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Howard-Vital, Michelle R. "African-American Women in Higher Education." Journal of Black Studies 20, no. 2 (1989): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002193478902000205.
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Zamani, Eboni M. "African American women in higher education." New Directions for Student Services 2003, no. 104 (2003): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ss.103.
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Lindsay, Beverly. "Public and higher education policies influencing African-American women." Higher Education 17, no. 5 (1988): 563–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00130546.
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Brown, Danice L., Christopher B. Rosnick, and Daniel J. Segrist. "Internalized Racial Oppression and Higher Education Values." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 4 (2016): 358–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798416641865.
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A plethora of research underscores the deleterious effects that racial discrimination can have on the higher education pursuits and experiences of African Americans. The current study investigated the relationship between internalized racial oppression, higher education values, academic locus of control, and gender among a sample of African Americans. Participants were 156 African Americans currently attending college. All participants completed measures of internalized racial oppression, perceived value of higher education, and academic locus of control. Results indicated that greater internalized racial oppression correlated with a lower valuing of higher education and a more external academic locus of control. Subsequent mediational analyses showed that academic locus of control was an intervening variable in the relationship between internalized racial oppression and the value placed on higher education for men, but not women. For African American men, greater experiences of internalized racial oppression predicted a more external locus of control, which subsequently predicted a lower valuing of higher education. Implications for mental health providers and educators were discussed herein.
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Holmes, Valerie L. "Media Review: Pathways to Higher Education Administration for African American Women." Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice 51, no. 4 (2014): 475–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jsarp-2014-0047.
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Shieh, Carol, and Michael T. Weaver. "Comparisons in Perceived Importance of and Needs for Maternal Gestational Weight Information Between African American and Caucasian Pregnant Women." Journal of Perinatal Education 20, no. 2 (2011): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.20.2.100.
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This study compared the perceived importance of and needs for maternal gestational weight information between African American and Caucasian pregnant women. A secondary analysis of data from 113 pregnant women (82 African Americans and 31 Caucasians) attending an inner-city prenatal clinic was conducted for this study. Perceived importance of and needs for information were measured in five areas: (1) nutrition, (2) prenatal vitamins, (3) rest/activity balance, (4) exercise, and (5) appropriate weight gain. African American women demonstrated significantly higher perceived importance of and needs for information on rest/activity balance and appropriate weight gain than Caucasian women. Exercise information was rated lower in importance but was most needed by both African American and Caucasian women. Education programs about maternal gestational weight need to be cognizant of ethnic women’s needs.
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Brown, Maria T., and Luvenia W. Cowart. "Evaluating the effectiveness of faith-based breast health education." Health Education Journal 77, no. 5 (2018): 571–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896918778308.
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Objective: In an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of faith-based health promotion programmes in educating African American women about breast cancer knowledge and risks, the local affiliate of a national breast cancer research foundation funded the Genesis Health Project (GHP) Network, a community-designed, culturally competent intervention, to develop, implement and evaluate the Breast Cancer Awareness and Education Program. This article reports on the faith-based education model used and uses evaluation data to determine whether the intervention improved awareness of breast cancer risk, methods for reducing risk, the importance of early detection and the availability of low-cost or free mammograms. Design: Pastoral health messaging and culturally appropriate strategies were used to heighten awareness of breast cancer risks and prevention, promote mammography and early detection, increase awareness of free/low-cost mammography and encourage the adoption of healthier behaviours. Setting: African American churches and collaborators targeting African American women in a mid-sized city in the northeastern USA. Method: Summative evaluations used paper and pencil pre- and post-event surveys, with measures for objectives targeted by the programme to evaluate the impact of activities. Results: Overall, participants in the Breast Cancer Awareness and Education Program showed improvements in general knowledge about breast cancer, higher breast cancer mortality among African American women, warning signs, risks and ways to mitigate risk, and the availability of low-cost or free mammograms. Conclusion: Findings confirm that faith-based health promotion programmes can be effective in helping to educate inner-city African American women about breast cancer and associated risk factors.
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Neal-Barnett, Angela M., and Janis H. Crowther. "To Be Female, Middle Class, Anxious, and Black." Psychology of Women Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2000): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb00193.x.
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Women of color theorists have suggested that the double minority status of gender and ethnicity places African American women at higher risk for anxiety. However, little information is available about anxiety disorders among African American women. The existing literature subsumes Black women under the general category of African Americans and focuses on low-income samples. In this study, we examine the manifestation of panic disorder in a sample of 15 predominantly middle-class African American women. We then compare these women to a group of 35 predominantly middle-class African American women without panic disorder on several factors, including presence of isolated sleep paralysis, presence of other anxiety disorders, help-seeking behavior, and victimization. Results indicate that African American women with panic disorder experienced isolated sleep paralysis, and that both groups had high levels of sexual victimization. Help-seeking among women with panic and other anxiety disorders was limited to relationship difficulties, sexual assault, and bereavement.
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Kamoun, Camilia, and Diane Spatz. "Influence of Islamic Traditions on Breastfeeding Beliefs and Practices Among African American Muslims in West Philadelphia: A Mixed-Methods Study." Journal of Human Lactation 34, no. 1 (2017): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334417705856.
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Background: Little is known regarding the influence of religion on breastfeeding in African American communities. In particular, whether Islamic traditions influence breastfeeding beliefs and practices among African American Muslims has not been studied. Research aim: This study sought to gain understanding of breastfeeding attitudes, rates, and education among African American Muslims in West Philadelphia and to examine if engaging Islamic teachings in breastfeeding education can positively influence breastfeeding attitudes. Methods: Open-ended, in-person, digitally recorded qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 community leaders and analyzed by conventional content analysis. A study tool distributed to a convenience sample of 44 community members and 11 leaders was used to gather information about education received from community leaders, breastfeeding attitudes and practices, and the potential for Islamic teachings to positively affect breastfeeding attitudes and practices. To obtain further data on this last topic, preliminary data analysis guided the creation of an education pamphlet, about which feedback was gathered through another study tool. Results: Education surrounding Islamic perspectives on breastfeeding was not prevalent. African American Muslims in West Philadelphia view breastfeeding favorably and have higher rates of breastfeeding than African Americans as a whole. Community education about breastfeeding that engaged Islamic teachings improved respondents’ breastfeeding attitudes. Conclusion: Increasing education among providers and African American Muslims about Islamic perspectives on breastfeeding may improve breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Healthcare providers who care for Muslim women should be aware of Islam’s tradition of positive attitudes toward breastfeeding and partner with Muslim leaders to improve breastfeeding rates and duration among such women.
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Sakamoto, Arthur, Ernesto F. L. Amaral, Sharron Xuanren Wang, and Courtney Nelson. "The Socioeconomic Attainments of Second-Generation Nigerian and Other Black Americans: Evidence from the Current Population Survey, 2009 to 2019." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (January 2021): 237802312110019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211001971.
