Relevant bibliographies by topics / African Americans in Liberia. Liberia

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'African Americans in Liberia. Liberia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "African Americans in Liberia. Liberia"

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Everill, Bronwen. "‘Destiny seems to point me to that country’: early nineteenth-century African American migration, emigration, and expansion." Journal of Global History 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022811000581.

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AbstractTraditional American historiography has dismissed the Liberian settlement scheme as impractical, racist, and naïve. The movement of Americans to Liberia, and other territorial and extraterritorial destinations, however, reveals the ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors that influenced movement in the African diaspora. The reaction of different African Americans to these factors influenced the political and social development of Liberia as well as the colony's image at home. Africans migrating within and beyond US borders participated in a broader movement of people and the development of settler ideology in the nineteenth century.
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Ludwig, Bernadette. "A Black Republic: Citizenship and naturalisation requirements in Liberia." Migration Letters 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v13i1.265.

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In 1822 Liberia was founded as a place where free(d) enslaved African Americans could find freedom and liberty. While many of them did, the indigenous African population was, for a long time, excluded from citizenry despite fulfilling one of the essential criteria to be eligible for Liberians citizenship: Being Black. This prerequisite remains part of Liberian law today, rendering non-Blacks ineligible for Liberian citizenship. Today, this mostly affects the Lebanese community who originally came as traders and entrepreneurs to Liberia. This article analyses why Liberians defend race-based exclusionary citizenship practices.
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Woods, Tryon P. "Marronage, Here and There: Liberia, Enslavement's Conversion, and the Settler-Not." International Labor and Working-Class History 96 (2019): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547919000206.

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AbstractThis proposed contribution to the special issue of ILWCH offers a theoretical re-consideration of the Liberian project. If, as is commonly supposed in its historiography and across contemporary discourse regarding its fortunes into the twenty-first century, Liberia is a notable, albeit contested, instance of the modern era's correctable violence in that it stands as an imperfect realization of the emancipated slave, the liberated colony, and the freedom to labor unalienated, then such representation continues to hide more than it reveals. This essay, instead, reads Liberia as an instructive leitmotif for the conversion of racial slavery's synecdochical plantation system in the Americas into the plantation of the world writ large: the global scene of antiblackness and the immutable qualification for enslavement accorded black positionality alone. Transitions between political economic systems—from slave trade to “re-colonization,” from Firestone occupation to dictatorial-democratic regimes—reemerge from this re-examination as crucial but inessential to understanding Liberia's position, and thus that of black laboring subjects, in the modern world. I argue that slavery is the simultaneous primitive accumulation of black land and bodies, but that this reality largely escapes current conceptualization of not only the history of labor but also that of enslavement. In other words, the African slave trade (driven first by Arabs in the Indian Ocean region, then Europeans in the Mediterranean, and, subsequently, Euro-Americans in the Atlantic) did not simply leave as its corollary effect, or byproduct, the underdevelopment of African societies. The trade in African flesh was at once the co-production of a geography of desire in which blackness is perpetually fungible at every scale, from the body to the nation-state to its soil—all treasures not simply for violation and exploitation, but more importantly, for accumulation and all manner of usage. The Liberian project elucidates this ongoing reality in distinctive ways—especially when we regard it through the lens of the millennium-plus paradigm of African enslavement. Conceptualizing slavery's “afterlife” entails exploring the ways that emancipation extended, not ameliorated, the chattel condition, and as such, impugns the efficacy of key analytic categories like “settler,” “native,” “labor,” and “freedom” when applied to black existence. Marronage, rather than colonization or emancipation, situates Liberia within the intergenerational struggle of, and over, black work against social death. Read as enslavement's conversion, this essay neither impugns nor heralds black action and leadership on the Liberian project at a particular historical moment, but rather agitates for centering black thought on the ongoing issue of black fungibility and social captivity that Liberia exemplifies. I argue that such a reading of Liberia presents a critique of both settler colonialism and of a certain conceptualization of the black radical tradition and its futures in heavily optimist, positivist, and political economic terms that are enjoying considerable favor in leading discourse on black struggle today.
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Sullivan, Jo, and Katherine Harris. "African and American Values: Liberia and West Africa." International Journal of African Historical Studies 20, no. 1 (1987): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219309.

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Matthewson, Timothy, and Katherine Harris. "African and American Values: Liberia and West Africa." Journal of the Early Republic 6, no. 1 (1986): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3122679.

