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Johnson, Larry, Deirdre Cobb-Roberts, and Barbara Shircliffe. "African Americans and the Struggle for Opportunity in Florida Public Higher Education, 1947-1977." History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 3 (2007): 328–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2007.00103.x.
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In the decades following World War II, access to higher education became an important vehicle for expanding opportunity in the United States. The African American-led Civil Rights Movement challenged discrimination in higher education at a time when state and federal government leaders saw strengthening public higher education as necessary for future economic growth and development. Nationally, the 1947 President's Commission on Higher Education report Higher Education for American Democracy advocated dismantling racial, geographic, and economic barriers to college by radically expanding public higher education, to be accomplished in large part through the development of community colleges. Although these goals were widely embraced across the country, in the South, white leaders rejected the idea that racial segregation stood in the way of progress. During the decades following World War II, white southern educational and political leaders resisted attempts by civil rights organizations to include desegregation as part of the expansion of public higher education.
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Kaba, Amadu J. "Progress of African Americans in higher education attainment: The widening gender gap and its current and future implications." education policy analysis archives 13 (April 6, 2005): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v13n25.2005.
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This research argues that despite all of the obstacles that African Americans have confronted in the history of the United States, they have made substantial progress in higher education attainment from the 1970s to the beginning of the 21st century. It reveals that the rise in attainment of college and university degrees has resulted in a substantial increase in living standards and that African Americans are making important economic, social and political contributions to the United States. I present several reasons why black males are not performing as well as black females in higher education attainment. Analyses are also presented regarding the current and future implications of the growing gap between black males and black females.
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Moss, Hilary J. "Education's Inequity: Opposition to Black Higher Education in Antebellum Connecticut." History of Education Quarterly 46, no. 1 (2006): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2006.tb00168.x.
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New Haven, thou hast rashly done a deed,Which shrouds thy glory in a black eclipse;Whereof in view the hearts of good men bleed,The friend, yet, strange to tell, the foe of light!Preceptor of the age, yet dost denyTo Brethren—countrymen—the common rightTheir empty minds with knowledge to supply!Encourager of learning-science-artsYet hostile to a race who fain would learn!When from the dust a sable brother starts,Suffering thy cheeks with angry fire to burn!Would I might give the honors of Old Yale,To blot from history's page this most disgraceful tale.—William Lloyd Garrison, October 8, 1831.In the late 1820s, African Americans’ access to primary and religious instruction expanded significantly throughout the urban Northeast, yet barriers to their higher education remained firm. Segregated in public “African” schools, blacks were also barred from most private academies. Collegiate education similarly remained out of reach. In response, an alliance of black and white abolitionists launched a campaign to build a separate “African” college in 1831. Two ministers, one black, Peter Williams from New York, the other white, Simeon Jocelyn from New Haven, led the endeavor. After much consideration, they selected New Haven, Connecticut to house the new institution, believing that in “no place in the Union” is the “situation [of blacks] more comfortable, or the prejudices of a community weaker against them.” On September 5, 1831, Williams and Jocelyn announced their intentions. Their timing could not have been worse.
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Gillette, Michael L., and Amilcar Shabazz. "Advancing Democracy: African Americans and the Struggle for Access and Equity in Higher Education in Texas." Journal of Southern History 71, no. 2 (2005): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27648799.
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Behnken, Brian D., and Amilcar Shabazz. "Advancing Democracy: African Americans and the Struggle for Access and Equity in Higher Education in Texas." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 64, no. 1 (2005): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40018573.
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Ryan, Angela. "Counter College: Third World Students Reimagine Public Higher Education." History of Education Quarterly 55, no. 4 (2015): 413–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12134.
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In 1969, the discipline of Ethnic Studies emerged and was implemented at a handful of colleges throughout the country, most notably at San Francisco State College where the first School of Ethnic Studies was established that year. The idea of devoting space within traditional educational institutions to the study of a particular race or ethnicity has existed since at least the 1920s when Carter G. Woodson proposed Negro History Week and encouraged the study of African American history. While Black Studies is thus the oldest of such fields within American education history, its establishment within higher education is tied to the establishment of the larger discipline of Ethnic Studies. Ethnic Studies encompasses the critical study of racial and ethnic histories and cultures and it incorporates a wide variety of methodologies. The course of the discipline throughout the past forty years has resulted in a variety of approaches to this study, thus generalizing about the field as it exists today is complicated. One thing that may be said about Ethnic Studies in its current iteration, however, is that it bears little resemblance to the proposals that ushered it into existence.
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Sawyer, Thomas F. "Francis Cecil Sumner: His views and influence on African American higher education." History of Psychology 3, no. 2 (2000): 122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1093-4510.3.2.122.
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Nettles, Michael T. "History of Testing in the United States: Higher Education." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 683, no. 1 (2019): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219847139.
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Since the founding of Harvard College, colleges and universities have used many types of examinations to serve multiple purposes. In the early days of student assessment, the process was straightforward. Each institution developed and administered its own unique examination to its own students to monitor their progress and to prospective students who applied for admission. Large-scale standardized tests emerged in the twentieth century in part to relieve the burden placed upon high schools of having to prepare students to meet the examination requirements of each institution to which a student applied. Up to that point, local communities of tutors and teachers were attempting to prepare students to succeed on each higher education institution’s unique examination. Large-scale standardized tests have enjoyed more than a century of popularity and growth, and they have helped higher education institutions to solve problems in admissions and placement, and to measure learning outcomes. Over time, they have also become controversial, especially pertaining to race and class. This article is a historical view of educational testing in U.S. higher education, linking its development with past and present societal challenges related to civil rights laws, prominent higher education policies, and the long struggle of African American people in the United States.
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Freeman, Tyrone McKinley. "Beyond hegemony: Reappraising the history of philanthropy and African-American higher education in the nineteenth century." International Journal of Educational Advancement 10, no. 3 (2010): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ijea.2010.15.
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Ray, Amrita, Christopher Spankovich, Charles E. Bishop, Dan Su, Yuan-I. Min, and John M. Schweinfurth. "Association Between Cardiometabolic Factors and Dizziness in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 32, no. 03 (2021): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1722949.
