Relevant bibliographies by topics / African americans, rhode island

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Academic literature on the topic 'African americans, rhode island'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "African americans, rhode island"

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Chan, Philip A., Ewa King, Yizhen Xu, et al. "Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Rhode Island From a Statewide Random Sample." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 4 (2021): 700–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.306115.

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Objectives. To characterize statewide seroprevalence and point prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Rhode Island. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected households across Rhode Island in May 2020. Antibody-based and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based tests for SARS-CoV-2 were offered. Hispanics/Latinos and African Americans/Blacks were oversampled to ensure adequate representation. Seroprevalence estimations accounted for test sensitivity and specificity and were compared according to age, race/ethnicity, gender, housing environment, and transportation mode. Results. Overall, 1043 individuals from 554 households were tested (1032 antibody tests, 988 PCR tests). The estimated seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 2.1% (95% credible interval [CI] = 0.6, 4.1). Seroprevalence was 7.5% (95% CI = 1.3, 17.5) among Hispanics/Latinos, 3.8% (95% CI = 0.0, 15.0) among African Americans/Blacks, and 0.8% (95% CI = 0.0, 2.4) among non-Hispanic Whites. Overall PCR-based prevalence was 1.5% (95% CI = 0.5, 3.1). Conclusions. Rhode Island had low seroprevalence relative to other settings, but seroprevalence was substantially higher among African Americans/Blacks and Hispanics/Latinos. Rhode Island sits along the highly populated northeast corridor, making our findings broadly relevant to this region of the country. Continued monitoring via population-based sampling is needed to quantify these impacts going forward.
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Rohrs, Richard C. "Exercising Their Right: African American Voter Turnout in Antebellum Newport, Rhode Island." New England Quarterly 84, no. 3 (2011): 402–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00109.

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During the 1840s, the town meeting minutes of Newport, Rhode Island, recorded the names of local residents who voted. Correlating this information with census data, one can determine that African Americans who voted were more likely to be older, wealthier, native-born Rhode Islanders who were civic and religious leaders in their community.
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Bailey, Benjamin. "Language and negotiation of ethnic/racial identity among Dominican Americans." Language in Society 29, no. 4 (2000): 555–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500004036.

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The ethnolinguistic terms in which the children of Dominican immigrants in Rhode Island think of themselves, i.e. as “Spanish” or “Hispanic,” are frequently at odds with the phenotype-based racial terms “Black” or “African American,” applied to them by others in the United States. Spanish language is central to resisting such phenotype-racial categorization, which denies Dominican Americans their Hispanic ethnicity. Through discourse analysis of naturally occurring peer interaction at a high school, this article shows how a Dominican American who is phenotypically indistinguishable from African Americans uses language, in both intra- and inter-ethnic contexts, to negotiate identity and resist ascription to totalizing phenotype-racial categories. In using language to resist such hegemonic social categorization, the Dominican second generation is contributing to the transformation of existing social categories and the constitution of new ones in the US.
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Brooks, George E., and Bruce L. Mouser. "An 1804 Slaving Contract Signed in Arabic Script From the Upper Guinea Coast." History in Africa 14 (1987): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171844.

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Few slaving agreements contracted between African sellers and American purchasers appear to have survived. They were rarely committed to paper, were destroyed after commitments were fulfilled, or were removed from business records kept by slave traders. The contract discussed here is of considerable interest as a document which, although brief, records important information and offers intriguing insights concerning African-European and African-African relationships in Guinea-Conakry at the turn of the nineteenth century.The slaving contract is dated 15 November 1804, and apparently was negotiated aboard the merchant ship Charlotte of Bristol, Rhode Island, Jonathan Sabens, master, anchored at the Iles de Los archipelago.Nov. th[ursday] 15-1804Shipe Charlottefortay days after date I Promas to pay Jno. Sabens or orde[r] nin[e] hundard and ni[ne]ty five Bars to be Pade in Rice and Slave Say fore tun of Rice at nity Bars par tun the Remandr in Slaves at one hundard and Twenty Bars par Slave.[signed in Arabic] Fadmod [Fendan Modu Dumbuya][signed in Arabic] Muhammad Sa'ab shokr Mohammed Sakib Fana/Ta/ Mohammed Shabaan(the month before Ramadan)Respecting the American traders involved, the Charlotte was jointly owned by George D'Wolf and Jonathan Sabens of Bristol, Rhode Island. Captain Jonathan Sabens was an experienced mariner, involved in at least three previous slaving voyages, including one as master of the Charlotte. Members of the D'Wolf family were associated with numerous slaving voyages to west Africa and continued to invest in slaving ventures long after Rhode Island made the trade illegal in 1787.
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Clark-pujara, Christy. "In Need of Care: African American Families Transform the Providence Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans during the Final Collapse of Slavery, 1839–1846." Journal of Family History 45, no. 3 (2019): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199019873632.

