their maternal parent. The purpose of this qualitative study was to answer the following research questions: what strategies and behaviors are used by parents in African-American families to affect the self-esteem of female children and adolescents and, how can strategies and behaviors exhibited by African-American parental mentors be organized in a teachable format for African-American families? By utilizing a portraiture research design to study specific parental mentoring techniques and behavior exhibited by five female parents in African-American families which are intended to affect the self-esteem of their biological African-American female children and adolescents. The project focused on a unique group of African-American parents who had been recognized by the court system as <i>parental mentors </i>. They had been trained to use specific strategies and behaviors to assist their daughters in developing confidence in their ability to think and to cope with the basic challenges in life: success, happiness, self-worth, self-esteem, and efficacy. Overall, the results of the study showed supporting evidence of the importance of parenting African-American females in a diverse format which would allow the elements of self-love, confidence, and historical pride to aid in the comprehension of effective coping procedures. The emerging strategies that were a commonality among the mothers throughout the entire process were consistency, behavior representation, love, historical teachings, communication, processes, and involvement. The mentoring component demonstrated by the mothers exposed them and their truths in a transparent form to all that were involved in a Rites of Passage process. This exposure allowed daughters to view them from a humanistic perspective without the authoritative title of mother, which also allowed them to relate more based on gender and cultural commonalities.</p>
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Books on the topic "African American studies|Criminology|Gender studies"

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Setting down the sacred past: African-American race histories. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010.

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Mutua, Athena D. Progressive Black masculinities. Routledge, 2006.

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Black men worshipping: Intersecting anxieties of race, gender, and Christian embodiment. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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White, Walter Francis. Rope & faggot: A biography of Judge Lynch. University of Notre Dame Press, 2001.

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Gender, race, and nationalism in contemporary black politics. Palgrave Macmillan,c2007., 2007.

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Lorde, Audre. Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Crossing Press, 2004.

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Richie, Beth. Compelled to crime: The gender entrapment of battered Black women. Routledge, 1996.

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Mitchell, Dymaneke D. Crises of identifying: Negotiating and mediating race, gender, and disability within family and schools. IAP, Information Age Publishing, Inc., 2013.

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Beverly, Guy-Sheftall, ed. Gender talk: The struggle for women's equality in African American communities. Ballantine Books, 2003.

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Beverly, Guy-Sheftall, ed. Gender talk: The struggle for women's equality in African American communities. Ballantine Books, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "African American studies|Criminology|Gender studies"

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Williams, Erica Lorraine. "Niara Sudarkasa." In The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042027.003.0006.

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This chapter explores Niara Sudarkasa’s trajectory as a scholar, activist, and higher education administrator. Born in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, and educated at Fisk University, Oberlin College, and Columbia University, Sudarkasa is an Africanist who conducted ethnographic fieldwork in Nigeria and other West African countries. She has made significant contributions to scholarship on feminist anthropology, African Studies, gender and migration, and extended families in the African diaspora. She also served as the president of Lincoln University.
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Wales Freedman, Eden. "Introduction." In Reading Testimony, Witnessing Trauma. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496827333.003.0001.

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The introduction explicates theories of dual-witnessing and Venn liminality and introduces the reader to the terminology the author developed to address readerly engagement of (African) American traumatic and testimonial literature. The introduction also explains how the author’s modes of reading trauma intersect with American literature, critical race theory, and gender criticism and unpacks what (and how) this Venn conversation contributes to the fields of trauma, race, gender, and reception studies and (African) American literature.
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Daniel Barnes, Riché J. "Johnnetta Betsch Cole." In The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042027.003.0007.

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This chapter explores the life of Johnnetta B. Cole, the consummate public anthropologist. She has been an educator, the president of two historically Black colleges for women (Spelman and Bennett), and the director of the Smithsonian Museum of African Art. She completed her PhD in anthropology at Northwestern University, where she studied with Melville Herskovits. Trained as an Africanist, she worked collaboratively with others to develop some of the first Black studies programs in the country. She went on to critically engage issues of gender, class, and sexuality and became passionate about issues of power, privilege and inequality, which she taught, researched, and explored through the lens of anthropology.
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Lewellen, Chelesea, Jeremy W. Bohonos, Eboni W. Henderson, and Gliset Colón. "Re-Complicating Intersectionality Considering Differences in Language and Personality Type When Considering Strategies for African American Women's Career Development." In Implementation Strategies for Improving Diversity in Organizations. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4745-8.ch006.

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The purpose of this chapter is to use mini case studies as a method to explore how diversity in race and gender can affect the work-lives and career trajectories of African American women, and to suggest individual and organizational strategies to facilitate career growth of individuals whose identities intersect with multiple forms of diversity. This chapter will begin with a discussion of Black feminist thought and then proceed to discussions of research regarding African American women in the American workforce, personality type differences and linguistic diversity, and then proceed to a mini case study-based discussion of how these various forms of difference can dynamically interact to form highly nuanced sets of obstacles for African America women and other protected class categories whose identities intersect with one or more intersectional identities. Finally, the authors conclude with a discussion of coping and resistance strategies to improve the career trajectories of African American women.
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Lewellen, Chelesea, Jeremy W. Bohonos, Eboni W. Henderson, and Gliset Colón. "Re-Complicating Intersectionality Considering Differences in Language and Personality Type When Considering Strategies for African American Women's Career Development." In Research Anthology on Challenges for Women in Leadership Roles. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8592-4.ch024.

