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Littlefield, Melissa B. "Gender Role Identity and Stress in African American Women." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 8, no. 4 (2004): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j137v08n04_06.
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Blackmon, Sha’Kema M., Archandria Owens, Meaghan Leigh Geiss, Vanessa Laskowsky, Stephanie Donahue, and Christina Ingram. "Am I My Sister’s Keeper? Linking Domestic Violence Attitudes to Black Racial Identity." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 3 (2016): 230–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798416633583.
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This exploratory online investigation sought to examine the links between African American college women’s gender role attitudes, Black racial identity attitudes, and domestic violence attitudes toward African American women in heterosexual marital relationships where domestic violence occurs ( N = 192). Less sophisticated Black racial identity attitudes (i.e., pre-encounter and immersion-emersion) predicted greater self-reports of justifying domestic violence toward African American women and believing that African American women benefit from abuse. Pre-encounter and immersion-emersion attitudes also predicted less willingness to help victims. An Afrocentric worldview (i.e., internalization Afrocentricity) was positively predictive of believing that African American women benefit from domestic violence as well as greater willingness to help victims. Appreciating one’s African American identity and other racial and ethnic groups (i.e., internalization multiculturalist inclusive) predicted less justification, fewer reports that African American women benefit from abuse, and a greater willingness to help victims. Post hoc mediation analyses revealed that gender role attitudes and an investment in protecting African American male domestic violence perpetrators (i.e., Black male victimage and justification beliefs) mediated the link between internalization Afrocentricity attitudes and the belief that African American women benefit from abuse.
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Cerezo, Alison, Mariah Cummings, Meredith Holmes, and Chelsey Williams. "Identity as Resistance: Identity Formation at the Intersection of Race, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation." Psychology of Women Quarterly 44, no. 1 (2019): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684319875977.
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Although the concept of intersectionality has gained widespread attention in psychological research, there remains a significant gap related to the impact of intersectionality on identity formation for persons negotiating multiple minority statuses. This gap is especially pronounced among sexual and gender expansive women of Latinx and African American descent—two groups that face disparate personal and public health risks but are largely ignored in the research literature. In response to this gap, we carried out a qualitative study using constructivist grounded theory with 20 Latinx and African American sexual minority, gender expansive women to understand participants’ experiences of forming an intersectional social identity. Following an exploration of identity formation related to the specific domains of race, gender identity, and sexual orientation, we prompted participants to consider how each of the specified identity domains impacted the formation and experience of an overall intersectional identity (e.g., how racial position impacted gender identity and/or sexual identity formation). Findings revealed four major themes that were critical in identity formation: (a) family and cultural expectations, (b) freedom to explore identity, (c) the constant negotiation of insider/outsider status, and (d) identity integration as an act of resistance. Implications for future research and psychological services are discussed.
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Alolaiwi, Hayder Naji Shanbooj. "Gender Trouble and the Tragic Black Woman Hybrids in Clotel, Quicksand and Passing." Journal of Arts and Humanities 6, no. 6 (2017): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v6i6.1185.
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<p>The African-American female character's description in Clotel, Quicksand and Passing are very impressive, among whom Clotel, Clare and Irene are depicted as one of the most important “passing” figures for the whole story. Though sharing some similarities with the traditional Black women in the past African-American novels, Clotel, Clare and Irene are very different. The strong connection with as well as variations than the usual gender pattern are mixed within these women. It is only by this new approach that the reader can re-think Black woman and build a new African-American female identity. Taking into the consideration an ecofeminist point of view, this paper is going to study the points of similarities with and differences from the traditional Black Women in the novel, unwrap on the developing subject identity of Black women in this novel, in order to prove that in this novel female subject identity is more than a true representation of essentialism and dualism, in a special and unique realistic perspective.</p>
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Oikelome, Gloria. "Pathway to the President:The Perceived Impact of Identity Structures on the Journey Experiences of Women College Presidents." International Journal of Multicultural Education 19, no. 3 (2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v19i3.1377.
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This phenomenological study utilizes the framework of Intersectionality to explore the perceived impact of race, gender, and other identity structures on the journey experiences of seven White and six African American women college presidents. Findings suggest that while gender is becoming more peripheral, the interlocking tensions of race and gender often shape the journey experiences of African American women, with race appearing to be a salient factor. Despite challenges resulting from these social constructs, the women employed various strategies for navigating the presidential pipeline including mentorship, leadership development programs, and firm assurance of institutional fit.
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Vinson, Ebony S., and Carrie B. Oser. "Risk and Protective Factors for Suicidal Ideation in African American Women With a History of Sexual Violence as a Minor." Violence Against Women 22, no. 14 (2016): 1770–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801216632614.
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Compared with other ethnic groups, African Americans have the highest rate of childhood victimization. The literature is sparse with regard to suicidal ideation among African American women with a history of sexual violence as a minor. Using survey data, this study utilized logistic regression to investigate the roles of a risk factor, criminal justice involvement, and protective factors, ethnic identity, and spiritual well-being, in experiencing suicidal ideation. Findings suggest that criminal justice involvement and the interaction of ethnic identity and spiritual well-being are important factors in understanding which African American women may be at a greater risk of experiencing suicidal ideation.
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Vick, Astin D., and George Cunningham. "Bias against Latina and African American women job applicants: a field experiment." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 8, no. 4 (2018): 410–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-11-2017-0073.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine bias among White raters against racial minority women seeking employment in fitness organizations. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a 2 (applicant perceived racial identity) × 2 (applicant race) × 2 (hiring directive) factorial design experiment, with participant rater gender serving as the within-subjects variable. Adults in the USA (n=238) who had or were currently working in the fitness industry participated in the study. Findings Results indicate that applicant presumed racial identity and rater gender had direct effects, while applicant presumed racial identity, applicant race and rater gender had interactive effects, as well. Originality/value Results show that perceived racial identity affects raters’ view of job applicants, and the pattern of findings varies among racial groups.
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Muruthi, Bertranna Alero, Emily Janes, Jessica Chou, Shaquinta Richardson, Jamie M. West, and Meagan Chevalier. "“First Thing When I Walk Through the Door, I Am a Black Woman”: Pilot Study Examining Afro-Caribbean Women's Racial and Ethnic Identity." Journal of Systemic Therapies 40, no. 1 (2021): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jsyt.2021.40.1.75.
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Hybrid identity theory was utilized to understand how race and ethnicity were perceived from the perspective of Afro-Caribbean women living in the U.S. Thematic analysis revealed four themes: (1) inability to understand African Americans’ experiences, (2) feelings of racial and gender bias, (3) racial pride in the Black community, and (4) ethnic pride in the Caribbean community as a protective factor. Findings indicate that women's observed racial role distancing was a fluid process where women moved freely between ethnic difference and racial togetherness depending on their perceptions of racial stereotypes among the African American community. Clinical implications are offered.