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In 1839, several white Quaker women in Providence, Rhode Island, founded the Providence Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans; they sought to take in the city’s orphans. During the first years of operation, dozens of African American parents admitted and withdrew their children from the Association. The vast majority of the children admitted had living parents or were paid boarders. In 1846, the Association incorporated as the Providence Association for the Benefit of Colored Children with an enlarged mission to provide for the support and education of black children. During the final collapse of slavery in Rhode Island, black parents transformed an orphanage into an institution that also offered short- and long-term care and education for wards and boarders. In doing so, they expanded the work of white reformers from raising African American children to supporting their needs as working parents.
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Frierson, Georita M., Bernardine M. Pinto, Deanna C. Denman, Pierre A. Leon, and Alex D. Jaffe. "Bridging the Gap: Racial concordance as a strategy to increase African American participation in breast cancer research." Journal of Health Psychology 24, no. 11 (2017): 1548–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105317740736.

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Lack of African American females in breast cancer research has been receiving substantial attention. This study seeks to identify research perceptions and motivating factors needed to increase racial/ethnic minority participation in breast cancer research. A total of 57 African American women (Σ = 47.8 years), from Rhode Island and Texas, completed a questionnaire and focus group. While many participants were not breast cancer survivors, they reported knowledge of their racial group’s risk for breast cancer. One major finding that could be seen as both a facilitator and barrier is racial concordance between participant and researcher. Cultural sensitivity and trust building is recommended to increase minority participation.
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Pandita, Aakriti, Fizza S. Gillani, Yiyun Shi, et al. "518. Factors Associated with Severe COVID-19 among Patients Hospitalized in Rhode Island." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (2020): S324—S325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.712.

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Abstract Background To better understand patient factors that impact clinical outcomes in COVID-19, we performed a retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Rhode Island to identify patient and clinical characteristics associated with severe disease. Methods We analyzed 259 patients admitted to our academic medical center during a three month period with confirmed COVID-19. Clinical data was extracted via chart review and lab results within the first 24 hours of admission were extracted directly from electronic medical records. Patients were divided in two groups based upon the highest level of supplemental oxygen (O2) required during hospitalization: severe COVID-19 (high flow O2, non-invasive, or invasive mechanical ventilation) and non-severe COVID-19 (low flow O2 or no supplemental O2). SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC) was used for statistical analyses. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables and the Student’s t-test for continuous variables were used to compare demographics, baseline comorbidities, and clinical data between the severe and non-severe groups. Table 1: Demographics Results Of 259 patients, 166 (64%) had non-severe disease, and 93 (36%) severe disease; median age [IQR] was 62 [51,73]. There were 138(53%) males and 75 (29%) Hispanics. Among non-Hispanics,124(48%) were White, 48(19%) African Americans, and 12(5%) other races. Sixty (23%) were admitted from a nursing facility and the in-hospital mortality rate was 15% (38/259). Severe COVID-19 was associated with older age (p=0.02), admission from nursing facility (p=0.009), increased BMI (p=0.03), diabetes mellitus (p=0.0002), and COPD (p=0.03). At the time of presentation, severe COVID-19 was associated with tachypnea, hypoxia, hypotension (all p< 0.0001), elevated BUN (p=0.002) and AST (p=0.001), and acute or chronic kidney injury (p=0.01). Median hospital stay [IQR] was 11 days [7,18] in the severe vs. 6 days [3,11] in the non-severe group. In the severe group, 72% required ICU admission and 39% died. Table 2: Medical comorbidities Table 3: Presenting symptoms and signs in the first 48 hours of admission Table 4: Basic labs in the first 24 hours Conclusion In this cohort of patients with COVID-19, specific comorbidities, and vital signs at presentation were associated with severe COVID-19. These findings help clinicians with early identification and triage of high risk patients. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Graziano, John. "The Early Life and Career of the "Black Patti": The Odyssey of an African American Singer in the Late Nineteenth Century." Journal of the American Musicological Society 53, no. 3 (2000): 543–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/831938.