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Second-generation black Americans have been inadequately studied in prior quantitative research. The authors seek to ameliorate this research gap by using the Current Population Survey to investigate education and wages among second-generation black Americans with a focus on Nigerian Americans. The latter group has been identified in some qualitative studies as having particularly notable socioeconomic attainments. The results indicate that the educational attainment of second-generation Nigerian Americans exceeds other second-generation black Americans, third- and higher generation African Americans, third- and higher generation whites, second-generation whites, and second-generation Asian Americans. Controlling for age, education, and disability, the wages of second-generation Nigerian Americans have reached parity with those of third- and higher generation whites. The educational attainment of other second-generation black Americans exceeds that of third- and higher generation African Americans but has reached parity with that of third- and higher generation whites only among women. These results indicate significant socioeconomic variation within the African American/black category by gender, ethnicity, and generational status that merits further research.
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Perkins, Linda M. "“Bound to Them By a Common Sorrow”: African American Women, Higher Education, and Collective Advancement." Journal of African American History 100, no. 4 (2015): 721–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.100.4.0721.
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Perkins, Linda M. "Lucy Diggs Slowe: Champion of the Self-Determination of African-American Women in Higher Education." Journal of Negro History 81, no. 1-4 (1996): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jnhv81n1-4p89.
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Alexander, Traci. "Roots of Leadership: Analysis of the Narratives from African American Women Leaders in Higher Education." International Journal of Learning: Annual Review 17, no. 4 (2010): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v17i04/46973.
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Patitu, Carol Logan, and Kandace G. Hinton. "The experiences of African American women faculty and administrators in higher education: Has anything changed?" New Directions for Student Services 2003, no. 104 (2003): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ss.109.
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Song, Jieun, and Marsha Mailick. "Bereavement and Physiological Dysregulations in African American Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 934–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3424.
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Abstract This study uses data from National Survey of Midlife in the U.S. (MIDUS) to examine the effect of bereavement on physiological dysregulations in African American adults, with moderating effects of gender. Models were estimated using data from 210 Non-Hispanic African American respondents who participated in MIDUS 2 (M2: 2004-2005) and the biomarker data collection (2004-2009). We analyzed data from two groups, respondents who experienced the death of an individual(s) close to them, either family or friends (97 women, 40 men) and respondents who did not experience any deaths of close individuals during the same period (46 women, 27 men), controlling for age, education, marital status, prior family bereavement, number of negative life events since M2, and physical health prior to bereavement. Physiological dysregulations were assessed for 7 systems: HPA axis, glucose metabolism, lipids metabolism, sympathetic system, parasympathetic system, inflammation, and cardiovascular functioning. The results show that African American men and women who experienced bereavement were at higher risk of dysregulation of glucose metabolism (assessed by HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and fasting glucose) than the non-bereaved, even after adjusting prior diabetes diagnosis. In addition, African American women (but not men) who experienced recent bereavement were at higher risk of dysregulation of HPA axis functioning (assessed by urinary cortisol and blood DHEA-S) than their counterparts. The other physiological systems were not significantly associated with bereavement experience in African American adults. The findings suggest that bereavement has adverse impacts on health in African American adults via dysregulations in glucose metabolism and HPA axis functioning.
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Assari, Shervin, and Mohsen Bazargan. "Polypharmacy and Psychological Distress May Be Associated in African American Adults." Pharmacy 7, no. 1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7010014.
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Background: Compared to Whites, African Americans are at a higher risk of multiple chronic conditions, which places them at a higher risk of polypharmacy. Few national studies, however, have tested whether polypharmacy is associated with psychological distress—the net of socioeconomic status, health status, and stress—in African Americans. Aims: In a national sample of African Americans in the US, this study investigated the association between polypharmacy and psychological distress. Methods: The National Survey of American Life (NSAL, 2003) included 3570 African American adults who were 18 years or over. This number was composed of 2299 women and 1271 men. Polypharmacy (using ≥ 5 medications) and hyper-polypharmacy (using ≥ 10 medications) were the independent variables. Psychological distress was the dependent variable. Age, gender, socioeconomic status (education attainment, income, employment, and marital status), health care access (insurance status and usual place of care), and health status (multimorbidity and psychiatric disorders) were the covariates. Linear multivariable regression was applied to perform the data analysis. Results: Both polypharmacy and hyper-polypharmacy were associated with psychological distress. This association was significant after controlling for all the covariates. Conclusions: African Americans with polypharmacy, particularly those with hyper-polypharmacy, are experiencing higher levels of psychological distress, which itself is a known risk factor for poor adherence to medications. There is a need for a comprehensive evaluation of medications as well as screening for psychopathology in African Americans with multiple medical conditions.
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Abrams, Jasmine A., Faye Z. Belgrave, Chelsea D. Williams, and Morgan L. Maxwell. "African American Adolescent Girls’ Beliefs About Skin Tone and Colorism." Journal of Black Psychology 46, no. 2-3 (2020): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798420928194.
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Colorism is a pervasive system of inequality shown to negatively affect psychosocial and economic outcomes among African American adults. Among African American women and girls in particular, the social and psychological implications of colorist practices can be severe. The present study aimed to better understand African American girls’ understanding of this phenomenon during adolescence. Using a phenomenological approach, interviews and focus groups were conducted with African American girls ( N = 30) in order to determine which colorist messages are perceived and potentially internalized as communal beliefs. Iterative coding and subsequent thematic analysis revealed three primary themes and four subthemes: (a) Skin tone and attractiveness (Subthemes: Light skin as beautiful; Dark skin as unattractive), (b) Skin tone and social standing and education level (Subthemes: Dark skin as lower class; Light skin as higher class), and (c) Skin tone and personality/behavioral traits. Findings revealed that African American girls reported contemporary colorism biases similar to those found among African American women, suggesting temporal and generational continuity.
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Greer, Tawanda M., Adrian Laseter, and David Asiamah. "Gender as a Moderator of the Relation between Race-Related Stress and Mental Health Symptoms for African Americans." Psychology of Women Quarterly 33, no. 3 (2009): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036168430903300305.
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The present study tested gender as a moderator of the relationship between race-related stress and mental health symptoms among African American adults. Because African American women are exposed to stressors associated with race and gender, we hypothesized that African American women would have higher levels of race-related stress and more severe mental health outcomes related to experiences of race-related stress compared to African American men. Multivariate analyses revealed that African American men had higher stress appraisals for institutional racism than did women. No significant gender differences were found for cultural and individual racism. Moderated regression analyses revealed that increases in stress appraisals for individual racism were associated with increases in anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms for African American women. Race-related stress had no significant effects on mental health symptoms for African American men. The findings suggest that gender is an important factor in determining the impact of race-related stress on mental health.
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Jones, S. Renée, and Mattyna Stephens. "Faculty Incivility Toward Graduate Students: Voices of Two African American Women." Journal of Underrepresented & Minority Progress 4, no. 1 (2020): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jump.v4i1.1373.
