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Journal articles on the topic 'African Americans – Segregation – History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Peters, T. Ralph. "Finklebine, Sources Of The African-American Past - Primary Sources In American History; Thomas, Ed., Plessy C. Ferguson - A Bried History With Documents." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 23, no. 2 (1998): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.23.1.98-100.

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Two new works document the history of African-American struggle for equal rights in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finklebine's work, Sources of the African-American Past: Primary Sources in American History, is a welcome addition to the primary source literature on the perpuity of, and challenges to, the social positions African Americans inhabited from the slave trade through recent times. Organized chronologically along topical lines, the book covers the slave trade, the colonial experience, the Revolution, free blacks, slavery, black abolitionism, emancipation, Reconstruction, seg

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BONDARENKO, D. M., and N. E. KHOKHOLKOVA. "Metamorphoses of the African American Identity in Post-segregation Era and the Theory of Afrocentrism." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 11, no. 2 (2018): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-2-30-45.

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The article deals with the issue of African American identity in the post-segregation period (after 1968). The problem of African Americans’ “double consciousness”, marked for the first time yet in the late 19th – early 20th century, still remains relevant. It is that descendants of slaves, who over the centuries have been relegated to the periphery of the American society, have been experiencing and in part are experiencing an internal conflict, caused by the presence of both American and African components in their identities. The authors focus on Afrocentrism (Afrocentricity) – a socio-cult

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Span, Christopher M. "Post-Slavery? Post-Segregation? Post-Racial? A History of the Impact of Slavery, Segregation, and Racism on the Education of African Americans." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 117, no. 14 (2015): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811511701404.

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This chapter details how slavery, segregation, and racism impacted the educational experiences of African Americans from the colonial era to the present. It offers a historical overview of the African American educational experience and uses archival data and secondary source analysis to illustrate that America has yet to be a truly post-slavery and post-segregation society, let alone a post-racial society.

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Zhu, Zixuan. "The Development of African American Education and The Causes and Effects of Racial Educational Inequality." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 36 (August 14, 2024): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/s5tj6a77.

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African Americans have been a highly visible race throughout history, and they have had a great impact on the United States throughout history. This race went from slavery to freedom, from segregation to the civil rights movement, and they gained legal equality. However, they continue to be treated unfairly in every aspect of society. Racial inequality continues to this day, divorced from the law, and relying only on ingrained ideas can create extremely visible and persistent inequality in many aspects of society. This also includes education, and the continuing inequality in education undoubt

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ADEJUMO, Adewale Ezekiel, and Akintunde Olaoluwa AKINTARO. "Reflective Indices of Africanfuturism in Ibi Zoboi's Nigeria Jones." GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 07, no. 04 (2024): 64–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11150688.

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<strong>Racism and segregation against the Blacks in the Diaspora paves way for Africanfuturism as a concept coined by African, Nnedi Okorafor, to anticipate the future of Africans or the Blacks in the Diaspora. Previous studies focused on Afrofuturism and the theme of race, identity, and violence as a way to address racism. However, this study investigates reflective indices of Africanfuturism in Ibi Zoboi’s <em>Nigeria Jones</em>, as Africanfuturism work with the aim to restore lost identity and negotiate new identity as a means of survival in a strange land. It uses African history, A

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Rezazade, Faeze, Esmaeil Zohdi, and Sohila Faghfori. "Negro’s “Double Consciousness” in To Kill a Mockingbird." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 12 (2016): 2292. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0612.08.

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Living among the Whites has caused many problems for the Blacks throughout the history. African Americans, who are African in their roots and American in their life, as opposite races, are segregated from the White’s societies due to their colored skin. They are considered as uncivilized and lowbrow people who do not have equal rights to the Whites. Thus, racial segregation acting like a veil, as Du Bois refers to, brings African Americans a dual identity which leads to their double consciousness. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, written in 1960, further to its depiction of racial prejudice

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Cabrita, Joel. "Revisiting ‘Translatability’ and African Christianity: The Case of the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion." Studies in Church History 53 (May 26, 2017): 448–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2016.27.