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Abstract Background Balance dysfunction is a complex, disabling health condition that can present with multiple phenotypes and etiologies. Data regarding prevalence, characterization of dizziness, or associated factors is limited, especially in an African American population. Purpose The aim of the study is to characterize balance dysfunction presentation and prevalence in an African American cohort, and balance dysfunction relationship to cardiometabolic factors. Research Design The study design is descriptive, cross sectional analysis. Study Sample The study sample consist of N = 1,314, participants in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). Data Collection and Analysis JHS participants were presented an initial Hearing health screening questionnaire (N = 1,314). Of these, 317 participants reported dizziness and completed a follow-up Dizziness History Questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was used to compare differences in the cohorts' social-demographic characteristics and cardiometabolic variables to the 997 participants who did not report dizziness on the initial screening questionnaire. Based on questionnaire responses, participants were grouped into dizziness profiles (orthostatic, migraine, and vestibular) to further examine differences in cardiometabolic markers as related to different profiles of dizziness. Logistical regression models were adjusted for age, sex, education, reported noise exposure, and hearing sensitivity. Results Participants that reported any dizziness were slightly older and predominantly women. Other significant complaints in the dizzy versus nondizzy cohort included hearing loss, tinnitus, and a history of noise exposure (p < 0.001). Participants that reported any dizziness had significantly higher prevalence of hypertension, blood pressure medication use, and higher body mass index (BMI). Individuals with symptoms alluding to an orthostatic or migraine etiology had significant differences in prevalence of hypertension, blood pressure medication use, and BMI (p < 0.001). Alternatively, cardiometabolic variables were not significantly related to the report of dizziness symptoms consistent with vestibular profiles. Conclusion Dizziness among African Americans is comparable to the general population with regards to age and sex distribution, accordingly to previously published estimates. Participants with dizziness symptoms appear to have significant differences in BMI and blood pressure regulation, especially with associated orthostatic or migraine type profiles; this relationship does not appear to be conserved in participants who present with vestibular etiology symptoms.
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Grier-Reed, Tabitha, Roun Said, and Miguel Quiñones. "From Antiblackness to Cultural Health in Higher Education." Education Sciences 11, no. 2 (2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11020057.
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Antiblackness has a long and storied history in higher education in the United States, and unfortunately, antiblack attitudes and practices continue in the 21st century. With implications for countering antiblackness in higher education and institutionalizing support for cultural health and wellness, we documented experiences of antiblackness in the African American Student Network (AFAM). AFAM was a weekly networking group, co-facilitated by Black faculty and graduate students, where Black undergraduates could come together and share their experiences. Participation in AFAM was associated with Black holistic wellness, and AFAM was a source of cultural health, where we conceptualized cultural health as having a sense of pride and resilience in one’s cultural background. We analyzed notes of 277 AFAM discussions from 2005–2006 to 2017–2018 using an adaptation of consensual qualitative research methods to identify four domains of antiblackness: racial trauma (n = 51), racial microaggressions (n = 34), racial rejection (n = 33), and systemic racism (n = 25). In moving from antiblackness to cultural health, we advocate for institutional resources in higher education, such as an institute for cultural health on campus, that values the cultures of Black students and students of color, and that focuses on building communities in which students can generate a wellspring of pride and resilience in their cultural backgrounds.
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Martynov, Andriy. "American memory war of the protest movement «Black live matter»." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 10 (2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.10.1.
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Americans as a nation are more focused on the present and the future than on the past. Until recently, various «historical traumas» have not been the subject of current American political discourse. The American dream focuses on the needs of everyday life, not on the permanent experience of the past. The aim of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of symbolic conflicts over the sites of the Civil War in the United States in the context of the 2020 election campaign. Research methods are based on a combination of the principles of historicism and special historical methods, in particular, descriptive, comparative, method of actualization of historical memory. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is determined by the historical and political analysis of the “wars of memory” during the presidential election campaign in the United States in 2020. Radical political confrontation exacerbates the conflicts of collective memory. This process is not prevented by the postmodern state of collective consciousness, the virtualization of political processes, attempts to form a «theater society». The coronavirus pandemic has raised the issue of choosing a strategy for the development of the globalization process as harshly as possible. Current events break the link between the past and the present, which makes the future unpredictable. Developed liberal democracy is considered the «end of history». Multiculturalism has created different interpretations of US history. Conclusions. Trump’s victory deepened the rift between different visions of the history of the Civil War. The Democratic majority unites African Americans, Latinos, women with higher education, and left liberals. Attacks on the memorials of the heroes of the former Confederacy became symbols of the war of memory. The dominant trend is an increase in the democratic and electoral numbers of non-white Americans. The «classic» United States, dominated in all walks of life by white Americans with Anglo-Saxon Protestant identities and relevant historical ideas, is becoming history. The situation is becoming a political reality when white Americans become a minority. It is unlikely that such a «new minority» will abandon its own interpretation of any stage of US history, including the most acute. This means that wars of memory will become an organic element of political processes.
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Campbell, Jennifer A., Alice Yan, Renee E. Walker, et al. "Quantifying the Influence of Individual, Community, and Health System Factors on Quality of Life Among Inner-City African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes." Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care 47, no. 2 (2021): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721721996287.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the association of individual, community, and health system factors on quality of life among inner-city African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Methods Primary data from a cross-sectional study with a community sample of 241 inner-city African Americans with type 2 diabetes were analyzed. Paper-based surveys were administered in which the SF-12 was used to capture the physical component (PCS) and mental component (MCS) of quality of life. Four regression approaches (sequential, stepwise with backward and forward selection, and all possible subsets regression) were used to examine the influence of individual, community, and health system factors on PCS and MCS after adjusting for relevant covariates using a conceptual framework. Results In fully adjusted models, having less than a high school education and having major depression were associated with lower quality-of-life scores for MCS across all 4 regression approaches. Being employed was positively associated with better quality-of-life scores for PCS across all 4 regression approaches. PCS was higher across all 4 regression approaches for those reporting a history of trauma. At the health systems level, usual source of care was associated with better PCS across 3 regression approaches. Conclusions These results highlight key factors that influence quality of life among inner-city African Americans with type 2 diabetes that could be targets for interventions in this population. However, additional research is needed to understand existing pathways that may be driving many of these relationships.
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Johnson, Joan Marie. "Amilcar Shabazz. Advancing Democracy: African Americans and the Struggle for Access and Equity in Higher Education in Texas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. 376 pp. Cloth $49.95, paper $19.95." History of Education Quarterly 45, no. 2 (2005): 322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018268000039959.
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Tolliver, Derise E. "Study Abroad in Africa: Learning about Race, Racism, and the Racial Legacy of America." African Issues 28, no. 1-2 (2000): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006983.
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In 1998, the American Association of Colleges and Universities raised the question of what higher education could do to prepare graduates to address “the legacies of racism and the opportunities for racial reconciliation in the United States.” One of the most powerful and pedagogically rich approaches to facilitate learning about race, racial identity, and the impact of racism in America today is study abroad in Africa. With a history that includes dynasties and empires; the capture and enslavement of Africans and the transatlantic slave trade; and the structures of colonialism, neocolonialism, and apartheid (which have often been conceptualized as parallel to the institutionalized racism of America), the continent of Africa can be a wonderful classroom for this type of learning. This is particularly the case when the location of study is West Africa, by most accounts where the majority of people of African descent living in the United States have ancestral ties. Visits to and interactions around the monuments to and symbols and physical remnants of the complex historical relationships between Europeans and Africans can be a catalyst for stimulating challenging but ultimately rewarding discussions and growth with regard to issues of race and racism.
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Altenbaugh, Richard J. "Higher Education for African Americans before the Civil Rights Era, 1900–1964. Edited by Marybeth Gasman and Roger L. Geiger. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2012. Pp. 200. $34.95.)." Historian 76, no. 2 (2014): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hisn.12036_12.