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Student workers are placed at a disadvantage as they have little social power, making them vulnerable to maltreatment by those with higher social power such as supervisors and other faculty members. There is little research that documents incidences of incivility toward student workers. In this study, we delineated the experiences of two African American women who encountered faculty incivility while serving in the role of graduate student worker. The related literature offers insight into the existence of incivility, including the prevalence of workplace incivility, incivility in higher education, social identities and personal accounts. We offered the Student Worker Support (SWS) model that can serve as a reference for adult educators as they encounter, supervise, or instruct student workers.
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Assari, Shervin, Shanika Boyce, Mohsen Bazargan, and Cleopatra H. Caldwell. "A Dream Deferred: African American Women’s Diminished Socioeconomic Returns of Postponing Childbearing from Teenage to Adulthood." Reproductive Medicine 1, no. 2 (2020): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed1020005.
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Background: Brookings Institution has identified postponing childbirth from teenage to adulthood as a major strategy that is needed for upward social mobility of women. However, according to the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs), the associations between aspirations, investments, behaviors, and socioeconomic position (SEP) may be diminished for marginalized groups such as African Americans. Objective: To extend the existing knowledge on the MDRs, the current study had two aims: First to compare White and African American women for the association between postponing childbearing to adulthood and SEP in a national sample of American women. Second, to test correlates of postponing childbearing to adulthood and SEP at birth with long term outcomes 15 years later when the child was 15 years old. Methods: For this longitudinal study, data came from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (FFCWS), a national longitudinal prospective study in the United States (US) that followed an ethnically diverse sample of women from childbirth for 15 years from 1998 to 2016. For the first aim, this study included 2679 women composed of 723 Whites and 1956 African Americans. For the second aim, among 1842 individuals who had available data 15 years later, we measured various economic, behavioral, and mental health outcomes when the child was 15 years old. For aim 1 we ran linear regression. Postponing childbearing to adulthood was the independent variable. The dependent variable, SEP (poverty) was treated as a continuous measure with higher score indicating more poverty. Confounders included marital status and delivery characteristics. For the aim 2, we ran Pearson correlation test (exploratory analysis) to test if baseline SEP correlates with future outcomes. Results: Postponing childbearing from adolescence to adulthood was associated with higher SEP in adulthood, net of all confounders including marital status and education. We found a significant interaction between postponing childbearing from adolescence to adulthood and race on SEP, suggesting that the economic reward of postponing childbearing may be weaker for African American women than for White women. Conclusions: Although postponing the age at childbirth is a recommended strategy for women who wish to maximize their chance of upward social mobility, this strategy may be associated with smaller economic returns for African American women than White women. The results can also be interpreted as MDRs in investments in terms of a postponing childbearing. In a fair society, the same investment should be similarly rewarded across diverse racial groups. In the reality, however, the US society differently rewards White and African American women who postpone childbearing. Research should explore the roles of social stratification, blocked opportunities, and concentrated poverty in explaining the unequal return of such an investment for African American and White women.
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Shulman, Julie L., and Sharon G. Horne. "The Use of Self-Pleasure: Masturbation and Body Image Among African American and European American Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 27, no. 3 (2003): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00106.
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The current investigation examined the relationship between masturbation and body image among 96 women seeking services at a local family planning clinic in a mid-southern U.S. city. Participants completed a questionnaire that assessed body image and masturbatory practices. Ethnic differences were found with European American women reporting greater masturbation frequencies and higher rates of body dissatisfaction than African American women. Among European American women, there was a positive relationship between women's sexual self-pleasuring and positive body image. For African American participants, body image was not related to masturbation practice or frequency.
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Cassidy-Bushrow, Andrea E., Rosalind M. Peters, Charlotte Burmeister, Lawrence F. Bielak, and Dayna A. Johnson. "Neighborhood-Level Poverty at Menarche and Prepregnancy Obesity in African-American Women." Journal of Pregnancy 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4769121.
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Introduction. Menarche is a critical time point in a woman’s reproductive system development; exposures at menarche may influence maternal health. Living in a poorer neighborhood is associated with adult obesity; however, little is known if neighborhood factors at menarche are associated with prepregnancy obesity.Methods. We examined the association of neighborhood-level poverty at menarche with prepregnancy body mass index category in 144 pregnant African-American women. Address at menarche was geocoded to census tract (closest to year of menarche); neighborhood-level poverty was defined as the proportion of residents living under the federal poverty level. Cumulative logistic regression was used to examine the association of neighborhood-level poverty at menarche, in quartiles, with categorical prepregnancy BMI.Results. Before pregnancy, 59 (41%) women were obese. Compared to women in the lowest neighborhood-level poverty quartile, women in the highest quartile had 2.9 [1.2, 6.9] times higher odds of prepregnancy obesity; this was slightly attenuated after adjusting for age, marital status, education, and parity (odds ratio: 2.3 [0.9, 6.3]).Conclusions. Living in a higher poverty neighborhood at menarche is associated with prepregnancy obesity in African-American women. Future studies are needed to better understand the role of exposures in menarche on health in pregnancy.
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Tettey, Naa-Solo, and Barbara Wallace. "Exploring Website Preferences for African American Women: An Evaluation of an Internet-Based Source of Health Information on Eating Healthy and Being Active." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 5 (2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n5p59.
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INTRODUCTION: Internet-based health interventions continue to be popular and effective, and one area of focus of such interventions is weight loss. Although African-American women are regular users of Internet-based health interventions, there is a dearth of research regarding Internet usage and website preferences of this group. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between website attributes that influence African American women to use health-related websites, their stage of change for using the Internet to access information on health care, and predictor variables for website ratings. 
 
 METHODS: The study used a backwards stepwise regression analysis to determine the best predictor of high ratings of the Eat Healthy - Be Active web portal and the Rating and Evaluating Health Care Websites Survey to measure website attitudes and beliefs and stage of change for using the computer and Internet to access health care information. The participants were 206 African American women who use the Internet.
 
 RESULTS: The regression analysis indicated that the predictor variables were education level, BMI, and weight. 
 
 CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that various factors influence the effectiveness of Internet-based interventions targeted at African-American women. Future research should continue to explore these factors, particularly for groups with higher rates of preventable diseases.
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Sternfeld, Barbara, Alicia Colvin, Andrea Stewart, et al. "Understanding Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Physical Performance in Midlife Women: Findings From SWAN (Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation)." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (2019): 1961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz103.
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Abstract Objectives Evaluate degree to which racial/ethnic differences in physical performance are mediated by sociodemographic, health, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. Methods Physical performance was evaluated using a decile score derived from grip strength, timed 4 m walk, and timed repeat chair stand in 1,855 African American, Caucasian, Chinese, Hispanic, and Japanese women, mean age = 61.8 (SD = 2.7) in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Mediators included education, financial strain, comorbidities, pain, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and perceived stress. Structural equation models provided estimates of the total difference in physical performance between Caucasians and each race/ethnic groups and differences due to direct effects of race/ethnicity and indirect effects through mediators. Results The mean decile score for Caucasian women was 16.9 (SD = 5.6), 1.8, 2.6, and 2.1 points higher than the model-estimated scores in African Americans, Hispanics and Chinese, respectively, and 1.3 points lower than the Japanese. Differences between Caucasians and the Chinese and Japanese were direct effects of race/ethnicity whereas in African Americans and Hispanics 75% or more of that disparity was through mediators, particularly education, financial strain, BMI, physical activity, and pain. Discussion Addressing issues of poverty, racial inequality, pain, and obesity could reduce some racial/ethnic disparity in functional limitations as women age.