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The purpose of this chapter is to use mini case studies as a method to explore how diversity in race and gender can affect the work-lives and career trajectories of African American women, and to suggest individual and organizational strategies to facilitate career growth of individuals whose identities intersect with multiple forms of diversity. This chapter will begin with a discussion of Black feminist thought and then proceed to discussions of research regarding African American women in the American workforce, personality type differences and linguistic diversity, and then proceed to a mini case study-based discussion of how these various forms of difference can dynamically interact to form highly nuanced sets of obstacles for African America women and other protected class categories whose identities intersect with one or more intersectional identities. Finally, the authors conclude with a discussion of coping and resistance strategies to improve the career trajectories of African American women.
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Scott-Johnson, Pamela E., and Pamela M. Leggett-Robinson. "A Journey Worth Traveling." In Overcoming Barriers for Women of Color in STEM Fields. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4858-5.ch006.

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Women of color have historically been underrepresented across the sciences. Neuroscience is no exception. Unfortunately, few studies have examined or shed light on how the dual presence of race and gender affects the educational and professional experiences of African American women in science. This chapter will reflect upon the journey of being an African American woman of science (psychology and neuroscience) in the academy and the blessings not abundantly clear. Through a critical lens, recognizing how the journey would have been more difficult without the supportive network of individual and the critical importance of Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Understanding the context of the times and the need to develop networks that facilitate success of future generations of African American female scholars is crucial.
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Redmond, Shana L. "Gospel Drag." In Black Sexual Economies. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042645.003.0009.

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Gender has been under-theorized within studies of people of African descent. This problem has led to the misunderstanding, suppression, and exclusion of transgendered and gender non-conforming people's experiences and identities within research on black sexuality, including black queer sexuality. This problem has been especially egregious in the burgeoning scholarship on black masculinity that has ignored black female and transmale masculinities that challenge the very ontological conceptions of black manhood upon which this scholarship is based. Black transgender and gender non-conforming people have created and continue to fashion a myriad of strategies to construct their identities in various positional relationships to binary gender and sexual categories. Performance has been a means through which these strategies are enacted. Bailey and Richardson interrogate African American gender common sense as demonstrated in dominant institutions of the black mega church and historically black colleges and universities, impact our understanding of trans- or non-conforming masculinities. They also examine how Ballroom and drag culture (and other gender queer communities) allow for and facilitate the construction of both hegemonic and alternative embodiments of masculinities.
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Wales Freedman, Eden. "“To Be Free to Say So”." In Reading Testimony, Witnessing Trauma. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496827333.003.0002.

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This chapter examines Afra-American emancipatory narratives as fundamentally testimonial literature, foundational to ensuing readings of trauma, blackness, and womanhood. Specifically, the chapter analyzes Sojourner Truth’s Narrative (1850), Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861), and Elizabeth Keckley’s Behind the Scenes (1868) to consider how black and female speakers witness through nineteenth-century emancipatory narratives. The chapter also considers an Afra-American narrator’s (in)ability to testify to her personal experience of the prevalence of sexual abuse in American slavery and the misogynoir it reflects; how the intrusion of an amanuensis, editor, or pseudonym into a narrative affects its witnessing potential; and how gender and race work together and against each other to help and hinder witnessing. Finally, the chapter considers how contemporary readers may respond to these narratives, laying a foundation for succeeding readings of trauma and reception theory and race and gender studies in (African) American literature.
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Lee, Seulghee. "Black Male Studies and Contemporary African American Writing." In Gender in American Literature and Culture. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108763790.014.

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Kalipeni, Ezekiel, and Joseph R. Oppong. "Geography of Africa." In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233923.003.0050.

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This chapter reviews the state of North American geographical research on Africa in the 1990s. During the 1980s research on Africa dwelt on the many crises, some real and some imagined, usually sensationalized by the media, such as the collapse of the state in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Somalia, and Rwanda and the economic shocks of structural adjustment programs. The 1990s witnessed momentous positive changes. For example, apartheid ended in South Africa and emerging democratic systems replaced dictatorial regimes in Malawi and Zambia. Persuaded that Africa had made progress on many fronts largely due to self-generated advances, some scholars began to highlight the positive new developments (Gaile and Ferguson 1996). Due to space limitations, selecting works to include in this review has been difficult. In many instances we stayed within five cited works (first authorship) for anyone scholar to ensure focus on the most important works and to achieve a sense of balance in the works cited. Thus, research reviewed in this chapter should be treated as a sample of the variety and quality of North American geographical work on Africa. One major challenge was where to draw the boundary between “geography,” “not quite geography,” and “by North American authors” versus others. In these days of globalized research paradigms, geography has benefited tremendously from interchanging ideas with other social and natural science disciplines. Thus, separating North American geographic research in the 1990s from other groundbreaking works that profoundly influence the discipline of geography is difficult. For example, while the empirical subject matter included agriculture, health, gender, and development issues, the related theoretical paradigm often included representation, discourse, resistance, and indigenous development within broader frameworks influenced by the ideas of social science scholars such as Foucault (1970, 1977, 1980), Said (1978), Sen (1981, 1990), and Scott (1977, 1987). This chapter engages these debates. Building upon T. J. Bassett’s (1989) review of research in the 1980s, the chapter develops a typology for the growing research on African issues and related theoretical orientations (Table 36.1). The reviewed works fall into the three main subdisciplines of geography—human geography (by far the most dominant), physical geography now commonly referred to as earth systems science or global change studies, and geographic information systems (GIS).
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