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Rabinovitch-Fox, Einav. "Fabricating black modernity: Fashion and African American womanhood during the first great migration." International Journal of Fashion Studies 6, no. 2 (2019): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/infs_00007_1.
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The early twentieth century was a time of great influx in America. Shifting demographics in the 1910s and 1920s, most notably the migration of thousands of African Americans from the rural South to the urban centres of the North, opened economic and leisure possibilities that provided new spaces to define black modernity and its role in shaping American identity. Debates over black women’s bodies, clothing, hair, and general appearance stood at the centre of public attention and political discourse over gender and race equality, forming a realm where African Americans could challenge white racist stereotypes regarding black femininity and beauty, as well as a means through which they could claim new freedoms and achieve economic mobility. Middle-class reformers, young black migrants, as well as new role models such as female performers and blues singers, all used dress and appearance to redefine notions of beauty, respectability and freedom on their own terms. For these women, fashions became intertwined with questions of racial progress and inclusion in American society, offering a way to lay claims for equal citizenship that moved beyond individual expressions and preferences. This article highlights the place of fashion as a critical political realm for African Americans, who were often barred from access to formal routes of power in the era of Jim Crow. Shifting the perspective beyond official forms of civil rights activism, it argues that fashion enabled black women to carve new positions of power from which they could actively participate in gender and racial politics, demanding their equal place in American society.
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Burbank, Stephen, and Sean Farhang. "Politics, Identity, and Class Certification on the U.S. Courts of Appeals." Michigan Law Review, no. 119.2 (2020): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.119.2.politics.
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This Article draws on novel data and presents the results of the first empirical analysis of how potentially salient characteristics of Court of Appeals judges influence class certification under Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. We find that the ideological composition of the panel (measured by the party of the appointing president) has a very strong association with certification outcomes, with all-Democratic panels having dramatically higher rates of procertification outcomes than all-Republican panels—nearly triple in about the past twenty years. We also find that the presence of one African American on a panel, and the presence of two women (but not one), is associated with procertification outcomes. Our results show that, contrary to conventional wisdom in scholarship on diversity on the Courts of Appeals, the impact of diversity extends beyond conceptions of “women’s issues” or “minority issues.” The consequences of gender and racial diversity on the bench, through application and elaboration of certification law, radiate widely across the legal landscape, influencing implementation in such areas as consumer, securities, labor and employment, antitrust, insurance, product liability, environmental, and many other areas of law. In considering possible explanations for our findings on the procertification preferences of women and African Americans, we note that class action doctrine, as transsubstantive procedural law, traverses many policy areas. As strategic actors, it would be rational for judges to take into consideration how class-certification doctrine in a case that does not implicate issues on which they have distinctive preferences might affect certification in cases that do. Alternatively, or in addition, our results may be the first evidence that transsubstantive procedural law affecting access to justice is itself a policy domain in which women and African Americans have distinctive preferences. In either case, the results highlight the importance of exploring the effects of diversity on transsubstantive procedural law more generally. Our findings on gender panel effects in particular are novel in the literature on panel effects and the literature on gender and judging. Past work focusing on substantive antidiscrimination law found that one woman can influence the votes of men in the majority (mirroring what we find with respect to African Americans in class-certification decisions). These results allowed for optimism that the panel structure—which threatens to dilute the influence of underrepresented groups on the bench because they are infrequently in the panel majority—actually facilitates minority influence, whether through deliberation, cue taking, bargaining, or some other mechanism. Our gender results are quite different and normatively troubling. We observe that women have substantially more procertification preferences based on outcomes when they are in the majority. However, panels with one woman are not more likely to yield procertification outcomes. Panels with women in the majority occur at sharply lower rates than women’s percentage of judgeships, and thus certification doctrine underrepresents their preferences relative to their share of judgeships and overrepresents those of male judges.
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Rahman, Jacquelyn. "Woman to woman." English World-Wide 32, no. 3 (2011): 309–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.32.3.03rah.
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Professional female comedians frequently face harassment from male fellow performers and from male audience members who take a sexist attitude, essentializing women as psychologically and temperamentally unsuited to the profession of comedy. This paper examines a strategy that African American female comedians employ to overcome the obstacles they face in performing before mixed gender African American audiences. While implementing features that emphasize their African American and female identity, the comedians direct their performances toward women in the audience, employing features and practices comparable to those researchers associate with close female friends in conversation. Intensive use of a strategy that includes taking stances such as confidence sharing and using gendered terms to directly address female audience members establishes solidarity with the women who are listening. Having a large portion of the audience as allies discourages the occurrence of sexist harassment.
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Nguyen, Anh, and Faye Belgrave. "Ethnic Identity and Substance Use Among African American Women: The Mediating Influence of Gender Roles." Journal of Drug Issues 41, no. 3 (2011): 379–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204261104100304.
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Adhikary, Ramesh Prasad. "Gender and racial trauma in Angelou’s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings." AFRREV LALIGENS: An International Journal of Language, Literature and Gender Studies 9, no. 1 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/laligens.v9i1.1.
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This paper analyses racial and gender trauma evoking the tormented state of the narrator, Maya in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Based on the cultural trauma, the researcher analyses the experiences of depressed African American women without identities. The narrator struggles to develop her dignified self and nonconformist outlook comes to block her after she was raped by her mother’s boyfriend Mr. Freeeman. The mysterious murder of her rapist creates the guilt, shame in her psychic as she thinks that she is responsible for his murder. The narrator suffering from the guilt and self-loathing results in her psychic turmoil. She stops speaking to people except her brother, Bailey. In the novel, Angelou tries to raise the voice of Black women to achieve dignified identity in the white racist and sexist America looking back on her childhood experiences. In this regard, this research aims to show reasons that cause the traumatic situation in the narrator due to several events that erupt in African American societies. Not only this, this research work explores issues related to the cause of racial and gender trauma and discusses how the narrator succeeds in working through trauma while in some cases the narrator just acts out it.
 Key Words: Race, Gender, Cultural trauma, Psychic turmoil, identity, self
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Banks, Martha E. "Feminist Voices of Color: History, Identity, and Empowerment." Psychology of Women Quarterly 20, no. 4 (1996): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00326.x.