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Collins, Donald E., and Leroy Davis. "A Clashing of the Soul: John Hope and the Dilemma of African American Leadership and Black Higher Education in the Early Twentieth Century." History of Education Quarterly 39, no. 1 (1999): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/369342.
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Amanam, Idoroenyi Usua, Rowan T. Chlebowski, Rebecca A. Nelson, and Ravi Salgia. "Lung cancer in African-Americans and analysis of estrogen plus progestin use." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (2019): e18258-e18258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e18258.
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e18258 Background: The 15-year Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) sponsored by the NIH has provided a robust dataset on health risks for post-menopausal black women (BW), including the impact of hormone therapy (HRT) on cancer risk. Women enrolled in the WHI randomized, placebo-controlled trial and taking HRT demonstrated no increase in lung cancer incidence, but a statistically significant increase in mortality. However, effects of estrogen plus progestin on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) incidence and outcomes has not been extensively examined, especially in African Ancestry (AA) and smoking history. Methods: Study participants were identified who met WHI clinical trial entry criteria. Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier method plots were utilized. Analyses adjusted for age, BMI, education, smoking status, alcohol use, health status, and physical activity. A secondary analysis was performed on BW based on AA via Affymetrix Human SNP Array. Results: 161, 808 pts were enrolled from October 1993 to December 1998 (after exclusions total analytic cohort = 142,503). 128,682 (90%) were white (WW) and 13,821 (10%) were BW. BW had lower incidence of NSCLC compared to WW (HR 0.68; P < .0001). HRT participants had a 55% increase in incidence of NSCLC (p < .0001). Former alcohol users had highest risk of NSCLC incidence (HR 2.72; p < 0.0001). Age groups (55-59 years; 60-69 years; 70-79 years) were significantly less associated with BW compared to the youngest(50-54 years; P < .0001). HRT participants were more likely BW (OR 1.17; p < .0001). More current smokers were BW compared to WW (OR 1.75; p < .0001). HRT participants had increased risk of death to NSCLC (HR 1.29; p < .001). There was a trend for survival (p = 0.3667) in WW participants compared to BW (32 vs 28.0 months, respectively). BW who had > 80% AA had a decreased incidence NSCLC trend compared to BW with < 80% AA (HR 0.81; p = 0.2806). Conclusions: BW, especially those with high levels of AA had decreased incidence of NSCLC. Those patients who received HRT had higher incidence and death from NSCLC. Further investigations are required to understand the mechanisms that AA and HRT alter risks associated with NSCLC.
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Fultz, Michael. "The Displacement of Black Educators Post-Brown: An Overview and Analysis." History of Education Quarterly 44, no. 1 (2004): 11–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2004.tb00144.x.
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In 1951 three brief commentaries in the Journal of Negro Education drew public attention to the potentially tenuous job security of African-American educators in the South, Black professionals whose employment status was being called into question as southern educational institutions faced the prospect of desegregation. The specific incident which occasioned these commentaries was a December 1950 vote by the Board of Trustees of the University of Louisville to close the segregated, all-Black Louisville Municipal College, which it had administered since that college was founded in 1931, and to integrate the two institutions' student bodies. Fourteen African-American faculty and staff at Louisville Municipal College were informed that, despite tenure or contract status, they would be given two months' severance pay and summarily dismissed. With United States Supreme Court legal precedents from the 1938 Gaines case through the 1950 Sweatt and McLauren decisions already dramatically affecting the policy context of southern higher education, and with what would become known as the “Brown Decision” looming on the horizon, what might be the consequences for all Black educators throughout the South—if the high court overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision as National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) lawyers urged?
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Anderson, James D., and Christopher M. Span. "History of Education in the News: The Legacy of Slavery, Racism, and Contemporary Black Activism on Campus." History of Education Quarterly 56, no. 4 (2016): 646–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12214.
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History of Education Quarterly editorial team is planning to integrate a new feature, “History of Education in the News,” into periodic issues of the journal. Our idea is to highlight relevant historical scholarship on a topic that has contemporary public resonance. Our first piece in this new vein engages the current uptick of interest in the links between slavery and higher education. Recent scholarship and popular press accounts have documented how many eastern colleges and universities benefited from enslaved African-American labor.We asked Professors James D. Anderson and Christopher M. Span of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to take up this issue and reflect on how a deep knowledge of history informs recent activism on college and university campuses, particularly activism focused on forcing institutions to reckon with their histories and become antiracist spaces.
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Hall, Perry A. "History, Memory and Bad Memories: Noliwe M. Rooks'White Money/Black Power:The Surprising History of African American Studies and the Crisis of Race in Higher Education." Black Scholar 36, no. 2-3 (2006): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2006.11413357.
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Evans, Stephanie Y. "African American Women Scholars and International Research: Dr. Anna Julia Cooper’s Legacy of Study Abroad." Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 18, no. 1 (2009): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v18i1.255.
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In this article, a little-known but detailed history of Black women’s tradition of study abroad is presented. Specifically, the story of Dr. Anna Julia Cooper is situated within the landscape of historic African American students who studied in Japan, Germany, Jamaica, England, Italy, Haiti, India, West Africa, and Thailand, in addition to France. The story of Cooper’s intellectual production is especially intriguing because, at a time when Black women were just beginning to pursue doctorates in the United States, Anna Cooper chose to earn her Ph.D. from the Sorbonne in Paris. In this article, it is demonstrated that her research agenda and institutional choice reflected a popular trend of Black academics to construct their scholarly identities with an international foundation. The intersection of race, gender, nationality, language, and culture are critical areas of inquiry from which to study higher education.
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Rossetti, Heidi C., Emily E. Smith, Linda S. Hynan, et al. "Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment Among Community-Dwelling African Americans Using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (2018): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy091.
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Abstract Objective To establish a cut score for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) that distinguishes mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from normal cognition (NC) in a community-based African American (AA) sample. Methods A total of 135 AA participants, from a larger aging study, diagnosed MCI (n = 90) or NC (n = 45) via consensus diagnosis using clinical history, Clinical Dementia Rating score, and comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Logistic regression models utilized sex, education, age, and MoCA score to predict MCI versus NC. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined a cut score to distinguish MCI from NC based on optimal sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, and greatest perpendicular distance above the identity line. ROC results were compared with previously published MoCA cut scores. Results The MCI group was slightly older (MMCI = 64.76[5.87], MNC = 62.33[6.76]; p = .033) and less educated (MMCI = 13.07[2.37], MNC = 14.36[2.51]; p = .004) and had lower MoCA scores (MMCI=21.26[3.85], MNC = 25.47[2.13]; p &lt; .001) than the NC group. Demographics were non-significant in regression models. The area under the curve (AUC) was significant (MoCA = .83, p &lt; .01) and an optimal cut score of &lt;24 maximized sensitivity (72%), specificity (84%), and provided 76% diagnostic accuracy. In comparison, the traditional cut score of &lt;26 had higher sensitivity (84%), similar accuracy (76%), but much lower specificity (58%). Conclusions This study provides a MoCA cut score to help differentiate persons with MCI from NC in a community-dwelling AA sample. A cut score of &lt;24 reduces the likelihood of misclassifying normal AA individuals as impaired than the traditional cut score. This study underscores the importance of culturally appropriate norms to optimize the utility of commonly used cognitive screening measures.