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Sealy-Jefferson, Shawnita, and Dawn Misra. "Neighborhood Tax Foreclosures, Educational Attainment, and Preterm Birth among Urban African American Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (2019): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060904.
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Ecological evidence suggests that neighborhoods with more tax foreclosures also have more adverse birth outcomes. However, whether neighborhood-level tax foreclosures impact individual-level risk for adverse birth outcomes is unknown. We assessed whether living in a neighborhood with high tax foreclosures is associated with a woman’s preterm birth (PTB) risk and tested for effect modification by educational attainment, among urban African American women from the Life Influence on Fetal Environments Study (2009–2011; n = 686). We linked survey and medical record data to archival, block-group level tax foreclosure data from the county treasurer. We used Modified Poisson regression with robust error variance and included a foreclosure X education interaction in adjusted models. In the overall sample, neighborhood tax foreclosures did not predict PTB (adjusted relative risk: 0.93, CI: 0.74, 1.16), but the association was modified by educational attainment (interaction p = 0.01). Among women with lower education (n = 227), neighborhood tax foreclosures did not predict PTB risk. The association for women with higher education (n = 401) was statistically significant for a reduction in risk for PTB (adjusted relative risk: 0.74, CI: 0.55, 0.98) among those who lived in neighborhoods with high versus low tax foreclosures. Future studies should seek to identify the mechanisms of this association.
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Evans, Stephanie Y. "African American Women Scholars and International Research: Dr. Anna Julia Cooper’s Legacy of Study Abroad." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 18, no. 1 (2009): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v18i1.255.
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In this article, a little-known but detailed history of Black women’s tradition of study abroad is presented. Specifically, the story of Dr. Anna Julia Cooper is situated within the landscape of historic African American students who studied in Japan, Germany, Jamaica, England, Italy, Haiti, India, West Africa, and Thailand, in addition to France. The story of Cooper’s intellectual production is especially intriguing because, at a time when Black women were just beginning to pursue doctorates in the United States, Anna Cooper chose to earn her Ph.D. from the Sorbonne in Paris. In this article, it is demonstrated that her research agenda and institutional choice reflected a popular trend of Black academics to construct their scholarly identities with an international foundation. The intersection of race, gender, nationality, language, and culture are critical areas of inquiry from which to study higher education.
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Speller, Julia M. "Answering the Call: African American Women in Higher Education Leadership - Edited by Beverly L. Bower and Mimi Wolverton." Teaching Theology & Religion 14, no. 1 (2011): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9647.2010.00685.x.
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Mouzon, Dawne M., Robert Joseph Taylor, Ann W. Nguyen, Mosi Adesina Ifatunji, and Linda M. Chatters. "Everyday Discrimination Typologies Among Older African Americans: Gender and Socioeconomic Status." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (2019): 1951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz088.
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Abstract Objectives Discrimination is associated with several negative social, economic, and health consequences. Past research focuses on the impact of discrimination while less is known about both the type and correlates of discrimination, particularly among older adults. Methods Using the National Survey of American Life, we used latent class analysis to identify discrimination typologies (frequency and type) among African Americans aged 55 and older. We then used multinomial logistic regression to identify demographic correlates of discrimination types, including a statistical interaction between gender and educational attainment. Results We identified three discrimination typologies. Increasing age was associated with lower probability of belonging to the high discrimination and disrespect and condescension subtypes. Men and non-Southern residents were most likely to belong in the high discrimination subtype. Higher levels of education increased the probability of belonging in the high discrimination and disrespect and condescension subtypes for older men, but not women. Discussion Older African American men, particularly those with more education, are vulnerable to both high-frequency discrimination and discrimination characterized by disrespect and condescension. This finding suggests that, for men with more years of education, increased exposure to discrimination reflects efforts to maintain social hierarchies (male target hypothesis).
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Generett, Gretchen Givens, and Olga M. Welch. "Transformative Leadership: Lessons Learned Through Intergenerational Dialogue." Urban Education 53, no. 9 (2017): 1102–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085917706598.
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The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it sheds light on an intergenerational leadership process experienced by two African American women. This piece is a leadership story situated within a School of Education in higher education that describes the challenges faced by a Dean with many over 10 years in the role and a newly minted Associate Dean. The influence and impact of intergenerational dialogues is described as a meaningful and necessary process to better understand leadership in institutions of higher education.
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Wilson, George, and Krysia Mossakowski. "FEAR OF JOB LOSS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, no. 2 (2009): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x09990221.
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AbstractSociologists have not attempted to explain the causes of higher levels of perceived job insecurity among racial/ethnic minorities than those of Whites in privileged occupations. This study examines two possible explanations for this finding among White, African American, and Latino professionals and managers. The first emphasizes the discrimination-induced, structural marginality experienced by minorities in the workplace (the marginalized-worker perspective), and the second emphasizes learned dispositions—i.e., fatalism and mistrust—that are brought to the workplace (the dispositional perspective). Using data from the General Social Survey (GSS) and ordered probit regression analyses for both men and women, our findings provide greater support for the marginalized-worker perspective. Results reveal African Americans and Latino men and women have a greater fear of job loss than their White counterparts, regardless of their human capital credentials (e.g., education, work experience) and job/labor market advantages (e.g., job authority, job autonomy, unionized status, favorable market sector). Along these lines, these traditional, stratification-based predictors provide greater insulation from perceived job insecurity for Whites than racial/ethnic minorities. Less support is found for the dispositional perspective: one disposition—fatalism—is associated with greater fear of job loss for African American men and women compared to Whites.
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Ashlee, Aeriel A., Bianca Zamora, and Shamika N. Karikari. "We Are Woke: A Collaborative Critical Autoethnography of Three “Womxn” of Color Graduate Students in Higher Education." International Journal of Multicultural Education 19, no. 1 (2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v19i1.1259.
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This critical collaborative autoethnography examines how three “womxn” of color (Asian American, Latina, and African American) graduate students experience and resist intersectional racism and sexism in higher education. The authors reflect on their individual journeys to “wokeness” and share their collective process of cultivating a community of “sista” scholars integral to their wellness, wokeness, and persistence in an oppressive educational system.
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Fuller, Rhema D., C. Keith Harrison, Scott J. Bukstein, Brandon E. Martin, S. Malia Lawrence, and Paige Gadsby. "That Smart Dude: A Qualitative Investigation of the African American Male Scholar-Baller Identity." Urban Education 55, no. 5 (2016): 813–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085916668955.