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African American Single Mothers: Understanding Their Lives and Families, Bette J. Dickerson (Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995. 200 pp., $48.00 (cloth), ISBN: 0-8039-4911-1; $24.00 (paper), ISBN: 0-8039-4912-x. Black Women in America, Kim Marie Vaz (Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995. 396 pp., $52.00 (cloth), ISBN: 0-8039-5454-9; $24.95 (paper), ISBN: 0-8039-5455-7. Understanding Latino Families: Scholarship, Policy, and Practice, Ruth E. Zambrana (Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995. 242 pp., $47.95 (cloth), ISBN: 0-8039-5609-6, $23.95 (paper), ISBN: 0-8039-5610-X.
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Watson, Laurel B., Julie R. Ancis, D. Nicholas White, and Negar Nazari. "Racial Identity Buffers African American Women From Body Image Problems and Disordered Eating." Psychology of Women Quarterly 37, no. 3 (2013): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684312474799.
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Brown, Nadia. "Identity and the Legislative Decision Making Process: A Case Study of the Maryland State Legislature." Ethnic Studies Review 34, no. 1 (2011): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2011.34.1.45.
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Both politicians and the mass public believe that identity influences political behavior yet, political scientists have failed to fully detail how identity is salient for all political actors not just minorities and women legislators. To what extent do racial, gendered, and race/gendered identities affect the legislation decision process? To test this proposition, I examine how race and gender based identities shape the legislative decisions of Black women in comparison to White men, White women, and Black men. I find that Black men and women legislators interviewed believe that racial identity is relevant in their decision making processes, while White men and women members of the Maryland state legislature had difficulty deciding whether their identities mattered and had even more trouble articulating how or why they did. African American women legislators in Maryland articulate or describe an intersectional identity as a meaningful and significant component of their work as representatives. More specifically, Black women legislators use their identity to interpret legislation differently due to their race/gender identities.
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Nguyen, Anh B., Trenette T. Clark, Kristina B. Hood, Maya A. Corneille, Angela Y. Fitzgerald, and Faye Z. Belgrave. "Beyond traditional gender roles and identity: does reconceptualisation better predict condom-related outcomes for African-American women?" Culture, Health & Sexuality 12, no. 6 (2010): 603–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691051003658127.
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Kundi, Dr Minu. "Representation of Marginalization in the Life Writing of African American Women Writers." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 1 (2021): 172–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i1.10890.
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The process of imperialism and colonialism was established on the covert idea of economic and political exploitation of the underdeveloped eastern cultures by the dominant west. With the process of decolonization, the marginalized and the poor have been given a centre space alongwith the reversal of the order where those who were the object for centuries, suddenly refuse to be subjected to misrepresentation and domination, and begin to constitute their own discourses. Literature serves as a medium of honest self expression and platform to express the true self for women. American society has triply disempowered and disenfranchised African American women on the basis of race, gender and class. Many African American women writers attempt to break down traditional structures and dislocate narrative strategies in order to re-examine subject identity and to demonstrate the complexity of female experience. By writing about their lives the marginalized are valorized and their oppression turns into empowerment. Life writing helps females to explore subjectivity and to assume authorship of their own life. The account of the life of African American women writers chronicles their frequent encounters with racism, sexism and classism as they describe the people, events and personal qualities that helped them to survive the devastating effects of their environment.
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Bates, D. Dionne. "Once-Married African-American Lesbians and Bisexual Women: Identity Development and the Coming-Out Process." Journal of Homosexuality 57, no. 2 (2010): 197–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918360903488848.
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Dubke, Rachel E., and Patrick W. Corrigan. "Intersectionality, Gender, and the Self-Stigma of Mental Illness." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 40, no. 2 (2021): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2021.40.2.145.
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Introduction: This study sought to examine self-stigma at the intersection of two identities: mental illness and gender. Methods: Using an MTurk panel, 100 self-identified men and women with and without mental illness (total N = 400) completed the Difference and Disdain Self-Stigma Scale. Results: Significant effects were found for mental illness (participants with mental illness reported greater perceptions of being different from the population and disdain themselves because of that) but not for gender or the interaction. Discussion: Failure to find intersectionality may reflect classic findings from social psychological research that suggests people do not necessarily diminish self-esteem because of socio-demographic identity (I am a woman or African American). Future studies need to test for an intersection effect for public stigma.
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Cerezo, Alison, Chelsey Williams, Mariah Cummings, Derek Ching, and Meredith Holmes. "Minority Stress and Drinking: Connecting Race, Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation." Counseling Psychologist 48, no. 2 (2019): 277–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000019887493.
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We carried out a constructivist grounded theory-based qualitative exploration on the relations between intersectional minority stress and drinking among a community sample of 20 Latinx and African American sexual minority, gender expansive women. Our overarching goal was to illuminate the nuanced ways in which participants’ lived experiences; in relation to race and ethnicity, gender identity, and sexual orientation, intersected to create complex forms of minority stress rarely captured in the research literature. Semi-structured interviews and lifeline methodology were employed to assess participants’ major life stressors and drinking history; particularly, when and how drinking became a regular part of participants’ lives. Our findings indicated that drinking was primarily connected to same-sex romantic partnerships, cultural and familial ties to alcohol, social norms within queer spaces, familial rejection and loss of racial and ethnic community, and chronic stress. Recommendations for research, practice, advocacy, education, and training are discussed.
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Gallego, Mar. "Sexuality and Healing in the African Diaspora: A Transnational Approach to Toni Morrison and Gyasi." Humanities 8, no. 4 (2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8040183.
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This article examines the literary production of two writers from the African diaspora, specifically African American Toni Morrison’s A Mercy (2008), and Ghanaian-American Yaa Gyasi’s Homegoing (2016), to explore their significance as counter-narratives that defy the “official” historiography of enslavement times in order to set the records straight, as it were. By highlighting these women writers’ project of resistance against normative definitions of black bodies, it is my contention that these works effectively mobilize notions of race, gender, and sexuality. Revisiting the harmful and denigrating legacy of stereotypical designation of enslaved women, these writers make significant political and literary interventions to facilitate the recovery, wholeness, and sanctity of the violated and abjected black body. In their attempt to counter ongoing processes of commodification, exploitation, fetishization, and sexualization, I argue that these writers chronicle new forms of identity and agency that promote individual and generational healing and care as forms of protest and resistance against toxic definitions of hegemonic gender and sexuality.
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Klassen, Pamela E. "The Robes of Womanhood: Dress and Authenticity among African American Methodist Women in the Nineteenth Century." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 14, no. 1 (2004): 39–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2004.14.1.39.