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Greer, Brenna W. "Selling Liberia: Moss H. Kendrix, the Liberian Centennial Commission, and the Post-World War II Trade in Black Progress." Enterprise & Society 14, no. 2 (June 2013): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/kht017.

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This article examines the activities of Moss H. Kendrix, a budding black entrepreneur and Public Relations Officer for the Centennial Commission of the Republic of Liberia, during the years immediately following World War II. To secure US investment in Liberia’s postwar development, Kendrix re-presented African Americans and Americo-Liberians as new markets valuable to US economic growth and national security. This article argues that his tactics advanced the global significance of black peoples as modern consumers and his worth as a black markets specialist, while simultaneously legitimating notions of progress that frustrated black claims for unconditional self-determination or first-class citizenship. Kendrix’s public relations work on behalf of Liberia highlights intersections between postwar black entrepreneurialism and politics and US foreign relations, as well as the globalization of US business and consumerism.
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Jacobs, Sylvia M., and Claude A. Clegg. "The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia." Journal of Southern History 71, no. 2 (May 1, 2005): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27648756.

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Bogger, Tommy L. ":The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia." American Historical Review 110, no. 3 (June 2005): 760–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.110.3.760.

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Temperley, Howard. "African‐American aspirations and the settlement of Liberia." Slavery & Abolition 21, no. 2 (August 2000): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440390008575306.

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Allen, William E. "Liberia and the Atlantic World in the Nineteenth Century: Convergence and Effects." History in Africa 37 (2010): 7–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0028.

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William C. Burke, an African American emigrant in Liberia, wrote the following to an acquaintance in the United States on 23 September 1861: This must be the severest affliction that have visited the people of the United States and must be a sorce [sic] of great inconvenience and suffering and although we are separated from the seane [sic] by the Atlantic yet we feel sadly the effects of it in this country. The Steavens not coming out as usual was a great disappointment and loss to many in this country.Burke's lamentation about the impact of the American Civil War on the distant Atlantic shores of Africa underscores a problem—and opportunity—in Liberian historiography. Burke's nineteenth-century world extended past the distinct national boundaries that separated the United States and Liberia. Geographically, this was the vast littoral of the four continents—Africa, Europe, North America, and South America—abutting the Atlantic Ocean. But the Atlantic world, as historians now dubbed this sprawling transnational zone, was much more extensive. Societies near and faraway were also drawn into the web of socioeconomic activities in the basin. The creation of the Atlantic world spanned almost four centuries, from the late fifteenth to the waning decades of the nineteenth century. In this period, an unprecedented multitude of migrants crisscrossed the Atlantic creating a vast network. For example, by the nineteenth century, regular transatlantic packages such as the Mary Caroline Stevens whose delay Burke called “a great disappointment,” transported passengers, provisions, and dispatches between the United States and Liberia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "African Americans in Liberia. Liberia"

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Van, Sickle Eugene S. "The missionary presence and influences in Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1842." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1227.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 60 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-59).
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Outland, Aaron. "The American Colonization of Liberia & the Origins of Africa's First Republic." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/694.

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The American Colonization of Liberia is a unique example of statecraft, reflecting the domestic political concerns of free blacks and colonizationists in the United States. The founding of Liberia reflects the objectives of these two factions.
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Sims-Alvarado, Falechiondro Karcheik. "The African-American Emigration Movement in Georgia during Reconstruction." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/29.

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This dissertation is a narrative history about nearly 800 newly freed black Georgians who sought freedom beyond the borders of the Unites States by emigrating to Liberia during the years of 1866 and 1868. This work fulfills three overarching goals. First, I demonstrate that during the wake of Reconstruction, newly freed persons’ interest in returning to Africa did not die with the Civil War. Second, I identify and analyze the motivations of blacks seeking autonomy in Africa. Third, I tell the stories and challenges of those black Georgians who chose emigration as the means to civil and political freedom in the face of white opposition. In understanding the motives of black Georgians who emigrated to Liberia, I analyze correspondence from black and white Georgians and the white leaders of the American Colonization Society and letters from Liberia settlers to black friends and families in the Unites States. These letters can be found within the American Colonization Society Papers correspondence files and some letters reprinted in the ACS’s monthly periodical, the African Repository. To date, no single work has been published on the historical significance of black Georgians who emigrated to Liberia during Reconstruction. What my research uncovers is that that 31 percent of the 3,184 passengers transported to West Africa by the American Colonization Society from 1865 to 1877 were Georgians, thereby making Georgia, the leading states to produce the highest numbers of blacks to resettle in Liberia and the logical focal point for the African-American emigration movement during Reconstruction.
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Murray, Robert P. "Whiteness in Africa: Americo-Liberians and the Transformative Geographies of Race." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/23.