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The early career of the African American singer Matilda Sissieretta Jones (1868-1933), known as the "Black Patti," was unique in nineteenth-century America. Reviewers gave high praise to her singing, and she attracted large mixed-race audiences to her concerts across the country. Her fame was such that, during the early 1890s, she appeared as the star of several companies in which she was the only black performer. This article documents her early life in Portsmouth, Virginia, and Providence, Rhode Island; her two tours, in 1888 and 1890, to the Caribbean and South America; and her varied concert appearances in the United States and Europe up to the formation of the Black Patti Troubadours in the fall of 1896.
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Abbas, Abbas. "Description of the American Community of John Steinbeck’s Adventure in Novel Travels with Charley in Search of America 1960s." PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 12, no. 2 (2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v12i2.738.

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This article aims at describing the social life of the American people in several places that made the adventures of John Steinbeck as the author of the novel Travels with Charley in Search of America around the 1960s. American people’s lives are a part of world civilizations that literary readers need to know. This adventure was preceded by an author’s trip in New York City, then to California, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, New Jersey, Saint Lawrence, Quebec, Niagara Falls, Ohio, Chicago, Illinois, Michigan, North Dakota, the Rocky Mountains, Washington, the West Coast, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, New Orleans, Salinas, and again ended in New York. In processing research data, the writer uses one of the methods of literary research, namely the Dynamic Structural Approach which emphasizes the study of the intrinsic elements of literary work and the involvement of the author in his work. The intrinsic elements emphasized in this study are the physical and social settings. The research data were obtained from the results of a literature study which were then explained descriptively. The writer found a number of descriptions of the social life of the American people in the 1960s, namely the life of the city, the situation of the inland people, and ethnic discrimination. The people of the city are busy taking care of their profession and competing for careers, inland people living naturally without competing ambitions, and black African Americans have not enjoyed the progress achieved by the Americans. The description of American society related to the fictional story is divided by region, namely east, north, middle, west, and south. The social condition in the eastern region is dominated by beaches and mountains, and is engaged in business, commerce, industry, and agriculture. The comfortable landscape in the northern region spends the people time as breeders and farmers. The natural condition in the middle region of American is very suitable for agriculture, plantations, and animal husbandry. Many people in the western American region facing the Pacific Ocean become fishermen. The natural conditions from the plains and valleys to the hills make the southern region suitable for plantation land.
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Gross, Ariela. "“Of Portuguese Origin”: Litigating Identity and Citizenship among the “Little Races” in Nineteenth-Century America." Law and History Review 25, no. 3 (2007): 467–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248000004259.

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The history of race in the nineteenth-century United States is often told as a story of black and white in the South, and white and Indian in the West, with little attention to the intersection between black and Indian. This article explores the history of nineteenth-century America's “little races”—racially ambiguous communities of African, Indian, and European origin up and down the eastern seaboard. These communities came under increasing pressure in the years leading up to the Civil War and in its aftermath to fall on one side or the other of a black-white color line. Drawing on trial records of cases litigating the racial identity of the Melungeons of Tennessee, the Croatans/Lumbee of North Carolina, and the Narragansett of Rhode Island, this article looks at the differing paths these three groups took in the face of Jim Crow: the Melungeons claiming whiteness; the Croatans/Lumbee asserting Indian identity and rejecting association with blacks; the Narragansett asserting Indian identity without rejecting their African origins. Members of these communities found that they could achieve full citizenship in the U.S. polity only to the extent that they abandoned their self-governance and distanced themselves from people of African descent.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "African americans, rhode island"

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Green, Shirley L. "Freeborn Men of Color: The Franck Brothers in Revolutionary North America, 1755-1820." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1300735596.