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Focusing on the ‘translatability’ of Christianity in Africa is now commonplace. This approach stresses that African Christian practice is thoroughly inculturated and relevant to local cultural concerns. However, in exclusively emphasizing Christianity's indigeneity, an opportunity is lost to understand how Africans entered into complex relationships with North Americans to shape a common field of religious practice. To better illuminate the transnational, open-faced nature of Christianity in Africa, this article discusses the history of a twentieth-century Christian faith healing movement call

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Rotberg, Robert I. "The Jameson Raid: An American Imperial Plot?" Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49, no. 4 (2019): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01341.

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South Africa’s Jameson Raid ultimately betrayed African rights by transferring power to white Afrikaner nationalists after helping to precipitate the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902). The Raid also removed Cecil Rhodes from the premiership of the Cape Colony; strengthened Afrikaner control of the South African Republic (the Transvaal) and its world-supplying gold mines; and motivated the Afrikaner-controlled consolidation of segregation in the Union of South Africa, and thence apartheid. Perceptively, Charles van Onselen’s The Cowboy Capitalist links what happened on the goldfields of South Africa t

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9

Brawley, Sean, and Chris Dixon. "Jim Crow Downunder? African American Encounters with White Australia, 1942––1945." Pacific Historical Review 71, no. 4 (2002): 607–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2002.71.4.607.

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Between 1941 and 1945, as the U.S. military machine sent millions of Americans——and American culture——around the world, several thousand African Americans spent time in Australia. Armed with little knowledge of Australian racial values and practices, black Americans encoutered a nation whose long-standing commitment to the principle of "White Australia" appeared to rest comfortably with the segregative policies commonly associated with the American South. Nonetheless, while African Americans did encounter racism and discrimination——practices often encouraged by the white Americans who were als

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Dottin, Paul Anthony. "THE HYDRA OF HOROWITZIAN HISTORY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 5, no. 1 (2008): 161–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x08080041.

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AbstractWhether to provide reparations to African Americans for the atrocities of slavery and segregation is arguably the most controversial public matter concerning race in the United States today. This debate, a clash over the economics and ethics of equality, is nothing less than a struggle over the future of racial identity, race relations, and racial progress in the current post–civil rights movement era.With the stakes for African Americans so high, and the prospects for affirmative action dim, public intellectuals have weighed in heavily on each side of the issue. Randall Robinson—autho

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Benson, Devyn Spence. "Cuba Calls: African American Tourism, Race, and the Cuban Revolution, 1959–1961." Hispanic American Historical Review 93, no. 2 (2013): 239–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2077144.

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Abstract This essay explores the role that conversations about race and racism played in forming a partnership between an African American public relations firm and the Cuban National Tourist Institute (INIT) in 1960, just one year after Fidel Castro’s victory over Fulgencio Batista. The article highlights how Cuban revolutionary leaders, Afro-Cubans, and African Americans exploited temporary transnational relationships to fight local battles. Claiming that the Cuban Revolution had eliminated racial discrimination, INIT invited world champion boxer Joe Louis and 50 other African Americans to t

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Beneventi, Domenico A. "Consecrated Ground: Spatial Exclusion and the Black Urban Body." Scripta 20, no. 39 (2016): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2358-3428.2016v20n39p162.

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<p>There has been a long history of discrimination, exclusion, and racial segregation of Canada’s black communities. The establishment and growth of the slave trade, enabled by European maritime technology, made it economically feasible and efficient to establish a trade network of slaves between Africa and the New World. Labour supply in the Americas was affected not only by the lack of Native Americans’ immunity to European diseases, but by European workers’ inability to contend with the extreme heat and tropical diseases in the South American colonies. James Walker argues that contrar

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Prentiss, Craig R. "“The Full Realization of This Desire”." Nova Religio 17, no. 3 (2013): 84–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2014.17.3.84.