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AbstractScholars of American religion are increasingly attentive to material culture as a rich source for the analysis of religious identity and practice that is especially revealing of the relationships among doctrine, bodily comportment, social structures, and innovation. In line with this focus, this article analyses the ways nineteenth-century African American Methodist women turned to dress as a tool to communicate religious and political messages. Though other nineteenth-century Protestants also made use of the communicative powers of dress, African American women did so with a keen awareness of the ways race trumped clothing in the semiotic system of nineteenth-century America. Especially for women entering into public fora as preachers and public speakers, dress could act as a passport to legitimacy in an often hostile setting, but it was not always enough to establish oneself as a Christian lady. Considering the related traditions of plain dress and respectability within the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, this essay finds that AME women cultivated respectability and plainness within discourses of authenticity that tried—with some ambivalence—to use dress as a marker of the true soul beneath the fabric. Based primarily on the autobiographical and journalistic writings of women such as Jarena Lee, Amanda Berry Smith, Hallie Q. Brown, and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, as well as accounts from AME publications such as the Christian Recorder and the Church Review, and other church documents, the essay also draws on the work of historians of African American women and historians of dress and material culture. For nineteenth-century AME women, discourses of authenticity could be both a burden and a resource, but either way they were discourses that were often remarkably critical, both of selfmotivation and of cultural markers of class, race, and gender in a world that made a fetish of whiteness.
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DIAMOND, ELIN. "Identity Politics Then and Now." Theatre Research International 37, no. 1 (2012): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883311000770.
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Identity politics, or collective activism based on embodied experiences of gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity or nationality, existed before the late twentieth century, but the term was coined in the 1970s and widely circulated in the 1980s as a response to social injustice, widespread prejudice and even assault borne by members of specific minority groups. For lesbians, gays and transsexuals, for ethnic minorities like Native Americans in the US or First Nations in Canada, for women in many Western countries, identity politics has meant working proactively for full legal and social recognition. Feminism often flies under the banner of identity politics with the argument that gender equality is still far from the norm in Western societies and even less so in many Asian and African societies, and in those of the Arab world.
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Olitsky, Stacy. "Teaching as Emotional Practice or Exercise in Measurement? School Structures, Identity Conflict, and the Retention of Black Women Science Teachers." Education and Urban Society 52, no. 4 (2019): 590–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124519873676.
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To effectively teach historically marginalized groups of students, educators have argued for increasing recruitment and retention of teachers of color. This qualitative study draws on identity theory, exploring the relationship between school structures, self-talk, identity development, and retention of an African American woman science teacher. In this study, the teacher experienced identity conflicts because structures in her school conflicted with her professional identity, shaped by race and gender, as warm and connected. Results from this study indicate that policies that prioritize measurement over relationships can cause contradictions with culturally responsive approaches and the emotional practice of teaching.
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WOODLEY, JENNY. "“Ma Is in the Park”: Memory, Identity, and the Bethune Memorial." Journal of American Studies 52, no. 2 (2017): 474–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875817000536.
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The Bethune Memorial, in Washington, DC's Lincoln Park, was erected to celebrate the life and achievements of civil rights leader and educator Mary McLeod Bethune. When it was dedicated in 1974 it became the first monument to an African American, and the first to a woman, on federal land in the capital. This article interprets the monument and its accompanying discourses. It examines how race and gender are constructed in the memorial, and what this suggests about the creation of a collective memory and identity. Bethune was remembered as an American, a black American, and a black American woman. The article explores the racial and gendered tensions in the commemoration, and how the statue both reinforced and challenged a national American memory.
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S.M., Dr Vanamala. "Convergence of Biology and Gender Identity: A Study of Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eyes." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 3 (2021): 182–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i3.10964.
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The concept of gender and the related practices are born at the intersection of biology and politics. Biological markers; physical, physiological and psychological are politicized for hierarchical positioning of man and woman. The nexus between biology and politics has also generated the notion of ‘immutability’ of woman’s ‘gendered self’. Women too, having interiorized the inferiority of the self unquestioningly and have shown little inclination to redefine her-‘self’ after having accepted the nature’s role in her physical and physiological formation. The inability for better ‘self’ definition is also due to the failure to distinguish the exact point of confluence between biology and politics in the socially ascribed gender identities. Caught in the imbroglio woman has suffered crippled social and psychological consequences and the same is well substantiated in the novel The Bluest Eye by African American writer Toni Morrison. The women characters in the novel are paradigms of real life situations. While some do acutely suffer from social and psychological deprivation having interiorized the inferiority of their biological markers, others handle affirmatively the socially ascribed deprivations of their physical self by understanding the nexus between biology and cultural politics. The novel successfully explores the fact that distinct anatomical difference between man and woman or the biological identities of humans should not be the cause or source of discriminatory practices. Or in other words the novel denies the inferiority of woman as something hermetically sealed and that social factors; advantages of birth (like race and social class), socio-cultural pressures, cultivation of mental culture and many more are of great consequence for both the formation of ‘positive self- identity’ by woman and for challenging of gender significations.
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Mouzon, Dawne M., Robert Joseph Taylor, Ann W. Nguyen, Mosi Adesina Ifatunji, and Linda M. Chatters. "Everyday Discrimination Typologies Among Older African Americans: Gender and Socioeconomic Status." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (2019): 1951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz088.
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Abstract Objectives Discrimination is associated with several negative social, economic, and health consequences. Past research focuses on the impact of discrimination while less is known about both the type and correlates of discrimination, particularly among older adults. Methods Using the National Survey of American Life, we used latent class analysis to identify discrimination typologies (frequency and type) among African Americans aged 55 and older. We then used multinomial logistic regression to identify demographic correlates of discrimination types, including a statistical interaction between gender and educational attainment. Results We identified three discrimination typologies. Increasing age was associated with lower probability of belonging to the high discrimination and disrespect and condescension subtypes. Men and non-Southern residents were most likely to belong in the high discrimination subtype. Higher levels of education increased the probability of belonging in the high discrimination and disrespect and condescension subtypes for older men, but not women. Discussion Older African American men, particularly those with more education, are vulnerable to both high-frequency discrimination and discrimination characterized by disrespect and condescension. This finding suggests that, for men with more years of education, increased exposure to discrimination reflects efforts to maintain social hierarchies (male target hypothesis).
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Jefferson, Urmeka T. "Breastfeeding Exposure, Attitudes, and Intentions of African American and Caucasian College Students." Journal of Human Lactation 33, no. 1 (2016): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334416679384.