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Heredia, Yvonne Michele. "Preventative Strategies to Improve Birth Outcomes Among African American Women in Rhode Island." ScholarWorks, 2015. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1478.

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Despite increased access to prenatal care, birth outcomes continue to be a major source of disparity among women in the United States. The focus on lifestyle choices and negative behaviors prior to a pregnancy to reduce adverse birth outcomes has become a well-documented strategy. The purpose of this study was to determine if preparing for a pregnancy in advance improves birth outcomes for African American women of childbearing age between the ages of 12 and 45 years in the State of Rhode Island (RI). The theoretical foundation for this study was based on Prochaska's model of change, which is also known as the readiness to change model. This study was conducted using secondary data from the Rhode Island Department of Health PRAMS data set. The research questions determined if African American women received preconception care education at the same rate as White women, if African American women had a higher rate of infant mortality than other races, and if African American women had a higher rate of unintended pregnancies than White women in the state of Rhode Island. Independent t tests and chi square tests were used to answer the research questions. The results indicated a difference between the infant mortality rates for African American women compared to other races as well as a difference between African American women compared to White women with regard to unintentional pregnancies in Rhode Island. However, there was no difference in African American women compared to White women receiving preconception education in the state of Rhode Island. The implications for positive social change include micro- and macro-level changes in support of how planning for a pregnancy in advance can reduce poor birth outcomes.
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Vrevich, Kevin. "The Inner Light of Radical Abolitionism: Greater Rhode Island and the Emergence of Racial Justice." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1565949608511834.

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Caldwell, Jessica. "Relocating segregation : the Pea Island Life-Saving Station /." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2006. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=654.

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Theses (M.A.)--Marshall University, 2006.<br>Includes abstract. Originally issued in electronic format. UMI number: 1434476. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-108). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Ngo, Tu Anh. "A four-year retrospective study of domestic violence and police response in Asians using the Rhode Island domestic violence/sexual assault police reporting forms /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3188844.

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Twa, Lindsay Jean. "Troubling island : the imagining and imaging of Haiti by African-American artists, 1915-1940 /." 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,82.

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Lathan, Rhea Estelle. "Writing a wrong : a case of African American adult literacy action on the South Carolina Sea Islands, 1957-1962 /." 2006. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.

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Books on the topic "African americans, rhode island"

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Rhode Island red. Serpent's Tail, 1997.

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Bell, Andrew J. An assessment of life in Rhode Island as an African American in the era from 1918 to 1993. Vantage Press, 1997.

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Fitts, Robert K. Inventing New England's slave paradise: Master/slave relations in eighteenth-century Narragansett, Rhode Island. Garland Pub., 1998.

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Sweet, John Wood. Bodies politic: Colonialism, race and the emergence of the American North, Rhode Island, 1730-1830. UMI Dissertation Services, 1995.

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J, Brown William. The life of William J. Brown of Providence, R.I.: With personal recollections of incidents in Rhode Island. University of New Hampshire Press, 2006.

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Bjerregaard, Marcia. First heroes for freedom. Silver Moon Press, 2000.

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ill, Noll Cheryl Kirk, ed. The Black regiment of the American Revolution. Moon Mountain Pub., 2004.

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Muratore, Joseph R. Italian-Americans in Rhode Island. Arcadia, 1997.

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Muratore, Joseph R. Italian-Americans in Rhode Island. Arcadia Pub., 1997.

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Who does she think she is? Thorndike Press, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "African americans, rhode island"

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Brown, Jeannette E. "Introduction." In African American Women Chemists in the Modern Era. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190615178.003.0005.