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The intersection of education, sport, and identity are important topics for urban education and educators. Using data collected from interviews with 27 African American male college athletes, the current study investigated the lived experiences of this demographic group as they formed ideas about “self” within the realm of higher education. Our findings revealed that their definition of masculinity was at the core of their identities. In addition, participants saw themselves as more than athletes—They were scholars and productive members of surrounding communities. Furthermore, interactions with women, teammates, and non-athletic peers influenced participants’ self-perceptions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Barber, Clifton E. "Olfactory Acuity as a Function of Age and Gender: A Comparison of African and American Samples." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 44, no. 4 (1997): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/81ee-ckjd-redm-fj9g.
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A frequently reported finding in age-related sensory impairment is that olfaction shows consistent and uniform decline with age. In most studies, discerning whether loss in olfaction is due to aging per se or to factors extrinsic to the aging process (e.g., smoking, chemical exposure, head injury) is difficult. Moreover, studies of olfaction have generally relied on data collected from samples drawn primarily from Western societies. As such, little is known regarding differences in olfaction involving non-Western cultures. Using international data from the 1986 National Geographic Smell Survey, responses of 19,219 American respondents and 3,204 respondents from Africa were analyzed. All respondents were screened for factors negatively affecting olfaction. Measures of olfactory acuity included odor detection, identification, intensity, and quality. The odor of interest was androstenone, a scent produced by bacteria on the human body and appearing in sweat. The results indicate that some measures of olfactory acuity tend to decline across age groups, but that this decline is less marked than reported in previous studies. The most important finding is that loss of olfaction is not consistent or uniform between geographic regions of America or Africa, between male vs. female respondents, or among the four measures of olfactory acuity. African respondents (both men and women) had significantly higher percentages of detection than did American respondents, women generally reported higher levels of olfactory functioning than did men, and some measures of olfaction were stable across age groups, or were higher among older respondents (e.g., odor identification).
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Dauphin, Cassy, Nikia Clark, Renee Cadzow, et al. "#BlackBreastsMatter: Process Evaluation of Recruitment and Engagement of Pregnant African American Women for a Social Media Intervention Study to Increase Breastfeeding." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 8 (2020): e16239. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/16239.
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Background In the United States, there are lower rates of breastfeeding among African American mothers, particularly those who are younger women. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong association of more aggressive types of breast cancer (estrogen receptor negative) among African American women, with a higher risk in African American women who did not breastfeed their children. Objective This study aims to describe the process evaluation of recruitment and educational strategies to engage pregnant African American participants for a pilot study designed to determine whether social media messaging about breast cancer risk reduction through breastfeeding may positively influence breastfeeding rates. Methods This pilot study is conducted in collaboration with a local Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) organization and hospital and prenatal clinics of a local health care network. To engage African American women to enroll in the study, several methods and monitoring processes were explored, including WIC electronic text-based messages sent out to all phones of current WIC recipients (referred to as e-blasts); keyword responses to texts from flyers and posters in local community-based organizations, hospitals, and prenatal clinics; keyword responses using electronic links posted in established Facebook groups; and snowball recruitment of other pregnant women by current participants through Facebook. Once enrolled, participants were randomized to 2 study conditions: (1) an intervention group receiving messages about breast cancer risk reduction and breastfeeding or (2) a control group receiving breastfeeding-only messages. Data were obtained through electronic monitoring, SurveyMonkey, qualitative responses on Facebook, focus groups, and interviews. Results More than 3000 text messages were sent and received through WIC e-blasts and keyword responses from flyers. A total of 472 women were recruited through WIC e-blast, and 161 responded to flyers and contacts through the local health care network, community-based organizations, Facebook, and friend referrals. A total of 633 women were assessed for eligibility to participate in the study. A total of 288 pregnant African American women were enrolled, consented, and completed presurvey assessments (102.8% of the goal), and 22 participants attended focus groups or interviews reporting on their experiences with Facebook and the educational messages. Conclusions This process evaluation suggests that using electronic, smartphone apps with social media holds promise for both recruitment and conduct of health education intervention studies for pregnant African American women. Providing messaging and resources through social media to reinforce and educate women about breastfeeding and potentially provide lactation support is intriguing. Convenience (for researchers and participants) is an attribute of social media for this demographic of women and worthy of further research as an educational tool. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03680235; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03680235
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Miller, Stephania T., Jennifer Cunningham-Erves, and Sylvie A. Akohoue. "Diabetes Education, Specialty Care, and Self-Care Advice among Obese African American Women with Type 2 Diabetes." Ethnicity & Disease 26, no. 2 (2016): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.26.2.229.
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<p><strong>Objective</strong>: Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) includes benchmarks for diabetes management. The objective of our study was to describe diabetes management among African American women, a patient group that carries a disproportionate diabetes burden.</p><p><strong>Design:</strong> Cross-sectional survey study.</p><p><strong>Participants:</strong> African American women with type 2 diabetes enrolled in dietary and weight management interventions.</p><p><strong>Main Outcome Measures:</strong> Self-report assessments of diabetes education, specialty care, self-care behaviors and advice. Associations between diabetes self-care behaviors and diabetes advice using Chi-square tests.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Among 96 participants (age = 53 ± 9.4; BMI = 37.9 ± 7.3 kg/m2), reported diabetes education and foot exams were lower than HP2020 benchmarks, 48.9% vs 62.5% and 35.1% vs 74.8%, respectively and higher for dilated eye exams (70.1% vs 58.7%). The most frequently reported dietary advice was to increase fruit/ vegetable intake (58%) and approximately 50% reported physical activity advice. Receiving no exercise advice was associated with greater odds of little or no physical activity (OR = 3.38) and planned exercises (OR = 2.65).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Receipt of diabetes education and some specialty care were below national benchmarks while health care provider advice influenced patient self-care behaviors. Increasing diabetes education and specialty care should be included within existing efforts to address the excess diabetes burden experienced by African American women. Longitudinal studies exploring the relationship between health care provider advice and self-care behaviors are needed. <em>Ethn Dis.</em> 2016;26(2):229-234; doi:10.18865/ed.26.2.229</p>
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Tan, Marissa, Abdullah Mamun, Heather Kitzman, and Leilani Dodgen. "Longitudinal Changes in Allostatic Load during a Randomized Church-based, Lifestyle Intervention in African American Women." Ethnicity & Disease 29, no. 2 (2019): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.29.2.297.