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Garland Anderson was an African American playwright who parlayed his New Thought beliefs into a successful Broadway play, a career as a lecturer, and the distinction of being the first to introduce milkshakes to England. Yet his name is absent from every survey on the history of New Thought. This article introduces Anderson to readers and argues that while his race may have kept him from garnering the attention of white practitioners of New Thought, his application of New Thought to questions of race impeded Anderson’s ability to make a lasting impact on many African Americans in an age of leg

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Wang, Ling, and Shuangru Xu. "Dickens Lost: A Study on the Spatial Practice in Paul Beatty’s The Sellout." Humanities 13, no. 5 (2024): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h13050111.

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Paul Beatty, as a representative writer of contemporary African American literature, pays close attention to the living space of African Americans, and their inheritance of their own history and culture in his Booker-Prize-winning novel The Sellout. Based on Henri Lefebvre’s spatial triad, this article analyzes how characters draw inspiration from their historical and cultural legacy, compete for their living space, remedy spatial injustice, and obtain their right of habitation in an erased black ghetto of Los Angeles, i.e., Dickens, with an attempt to elucidate the essence of their spatial pr

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Zakirov, A. V. "FBI VS. AFRICAN AMERICANS (BASED ON COINTELPRO PROGRAM DOCUMENTS)." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 07, no. 02 (2023): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2023-07-02-67-78.

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Today we are witnessing how various US intelligence agencies are engaged in espionage activities around the world. However, US citizens have been subjected to the most sophisticated methods of persecution in history. Using the example of the FBI's COINTELPRO program (carried out from 1956 to 1971), directed against activists of the African-American civil rights movement, the article examines the FBI's activities to protect the socio-political foundations of American society, which cannot be called anything but segregational and racist. The author showed how the US government influenced key fig

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Khapchaev, Sultan Talasovich, and Vladimir Gennadievich Kokorev. "RACISM AND RACIAL SEGREGATION AS MANIFESTATIONS OF POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL EXTREMISM: THE EXAMPLE OF THE HISTORY OF THE USA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX-FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY." Agrarian History 16 (December 17, 2023): 49–61. https://doi.org/10.52270/27132447_2023_16_49.

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In the article the authors examine in detail the causes and dynamics of segregationist policies towards the African-American population in the US South after the Civil War. Particular attention is paid to the normative consolidation of racial discrimination in the form of Jim Crow laws and "grandfather clauses", the law enforcement practice of the U.S. Supreme Court in cases related to racial segregation is considered, the role of the "deliverers" movement and radical groups like the Ku Klux Klan in the struggle against the expansion of civil rights of African Americans is analyzed. The study

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Rahim, Raja Malikah. "“Our Life Out of the Dungeon”." Journal of Sport History 50, no. 3 (2023): 412–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21558450.50.3.08.

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Abstract “Our Life Out of the Dungeon” examines the life and career of Robert L. Vaughan, the legendary and longtime head basketball coach at Elizabeth City State University, an Historically Black University, and explores the racial and cultural politics of Black college basketball in the twentieth-century United States. Using oral history and Vaughan's words, this article moves Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and Black college basketball to the forefront of African American history and sport history, providing a window onto the world of college basketball that existed on

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18

Sharma, Pradip. "The Navigation of Afrocentricism in Countee Cullen’s “Heritage” and Incident”: The Poetics of Identity." Bon Voyage 4, no. 1 (2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bovo.v4i1.54186.

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This paper brings forward the course and determination of Afro-American people toward their origin as experienced by African Americans. It remarkably remaps the poetics of identity amid the racial segregation as projected in Countee Cullen’s “Heritage” and “Incident.” Further, it deals with the color line discrimination over enslaved community and fabricated knowledge about their history as problematic of research. Because the slavery system has belittled Afro-Americans and alienated them from their atavistic culture so that they fail to enjoy human dignity and identity. My purpose, here, is t

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Трюхан, Дмитро. "ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS OF THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES' FOUNDING: DISCUSSIONS AND INITIATIVES OF 2019-2021." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 4 (2023): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2023-04/093-104.