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This dissertation examines the constructed racial identities of African American settlers in colonial Liberia as they traversed the Atlantic between the United States and West Africa during the first half of the nineteenth century. In one of the great testaments that race is a social construction, the West African neighbors and inhabitants of Liberia, who conceived of themselves as “black,” recognized the significant cultural differences between themselves and these newly-arrived Americans and racially categorized the newcomers as “white.” This project examines the ramifications for these African American settlers of becoming simultaneously white and black through their Atlantic mobility. This is not to suggest that those African Americans who relocated to Liberia somehow desired to be white or hoped to “pass” as white after their arrival in Africa. Instead, the Americo-Liberians utilized their African whiteness to lay claim to an exotic, foreign identity that also escaped associations of primitivism. This project makes several significant contributions to scholarship on the colonization movement, whiteness, and Atlantic world. Importantly for scholarship on Liberia, it reestablishes the colony as but one evolving point within the Atlantic world instead of its usual interpretative place as the end of a transatlantic journey. Whether as disgruntled former settlers, or paid spokesmen for the American Colonization Society (ACS), or visitors returning to childhood abodes, or emancipators looking to free families from the chains of slavery, or students seeking medical degrees, Liberian settlers returned to the United States and they were remarkably uninterested in returning to their formerly downtrodden place in American society. This project examines the “tools” provided to Americo-Liberians by their African residence to negotiate a new relationship with the white inhabitants of the United States. These were not just metaphorical arguments shouted across the Atlantic Ocean and focusing on the experiences of Americo-Liberians in the United States highlights that these “negotiations” had practical applications for the lives of settlers in both the United States and Africa. The African whiteness of the settlers would function as a bargaining chip when they approached that rhetorical bargaining table.
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Simmons, Robert Earl. "African therapeutic systems : their place in health care in Liberia." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387349.

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Arno, Zachary. "Geochemical and Microbial Controls of Groundwater Quality in Northwestern Liberia." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10634173.

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Years of conflict, political instability, and national emergencies have left behind very little information on water resources in Liberia, West Africa. This research leverages major ion and trace element analysis, Escherichia coli (E. coli) field tests, and high-throughput sequencing of microbial 16S rRNA genes to address these gaps and develop a comprehensive snapshot of groundwater quality in the region surrounding Monrovia, the capital city. A novel protocol to collect and preserve microbial DNA from groundwater under tropical field conditions lacking a constant source of electricity was employed and yielded high quality DNA sequences of bacterial and archaeal phylogenetic marker genes.

Multivariate compositional data analysis methods were used to investigate geochemical processes impacting groundwater quality throughout the study area. Low conductivity, low pH groundwaters were found to dominate the system with the majority of geochemical variability in the water samples attributed to surficial inputs both natural and anthropogenic. The implicated low buffering capacity of the groundwater system suggests a high risk associated with mining operations in Liberia. From a public health perspective, nitrate contamination, attributed to widespread but localized infiltration of human and or animal waste/fertilizer(s), was identified as the most important chemical water quality issue. Sulfate was found to be indicative of urban water cycling processes.

Although nitrate, arsenic, and lead concentrations exceeded WHO guidelines in several wells, E. coli was identified in 39% of all groundwaters analyzed, suggesting fecal contamination as the most significant regional water quality risk to human health. Deeper wells had significantly (p < 0.05) lower probability of E. coli contamination, with no E. coli encountered in any well greater than 22 meters deep. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed highly variable microbial community compositions. Surficial inputs are suggested as the major drivers of microbial diversity and community composition. Groundwaters that tested positive for E. coli in the field were found to have significantly higher estimates of microbial alpha diversity (p < 0.05) than groundwaters that tested negative. Additionally, nitrate, silica, pH, and several other geochemical constituents were found to be strongly correlated with shifts in microbial community structure.

The identification of a wide diversity of pathogen-associated bacteria to the genus and species level suggests that microbial contamination is more widespread than indicated by the E. coli field test alone. Results highlight the vulnerability of aquifers in Liberia to contamination and call for an increased investment in the water supply infrastructure and enhanced monitoring of chemical and microbial constituents throughout the country. This work will help the government of Liberia establish baseline water-quality conditions and provides an initial set of water resource databases to improve water-quality monitoring capacity.