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Obisesan, Thomas O., Richard F. Gillum, Stephanie Johnson, et al. "Neuroprotection and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease: Role of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, Implications for Dementia Rates, and Prevention with Aerobic Exercise in African Americans." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/568382.
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Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) will reach epidemic proportions in the United States and worldwide in the coming decades, and with substantially higher rates in African Americans (AAs) than in Whites. Older age, family history, low levels of education, and ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are recognized risk factors for the neurodegeneration in AD and related disorders. In AAs, the contributions of APOE gene to AD risk continue to engender a considerable debate. In addition to the established role of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in vascular dementia, it is now believed that CVD risk and its endophenotype may directly comediate AD phenotype. Given the pleiotropic effects of APOE on CVD and AD risks, the higher rates of CVD risks in AAs than in Whites, it is likely that CVD risks contribute to the disproportionately higher rates of AD in AAs. Though the advantageous effects of aerobic exercise on cognition is increasingly recognized, this evidence is hardly definitive, and data on AAs is lacking. In this paper, we will discuss the roles of CVD risk factors in the development of AD and related dementias, the susceptibility of these risk factors to physiologic adaptation, and fitness-related improvements in cognitive function. Its relevance to AD prevention in AAs is emphasized.
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Fairclough, Adam, and Leroy Davis. "A Clashing of the Soul: John Hope and the Dilemma of African American Leadership and Black Higher Education in the Early Twentieth Century." Journal of American History 86, no. 4 (2000): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567686.
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Freedman, B. I., J. M. Soucie, and W. M. McClellan. "Family history of end-stage renal disease among incident dialysis patients." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 8, no. 12 (1997): 1942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v8121942.
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As part of a larger study of genetic risk factors for the occurrence of renal failure, the prevalence of a family history of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in first- and second-degree relatives of all incident dialysis patients treated in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina (ESRD Network 6) in 1994 was ascertained. Family histories were obtained from 4365 dialysis patients (83% of those eligible), and 856 (20%) reported having a family history of ESRD. Among race-sex groups, 14.1% of Caucasian men, 14.6% of Caucasian women, 22.9% of African-American men, and 23.9% of African-American women reported a first- or second-degree relative with ESRD (P = 0.001). The prevalence of relatives with ESRD varied by the reported etiology: 22.2% in diabetes mellitus; 18.9% in hypertension, 22.7% in glomerulonephritis; and 13.0% of other etiologies (P = 0.001). Patient characteristics independently associated with family history of ESRD included race, younger age, higher levels of education, and etiology of ESRD. In this report, it is concluded that a large proportion of incident ESRD cases have close relatives with ESRD in whom preventive actions might be directed. Genetic analyses in multiply affected families may identify the inherited factors contributing to progressive renal failure.
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Wolters, Raymond, and Leroy Davis. "A Clashing of the Soul: John Hope and the Dilemma of African American Leadership and Black Higher Education in the Early Twentieth Century." American Historical Review 104, no. 5 (1999): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649426.
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Blanton, C. K. "AMILCAR SHABAZZ. Advancing Democracy: African Americans and the Struggle for Access and Equity in Higher Education in Texas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2004. Pp. xiii, 301. Cloth $49.95, paper $19.95." American Historical Review 111, no. 1 (2006): 230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.111.1.230.
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Colón, Alan. "Reflections on the History of Black StudiesNoliwe M. Rooks, White Money/Black Power: The Surprising History of African American Studies and the Crisis of Race in Higher Education." Journal of African American History 93, no. 2 (2008): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jaahv93n2p271.
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Bazaieva, M. "G.I. BILL OF RIGHTS: IMPACT ON THE IMAGE OF THE VETERAN IN COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 148 (2021): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.148.2.
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The article explores the incipience of veterans' policies in the United States of America during 1940-1956. This period is notable in veterans' history. This is caused not only by social realities after World War II but by the implementation of brand-new fundamental principles in process of forming veterans' policies. These principles opened a new page in interactions between the government and the veteran community. The article analyzes drafting the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the G.I. Bill of Rights, as well as public discussions around it initiated by President Roosevelt's Administration. One of the main actors of the process was American Legion, influential conservative veterans' organization. The law presented by Legion was passed by Congress. The Act took effect on June 22, 1944, and lasted until 1956. G.I. Bill of Rights guaranteed numerous benefits for veterans in variable spheres of social policies, including medical care, education, housing and business loans, unemployment compensations. The most significant effect had educational programs of G.I. Bill. About 8 million American veterans, including women and African Americans, exercised their right to attend schools, colleges, and universities. Educational programs had great implications both for the veterans' population and social affairs, especially the educational system in the United States. Higher education became more widespread and democratic after the implementation of the G.I. Bill. World War II veterans had the opportunity to realize their potential in different fields, in particular in the political area. G.I. Bill of Rights had a great impact on forming the image of the veteran in the USA. The Act demonstrated the new role of veterans' policies in the context of government activities. Besides, thanks to the educational programs of the G.I. Bill veteran community became a proactive social group that played an important role in the US policy-making in the second half of the 20th century.
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Khuc, Thi, Christian Jackson, and Daniel Chao. "Impact of telemedicine on colonoscopy education among veterans." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 27_suppl (2019): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.27_suppl.276.
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276 Background: The VA Loma Linda Healthcare System (LLVA) offers an in-person colonoscopy education class (IPCC) and a telehealth based education class to patients living closer to outlying VA designated Community Based Outpatient Clinics (CBOCs). We noticed a significant number of cancellations and no-shows for colonoscopy from patients who sought care from CBOCS. We developed a telehealth based colonoscopy class (TBCC) to be given at CBOCs. The primary aim of the study was to determine effectiveness of TBCC compared to IPCC on class attendance rates, colonoscopy attendance and quality measures of colonoscopy. Methods: We reviewed records of 1429 LLVA and CBOC patients referred for colonoscopy class from April 2014 to April 2015. Primary end points were polyp detection rate (PDR), adenomas detection rate (ADR) and adenocarcinoma detection rate (ACDR). Secondary endpoints were attendance to TBCC and IPCC and attendance to colonoscopy. Attendance was defined as compliance with the first scheduled appointment. We examined age, BMI, sex, race, and indication for colonoscopy in the IPCC and TBCC populations. Results: TBCC attendance rate was higher than IPCC (p = 0.001). There was no difference in attendance to colonoscopy (p = 0.50). Patients receiving primary care at CBOCs more likely chose TBCC; patients receiving primary care at LLVA more likely chose IPCC (92.53% vs 24.77%, p < 0.0001). African Americans and Hispanics more likely chose IPCC; Whites more likely chose TBCC (p = .01). Patients with family history of colorectal cancer or bright red blood per rectum more likely chose IPCC (p = 0.004, p = 0.008). Sixty eight percent of colonoscopy preparations were noted to be good. There was no difference in the number of good preparations between TBCC and IPCC groups (94.3% and 96%, p = 0.025). ADR was higher in patients who received IPCC (44.55% and 52.17%, p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in PDR and ACDR between TBCC and IPCC groups. Conclusions: A TBCC program can increase patient attendance to colonoscopy preparation training without negatively affecting quality of colonoscopy preparation. Prospective, randomized studies on differences in adenoma detection and distance from home residence on class and colonoscopy attendance rates is needed.