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Background: African American mothers lag behind in breastfeeding initiation. Research is needed to gain an understanding of potential reasons for breastfeeding disparities. Research aim: This study explored breastfeeding exposure, attitudes, and intentions of African American and Caucasian college students by race and gender. Methods: Women and men (696) attending college, who were younger than 45 years and without children, were included in this study. Survey data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale. Results: Overall, students demonstrated favorable attitudes regarding breastfeeding but viewed formula feeding as more practical. Students who were Caucasian and female and experienced breastfeeding exposure demonstrated higher breastfeeding attitudes and intent. Breastfeeding exposure and attitudes contributed 32% of the variance in breastfeeding intentions. The odds of experiencing breastfeeding exposure and positive breastfeeding attitudes were approximately 3 times higher for Caucasian students than for African American students. Conclusion: External factors demonstrated a stronger association with breastfeeding intentions. The link with race and gender appears to operate through their effect on attitudes and exposure. More research is needed to identify strategies to improve breastfeeding exposure and attitudes among African Americans.
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Baccara, Mariagiovanna, Allan Collard-Wexler, Leonardo Felli, and Leeat Yariv. "Child-Adoption Matching: Preferences for Gender and Race." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, no. 3 (2014): 133–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.6.3.133.
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This paper uses a new dataset on child-adoption matching to estimate the preferences of potential adoptive parents over US-born and unborn children relinquished for adoption. We identify significant preferences favoring girls and against African American children put up for adoption. These attitudes vary in magnitudes across different adoptive parents—heterosexual, same-sex couples, and single women. We consider the effects of excluding single women and same-sex couples from the process, and find that this would substantially reduce the overall number of adopted children. (JEL C78, J13, J15, J16)
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Alfieri, Noemi. "Noémia de Sousa, ou ser “África da cabeça aos pés” em tempos de colonização." Journal of Lusophone Studies 4, no. 2 (2020): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21471/jls.v4i2.344.
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In the present essay, I examine the work and career of the Mozambican poet Noémia Carolina Abranches de Sousa Soares (1926-2002). It is well known that Sousa began her career publishing under the initials “NS” to confuse her identity with that of her brother (whose name was Nuno) and so obfuscate her gender; however, women are a constant element in her work. Beyond this, I argue that Sousa adopted a pioneering approach to gender, one deeply connected to the anti-colonial struggle, the fight for the rights of her people, and the African American imaginary. Indelibly linked to social, racial, and gendered subalternity, Mozambican women constitute in Sousa’s oeuvre the personification of the struggle against the societal paradigms of the time.
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Gimeno Pahissa, Laura. "Former Slaves on the Move: The Plantation Household, the White House, and the Postwar South as Spaces of Transit in Elizabeth Keckley’s Behind the Scenes." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 25 (November 15, 2012): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2012.25.23.
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Travel writing has been central to the American literary canon. From all possible backgrounds, origins and spaces, religious dissenters, immigrants and others have described their travelling experiences in North America. Within this profoundly American tradition, black Americans’ narratives are a special case. Most scholars agree that their personal accounts are not only autobiographical texts and political manifestos, but also travel narratives. Thus, the slaves’ journey is interpreted both as a physical experience—from the plantation to a free state—and a spiritual one—from ignorance into knowledge. After Emancipation, former slaves continued publishing their life experiences, and African American women became significantly active in autobiographical writing. These women challenged previous roles, and reinterpreted themselves as independent middle class entrepreneurs. Such is the case of the author analyzed in the present article: Elizabeth Keckley. Her journey from the plantation to Washington D.C. becomes an overt challenges to the racial and gender restrictions imposed upon her and gives wings to her desire for independence. Above all, the locations she inhabits while transiting from enslavement to middle class entrepreneurship inform this crucial transformation. By means of her transit, Keckley discovers her identity not only as female member of an oppressed race, but also as an individual who can achieve and prosper beyond the barriers imposed by (white and black) male society.
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Thomas, Deborah A. "Wal-Mart, ‘Katrina’, and other Ideological Tricks: Jamaican Hotel Workers in Michigan." Feminist Review 90, no. 1 (2008): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.2008.30.
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This essay explores the relationships between labour and community formation in order to think through how, where, and when diasporic solidarities are imagined or refused. I draw on ethnographic research among Jamaican women contracted for seasonal work in US hotels to situate diasporic calls and responses in relation to specific contexts and a changing global political economy. I show how global geopolitical shifts not only shape the processes of identity formation and social reproduction, but also condition the perpetuation of notions of nationalized racial hierarchies and ideologies of progress. I also show that hotel workers’ notions of ‘America’ and their commitment to the ‘American Dream’ shapes their subjectivities as migrant workers/consumers and, in their assessment, differentiates them from African-Americans, particularly those most immediately affected by Hurricane Katrina. In doing so, I demonstrate that one of the ideological hegemonies of diaspora is the idea that an individual's capacity to affect their own social mobility and that of their social network always outstrips the ‘locals’ in diasporic elsewheres.
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Nefnouf, Ahmed Seif Eddine. "Shadism from the Perspective of Intersectionality in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 4 (2021): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.4.24.
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This paper aims to discuss shadism from a perspective of intersectionality and how people with a darker skin tone suffered particular forms of discrimination due to the issues of shadism and its interaction with the class, gender, age, ability, and race. Shadism has infused the black society for many centuries, hence outlined during slavery. Shadism is the discrimination against a person with a darker skin tone, typically among individuals of the same racial group. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison describes how African American women and girls like Pecola are considered ugly by her family and the community due to her darker skin tone. in this research paper we are going to explore shadism and examine intersectionality theory like race, gender, sexuality and class, and their influence on dark-skinned black women, through the main character Pecola Breedlove. Using intersectionality theory to understand shadism helps to know that there are different ways a person could face oppression and domination. This paper gives a new vision of shadism which have been studied as amatter of racism, but throughout the intersectionality of the the identity component. The analysis shows that shadism is influenced by race and other aspects of intersectionality such as gender, race, age and ability, and other aspects of identity.
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Nsereko, Etienne, Patricia J. Moreland, Anne L. Dunlop, Manase Nzayirambaho, and Elizabeth J. Corwin. "Consideration of Cultural Practices When Characterizing the Vaginal Microbiota Among African and African American Women." Biological Research For Nursing 23, no. 1 (2020): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800420940788.
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This manuscript considers intravaginal practices prevalent among African and African-American women, with the aim of providing a framework for how these practices may affect vaginal health and the vaginal microbiota, and consequently, impact pregnancy outcomes. Intravaginal practices are influenced by traditional socio-cultural beliefs and gender norms, with prominent practices including intravaginal insertion of substances (herbs and traditional medicines), intravaginal cleansing (douching), and anatomical modification of the female organs (labia elongation and female genital mutilation). Common motivations for such practices included hygiene, prevention of infection, enhancement of sexual pleasure, and compliance with societal or cultural norms. The use of soaps and other chemicals for vaginal douching has been reported to reduce diversity of the vaginal microbiota and lower pH, thus increasing the chances of bacterial vaginosis, but the evidence is minimal. The practice of vaginal insertion of natural or other substances is associated with physical abrasions, disruption of the vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis, and HIV and other infections, but effects on pregnancy outcomes and the vaginal microbiota are unclear. Finally, female genital mutation has been reported to have immediate and prolonged physiological and psychological effects, including frequent infections and chronic inflammation, but similar to most other practices, consequences for preterm birth remain understudied and for the vaginal microbiota, unknown. Overall, findings identify the need for additional research, focusing on how these common practices influence both birth outcomes and the vaginal microbiota, so that nurses, midwives, physicians, and other providers worldwide are better equipped to assess and care for pregnant women.