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Allen, William Ezra. "Sugar and coffee: a history of settler agriculture in nineteenth-century Liberia." FIU Digital Commons, 2002. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1068.

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This dissertation is about commercial agriculture in nineteenth-century Liberia. Based primarily on the archives of the American Colonization Society (founder of Liberia), it examines the impact of environmental and demographic constraints on an agrarian settler society from 1822 to the 1890s. Contrary to the standard interpretation, which linked the poor state of commercial agriculture to the settlers' disdain for cultivation, this dissertation argues that the scarcity of labor and capital impeded the growth of commercial agriculture. The causes of the scarcity were high mortality, low immigration and the poverty of the American "Negroes" who began to settle Liberia in 1822. Emigration to Liberia meant almost certain death and affliction for many immigrants because they encountered a new set of diseases. Mortality was particularly high during the early decades of colonization. From 1822 to 1843, about 48 percent of all immigrants died of various causes, usually within their first year. The bulk of the deaths is attributed to malaria. There was no natural increase in the population for this early period and because American "Negroes" were unenthusiastic about relocation to Liberia, immigration remained sparse throughout the century. Low immigration, combined with the high death rate, deprived the fledgling colony of its potential human resource, especially for the cultivation of labor-intensive crops, like sugar cane and coffee. Moreover, even though females constituted approximately half of the settlers, they seldom performed agricultural labor. The problem of labor was compounded by the scarcity of draft animals. Liberia is in the region where trypanosomiasis occurs. The disease is fatal to large livestock. Therefore, animal-drawn plows, common in the United States, were never successfully transplanted in Liberia. Besides, the dearth of livestock obstructed the development of the sugar industry since many planters depended on oxen-powered mills because they could not afford to buy the more expensive steam engine mills. Finally, nearly half of the immigrants were newly emancipated slaves. Usually these former bondsmen arrived in Liberia penniless. Consequently, they lacked the capital to invest in large-scale plantations. The other categories of immigrants (e.g., those who purchased their freedom), were hardly better off than the emancipated slaves.
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SILVA, ALEXANDRE DOS SANTOS. "THE HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION IN THREE AFRICAN QUASI-STATES: SOMALIA, RWANDA AND LIBERIA." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4735@1.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as intervenções humanitárias ocorridas na Somália, em Ruanda e na Libéria a partir do entendimento que cada um desses países se caracteriza como um quase-Estado e que essa condição foi uma das principais responsáveis pelo colapso das instituições estatais em cada um deles. Este trabalho inicia apresentando e discutindo os conceitos de intervenção humanitária, quase-Estado e colapso do Estado e segue numa análise dos antecedentes históricos que levaram cada país ao colapso e às respectivas intervenções internacionais (ONU na Somália; França em Ruanda; e Ecowas na Libéria). Por fim, descreve os equívocos cometidos em cada uma das três intervenções e suas conseqüências para a resolução ou prolongamento dos conflitos.
The aim of this work is to describe the humanitarian interventions in Somalia, Rwanda and Liberia from the understandings of each country as quase- State and this condition as one of the major causes for the collapse of each state`s institutions. This work begins describing and discussing the concepts of humanitarian intervention, quasi- State and State collapse and analyses the historic facts that precedes the collapse of each country and the respective interventions (the UN`s in Somalia; the French`s in Rwanda; and the Ecowas` in Liberia). The final part describes the equivocals done in each one and the consequences for the resolution or the extending of the conflicts.
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Papakirillou, Ismini. "A metallurgical study of West African iron monies from Cameroon and Liberia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55263.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-202).
The aim of this thesis is to make a contribution to the study of West African iron monies through examination and analysis of a group of these objects in the collection of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University. The selection of objects from the collection includes five distinct types, representing different sizes and shapes that have been identified as monies/exchange mediums. All of these object types were originally part of a bundle or remain in bundled form; all share a provenience in West Africa, four groups in present day Cameroon and one in Liberia. The research corpus of material has dates ranging from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. My metallurgical studies of West African iron monies are the first such investigations to have been carried out. The results will contribute to the appreciation of the ways in which iron 'monies' functioned within late nineteenth - early twentieth century West African societies.
by Ismini Papakirillou.
S.M.
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Mwandumba, Judith Victoria. "African solutions to African problems : learning from ECOMOG s experiences in Liberia and Sierra Leone." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3759.