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The aim of the study is to examine alternative interpretations of the history of the United States' founding within the context of the sociopolitical discourse that took place in 2019–2021 in academic and political circles. The scientific novelty is determined by the author's perspective on the issues of conflicting views of American history, which allows tracing the current state of problems with historical memory and its impact on the interpretation of history by American society. Furthermore, it highlights the main topics of public interest in U.S. history and distinguishes the «fault lines

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Danns, Dionne. "Northern Desegregation: A Tale of Two Cities." History of Education Quarterly 51, no. 1 (2011): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2010.00311.x.

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Throughout American history, African American communities have fought for desegregated education, equal school funding, and the right to a quality education. Many activists and scholars have long believed that a racially desegregated education would be the best way to educate citizens in a democratic society. Segregated education has historically been a reality for many African Americans throughout the nation. Before the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) successfully won the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court case, much of the attention to racial

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CAMPBELL, JAMES. "AFRICAN AMERICANS AND PAROLE IN DEPRESSION-ERA NEW YORK." Historical Journal 54, no. 4 (2011): 1065–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x11000392.

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ABSTRACTIn the first half of the twentieth century, parole in the Deep South of the United States was part of a nexus of penal mechanisms providing white employers with a pliant black labour force. By contrast, in New York, which was at the forefront of innovations in parole policy, there was a surprising interracial consensus among white parole administrators and politicians, civil rights activists, and black prisoners themselves that the African American community was integral to parole administration and success. This article explores why different constituencies supported this consensus th

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Weyeneth, Robert R. "The Architecture of Racial Segregation: The Challenges of Preserving the Problematical Past." Public Historian 27, no. 4 (2005): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2005.27.4.11.

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The article examines racial segregation as a spatial system and proposes a conceptual framework for assessing its significance. It analyzes how the ideology of white supremacy influenced design form in the United States and how Jim Crow architecture appeared on the landscape. For African Americans, the settings for everyday life were not simply the confines of this imposed architecture; the article analyzes responses such as the construction of alternative spaces. The discussion concludes by considering the architecture of segregation from the perspective of historic preservation.

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Bunk, Brian D. "Harry Wills and the Image of the Black Boxer from Jack Johnson to Joe Louis." Journal of Sport History 39, no. 1 (2012): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.1.63.

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Abstract The African-American press created images of Harry Wills that were intended to restore the image of the black boxer after Jack Johnson and to use these positive representations as effective tools in the fight against inequality. Newspapers highlighted Wills’s moral character in contrast to Johnson’s questionable reputation. Articles, editorials, and cartoons presented Wills as a representative of all Americans regardless of race and appealed to notions of sportsmanship based on equal opportunity in support of the fighter’s efforts to gain a chance at the title. The representations als

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Halpin, Dennis P. "“The Struggle for Land and Liberty”: Segregation, Violence, and African American Resistance in Baltimore, 1898-1918." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 4 (2015): 691–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215589923.

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Beginning in the late 1890s, battles erupted along Baltimore’s racial frontiers as African Americans moved into predominately white neighborhoods. This article analyzes the fight to impose residential segregation by focusing on events on the streets. This vantage point reveals a fuller picture of the movement to impose legalized segregation in Baltimore. Attempts to maintain racially exclusive neighborhoods in Baltimore began years before the passage of the West Segregation Ordinances in 1910. A street-level examination emphasizes the violence and racism—often elided in top-down analyses—that

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Amsterdam, Daniel. "Toward the Resegregation of Southern Schools: African American Suburbanization and Historical Erasure inFreeman v. Pitts." History of Education Quarterly 57, no. 4 (2017): 451–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2017.28.