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Dhillon, Puneet, Petros Grivas, Paola Raska, et al. "Informed decision making (IDM) for prostate cancer (PCa) screening in a high-risk population." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 6_suppl (2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.112.
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112 Background: PCa incidence and mortality in African Americans (AA) is higher than in Caucasians. Health-education programs and culturally appropriate outreach to high-risk groups in accordance with American Cancer Society IDM guidelines can reduce disparities. Data show that it is hard to provide comprehensive unbiased education about screening to patients (pts). This study aims to examine whether IDM guidelines in a large high risk group setting can improve knowledge on PCa and screening decision, and whether such education program is overall beneficial to pts. Methods: Pts were included in one-day outreach event and were given a 15-question pre and post- test focused on standard informative educational PowerPoint and then were offered screening (PSA + DRE). Components of IDM were reviewed during this educational intervention. Demographics and family history was collected and UCSF 10-year mortality index was assessed to help IDM. Pre- and post- test number of correct answers were compared (Wilcoxon signed rank); pts were surveyed on their opinion on the program. The decision regarding screening after the intervention was tracked as well as the % of PCa diagnosed. Pts were tracked via an established navigation system to ensure follow up care. Results: 106 pts were included in the current analysis. Median number of correct answers at pre and post test was 8 and 11 (p < 0.001). Overall, 86% responded that they wanted screening. Of those, 92% were AA and 21% had family history of PCa; 21 pts had PSA only, 60 had PSA + DRE. 13 pts (16%) had abnormal PSA per NCCN guidelines, 5 (8%) had abnormal DRE. 5 PCa were biopsy-diagnosed, 4 had abnormal DRE + PSA; 1 had only abnormal DRE. Overall, 82% pts favored IDM before screening, 18% would prefer screening without IDM. 75% of all pts found the information “very helpful” in decision-making (within a 5-point Likert scale). Conclusions: Our education-based IDM led to significant improvement in knowledge about PCa screening. Most pts preferred education prior to screening. Our approach paired with the use of navigation program is feasible and was positively received by a large high risk group. Project is ongoing with more pts and follow up, and further validation is pending. Clinical trial information: NCT02419846.
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Larnell, Gregory V. "More Than Just Skill: Examining Mathematics Identities, Racialized Narratives, and Remediation Among Black Undergraduates." Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 47, no. 3 (2016): 233–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.47.3.0233.
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The purpose of this study was to shed light on the mathematics-learning experiences of students who were enrolled in non-credit-bearing remedial mathematics courses at a 4-year university. Non-credit-bearing remedial mathematics courses have a long curricular history in both 2-year and 4-year higher education institutions, but students' mathematics-learning experiences in these courses have been largely unexplored. Furthermore, other recent studies have evinced the otherwise anecdotal supposition that African American learners, particularly, are disproportionately placed in these courses. In this study, students' narratives are the primary unit of analysis, and the data are derived from semistructured interviews with then-enrolled students and observations in a noncredit-bearing remedial mathematics course at a public, 4-year university. The study's findings center on two psychosocial phenomena amid these students' mathematicslearning experiences: identity satisficing and racialized identity threat. The article closes with implications for future research regarding both non-credit-bearing remedial mathematics courses and mathematics-learning identities and experiences.
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Houck, Zac, Breton Asken, James Clugston, William Perlstein, and Russell Bauer. "Socioeconomic Status and Race Outperform Concussion History and Sport Participation in Predicting Collegiate Athlete Baseline Neurocognitive Scores." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 24, no. 1 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717000716.
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AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of socioeconomic status (SES) and other multivariate predictors to baseline neurocognitive functioning in collegiate athletes. Methods: Data were obtained from the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium. Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) baseline assessments for 403 University of Florida student-athletes (202 males; age range: 18–23) from the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 seasons were analyzed. ImPACT composite scores were consolidated into one memory and one speed composite score. Hierarchical linear regressions were used for analyses. Results: In the overall sample, history of learning disability (β=−0.164; p=.001) and attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (β=−0.102; p=.038) significantly predicted worse memory and speed performance, respectively. Older age predicted better speed performance (β=.176; p<.001). Black/African American race predicted worse memory (β=−0.113; p=.026) and speed performance (β=−.242; p<.001). In football players, higher maternal SES predicted better memory performance (β=0.308; p=.007); older age predicted better speed performance (β=0.346; p=.001); while Black/African American race predicted worse speed performance (β=−0.397; p<.001). Conclusions: Baseline memory and speed scores are significantly influenced by history of neurodevelopmental disorder, age, and race. In football players, specifically, maternal SES independently predicted baseline memory scores, but concussion history and years exposed to sport were not predictive. SES, race, and medical history beyond exposure to brain injury or subclinical brain trauma are important factors when interpreting variability in cognitive scores among collegiate athletes. Additionally, sport-specific differences in the proportional representation of various demographic variables (e.g., SES and race) may also be an important consideration within the broader biopsychosocial attributional model. (JINS, 2018, 24, 1–10)
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Abdel-Rahman, Omar. "Patterns and association of vaccination among adults with a history of cancer in the USA: a population-based study." Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 10, no. 11 (2021): 899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cer-2020-0251.
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Aim: To assess the association of vaccination status among adults with history of cancer in a population-based cohort in the USA. Materials & methods: National Health Interview Survey datasets (2008–2018) have been accessed and information about the patterns and associations of the following vaccinations were collected (influenza vaccination, pneumococcal vaccination, hepatitis B vaccination, hepatitis A vaccination and shingles vaccination). Association of different sociodemographic variables with each of the above types of vaccination was studied through multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Private health insurance (vs no private insurance) was associated with higher percentages of recommended vaccination (influenza vaccination: 65 vs 59.7%; pneumococcal vaccination: 74.9 vs 68.8%; hepatitis B vaccination: 22.9 vs 19.3%; hepatitis A vaccination: 10.1 vs 8.6%; shingles vaccination: 33.8 vs 26.7%; p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Within multivariable logistic regression analyses, African American race, lower education and lower income were associated with less probability of adherence to recommended vaccination (for influenza vaccination; odds ratio (OR) for black race vs white race: 0.785; 95% CI: 0.717–0.859; OR for ≤high school vs >high school education: 0.763; 95% CI: 0.723–0.805; OR for income ≤US$45,000 vs >US$45,000: 0.701; 95% CI: 0.643–0.764). Conclusion: There is evidence of socio-economic disparities in adherence to recommended vaccination among this cohort of cancer survivors in the USA. More efforts need to be done to ensure that recommended vaccination is being delivered to all cancer survivors in need (including enhancing coverage and awareness to under-represented groups of the society).