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Introduction: African American (AA) women have disproportionately higher risk of cardiovascular disease than White women, which may be explained by the uniquely higher allostatic load (AL) found in AA women. No studies have tested the effect of lifestyle interventions on AL in AA women. Our objectives were to assess the change in allostatic load following a lifestyle intervention and explore the roles of lifestyle behaviors and socioeconomic factors on allostatic load change.Methods: Participants were non-diabetic (mean age and SD: 48.8±11.2 y) AA women (n=221) enrolled in a church-based, cluster randomized trial testing a standard diabetes prevention program (DPP) and a faith-enhanced DPP with 4-months of follow-up. We assessed the relationships of changes in diet, physical activity, neighborhood disadvantage, individual socioeconomic factors, and other lifestyle variables to changes in AL at 4-months using a multilevel multinomial logistic regression model.Results: Average AL decreased (-.13±.99, P=.02) from baseline to 4-months. After adjusting for other variables, a high school education or less (OR:.1, CI:.02–.49) and alcohol use (OR: .31, CI: .09-.99) contributed to increased AL. Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood was responsible for increased AL, though it was not statistically significant. There were no statistically significant associations between AL and other health behavior changes.Conclusions: Lower education levels may dampen the benefits of lifestyle interventions in reducing AL. Although a significant reduction in AL was found after participation in a lifestyle intervention, more research is needed to determine how lifestyle behaviors and socioeconomic factors influence AL in AA women.Ethn Dis. 2019;29(2):297-308; doi:10.18865/ ed.29.2.297
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FIGUEROA-ARMIJOS, MARIA, and THOMAS G. JOHNSON. "ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL AMERICA ACROSS TYPOLOGIES, GENDER AND MOTIVATION." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 18, no. 02 (2013): 1350014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946713500143.
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This study examines the effect of rurality on early-stage necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship among women and men in America from three rural typology perspectives. To achieve this objective, we build a dataset that combines GEM U.S. individual data for 2005—2010 and county economic characteristics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau. We use three typologies to define rurality and compare the results, the OMB metro-nonmetro classification system (2003), Isserman (2005) and county population density. We further analyze this data in subsamples by gender using cross-section time-series rare events logistic regression with clustered robust errors and year fixed effects. Key findings indicate the three rural typologies show similar results in magnitude, direction and significance, although population density shows sensitivity to the rurality variable and subsamples. Also, compared to women in OMB metro counties in America, women who live in OMB nonmetro counties have a higher probability of engaging in opportunity entrepreneurship. This probability increases with college education and decreases if the woman lives alone or is retired. Among men, living in OMB nonmetro or Isserman rural counties also increases their probability of engaging in opportunity entrepreneurship. College education and being African American also increases this probability. Predictors of necessity entrepreneurship are having an income below 50,000 among women and being employed part time among men.
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Wijayatunga, Nadeeja, Lili Ding, and Chandrika Piyathilake. "Ancestry-Specific Interactions Between Circulatory Folate and One-Carbon Metabolism Genes’ Haplotypes for Higher-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (2021): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab036_027.
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Abstract Objectives Determine ancestry-specific interactions between circulatory folate concentrations, haplotypes of the one-carbon (1C) pathway genes and risk of higher-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) in the US post-folic acid fortification era. Methods Study included self-reported African American and Caucasian American women positive for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and diagnosed with ≤ CIN1 (non-cases, n = 340) or CIN2+ (cases, n = 337). Plasma and red blood cell (RBC) folate, vitamins B12 (B12) and C, and total carotene levels were measured. 660 single nucleotide polymorphisms of the 1C pathway genes and 104 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) were analyzed using buffy coat DNA and customizable Illumina GoldenGate arrays. Global African ancestry (GA) was estimated using the AIMs. Ancestry-based African American (AFR) had GA ≥ 0.8 and European Americans (EA) otherwise. Common haplotype blocks (n = 50) were tested for interactions with circulatory folate using logistic regression adjusting for age, education, body mass index (BMI), body fat %, smoking, parity, hormonal contraception use, plasma total carotene, B12 and C. False discovery rate &lt; 0.1 was considered significant. Results Some of the main findings were, increasing plasma folate (1 SD) decreases the risk of CIN2 + when homozygous for haplotype CG at (rs575425, rs586199) of BHMT gene in EA (odds ratio/OR = 0.13, CI = 0.04,0.44), and for haplotype TA at (rs559062, rs515064) of CTH in AFR (OR = 0.23, CI = 0.1,0.52); increasing RBC folate (1 SD) decreases risk of CIN2 + when homozygous for haplotypes TA at (rs559062, rs515064) of CTH (OR = 0.27, CI = 0.12,0.61), AC at (rs7706298, rs10512934) of MTRR (OR = 0.21, CI = 0.08,0.57), and AGA at (rs11672909, rs759920, rs7253062) of DNMT1 (OR = 0.4, CI = 0.18,0.90) in AFR; and increasing RBC folate (1 SD) increases the risk of CIN2 + when homozygous for haplotypes GG at (rs3856027, rs4650051) of CTH gene (OR = 3.52, CI = 1.27,9.71), and CGG at (rs11672909, rs759920, rs7253062) of DNMT1 (OR = 5.70, CI = 1.86,17.49) in AFR. Conclusions Circulatory folate differentially modulates the risk for CIN2 + by interacting with haplotypes of the 1C pathway genes according to ancestry in reproductive-aged women exposed to US folic acid fortification program. Funding Sources National Cancer Institute
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Barnett, Elizabeth. "Race Differences in the Proportion of Low Birth Weight Attributable to Maternal Cigarette Smoking in a Low-Income Population." American Journal of Health Promotion 10, no. 2 (1995): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-10.2.105.
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Purpose. To quantify race differences in the public health impact of maternal cigarette smoking on infant birth weight and to estimate the proportion of low birth weight births that could be prevented by maternal smoking cessation. Design. A cohort that consisted of 77,751 mother-infant pairs was evaluated retrospectively. Setting. Statewide study of Women, Infants and Children participants in North Carolina. Subjects. African-American and non-Hispanic white women who delivered a single live infant during 1988, 1989, or 1990. Measures. Logistic regression estimates of the relative risk of low birth weight births for smokers were used to calculate adjusted population attributable risk percentages for smoking. Separate population attributable risk percentages were calculated for total low birth weight, moderately low birth weight, and very low birth weight, and all estimates were adjusted for prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, age, education, parity, and timing of entry into prenatal care. Results. Non-Hispanic whites had a much higher prevalence of smoking and were heavier smokers than African-Americans. For both moderately low birth weight and very low birth weight, the population attributable risk percentages for smoking were twice as high for non-Hispanic whites than for African-Americans. Overall, after adjustment, 30.7% of low birth weight births among non-Hispanic whites and 14.4% of low birth weight births among African-Americans were attributable to smoking. Conclusions. Although the public health impact of maternal cigarette smoking on infant birth weight was twice as high for non-Hispanic whites as for African-Americans in this low-income population, smoking cessation by all low-income pregnant women would result in significant improvements in infant health and well-being.
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Allen, Jennifer D., Ifedayo C. Akinyemi, Amanda Reich, Sasha Fleary, Shalini Tendulkar, and Nadeerah Lamour. "African American Women’s Involvement in Promoting Informed Decision-Making for Prostate Cancer Screening Among Their Partners/Spouses." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 4 (2018): 884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988317742257.