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This article reconstructs the story behindFreeman v. Pitts(1992), one of the main US Supreme Court cases that made it easier for school districts to terminate court desegregation orders and that, in turn, helped to propel a widely documented trend: the resegregation of southern schools. The case in part hinged on the question of whether school officials in an Atlanta suburb were responsible for the racial segregation that had developed in the area alongside the rapid settlement of African Americans there in the late twentieth century. Thus, along with shedding new light on how the South transi

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Harris, Paul W. "Dancing with Jim Crow: The Chattanooga Embarrassment of the Methodist Episcopal Church." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 18, no. 2 (2019): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781418000695.

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AbstractAfter the Civil War, northern Methodists undertook a successful mission to recruit a biracial membership in the South. Their Freedmen's Aid Society played a key role in outreach to African Americans, but when the denomination decided to use Society funds in aid of schools for Southern whites, a national controversy erupted over the refusal of Chattanooga University to admit African Americans. Caught between a principled commitment to racial brotherhood and the pressures of expediency to accommodate a growing white supremacist commitment to segregation, Methodists engaged in an agonized

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Normalisa, Devita, and Mohamad Ikhwan Rosyidi. "Resistance to Marginalization in America as Reflected in Kathryn Stockett's 'The Help'." Rainbow: Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Cultural Studies 9, no. 1 (2020): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v9i1.37683.

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Slavery and racial segregation are two important events that shaped American history. Although slavery had been abolished constitutionally by the Thirteenth Amendment, racial segregation remained existing in some southern states of the US until Civil Rights Movement in 1960s. Racial segregation in the US was regulated by Jim Crow laws which promoted “separate but equal” rules. This situation is reflected in Kathryn Stockett’s novel entitled The Help which mostly portrays the life of black maids under Jim Crow laws in Jackson, Mississippi during 1960s. This study aims to find the resistance to

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Newman, Mark. "The Catholic Way: The Catholic Diocese of Dallas and Desegregation, 1945–1971." Journal of American Ethnic History 41, no. 3 (2022): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19364695.41.3.01.

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Abstract Neglected in the many studies of Dallas, Bishop Thomas K. Gorman and Catholic religious orders that staffed schools and churches in the Diocese of Dallas led the way in desegregation and achieved peaceful change ahead of secular institutions. Gorman and religious orders formulated, supported, and implemented desegregation policies without fanfare or publicity that might divide Catholics and arouse segregationist opposition from within and/or outside the Church's ranks. Black Catholics were far from quiescent and made important contributions to secular desegregation. In September 1955,

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Edmonds, Matthew C. "The Private School Pivot: The Shrouded Persistence of Massive Resistance in the Black Belt and Beyond." History of Education Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2020): 455–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2020.45.

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In 1969, four years after passage of the Voting Rights Act, African Americans in Greene County, Alabama, reclaimed control of local government, becoming the first community in the South to do so since Reconstruction. A half century later, however, Greene County remains an impoverished and largely segregated area with poor educational outcomes, especially for Black children. This essay explores the history of Greene County from 1954 to the recent past, with a particular focus on Warrior Academy, a segregated private school (“segregation academy”) founded by Whites in 1965. As a case study of “s

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Hood, Stafford. "Continuing the Exploration of African Americans in the Early History of Evaluation in the United States." American Journal of Evaluation 38, no. 2 (2017): 262–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098214017695482.

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This article, based on the remarks delivered by the author at the Eleanor Chelimsky forum at the Eastern Evaluation Research Society annual conference in 2016, discusses Ambrose Caliver, an evaluator of color who worked for the federal government during segregation. Caliver’s history is an important contribution to the evaluation tree. This article discusses Caliver’s contribution to our field and the importance of recognizing people of color within the history of evaluation.

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Dickerson, Dennis C. "African American Religious Intellectuals and the Theological Foundations of the Civil Rights Movement, 1930–55." Church History 74, no. 2 (2005): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700110212.