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Nagao, Kyoko, Tammy Riegner, Jennifer Padilla, et al. "Prevalence of Auditory Processing Disorder in School-Aged Children in the Mid-Atlantic Region." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 27, no. 09 (2016): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.15020.
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Background: Although auditory processing disorder (APD) is a widely recognized impairment, its prevalence and demographic characteristics are not precisely known in the pediatric population. Purpose: To examine the demographic characteristics of children diagnosed with APD at a tertiary health-care facility and the prevalence of pediatric APD. Research Design: A cross-sectional study. Study Sample: A total of 243 children (149 boys and 94 girls) who were referred to the Nemours Audiology Clinics in the Delaware Valley for an APD evaluation. The mean ages were 9.8 yr for boys and 9.7 yr for girls. Out of 243 children referred for an APD evaluation, 94 children exhibited one or more auditory processing deficits in the areas of auditory closure, auditory figure ground, binaural integration, binaural separation, and temporal processing. Data Collection and Analysis: Demographic and audiological data, clinical history (parental reports on prenatal and postnatal information, birth weight and height, medical and developmental history, otologic/audiological history, education information, behavioral characteristics), and results of the APD test battery were retrospectively obtained from the electronic medical records of each participant. The prevalence of APD was estimated using the total number of students enrolled in the same school attended by each participant in the 2011 academic year as cohort. Results: The prevalence of APD was 1.94 per 1,000 children in this study. We found that prevalence of APD among the children who attended private schools was more than two times higher than the children who attended public schools. The results also revealed that the majority of children referred to the clinics were Caucasian (85.6%), whereas minority groups were underrepresented for this geographical area with only 3.7% of Hispanic or Latino children and 5.8% of Black or African American children. Conclusions: The estimated prevalence of APD in the current study was lower than the previously published estimates. The difference might be due to the diagnosis criteria of APD among studies as well as the use of school enrollment number as the referenced population to estimate prevalence in our study. We also found a significant difference in APD prevalence depending on the school types. The findings of higher prevalence rates among the children attending private schools and higher proportion of Caucasians children referred for APD evaluation suggest that more children among those in public schools and in the Hispanic and African American groups should have been referred for an APD evaluation. Hence, the current estimate is likely an underestimate of the actual APD prevalence. The low percentage of Hispanic or African American children referred to the clinic for APD evaluations may be related to the socioeconomic status and linguistic differences among the concerned families. The results of this study raise the importance of adapting the APD test battery for children with a different linguistic background as well as increasing awareness of available clinical resources to all families in our area.
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Freeman, Kassie. "Increasing African Americans' Participation in Higher Education." Journal of Higher Education 68, no. 5 (1997): 523–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1997.11778996.
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Blazel, Madeleine M., Karen K. Lazar, Carol A. Van Hulle, et al. "Factors Associated with Lumbar Puncture Participation in Alzheimer’s Disease Research." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 77, no. 4 (2020): 1559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200394.
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Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides insight into the spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. While lumbar punctures (LPs) for CSF collection are generally considered safe procedures, many participants remain hesitant to participate in research involving LPs. Objective: To explore factors associated with participant willingness to undergo a research LP at baseline and follow-up research study visit. Methods: We analyzed data from 700 participants with varying cognition (unimpaired, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia) in the Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. We evaluated the relationship of demographic variables (age, sex, race, ethnicity, and years of education) and clinical variables (waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, AD parental history, cognitive diagnosis) on decision to undergo baseline LP1. We evaluated the relationship of prior LP1 experience (procedure success and adverse events) with the decision to undergo follow-up LP2. The strongest predictors were incorporated into regression models. Results: Over half of eligible participants opted into both baseline and follow-up LP. Participants who underwent LP1 had higher mean education than those who declined (p = 0.020). White participants were more likely to choose to undergo LP1 (p < 0.001); 33% of African American participants opted in compared to 65% of white participants. Controlling for age, education, and AD parental history, race was the only significant predictor for LP1 participation. Controlling for LP1 mild adverse events, successful LP1 predicted LP2 participation. Conclusion: Race was the most important predictor of baseline LP participation, and successful prior LP was the most important predictor of follow-up LP participation.
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Steffen, Lyn M., Linda Van Horn, Martha L. Daviglus, et al. "A modified Mediterranean diet score is associated with a lower risk of incident metabolic syndrome over 25 years among young adults: the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study." British Journal of Nutrition 112, no. 10 (2014): 1654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514002633.
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The Mediterranean diet has been reported to be inversely associated with incident metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) among older adults; however, this association has not been studied in young African American and white adults. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association of a modified Mediterranean diet (mMedDiet) score with the 25-year incidence of the MetSyn in 4713 African American and white adults enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. A diet history questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake at baseline, year 7 and year 20 and a mMedDiet score was created. Cardiovascular risk factors were measured at multiple examinations over 25 years. The MetSyn was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis was use to evaluate associations for incident MetSyn across the mMedDiet score categories adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and BMI. Higher mMedDiet scores represented adherence to a dietary pattern rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and fish, but poor in red and processed meat and snack foods. The incidence of MetSyn components (abdominal obesity, elevated TAG concentrations and low HDL-cholesterol concentrations) was lower in those with higher mMedDiet scores than in those with lower scores. Furthermore, the incidence of the MetSyn was lower across the five mMedDiet score categories; the hazard ratios and 95 % CI from category 1 to category 5 were 1·0; 0·94 (0·76, 1·15); 0·84 (0·68, 1·04); 0·73 (0·58, 0·92); and 0·72 (0·54, 0·96), respectively (Ptrend= 0·005). These findings suggest that the risk of developing the MetSyn is lower when consuming a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and fish.
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Malott, Curry Stephenson. "African Americans and Education: A Contested History." Souls 12, no. 3 (2010): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10999949.2010.499783.
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Hall, Kathleen, Frederick W. Unverzagt, Hugh C. Hendrie, et al. "Risk Factors and Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparative Study of Two Communities." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (1998): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809113126.
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Objective: To determine the association between demographic, lifestyle and medical history factors to Alzheimer's disease (AD), we studied samples of two community dwelling populations with significantly different prevalence rates of AD in Indianapolis, USA (6.24%) and Ibadan, Nigeria (1.4%). Methods: The samples were drawn from African—American community dwelling residents 65 years of age and over in Indianapolis, and Yoruba community-dwelling residents 65 years of age and over in Ibadan. A two-stage epidemiological design was used in which diagnosis of AD was by National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Results: In Indianapolis, age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.11-1.21), family history of dementia (OR = 5.40; 95% Cl = 1.99-14.62), low education (0-6 years, OR = 3.49; 95% Cl = 1.06-11.48) and rural residence (OR = 2.49; 95% CI = 1.05-5.88) were associated with a higher risk of AD. In Ibadan, age (OR = 1.15; 95% Cl = 1.12-1.18) and female gender (OR = 13.9; 95% Cl = 3.85-50.28) were associated with a higher risk of AD. Conclusions: The remarkably similar odds ratios between age and AD between sites suggest that biological processes associated with ageing are essential elements in the development of AD but that genetic and environmental risk factors may alter age-specific rates. In our longitudinal study, we intend to investigate in more depth the interaction between these ageing, genetic and environmental factors.