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McCullumsmith, Cheryl B., C. Brendan Clark, Adam Perkins, Jessaka Fife, and Karen L. Cropsey. "Gender and Racial Differences for Suicide Attempters and Ideators in a High-Risk Community Corrections Population." Crisis 34, no. 1 (2013): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000160.
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Background: Community corrections populations are a high-risk group who carry multiple suicide risk factors. Aims: To identify factors correlated with historical suicide attempts and ideation among African-American men, African-American women, White men, and White women in a community corrections population. Method: Self-report data from 18,753 enrollees in community corrections were analyzed. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between historical suicidal ideation and attempts among the four demographic groups. Results: Participants with historical suicide attempts tended to be younger, White, female, be taking psychotropic medication, have a history of physical or sexual abuse, and meet criteria for dependence on alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, opioids, or sedatives. Five variables were commonly associated with suicide attempts for all four race/gender groups: younger age, being on disability or retirement, taking psychotropic medication, history of sexual or physical abuse, and cocaine dependence. Other demographic variables had race or gender specificities as risk factors for suicide attempts. Conclusions: Participants had high rates of historical suicide attempts with unique correlates differentiating attempters from ideators among different racial and gender groups. Cocaine dependence was universal predictor of suicide attempts, while other substance dependencies show specific racial and gender profiles associated with suicide attempts.
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Jefferson, Urmeka T. "Predictors of Breastfeeding Attitudes Among College-Educated African Americans." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 29, no. 3 (2015): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1541-6577.29.3.189.
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Breastfeeding initiation among African American women has reached 60%; however, it is the lowest rate among all races. This racial disparity is a public health concern considering the impact of breastfeeding on infant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to explore breastfeeding exposure and determinants of breastfeeding attitudes among African Americans. The theory of planned behavior guided this study focusing on the impact of background factors on determinants of breastfeeding attitudes. This secondary analysis included 348 African American college students with a mean age of 22 years with no children. The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale and a demographic questionnaire were used to collect data. A significant association between knowing someone who breastfed her infant and being breastfed as an infant (p < .001) was observed. Although gender, education, and breastfeeding exposure explained 15% of the variance in breastfeeding attitudes, being breastfed as an infant had no significant (p = .611) contribution. Breastfeeding exposure to someone who has breastfed her infant is a modifiable factor that influenced positive breastfeeding attitudes. Therefore, it is essential to identify strategies in practice to increase breastfeeding exposure for vulnerable populations in efforts to improve breastfeeding attitudes, intentions, and initiation.
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Black, Helen K. "A Sense of the Sacred." Narrative Inquiry 9, no. 2 (1999): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.9.2.07bla.
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Fifty white and 12 African-American elderly, middle class women were interviewed regarding their life history, self-concept and financial circumstances. The middle class women were a contrast group to women living in poverty. The latter was the focus group for the research project, "Chronic Poverty and the Self in Later Life." Using two case studies (1 from each middle class group), the women's spirituality was explored through their narratives. The study shows that aspiration to middle class norms, such as financial security and acquiring the accouterments of success, holds a complex relationship to a spiritual worldview. Spirituality meshed with the family, work and volunteer oriented lives of the women. Themes of gender were complexly interwoven into women's spirituality. Material acquisitions and financial success remained important to the women interviewed. Age did not lessen a need for, or enjoyment of "things" in the women's lives. (Ethnographic narration, Older women's identity, "Middle-class" spirituality)
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Camp, Bayliss J., and Orit Kent. "“What a Mighty Power We Can Be”." Social Science History 28, no. 3 (2004): 439–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200012815.
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This article shows that the rituals of fraternal organizations were more than mere theatrics; that is, that they served as expressions and enactments of important ideas about individual and collective identity, gender, equality, and collective action. Responding to gaps in past work on this subject, we examine variation in master narratives and modes of ritual enactment, comparing male and female and white and African American groups from the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. The fraternal orders examined used elements of one of three ideal-typical ritual models to initiate their members: these models are referred to here as proprietorship, helpmateship, and pilgrimage. Following Clawson 1989, we find that men's groups of both races used ritual models focusing on autonomy and incorporation into hierarchy. Women's groups de-emphasized connections between members and focused instead on “traditional” Victorian norms and roles for women. African American groups—and particularly those without white counterparts—emphasized the equality of members as well as the importance of collective efforts for social improvement. We discuss the complex ways ideas about race and gender were articulated within civic organizations at the turn of the century and how these findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between culture and collective action.
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Sanders Thompson, Vetta L., Alan Bugbee, John P. Meriac, and Jenine K. Harris. "The utility of cancer-related cultural constructs to understand colorectal cancer screening among African Americans." Journal of Public Health Research 2, no. 2 (2013): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2013.e11.
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<em>Background</em>. Data suggest that colorectal cancer could be cut by approximately 60% if all people aged 50 years or older received regular screening. Studies have identified socio-cultural attitudes that might inform cancer education and screening promotion campaigns. This article applies item response theory (IRT) to a set of survey items selected to assess sociocultural attitudes in order to determine how current measures may affect what we know about how these attitudes affect colorectal cancer screening (CRCS).<br /><em>Design and Methods.</em> A survey of colorectal cancer screening, screening attitudes and cultural beliefs was administered to 1021 African Americans – 683 women and 338 men, ages 50 to 75. Eligibility crite ria for participation included being born in the United States, self-identified African American male or female, age 50 to 75 years. The IRT analysis was performed on 655 individuals with complete data for the 43 observed variables. <br /><em>Results</em>. Twenty-nine items comprise the Multi-construct African American Cultural Survey (MAACS) that addresses seven cultural con- structs: mistrust/distrust, privacy, ethnic identity, collectivism, empowerment, and male gender roles. The items provide adequate information about the attitudes of the population across most levels of the constructs assessed. Among the sociocultural variables considered, empowerment (OR=1.078; 95% CI: 1.008, 1.151) had the strongest association with CRCS adherence and privacy showed promise. <br /><em>Conclusions</em>. The MAACS provides a fixed length questionnaire to assess African American CRCS attitudes, two new constructs that might assist in CRCS promotion, and a suggested focus for identification of additional constructs of interest.<br />
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Mattis, Jacqueline S. "Religion and Spirituality in the Meaning-Making and Coping Experiences of African American Women: A Qualitative Analysis." Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, no. 4 (2002): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.t01-2-00070.