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Books on the topic "African Americans in Liberia. Liberia"

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Guannu, Joseph Saye. The settlers of Liberia. Monrovia, Liberia: Bishop John Collins Teachers College, Stella Maris Polytechnic, Catholic Archdiocese of Monrivia, 2007.

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Guannu, Joseph Saye. The settlers of Liberia. Monrovia, Liberia: Bishop John Collins Teachers College, Stella Maris Polytechnic, Catholic Archdiocese of Monrivia, 2007.

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African and American values: Liberia and West Africa. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985.

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Somah, Syrulwa L. Historical settlement of Liberia and its environmental impact. Lanham: University Press of America, 1995.

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1965-, Hicks Kyra E., ed. Liberia: A visit through books. [S.l.]: www.lulu.com, 2008.

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Reef, Catherine. This our dark country: The American settlers of Liberia. New York: Clarion Books, 2002.

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Little Liberia: An African odyssey in New York City. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2011.

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Steinberg, Jonny. Little Liberia: An African odyssey in New York City. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2011.

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The price of liberty: African Americans and the making of Liberia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

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Tyler-McGraw, Marie. An African republic: Black & White Virginians in the making of Liberia. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "African Americans in Liberia. Liberia"

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Everill, Bronwen. "Americans in Africa." In Abolition and Empire in Sierra Leone and Liberia, 55–78. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137291813_4.

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Beyan, Amos J. "Maryland State’s Civilizing Mission in Maryland in Liberia and John B. Russwurm." In African American Settlements in West Africa, 85–99. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979193_5.

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Siebers, Lucia. "Chapter 8. African American English in nineteenth-century Liberia." In Studies in Language Variation, 139–56. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.21.08sie.

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Dorsey, Bruce. "The Transnational Lives of African American Colonists to Liberia." In Transnational Lives, 171–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230277472_14.

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Beyan, Amos J. "The American Colonization Society Civilizing Mission in Liberia and John B. Russwurm, 1829–1836." In African American Settlements in West Africa, 39–84. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979193_4.

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Beyan, Amos J. "Governor John B. Russwurm and the Civilizing Mission in Maryland in Liberia, 1836–1851." In African American Settlements in West Africa, 100–117. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979193_6.

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Dalleo, Peter T. "8. African American Abolitionist and Kinship Connections in Nineteenth- Century Delaware, Canada West, and Liberia." In The Promised Land, edited by Boulou de b’Beri, Nina Reid-Maroney, and Handel K. Wright, 149–75. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442667457-009.

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Van Rompaey, R. S. A. R. "Rain forest refugia in Liberia." In The Biodiversity of African Plants, 624–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0285-5_76.

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Massaquoi, Fatima, Vivian Seton, Konrad Tuchscherer, and Arthur Abraham. "I Bid Farewell to Liberia." In The Autobiography of an African Princess, 115–27. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137102508_9.

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Godwyll, Francis E., and Siphokazi Magadla. "Educating Postconflict Societies: Lessons From Rwanda and Liberia." In African Childhoods, 187–200. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137024701_13.

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Reports on the topic "African Americans in Liberia. Liberia"

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Orrnert, Anna. Review of National Social Protection Strategies. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.026.

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This helpdesk report reviews ten national social protection strategies (published between 2011-2019) in order to map their content, scope, development processes and measures of success. Each strategy was strongly shaped by its local context (e.g. how social development was defined, development priorities and existing capacity and resources) but there were also many observed similarities (e.g. shared values, visions for social protection). The search focused on identifying strategies with a strong social assistance remit from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Sub-Sarahan African and South and South-East Asian regions1 (Latin America was deemed out of scope due the advanced nature of social protection there). Examples from Sub-Saharan Africa are most widely available. Few examples are available from the MENA region2 – it may be that such strategies do not currently exist, that potential strategy development process are in more nascent stages or that those strategies that do exist are not accessible in English. A limitation of this review is that it has not been able to review strategies in other languages. The strategies reviewed in this report are from Bangladesh (2015), Cambodia (2011), Ethiopia (2012), Jordan (2019), Kenya (2011), Lesotho (2014), Liberia (2013), Rwanda (2011), Uganda (2015) and Zambia (2014). The content of this report focuses primarily on the information from these strategies. Where appropriate, it also includes information from secondary sources about other strategies where those original strategies could not be found (e.g. Saudi Arabia’s NSDS).
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