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Rensch, Carola, and Walter Bruchhausen. "Medical Science Meets ‘Development Aid’ Transfer and Adaptation of West German Microbiology to Togo, 1960–1980." Medical History 61, no. 1 (2016): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2016.98.
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After losing the importance it had held around 1900 both as a colonial power and in the field of tropical medicine, Germany searched for a new place in international health care during decolonisation. Under the aegis of early government ‘development aid’, which started in 1956, medical academics from West German universities became involved in several Asian, African and South American countries. The example selected for closer study is the support for the national hygiene institute in Togo, a former German ‘model colony’ and now a stout ally of the West. Positioned between public health and scientific research, between ‘development aid’ and academia and between West German and West African interests, the project required multiple arrangements that are analysed for their impact on the co-operation between the two countries. In a country like Togo, where higher education had been neglected under colonial rule, having qualified national staff became the decisive factor for the project. While routine services soon worked well, research required more sustained ‘capacity building’ and did not lead to joint work on equal terms. In West Germany, the arrangement with the universities was a mutual benefit deal for government officials and medical academics. West German ‘development aid’ did not have to create permanent jobs at home for the consulting experts it needed; it improved its chances to find sufficiently qualified German staff to work abroad and it profited from the academic renown of its consultants. The medical scientists secured jobs and research opportunities for their postgraduates, received grants for foreign doctoral students, gained additional expertise and enjoyed international prestige. Independence from foreign politics was not an issue for most West German medical academics in the 1960s.
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PETRI, MICHELLE, MOHAMMAD NAQIBUDDIN, KATHRYN A. CARSON, et al. "Depression and Cognitive Impairment in Newly Diagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Journal of Rheumatology 37, no. 10 (2010): 2032–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.091366.
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Objective.Cognitive impairment is present in 80% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 10 years after diagnosis. The natural history of cognitive dysfunction in newly diagnosed SLE is unknown. We examined the association of depression and cognitive performance in newly diagnosed SLE.Methods.A multicenter cohort of 111 patients newly diagnosed (within 9 months) with SLE underwent cognitive function testing using an automated battery [Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM)] with 9 subtests. Depression was measured using the Calgary Depression Scale (CDS).Results.The patient cohort was 97.3% female, 55.9% white, 15.3% African American, 20.7% Hispanic, mean age 37.8 years, mean education 15.2 years. CDS score ranged from 0 to 18 (mean 5.0 ± 4.6). CDS score did not differ by age, sex, ethnicity, or prednisone dose. Higher Krupp Fatigue Severity Scale scores and presence of fibromyalgia were significantly associated with higher CDS score (p < 0.001; p = 0.006, respectively). Depressed patients, defined by a CDS score > 6, had significantly poorer performance on 5 ANAM throughput measures: code substitution (p = 0.03), continuous performance (p = 0.02), matching-to-sample (p = 0.04), simple reaction time (p = 0.02), and the Sternberg memory test (p = 0.04). Adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education, and prednisone dose, a higher CDS score remained significantly associated with poorer performance on 3 measures, but the association was slightly attenuated for code substitution and matching-to-sample. Depression was not associated with mathematical or spatial processing.Conclusion.Depression, a modifiable risk factor, is associated with significantly poorer function in several cognitive domains in patients newly diagnosed with SLE. Treatment of depression when the CDS score is greater than 6 may improve cognitive functioning and should be further studied.
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Teel, S. C. "Beyond Victimization: African Americans." OAH Magazine of History 10, no. 1 (1995): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/maghis/10.1.17.
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Lee, Kang-Moon. "Epidemiology and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 64, no. 9 (2021): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2021.64.9.579.
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Background: Over the past three decades, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have been rapidly increasing in the African, South American, and Asian countries, including Korea. However, in Korea, the public awareness of IBD remains low, and diagnostic delay is not uncommon due to the physicians' lack of clinical experience. It is essential to understand the trends and regional differences in the epidemiology of IBD for proper diagnosis and treatment.Current Concepts: Although lower than those of the West, the prevalence and incidence of IBD in Korea rank among the highest in Asia and are steadily increasing. In the past 10 years, the prevalence of IBD has almost doubled, while its incidence has decreased gradually. As compared to Western IBD patients, Korean patients have higher proportion of proctitis in ulcerative colitis, male predominance, more ileocolonic involvement, and higher incidence of perianal fistula in Crohn disease. There is no single gold standard for the diagnosis of IBD. Thus, diagnosis can be made by clinical evaluation, including a detailed history taking, physical examination, and a combination of endoscopic, radiologic, laboratory, and histologic findings.Discussion and Conclusion: Population-based studies have revealed the current trends and characteristics of the epidemiology of IBD in Korea. Continued education and development of diagnostic tools will help clinicians to diagnose IBD accurately and differentiate it from other diseases such as intestinal tuberculosis.
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Brown, Danice L., Christopher B. Rosnick, and Daniel J. Segrist. "Internalized Racial Oppression and Higher Education Values." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 4 (2016): 358–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798416641865.
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A plethora of research underscores the deleterious effects that racial discrimination can have on the higher education pursuits and experiences of African Americans. The current study investigated the relationship between internalized racial oppression, higher education values, academic locus of control, and gender among a sample of African Americans. Participants were 156 African Americans currently attending college. All participants completed measures of internalized racial oppression, perceived value of higher education, and academic locus of control. Results indicated that greater internalized racial oppression correlated with a lower valuing of higher education and a more external academic locus of control. Subsequent mediational analyses showed that academic locus of control was an intervening variable in the relationship between internalized racial oppression and the value placed on higher education for men, but not women. For African American men, greater experiences of internalized racial oppression predicted a more external locus of control, which subsequently predicted a lower valuing of higher education. Implications for mental health providers and educators were discussed herein.
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Chen, Gloria, Cynthia S. Bell, Penelope Loughhead, et al. "Exploration of the Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation With Psychosocial and Medical Outcomes in Kidney and Kidney–Pancreas Transplant Recipients." Progress in Transplantation 29, no. 3 (2019): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526924819854480.