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When I wrote my first book African American Women Chemists I neglected to state that it was a historical book. I researched to find the first African American woman who had studied chemistry in college and worked in the field. The woman that I found was Josephine Silane Yates who studied chemistry at the Rhode Island Normal School in order to become a science teacher. She was hired by the Lincoln Institute in 1881 and later was, I believe, the first African American woman to become a professor and head a department of science. But then again there might be women who traveled out of the country to study because of racial prejudice in this country. The book ended with some women like myself who were hired as chemists in the industry before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Therefore, I decided to write another book about the current African American women chemists who, as I say, are hiding in plain sight. To do this, I again researched women by using the web or by asking questions of people I met at American Chemical Society ACS or National Organization for the Professional Advances of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE) meetings. I asked women to tell me their life stories and allow me to take their oral history, which I recorded and which were transcribed thanks to the people at the Chemical Heritage Foundation in Philadelphia, PA. Most of the stories of these women will be archived at the CHF in their oral history collection. The women who were chosen to be in this book are an amazing group of women. Most of them are in academia because it is easy to get in touch with professors since they publish their research on the web. Some have worked for the government in the national laboratories and a few have worked in industry. Some of these women grew up in the Jim Crow south where they went to segregated schools but were lucky because they were smart and had teachers and parents who wanted them to succeed despite everything they had to go through.
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Moore, Sean D. "“Whatever Is, Is Right”." In Slavery and the Making of Early American Libraries. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836377.003.0002.

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Beginning with an analysis of a painting of the slaveholding founder of the Redwood Library of Newport, Rhode Island, that shows him holding a copy of Alexander Pope’s Essay on Man, this chapter documents the reading of Alexander Pope’s works in colonial America in relation to the Atlantic slavery economy. In doing so, it provides a theory that portraiture featuring books should count as evidence of the reception of them. It shows how slavery philanthropy fueled the Rhode Island book trade and endowed its libraries, and how patriot thought and activity emerged from these libraries. In examining the fragmentary remaining circulation receipt books of the Redwood, it shows patterns of reading that suggest that members of the library were more concerned about their own political “slavery” to Britain than with the condition of the Africans they were enslaving. It also investigates Rhode Island abolitionism in figures like Samuel Hopkins.
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"The Life of William J. Brown of Providence, R.I. with Personal Recollections of Incidents in Rhode Island." In From African to Yankee. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315293417-11.

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Brown, Richard D. "Contending for Religious Equality." In Self-Evident Truths. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300197112.003.0002.

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In the new United States every state included a bill of rights guaranteeing religious liberty. But the meaning of those guarantees varied. Though Rhode Island and Pennsylvania had no established religion from their beginnings, most colonies had possessed a Protestant establishment, and most states retained official preference for Protestantism. Catholicism was generally tolerated, but Catholics, like Jews, were denied equal citizenship rights in several states. But over the course of two generations Americans adopted Virginia’s model of equal religious liberty. Hard-fought contests led to disestablishment everywhere, and to virtually complete religious equality before the law.
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Hunter, Douglas. "Vinland Imagined." In Place of Stone. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634401.003.0007.

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Aided by American antiquarians, the Royal Society of Northern Antiquities of Denmark produced Antiquitates Americanae (1837) which argued Vinland of the Norse sagas was in southern New England. Editor Carl Christian Rafn published a borderline fraudulent interpretation of Dighton Rock that turned it into a Viking inscription. A colonial windmill in Newport, Rhode Island was misinterpreted as the ruin of a Christian Norse church. An Indigenous burial near Dighton Rock at Fall River was miscast as Norse or Phoenician and immortalized by Henry Longfellow in “The Skeleton in Armor.” This chapter argues Antitquiates Americanae and the RSNA’s Mémoires represented an elaborate exercise in transatlantic Gothicism. White Tribism also factored in Rafn’s analysis, as he made Norsemen the improvers of ancestral Native Americans.
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Loiacono, Gabriel J. "Introduction." In How Welfare Worked in the Early United States. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197515433.003.0001.