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Routine prostate cancer screening is not recommended but African American men who are at higher risk for the disease should be offered the opportunity for shared decision-making with their health-care providers. This qualitative study sought to better understand the potential role of women in educating their male spouses/partners about prostate cancer screening. Nine focus groups were conducted ( n = 52). Women were recruited from a variety of community venues. Those eligible were African American and married to or in a partnership with an African American male age ≥ 45. Women provide numerous types of support to their male partners in an effort to facilitate participation in preventive health care. While women agreed that they would like to educate their partners about prostate cancer screening, they had little information about screening guidelines or the potential harms and limitations. The current findings suggest that women are eager information-seekers and can disseminate information to men and facilitate their efforts to make more informed decisions about prostate cancer screening. Women should be included in educational interventions for to promote informed decision-making for prostate cancer screening.
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Mugoya, George C. T., Tricia Witte, Anneliese Bolland, et al. "Depression and Intimate Partner Violence Among African American Women Living in Impoverished Inner-City Neighborhoods." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 3-4 (2017): 899–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517691519.
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Mental health correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization including negative physical and mental health outcomes are well documented. However, certain subgroups of African American women, such as those living in impoverished, urban communities, are underrepresented in most studies and may experience IPV at higher rates. Furthermore, the circumstances of this women including poverty makes them at risk to IPV and its consequences. The present study estimated the prevalence of IPV victimization and its association with depression in a sample of low-income African American women participating in the Mobile Youth and Poverty Study. Participants in this study were caregivers of adolescents living in extremely impoverished conditions and were part of the Mobile Youth Survey, a community-based, longitudinal, multiple cohort survey conducted between the years 1998 and 2011. Data for the current study were collected between the years 2001 and 2010. The dependent variable was depressive symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale (CES-D). The independent variable was IPV measured using a subsample of items from the Conflict Tactics Scale. Nearly three quarters (73.6%, n = 489) of the sample experienced some form of IPV and 49.1% ( n = 326) had a CES-D depression score of 16 or greater indicating mild to severe depression symptoms. The highest proportion of women who met the CES-D criteria for depression were those experiencing the most severe IPV irrespective of category (i.e., physical, psychological, or combined). Logistic regression analyses showed that women reporting the most severe abuse, irrespective of category, were significantly more likely to meet the CES-D criteria for depression. In addition, low education and receipt of economic assistance were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. The combination of poor economic conditions and IPV may predispose African American women living in impoverished, urban communities to mental health outcomes such as depression.
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King, Kimberly R. "Do You See What I See? Effects of Group Consciousness on African American Women's Attributions to Prejudice." Psychology of Women Quarterly 27, no. 1 (2003): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.t01-2-00003.
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This study examined the effects of three types of group consciousness among African American women ( ethnic, feminist, and womanist) on prejudice attributions and appraised personal significance ( centrality) of a negative intergroup event. African American female college students ( N = 123) imagined themselves in an audiotaped scenario in which they overheard two European American male classmates make negative evaluations of them. The scenario provided no cause for the negative evaluations and no references to race or gender. Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher ethnic and womanist consciousness were related to increased prejudice attributions and greater centrality appraisals ( p < .05), while feminism had no effect. Results suggest that womanist consciousness may be more relevant than traditional feminist consciousness in predicting African American women's perceptions of prejudice.
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Saban, Karen L., Debra Hoppensteadt, Fred B. Bryant, and Holli A. DeVon. "Social Determinants and Heat Shock Protein-70 Among African American and Non-Hispanic White Women With Atherosclerosis." Biological Research For Nursing 16, no. 3 (2013): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800413491422.
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African American (AA) women are nearly twice as likely as non-Hispanic White (NHW) women to develop atherosclerosis associated with cardiovascular disease. Compelling evidence demonstrates that stress-related biomarkers, such as heat shock protein-70 (HSP70), are associated with increased atherosclerosis risk. Yet little is known about how social factors such as perceived discrimination, subjective social status, and socioeconomic status contribute to the levels of these biomarkers in women with atherosclerosis. The aims of this pilot study were to (1) describe perceived everyday discrimination, subjective social status, perceived stress, and HSP70 level in AA and NHW women diagnosed with coronary or carotid artery disease requiring intervention and (2) determine the extent to which perceived discrimination, subjective social status, and perceived stress are associated with HSP70 level, controlling for age, education, and race. The sample for this cross-sectional, descriptive pilot study consisted of 10 AA and 21 NHW women admitted to the hospital for elective percutaneous cardiac intervention or carotid endarterectomy. Participants completed questionnaires measuring psychosocial variables and provided blood samples for analysis of HSP70. Race, age, education, perceived stress, perceived discrimination, and subjective social status significantly ( p = .022) explained 34% of the variance in HSP70 levels. However, only subjective social status ( p = .031) and AA race ( p = .031) were significant independent predictors of HSP70 levels, with lower subjective social status and AA race associated with higher HSP70. Although larger studies are needed to confirm these results, findings imply that race and subjective social status may play an important role in predicting stress biomarker levels.
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Rhodes, Jean E., Karla Fischer, Lori Ebert, and Adena B. Meyers. "Patterns of Service Utilization Among Pregnant and Parenting African American Adolescents." Psychology of Women Quarterly 17, no. 3 (1993): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00486.x.
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This study explored factors associated with differential patterns of social and health service use among pregnant and parenting African American adolescents. One hundred seventy-seven young women between the ages of 14 and 22 took part in the study. Cluster analysis suggested three groups of users: frequent users, moderate users, and inconsistent users. These groups were distinct in terms of their frequency of service usage, perceptions of barriers to usage, and psychological and social functioning. Moderate users appeared to be healthier than either the frequent or inconsistent users, as indicated by their relatively higher levels of psychological functioning. In contrast, inconsistent users were distinguished by their high rates of sexual victimization, their low use of medical services, and their perceptions of many programmatic and personal barriers to usage. Suggestions for research and interventions that encompass the diverse needs of young African American women are made.
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Brunst, Kelly J., Robert O. Wright, Kimberly DiGioia, et al. "Racial/ethnic and sociodemographic factors associated with micronutrient intakes and inadequacies among pregnant women in an urban US population." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 9 (2013): 1960–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013003224.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess sociodemographic correlates of micronutrient intakes from food and dietary supplements in an urban, ethnically diverse sample of pregnant women in the USA.DesignCross-sectional analyses of data collected using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Associations between racial, ethnic and sociodemographic factors and micronutrient intakes were examined using logistic regression controlling for pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal age and smoking status.SettingPrenatal clinics, Boston, MA, USA.SubjectsAnalyses included pregnant women (n 274) in the PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM) study, an urban longitudinal cohort designed to examine how stress influences respiratory health in children when controlling for other environmental exposures (chemical stressors, nutrition).ResultsHigh frequencies of vitamin E (52 %), Mg (38 %), Fe (57 %) and vitamin D (77 %) inadequacies as well as suboptimal intakes of choline (95 %) and K (99 %) were observed. Factors associated with multiple antioxidant inadequacies included being Hispanic or African American, lower education and self-reported economic-related food insecurity. Hispanics had a higher prevalence of multiple methyl-nutrient inadequacies compared with African Americans; both had suboptimal betaine intakes and higher odds for vitamin B6 and Fe inadequacies compared with Caucasians. Nearly all women (98 %) reported Na intakes above the tolerable upper limit; excessive intakes of Mg (35 %), folate (37 %) and niacin (38 %) were also observed. Women reporting excessive intakes of these nutrients were more likely Caucasian or Hispanic, more highly educated, US-born and did not report food insecurity.ConclusionsRacial/ethnic and other sociodemographic factors should be considered when tailoring periconceptional dietary interventions for urban ethnic women in the USA.