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Introduction: The Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation (SIPAT) is a psychometric instrument designed to assess patient risk for transplant. We investigated the association between SIPAT scores and demographic data with psychosocial and medical outcomes within a diverse kidney/kidney–pancreas transplant population. Design: The SIPAT was administered to all pretransplant candidates. A retrospective review of transplanted patients who had at least 6 months of follow-up was completed. Results: The sample included 136 patients: male (n = 77 [57%]) with a mean age of 47 years old. Thirty-eight percent were black (n = 51), 55% had less than a high school education (n = 74), and 65% had low socioeconomic status (n = 89). Statistical difference was found among SIPAT scores and substance use and support system instability ( P = .035, P = .012). Females ( P = .012) and patients with a history of psychopathology ( P = .002) developed or had a relapse of psychopathology following transplant. Patients with more than a high school education ( P = .025) and who were less than 30 years ( P = .026) had higher rejection incidence rates. Risk factors for rehospitalizations included Hispanic race, diabetes, and low socioeconomic status ( P = .036, P = .038, P = .014). African American/Black and male patients had higher incidence of infection events ( P = .032, P = .049). Mortality and treatment nonadherence were not significantly associated with SIPAT scores or demographic variables. Conclusion: The SIPAT was associated with posttransplant substance use and support system instability, while demographic variables were associated with the development and/or relapse of psychopathology, graft loss, rejection, infection events, and medical rehospitalizations. Revision of the SIPAT to include additional demographic components may lend to improved prediction of transplant outcomes.
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Ironson, Gail, and Heidemarie Kremer. "Spiritual Transformation, Psychological Well-Being, Health, and Survival in People with HIV." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 39, no. 3 (2009): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pm.39.3.d.
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Objectives: Although Spiritual Transformation (ST) occurs in a sizable proportion of people with HIV (about 39%), there is little research on the potential benefits of ST with respect to psychological well-being, health, and survival in this population. Our study attempts to fill this gap. Method: Using a mixed method approach, we related interviews of 147 people with HIV (identifying the presence/absence of ST) to questionnaires measuring demographics, medical history, treatment adherence, physical symptoms, and psychological well-being (i.e., stress, coping, life attitude, and spirituality), and assessments of CD4-counts and viral load and survival 3 to 5 years later. Results: At comparable times since HIV-diagnosis and antiretroviral medications prescribed, the presence of ST was significantly associated with better treatment success (undetectable viral loads, higher CD4 counts), better medication adherence, fewer symptoms, less distress, more positive coping, different life attitudes (i.e., existential transcendence, meaning/purpose in life, optimism, death acceptance), more spiritual practices, and increased spirituality. ST was also associated with substance-use recovery and with being African American. Survival up to 5 years was 5.35 times more likely among participants with ST ( pf = .044). According to a Cox-regression adjusted for baseline CD4-counts, age, race-ethnicity, gender, education, years since HIV-diagnosis, and a history of substance-use problems, ST still reduced the risk of death (HR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01–0.53, p = .010). Conclusions: ST has associated benefits for psychological well-being, health, and survival.
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Hettrich, Carolyn M., Anthony J. Zacharias, Shannon Ortiz, Kevin J. Cronin, Brian R. Wolf, and Cale A. Jacobs. "Minority Patients Have a Higher Number of Shoulder Dislocations and More Frequent Cartilage Lesions: Data from the MOON-Shoulder Instability Group." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl2 (2019): 2325967119S0019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00191.
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Objectives: Previous investigations have shown decreased utilization and outcomes based on racial status in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) cohorts; however, the impact of racial status in patients undergoing shoulder stabilization is poorly understood. The purpose of the current study was to compare how minority status affects surgical timing as well as pre- and intraoperative findings in patients undergoing operative treatment of shoulder instability. Methods: As part of the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) Shoulder Instability cohort, 1010 patients consented to participate in pre- and intraoperative data collection. Demographic characteristics, injury history, preoperative patient-reported outcome scores (PROs), and radiologic and intraoperative findings were then compared between Caucasian and minority patients undergoing surgical shoulder stabilization. In addition, the Economic Innovation Group’s 2017 Distressed Communities Index (DCI) was recorded for each patient’s home zip code. DCI Scores are based on percentages of adults without a high school education, percentage living under the poverty line, unemployment rates, and the overall housing and business climate in a given area. DCI Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicative of greater economic distress, and DCI Scores ≥ 80 are considered to be highly distressed regions. Continuous variables were compared between groups using two-tailed independent t-tests and categorical variables were compared using chi-square tests. Results: Of the 1010 patients, 988 patients (97.8%) had complete preoperative and intraoperative data. The cohort was largely Caucasian (851, 86.1%), with 137 minority patients, including 71 African American, 49 Asian, 13 Native American, and 4 Hawaiian or Pacific Islander. DCI scores were significantly worse for minority patients than Caucasians (39.4 vs. 28.1, p<0.001), as were preoperative expectations (p=0.02). A greater percentage of minority patients had 2 or more dislocations (69.1% vs. 57.7%, p=0.01) which corresponded with more frequent articular cartilage lesions (64.2% vs. 51.0%, p=0.004). Conclusion: Racial minorities were found to have more preoperative dislocations, higher rates of articular cartilage lesions, and worse preoperative expectations. DCI scores were lower in the racial minority group; however, this was not found to be an independent predictor of pre- and/or intraoperative findings. These findings identify a need to identify barriers in an action to reduce racial disparities in the treatment of shoulder instability.
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Asher, Anthony L., Clinton J. Devin, Kristin R. Archer, et al. "An analysis from the Quality Outcomes Database, Part 2. Predictive model for return to work after elective surgery for lumbar degenerative disease." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 27, no. 4 (2017): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.8.spine16527.
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OBJECTIVECurrent costs associated with spine care are unsustainable. Productivity loss and time away from work for patients who were once gainfully employed contributes greatly to the financial burden experienced by individuals and, more broadly, society. Therefore, it is vital to identify the factors associated with return to work (RTW) after lumbar spine surgery. In this analysis, the authors used data from a national prospective outcomes registry to create a predictive model of patients’ ability to RTW after undergoing lumbar spine surgery for degenerative spine disease.METHODSData from 4694 patients who underwent elective spine surgery for degenerative lumbar disease, who had been employed preoperatively, and who had completed a 3-month follow-up evaluation, were entered into a prospective, multicenter registry. Patient-reported outcomes—Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), numeric rating scale (NRS) for back pain (BP) and leg pain (LP), and EQ-5D scores—were recorded at baseline and at 3 months postoperatively. The time to RTW was defined as the period between operation and date of returning to work. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model, including an array of preoperative factors, was fitted for RTW. The model performance was measured using the concordance index (c-index).RESULTSEighty-two percent of patients (n = 3855) returned to work within 3 months postoperatively. The risk-adjusted predictors of a lower likelihood of RTW were being preoperatively employed but not working at the time of presentation, manual labor as an occupation, worker’s compensation, liability insurance for disability, higher preoperative ODI score, higher preoperative NRS-BP score, and demographic factors such as female sex, African American race, history of diabetes, and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists score. The likelihood of a RTW within 3 months was higher in patients with higher education level than in those with less than high school–level education. The c-index of the model’s performance was 0.71.CONCLUSIONSThis study presents a novel predictive model for the probability of returning to work after lumbar spine surgery. Spine care providers can use this model to educate patients and encourage them in shared decision-making regarding the RTW outcome. This evidence-based decision support will result in better communication between patients and clinicians and improve postoperative recovery expectations, which will ultimately increase the likelihood of a positive RTW trajectory.