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Among the innumerable warriors against legalized racial segregation and discrimination in American society, the iconic Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as a principal spokesman and symbol of the black freedom struggle. The many marches that he led and the crucial acts of civil disobedience that he spurred during the 1950s and 1960s established him and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference as rallying points for civil rights activities in several areas in the American South. King's charisma among African Americans drew from his sermonic rhetoric and its resonance with black audiences. Bra

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Al-Qubati, Safa'a Tawfik Abdulrashid. "Exploring the Depths of the Afro - American Literary Heritage: Yaa Gyasi's Homegoing as a Case study." مجلة جامعة صنعاء للعلوم الإنسانية 3, no. 2 (2024): 526–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59628/jhs.v3i2.208.

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African American history is the black spot in the history of humanity since it represents mankind as monsters who enjoy hurting others and feel the pleasure of looking at them crying loudly due to pain. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to shed light on the history of Afro-American literature to know why African American history is full of gloomy memories and to highlight the well-known figures in it. This paper is an analytical and descriptive study and the data are taken from relevant books, theses, essays, and journals. The cultural and historical aspects of this data through close re

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McClellan, Cara, and Matthew Delmont. "Policy Dialogue: Racial Segregation in America's Schools." History of Education Quarterly 63, no. 1 (2023): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2022.44.

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AbstractAmerica's schools are more segregated today than they were three decades ago. After initial progress in the wake of the Supreme Court's 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education—further bolstered by the 1964 Civil Rights Act, as well as by several other rulings by the court—the nation's schools began a process of resegregation in the early 1990s. White resistance, reversals by the court, and growing residential segregation have ensured that many young people attend school with classmates from similar racial and class backgrounds. As a recent report from the UCLA's Civil Rights Project

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Leibbrand, Christine, Catherine Massey, J. Trent Alexander, Katie R. Genadek, and Stewart Tolnay. "The Great Migration and Residential Segregation in American Cities during the Twentieth Century." Social Science History 44, no. 1 (2020): 19–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.46.

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ABSTRACTThe Great Migration from the South and the rise of racial residential segregation strongly shaped the twentieth-century experience of African Americans. Yet, little attention has been devoted to how the two phenomena were linked, especially with respect to the individual experiences of the migrants. We address this gap by using novel data that links individual records from the complete-count 1940 Census to those in the 2000 Census long form, in conjunction with information about the level of racial residential segregation in metropolitan areas in 1940 and 2000. We first consider whethe

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Krupala, Katie. "The Evolution of Uneven Development in Dallas, TX." Human Geography 12, no. 3 (2019): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861901200308.

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Dallas has a long history of uneven development. It is the product of excess capital, white planning, and a desire to shape the land into something it is not. Communities in Dallas broke sharply along racial and class lines, and as a result black and white Dallas developed separately. Forces of structural and physical violence largely determined where African American neighborhoods were, and are, located in Dallas. African American, Mexican American, and other low-income communities suffered not only from low housing availability and high rent prices, but also bombings, arson, and other physic

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Warnke, Georgia. "Philosophical Hermeneutics and the Politics of Memory." Perspectives on Politics 13, no. 3 (2015): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592715001280.

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Over at least the past quarter century, observers, historians, and journalists have painted a damning picture of the treatment that African Americans have received from their government and fellow citizens, not only during slavery and the era of segregation but far into the twentieth century. Yet many of these observations and reports have simply been ignored and, although others received some attention for a time, none has become part of the country’s standard public history. My premise is that the continued failure in the United States to incorporate these observations and reports into its s

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Almeida, Renata Geraissati Castro de. "Segregação racial e espaço urbano: a construção dos guetos afro-americanos." Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) 23, no. 50 (2022): 624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-101x02305014.

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Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. "The Banality of Segregation: Why Hirsch Still Helps Us Understand Our Racial Geography." Journal of Urban History 46, no. 3 (2020): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144219896575.