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This qualitative study examines the ways in which African American women use religion/spirituality to cope and to construct meaning in times of adversity. Content analysis of the narratives of a sample of African American women respondents ( n = 23) revealed a set of eight nonoverlapping themes that explicate religiosity/spirituality's role in meaning-making and coping. Findings suggest that religion/spirituality help women to (1) interrogate and accept reality, (2) gain the insight and courage needed to engage in spiritual surrender, (3) confront and transcend limitations, (4) identify and grapple with existential questions and life lessons, (5) recognize purpose and destiny, (6) define character and act within subjectively meaningful moral principles, (7) achieve growth, and (8) trust in the viability of transcendent sources of knowledge and communication. Narrative examples are used to elucidate each theme. Findings point to the importance of relationships and intimacy in the meaning-making enterprise. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Ferdinand, Renata. "Remember, Me: An Interlocking Narrative of Black Women’s Past and Present." Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 18, no. 1 (2017): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708617744575.
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This is a postcolonial autoethnography that explores the historical and contemporary plight of African American women. Specifically, it uses narrative and performative writing to demonstrate how both groups operate within similar systems of domination, leading to their existence as a disenfranchised, liminal group. By bridging the past with the present, the author draws a parallel between the lives of contemporary Black women and their historical predecessors, thereby showing the connection between seemingly disparate historical events. Furthermore, this essay examines the author’s particular location as a diasporic subject, exploring how she exists in an illusion of freedom, and with a disjointed subjectivity. Summarily, this essay examines larger issues of race, gender, and the identity politics of the diasporic subject, all in an effort to show how the past is recapitulated into the present. It offers a more nuanced way of thinking about the past, present, and the future.
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Chaudhry, Ayesha Siddiqua. "Shattering the Stereotypes." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 4 (2005): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i4.1668.
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Ever since the West’s initial contact with the East, Muslim women haveoccupied center stage as highly politicized subjects who the West hasclaimed to liberate from the oppressive East and who the East has claimedto protect from the hedonistic West. Despite their central role as pawns inthis political struggle, women have been strikingly silent subjects. Thisbook belongs to an emerging collection of books that seek to give voice tothese silent subjects. Nawal El Saadawi, in her emotionally charged“Foreword,” captures the book’s tone quite well in her expression that “thepersonal is political” (p. x). Through personal stories, this anthology seeksto dissociate Islam from both terrorism and the oppression of women.Fawzia Afzal-Khan’s anecdotal introduction reveals that her goal istwofold: first, to connect various strands of conversation between MuslimAmerican women from different backgrounds since 9/11, and, second, toenlighten both Muslim and non-Muslim readers of the varied realities of the“Muslim Woman.”This anthology is divided into six sections. Section 1, “Non-Fiction,”contains several personal accounts of Muslim American women’s encounterswith 9/11. In her piece “Unholy Alliances,” Afzal-Khan vents her frustrationon several targets, including Israel, American foreign policy, SalmanRushdie, women who choose to wear the hijab, as well as the MontclairUniversity Muslim Students’ Association and the Global Studies Institute.Nadia Ali Maiwandi, Zohra Saed, and Wajma Ahmady reflect on theresponses they encountered and experienced amidst the Afghan-Americancommunity in the aftermath of 9/11. Eisa Nefertari Ulen’s genuinely tolerantarticle encourages Muslim and non-Muslim women to work together.Writing from her perspective as an African-American convert, she identifiesissues of gender and religion as mere smokescreens used by the “oppressor”to separate women (p. 50). Humera Afridi’s witty and refreshing work functionsas a social commentary on the climate of New York City after the 9/11attacks. One of the most edifying pieces is Rabab Abdulhadi’s “Where isHome?” This piece, written as a series of journal entries, captures the strugglesof identity faced by an exiled Palestinian woman as she tries to make ahome in New York City in the aftermath of 9/11 ...
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Lugar, Caleb W., Shennette Garrett-Scott, Milorad M. Novicevic, Ifeoluwa Tobi Popoola, John H. Humphreys, and Albert J. Mills. "The historic emergence of intersectional leadership: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of St. Luke." Leadership 16, no. 2 (2019): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715019870375.
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Maggie Lena Walker arose from humble beginnings as the daughter of an ex-slave to become a prominent banker, entrepreneur, and community leader in the American state of Virginia in the early 1900s. She was the first African American woman in the United States to establish and lead a bank. In addition, Walker played a principal leadership role in a major African American mutual aid social service organization: the Independent Order of St. Luke. In this article, we investigate the historic emergence of intersectional leadership by exploring Walker’s leader identity development as Grand Secretary-Treasurer of the Independent Order of St. Luke. The method that we apply to the Walker case is intersectional microhistory, which is the study of unique social actors and the intersections of their gender, race, and other social categories as they change over time. We use our intersectional microhistory approach to unpack phenomenon of emerging intersectional leadership, offering deeper insights about the oppressive and multi-layered barriers that Maggie Walker surmounted as a black woman in order to effectively function as an acknowledged leader of the Independent Order of St. Luke.
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McNulty, Moira C., Ellen Almirol, Jessica P. Ridgway, et al. "Identifying African American Women with HIV Infection in an Expanded HIV testing and Linkage to Care (X-TLC) Program in Healthcare Settings on the South and West Sides of Chicago." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S425—S426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1073.