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Meng, Ying, Susan W. Groth, Patricia Stewart, and Joyce A. Smith. "An Exploration of the Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain in African American Women: Genetic Factors and Energy Expenditure." Biological Research For Nursing 20, no. 2 (2017): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800417743326.
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Background: Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) has a long-term impact on women’s body weight and contributes to the development of obesity in the mother and her child. Many risk factors for GWG have been identified, but to date, only 6–33.8% of the variance in GWG has been explained. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall variance of GWG that can be explained by including weight-adjusted resting metabolic rate (aRMR) and a genetic risk score constructed on obesity-related genes in addition to sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Methods: In this observational study involving 55 African American women, data collected/measured during pregnancy included sociodemographic factors, medical information, lifestyle factors, aRMR, and seven obesity-related genes. Multivariable linear regression was performed to evaluate the variance in GWG explained by the potential risk factors listed above. Results: The mean GWG was 15 kg (±7.5 kg), and 63.6% of women gained more than the Institute of Medicine’s GWG recommendations. The final regression model explained 53.3% of the variance in GWG. Higher genetic risk score, lower aRMR, and higher dietary intake of total energy and percentage of fat were significantly associated with increased GWG ( p < .05). These factors explained 18% additional variance in GWG over that explained by significant sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in the analysis (i.e., maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index, parity, illegal drug use, and education). Conclusion: Overall, our results indicate that the genetic risk score, aRMR, and dietary intake have a substantial impact on GWG in African American women.
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Murry, Velma McBride. "The Impact of Sexual Activity and Fertility Timing on African American High School Graduates' Later Life Experiences." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 78, no. 4 (1997): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.796.
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Results from this study of 1,666 African American high school graduates' life experiences showed that a significant proportion of adolescent mothers were more successful than conventional stereotypes suggest Several had obtained professional jobs, had middle-income status, and were pursuing additional educational training. The author used data from the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle IV to examine a sample stratified by sexual activity and fertility timing: 474 virgins (28.5%), 570 never-pregnants (34.1%), 65 ever-pregnants (4%), and 557 adolescent mothers (33.4%). Across groups, most of the women had never married, with virgins and adolescent mothers the least likely to be in marital relationships. Of the four groups, virgins reported higher educational, financial, and occupational advancement. Implications for future research, education, and policy are discussed.
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Friedman, Daniela B., Tracey L. Thomas, Otis L. Owens, and James R. Hébert. "It Takes Two to Talk About Prostate Cancer." American Journal of Men's Health 6, no. 6 (2012): 472–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988312453478.
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Prostate cancer (PrCA) is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin cancer among men. African American (AA) men in South Carolina have a PrCA death rate 150% higher than that of European American (EA) men. This in-depth qualitative research explored AA men’s and women’s current practices, barriers, and recommended strategies for PrCA communication. A purposive sample of 43 AA men and 38 AA spouses/female relatives participated in focus groups (11 male groups; 11 female groups). A 19-item discussion guide was developed. Coding and analyses were driven by the data; recurrent themes within and across groups were examined. Findings revealed AA men and women agreed on key barriers to discussing PrCA; however, they had differing perspectives on which of these were most important. Findings indicate that including AA women in PrCA research and education is needed to address barriers preventing AA men from effectively communicating about PrCA risk and screening with family and health care providers.
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Freedman, B. I., J. M. Soucie, and W. M. McClellan. "Family history of end-stage renal disease among incident dialysis patients." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 8, no. 12 (1997): 1942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v8121942.
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As part of a larger study of genetic risk factors for the occurrence of renal failure, the prevalence of a family history of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in first- and second-degree relatives of all incident dialysis patients treated in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina (ESRD Network 6) in 1994 was ascertained. Family histories were obtained from 4365 dialysis patients (83% of those eligible), and 856 (20%) reported having a family history of ESRD. Among race-sex groups, 14.1% of Caucasian men, 14.6% of Caucasian women, 22.9% of African-American men, and 23.9% of African-American women reported a first- or second-degree relative with ESRD (P = 0.001). The prevalence of relatives with ESRD varied by the reported etiology: 22.2% in diabetes mellitus; 18.9% in hypertension, 22.7% in glomerulonephritis; and 13.0% of other etiologies (P = 0.001). Patient characteristics independently associated with family history of ESRD included race, younger age, higher levels of education, and etiology of ESRD. In this report, it is concluded that a large proportion of incident ESRD cases have close relatives with ESRD in whom preventive actions might be directed. Genetic analyses in multiply affected families may identify the inherited factors contributing to progressive renal failure.
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Rhee, Mary K., Curtiss B. Cook, Imad El-Kebbi, et al. "Barriers to Diabetes Education in Urban Patients Perceptions, Patterns, and Associated Factors." Diabetes Educator 31, no. 3 (2005): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721705277022.
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Purpose This study explored patients’ perceptions of barriers to diabetes education among a mostly African American population of adults with diabetes. Methods A survey was conducted among 605 new patients attending an urban outpatient diabetes clinic. The questionnaire gathered information on issues patients believed would adversely affect their ability to learn about diabetes. The type and frequency of education barriers were evaluated, and variables associated with reporting an obstacle were analyzed. Results Average patient age was 50 years, diabetes duration was 5.6 years, body mass index was 32 kg/m2, and hemoglobin A1C was 9.1%. The majority (56%) were women, 89% were African American, and 95% had type 2 diabetes. Most respondents (96%) had received some prior instruction in diabetes care; however, 53% anticipated future difficulties learning about diabetes. The most commonly cited concerns were poor vision (74%) and reading problems (29%). Patients with a perceived barrier to diabetes education were older (P < .001) than were persons without a barrier, and they differed in both employment and educational status (both P < .001). In adjusted analyses, older age, male gender, being disabled, and having an elementary education or less were associated with a significantly increased likelihood of having a barrier to diabetes education, whereas having a college education decreased the odds. Higher hemoglobin A1C levels also tended to be associated with a greater chance of reporting an education barrier (P = .05). Conclusions A substantial number of persons anticipated a barrier to diabetes education. Interventions at multiple levels that address the demographic and socioeconomic obstacles to diabetes education are needed to ensure successful self-management training.