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Even as laws have banished the practice, residential segregation continues to be a defining feature of the metropolitan United States. How does the scholarship of Arnold Hirsch help us to understand its persistence even as its mechanisms morph in multiple ways? How also do we understand the dynamic ways that African Americans have resisted this enclosure through politics but also through the creation of community and culture within that space?

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Michney, Todd M., and LaDale Winling. "New Perspectives on New Deal Housing Policy: Explicating and Mapping HOLC Loans to African Americans." Journal of Urban History 46, no. 1 (2019): 150–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218819429.

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Scholarship on the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) has typically focused on this New Deal housing agency’s invention of redlining, with dire effects from this legacy of racial, ethnic, and class bias for the trajectories of urban, and especially African American neighborhoods. However, HOLC did not embark on its now infamous mapping project until after it had issued all its emergency refinancing loans to the nation’s struggling homeowners. We examine the racial logic of HOLC’s local operations and its lending record to black applicants during the agency’s initial 1933-1935 “rescue” phase,

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Moss, Barbara Ann, and Julia Kirk Blackwelder. "Styling Jim Crow: African American Beauty Training during Segregation." Journal of Southern History 73, no. 2 (2007): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27649444.

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Weathersby, Claude, and Yolanda Weathersby. "Branch School Buildings in the St. Louis Public Schools District: Tools to Support the Segregative Neighborhood School Policy of the St. Louis Board of Education." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 3 (2017): 483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217712929.

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During and after World War II, large numbers of African Americans from the former Confederate States migrated to St. Louis, Missouri. The pace of this migration placed a strain on the St. Louis Public Schools district. The district responded to the facilities shortage by constructing small branch school buildings in its compliance with de jure segregation laws in Missouri before 1954, and after 1954, in its efforts to covertly maintain a pseudo-integrated public school district’s neighborhood school policy.

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Jackson, Justin F. "Crossing Islands and Oceans in Labor Histories of American Empire: Capital, Commodities, Coolies, and Consumers." International Labor and Working-Class History 91 (2017): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000405.

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In 1915, as the Great War was consuming Europe and its colonial empires, W.E.B. Du Bois completedThe Negro, one of the first comprehensive histories of Africa and its diaspora ever published in the United States. Overshadowed today by his more well-known writings,The Negromeditated on how “the problem of the color line” was nothing if not the result of centuries of global capitalist development dependent upon coerced labor, especially African chattel slavery in the Atlantic world. For Du Bois, peering back in time through the smoking ruins of total war, slavery's postemancipation legacies of p

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Ingham, John N. "Building Businesses, Creating Communities: Residential Segregation and the Growth of African American Business in Southern Cities, 1880–1915." Business History Review 77, no. 4 (2003): 639–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30041232.

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Patterns of residential segregation in late-nineteenth-century southern cities had great influence on the type of African American business that developed. They also affected the relative stability of business enterprise. In neighborhoods with a higher degree of segregation, African American entrepreneurs were able to develop vital businesses that survived the worsening climate of race relations around the turn of the century.

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Liddell, Ollie Eugene Payne. "High School Bands in Jackson, Mississippi, Before and After Integration." Journal of Historical Research in Music Education 43, no. 2 (2022): 162–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15366006221083510.

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Although the United States Supreme Court declared segregation in education under law unconstitutional in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, the public high schools in Jackson, Mississippi, would remain segregated until 1970. The present study examines the effects of this social climate on the high school band programs in Jackson, Mississippi, during segregation and integration. Information about the band programs was investigated using in-person and telephone interviews, as well as yearbooks, books, and other print media. The implications of this study indicate that seg

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Johnson, Larry, Deirdre Cobb-Roberts, and Barbara Shircliffe. "African Americans and the Struggle for Opportunity in Florida Public Higher Education, 1947-1977." History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 3 (2007): 328–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2007.00103.x.