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Abstract Background Women account for 25 % of HIV infections nationally, and African American (AA) women are disproportionately affected. We report important gender differences observed in an expanded HIV testing and linkage to care (X-TLC) program conducted on the South and West Sides of Chicago. Methods X-TLC is funded by CDPH with CDC prevention B funds. X-TLC has expanded from 3 sites to 14 sites, including acute care hospitals (academic, community), community health centers (CHCs), and family planning clinics. We report descriptive stats, group comparisons by Chi-square, and multivariate analyses adjusted for demographics. Results Since 2011, X-TLC has conducted 308,038 HIV screens, and 63.7 % of those tested were women. Overall seroprevalence for HIV was 0.56 %, and 30.5 % of HIV patients identified were cis-gender women (seroprevalence 0.15 %). The seroprevalence for women testing in EDs was higher (0.44 %). Similar to men, only 52.9 % of HIV positive women were new diagnoses. Women accounted for 28.5 % of all new diagnoses, compared with 15.4 % for Chicago overall. In 2016 X-TLC screened 91,865 persons for HIV, and 65.2 % of those tested were women. There were 193 new diagnosis and 32.1 % (62) were women, 85.7 % AA. In comparison, in 2015 there were 139 women with a new HIV diagnosis for all of Chicago. Women newly diagnosed were less likely to be linked to care (adjusted odds ratio, aOR, 0.54, 0.35–0.85). Linkage was lower for women diagnosed at CHCs (84.6 % vs. 76.3 %, P = 0.02). Most CHCs did not have on site HIV providers. At our site, however, women linked to care were more likely to be retained in care (aOR 0.58, 0.43–0.78). We also conduct targeted outreach testing, partner services (PS) testing, and social network strategy (SNS) testing, but women are not identified by these programs (16/171 tested women, 8 new diagnoses were men for PS; 507 tested, 471 men and 36 trans-gender women, 38 new positives, 0 cis-gender women for SNS). Conclusion More women than men were offered and/or accept HIV screening in healthcare settings. The proportion of seropositive women identified was higher than the national average. X-TLC is reaching a large proportional of AA women with HIV unaware of their status. Other testing strategies will rarely identify cis-gender women with HIV infection. Gender differences in linkage to and retention in care will require strategies targeted at women. Disclosures J. P. Ridgway, Gilead FOCUS: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient; N. Glick, Gilead FOCUS: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient; D. Pitrak, Gilead Sciences FOCUS: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient
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Schoenfeld, Elinor R., and Linda E. Francis. "Word on the Street." American Journal of Men's Health 10, no. 5 (2016): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988314566503.
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African American men face the highest rates of prostate cancer, yet with no consensus for screening and treatment, making informed health care decisions is difficult. This study aimed to identify approaches to empowering African American men as proactive participants in prostate cancer decision making using an established community–campus partnership employing elements of community-based participatory research methods. Community stakeholders with an interest in, and knowledge about, health care in two local African American communities were recruited and completed key informant interviews ( N = 39). Grounded theory coding identified common themes related to prostate cancer knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and responses to them. Common barriers such as gender roles, fear, and fatalism were identified as barriers to work-up and treatment, and both communities’ inadequate and inaccurate prostate cancer information described as the key problem. To build on community strengths, participants said the change must come from inside these communities, not be imposed from the outside. To accomplish this, they suggested reaching men through women, connecting men to doctors they can trust, making men’s cancer education part of broader health education initiatives designed as fun and inexpensive family entertainment events, and having churches bring community members in to speak on their experiences with cancer. This study demonstrated the success of community engagement to identify not only barriers but also local strengths and facilitators to prostate cancer care in two suburban/rural African American communities. Building collaboratively on community strengths may improve prostate cancer care specifically and health care in general.
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Zaini, Qudsia, and Mohsin Hasan Khan. "Maya Angelou’s Battle with Alienation in I know Why the Caged Bird Sings." Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies 5, no. 1 (2021): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awejtls/vol5no1.12.
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The themes of the existential crisis have been central in taking up their work in different domains of human experience and exhibit the force of departure from the so-called standardized norms and values of a society. These themes have been taken up by many authors of African American origin. This paper attempts to represent and explain the theme of alienation through an in-depth analysis of Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. The crisis of identity, gender, consciousness, and everything seemingly comes to question in the powerful narratives of these kinds of writings. One such African American author is Maya Angelou. She is one of those who take these themes with great force and tries to free herself from the shackles of the so-called canonized versions of human values and seeks to explore a world in which she recreates an establishment of her new perspectives and freedom of humanity. The paper concludes by showing the struggles for recognition and self-awareness and developing onto a stronger woman pushed by her feeling of alienation.
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Fields, Errol L., Amanda Long, Kehinde Bademosi, et al. "Identifying Community-Informed Language to Promote HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in Black LGBTQ Communities in Baltimore." AIDS Education and Prevention 32, no. 2 (2020): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.2.152.
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LGBTQ populations, particularly Black men who have sex with men and transgender women, experience significant HIV disparities; public health messages may inadvertently stigmatize LGBTQ populations. We sought to use qualitative methods to inform a PrEP campaign. Unstructured focus groups were conducted among predominantly Black LGBTQ persons recruited through social media and events. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed in NVivo using categorical analysis. Eighty individuals participated in 13 focus groups; 80% (64) identified as sexual or gender minorities. Eighty-eight percent (70) identified as Black/African American. Four themes emerged: (1) culturally competent, community-informed, locally relevant messaging, (2) avoiding stigmatizing language or images, (3) inaccessibility of clinical language, and (4) using identity labels representing local communities and their diversity. Findings suggest PrEP campaigns need to be developed through community-informed processes to engage and avoid stigmatizing priority populations. Ongoing partnerships between public health and LGBTQ communities can facilitate development of campaigns with engaging, acceptable language.
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Young, Cynthia. "Book ReviewsSaints, Sinners, Saviors: Strong Black Women in African American Literature. By Trudier Harris. New York: Palgrave, 2001.Constructing the Black Masculine: Identity and Ideality in African American Men’s Literature and Culture, 1775–1995. By Maurice O. Wallace. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30, no. 3 (2005): 1963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/426794.
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Brennan-Ing, Mark, and Charles Emlet. "The Impact of Intersectional Identities on Older People With HIV." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2560.
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Abstract Kimberlé Crenshaw introduced the term “intersectionality” in the late 1980s to highlight the experience discrimination and marginalization of Black and African-American women originating from the confluence of their racial/ethnic and gender identities. Since that time the focus on intersectionality has broadened to consider other communities and individuals who may have multiple stigmatized and discredited identities, including older people with HIV (PWH). For example, Porter and Brennan-Ing described the “Five Corners” model as the intersection of ageism, racism, classism, sexism, and HIV stigma for older transgender and gender non-conforming PWH. HIV disproportionately affects marginalized communities (e.g., racial/ethnic and sexual minorities). Thus, for older PWH it is important to consider how HIV stigma may intersect with other marginalized identities and impact physical and psychological well-being. The first paper in this session examines how the intersection of HIV serostatus, gay identity, and age complicates identity disclosure, leading to social isolation and interference with care planning. The second paper describes how intersectional identities among older PWH interfere with access to mental health services in a population that is disproportionately affected by depression and PTSD. Our third paper examines the role of race, education, and behavioral health in neurocognitive functioning among a diverse sample of older HIV+ gay and bisexual men. Our last paper examines neurocognitive functioning among older Latinx PWH, finding that sexual and gender minorities were at greater risk for impairment. Implications of these findings for research and programming that accounts for the effects of intersectionality among older PWH will be discussed.