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These five stories tell how poor relief shaped Americans’ lives in the early United States. Although the five subjects were unique individuals, living in the local contexts of Rhode Island towns, their stories teach much about welfare around the country at the time. This is because nearly every American state inherited colonial laws based on the Elizabethan Poor Law of England. How Welfare Worked in the Early United States focuses on several aspects of how these laws were implemented. Some aspects are rarely discussed in other histories: the difficulty of financing this safety net, the prominence of healthcare in poor relief, the use of paupers as temporary workers, and the isolation of poorhouse inmates. Other aspects, described well in other histories, are carefully illustrated in these narrative-style biographies: the benevolent effects of poor relief, the economic stimulus of poor relief spending, and the racialized application of the poor laws.
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Dorn, Charles. "“To Meet the Training and Retraining Needs of Established Business”." In For the Common Good. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801452345.003.0011.

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This chapter explores community colleges. The community college is the workhorse of American higher education—and it has never been more popular. Yet community colleges have received relatively little attention from historians, an unfortunate shortcoming both because the community college is the single form of higher education that Americans can lay legitimate claim to having “invented” and because the institution has undergone a remarkable historical transformation. Beginning in the early twentieth century as “junior colleges,” community colleges were designed to provide the first two years of undergraduate study leading to the bachelor's degree. Over time, however, many became training grounds for individuals seeking occupational certification while also serving as resources for small-business development and agents of small-scale technology transfer. The chapter then looks at the cases of the Community College of Rhode Island and Santa Fe Community College to illustrate how a rising ethos of affluence guided the transformation of community colleges.
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Kaufman, Gayle. "United States: leave policy, failure and potential." In Parental Leave and Beyond, edited by Peter Moss, Ann-Zofie Duvander, and Alison Koslowski. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338772.003.0009.

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The United States is far behind other countries when it comes to paid leave for parents. While there have been efforts since the 1980s to introduce legislation, the current federal policy (Family and Medical Leave Act or FMLA) only offers 12 weeks of unpaid leave and only 59% of American workers are eligible for this leave; even among working adults who are eligible for FMLA, less than two-fifths can afford to take this unpaid leave. At the state level, California was a trailblazer in passing paid Family Leave in 2002, and New Jersey, Rhode Island and New York have followed suit. Recently, several companies have made news with their announcements about introducing and expanding paid Parental Leave. While a majority of Americans supports some kind of paid leave policy, the most recent legislation introduced at the federal level has nevertheless failed to pass. Some reasons include low relative importance, disagreement in policy implementation, concern over the impact on businesses, and an American value system that emphasizes individualism over welfare programs.
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Hernández, Tanya Katerí. "Segregated Together." In Minority Relations. University Press of Mississippi, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496810458.003.0008.

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This chapter focuses on the complex and troubled history of interethnic violence between blacks and Latinos. It compares prevailing conditions in areas such as New York's Staten Island, where the chief violence is perpetrated by African Americans on Latinos, and California, where the opposite pattern prevails, and examines the asserted justifications made by the authors of such violence. The chapter concludes that the constant force in reproducing such violent behavior, irrespective of the group responsible, is the surrounding conditions of race-based poverty and residential segregation. The chapter shows that in the end, only a renewed societal focus on combating the institutional forces of poverty and racism, along with segregation, can address interethnic relations nationwide.
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Fanning, Sara. "Conclusion." In Caribbean Crossing. NYU Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814764930.003.0008.

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This concluding chapter argues that the 1820s was a critical time in the relationship between the United States and Haiti, a time when each exerted influence on the other that had the potential to change their respective histories even more radically. During this decade, Haitian President Jean-Pierre Boyer concentrated on U.S. relations in his work to improve the standing of his nation and opened up the island to African American emigrants as a gambit to strengthen his case for diplomatic recognition from the United States. Boyer's emigration plan found support among a diverse group of Americans, from abolitionists to black-community leaders to hard-nosed businessmen who all saw profit in the enterprise for different reasons. Ultimately, the project had a lasting effect on thousands of emigrants; on the black communities of Boston, Philadelphia, and New York; on Haitian-American relations; and on African American political discourse.
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