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In the decades following World War II, access to higher education became an important vehicle for expanding opportunity in the United States. The African American-led Civil Rights Movement challenged discrimination in higher education at a time when state and federal government leaders saw strengthening public higher education as necessary for future economic growth and development. Nationally, the 1947 President's Commission on Higher Education report Higher Education for American Democracy advocated dismantling racial, geographic, and economic barriers to college by radically expanding publi

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ENGEL, ELISABETH. "Southern Looks? A History of African American Missionary Photography of Africa, 1890s–1930s." Journal of American Studies 52, no. 2 (2018): 390–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187581700192x.

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This article traces and analyzes the missionary photography of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the most important independent black American institution that began to operate in colonial South Africa at the onset of the politics of racial segregation in the 1890s. It argues that AME missionary photography presents a neglected archive, from which a history of black photographic encounters and a subaltern perspective on the dominant visual cultures of European imperialism and Christian missions in Africa can be retrieved. Focussing in particular on how AME missionaries deployed tro

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Chik, Nicholas. "Disparities in the Medal of Honor Why African American Soldiers Awards were Delayed, and Japanese American Awards were Immediate." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 3, no. 1 (2023): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/3/2022636.

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The 442nd Infantry Regiment Combat Team, composed mostly of Japanese American soldiers, is the most decorated division in U.S. military history. As a minority combat team motivated by accusations of disloyalty following Pearl Harbor, they sought to demonstrate their patriotism through excellence in battle. President Harry Truman formally recognized the valuable contribution of the 442nd Infantry Team to the Allied victory and assigned a medal of honor to one of the Japanese American soldiers, Private First-Class Sadao S. Munemori, immediately after the war. African American soldiers similarly

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DOUMBIA, Sory, ,Mamadou DIAMOUTENE, and Adama SORO. "REVISITING W.E.D. DU BOIS’S LEGACY IN THE HISTORIC STRUGGLE FOR RACIAL EMANCIPATION IN AMERICA OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Kurukan Fuga 3, no. 11 (2024): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.62197/ntrj3343.

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This article explores William Edward Burghardt Du Bois’s legacy in the historical fight for African Americans’ emancipation in the United States of America. The study aims to delve into the contemporary relevance of Du Bois’s ideology in the quest for more racial equity and its impacts on Black people. His philosophy continues to shape discussions on race inequality and social justice since the perpetuation of racism and stereotypes against African Americans. His intellectual contributions, activism, and scholarship mark the hardest periods of racial segregation and discrimination. Actually, t

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Khalil Ismail, Khalil Bakheet. "Racism and Social Segregation in Maya Angelo’s “Caged Bird”." English Literature and Language Review, no. 71 (February 22, 2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ellr.71.24.28.

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The main thrust of this paper is to examine the issue of racial segregation in Maya Angelou’s “Caged Bird” via exploring the poem in relation to the circumstances that typify life and existence in the African American context. An attempt is made to situate this poem within the heat of racism, oppression, and class discrimination as well as the search for black identity. The paper relies on New Historicism as the scope of exploration owing to the chunk of influence that history and society bears on African American writing. Then literary critical analysis is made to verify the different aspects

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Ahmed, Abrar, Amir Turkey, and Abdul Shakoor. "RESISTANCE AGAINST GRAND IDEOLOGY AND SUPPRESSIVE DISCOURSE OF WHITE SUPREMACY IN THE KINDEST LIE." Journal of Social Research Development 4, no. 01 (2023): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.53664/jsrd/04-01-2023-16-179-191.

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It is a well-accepted fact that race and colour are only deceptive symbols and notions that influential groups in society use to justify denying anyone's basic human rights and excluding them from society. The research begins by looking at role played by African American community in defining tactics to resist political exclusion, falsified information, & unjustifiable segregation by white supremacy and its discussive practises in Nancy Johnson novel The Kindest Lie. Theoretical groundwork for the textual study of the chosen novel is provided by postmodernism. Lyotard's (1979) concept of s

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