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Journal articles on the topic 'African cassava mosaic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Ogbe, F. O., G. I. Atiri, D. Robinson, et al. "First Report of East African Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus in Nigeria." Plant Disease 83, no. 4 (1999): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.4.398a.

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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food crop in sub-Saharan Africa. One of the major production constraints is cassava mosaic disease caused by African cassava mosaic (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic (EACMV) begomoviruses. ACMV is widespread in its distribution, occurring throughout West and Central Africa and in some eastern and southern African countries. In contrast, EACMV has been reported to occur mainly in more easterly areas, particularly in coastal Kenya and Tanzania, Malawi, and Madagascar. In 1997, a survey was conducted in Nigeria to determine the distribution

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2

Offei, S. K., M. Owuna-Kwakye, and G. Thottappilly. "First Report of East African Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus in Ghana." Plant Disease 83, no. 9 (1999): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.9.877c.

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Virus species causing cassava mosaic disease have been categorized into three classes based on their reaction with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and their distribution (2). These viruses have different, scarcely overlapping distribution: African cassava mosaic begomovirus (ACMV) occurs in Africa west of the Rift Valley and in South Africa; East African cassava mosaic (EACMV) occurs in Africa east of the Rift Valley and in Madagascar; and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) occurs in India and Sri Lanka (2). During 1998, surveys were conducted in farmers' fields in Ghana to assess the incidence a

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3

Bull, Simon E., Rob W. Briddon, William S. Sserubombwe, Kahiu Ngugi, Peter G. Markham, and John Stanley. "Genetic diversity and phylogeography of cassava mosaic viruses in Kenya." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 10 (2006): 3053–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82013-0.

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Cassava is a major factor in food security across sub-Saharan Africa. However, the crop is susceptible to losses due to biotic stresses, in particular to viruses of the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) that cause cassava mosaic disease (CMD). During the 1990s, an epidemic of CMD severely hindered cassava production across eastern and central Africa. A significant influence on the appearance of virus epidemics is virus diversity. Here, a survey of the genetic diversity of CMD-associated begomoviruses across the major cassava-growing areas of Kenya is described. Because an initial PCR-re

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4

Sserubombwe, W. S., R. W. Briddon, Y. K. Baguma, et al. "Diversity of begomoviruses associated with mosaic disease of cultivated cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its wild relative (Manihot glaziovii Müll. Arg.) in Uganda." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 7 (2008): 1759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83637-0.

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Cassava (Manihot esculenta) growing in Uganda during 2001–2002 has been screened for the presence of begomoviruses using PCR-RFLP, cloning full-length genomic components and nucleotide sequence analysis. In contrast with a recent survey in neighbouring Kenya, which identified three distinct strains of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV, EACMV-UG and EACMV-KE2) as well as East African cassava mosaic Zanzibar virus and the new species East African cassava mosaic Kenya virus, only EACMV-UG and, to a lesser extent, African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) were found associated with cassava in Uga

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5

Ogbe, F. O., G. Thottappilly, A. G. O. Dixon, G. I. Atiri, and H. D. Mignouna. "Variants of East African cassava mosaic virus and Its Distribution in Double Infections with African cassava mosaic virus in Nigeria." Plant Disease 87, no. 3 (2003): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.3.229.

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In a survey for cassava mosaic begomoviruses conducted in 1997 and 1998 in Nigeria, East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) was detected by the polymerase chain reaction together with African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) in 27 out of 290 cassava leaf samples of infected plants from 254 farmers' fields in five agroecological zones. One plant was infected with EACMV only. Five variant isolates of EACMV were observed based on their reactions to primers that could detect Cameroonian and East African strains of EACMV. Isolates of variants 1 and 3 occurred mostly in the derived or coastal and south

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6

Ndunguru, Joseph, Leandro De León, Catherine D. Doyle, et al. "Two Novel DNAs That Enhance Symptoms and Overcome CMD2 Resistance to Cassava Mosaic Disease." Journal of Virology 90, no. 8 (2016): 4160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02834-15.

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ABSTRACTCassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) cause cassava mosaic disease (CMD) across Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Like all members of the geminivirus family, CMBs have small, circular single-stranded DNA genomes. We report here the discovery of two novel DNA sequences, designated SEGS-1 and SEGS-2 (forsequencesenhancinggeminivirussymptoms), that enhance symptoms and break resistance to CMD. The SEGS are characterized by GC-rich regions and the absence of long open reading frames. Both SEGS enhanced CMD symptoms in cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) when coinoculated withAfrican cassava

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7

Alabi, Olufemi J., P. Lava Kumar, and Rayapati A. Naidu. "Multiplex PCR for the detection of African cassava mosaic virus and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus in cassava." Journal of Virological Methods 154, no. 1-2 (2008): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.08.008.

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8

Kittelmann, Katharina, and Holger Jeske. "Disassembly of African cassava mosaic virus." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 8 (2008): 2029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/000687-0.

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The plant-infecting geminiviruses encapsidate their single-stranded DNA genome in characteristic twinned particles that are unique among viruses. These particles are formed by joining two incomplete T=1 icosahedra. African cassava mosaic virions were purified by density-gradient centrifugation from infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and analysed for their stability with respect to pH changes and heat treatment by using electron microscopy. Negative staining and rotary shadowing revealed stable virions as well as isolated capsomeres between pH 4.0 and 8.5. At pH 9.0 and above, particles disi

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9

Alabi, Olufemi J., Francis O. Ogbe, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, et al. "Alternate hosts of African cassava mosaic virus and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus in Nigeria." Archives of Virology 153, no. 9 (2008): 1743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-008-0169-8.

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10

Mulenga, Rabson M., James P. Legg, Joseph Ndunguru, et al. "Survey, Molecular Detection, and Characterization of Geminiviruses Associated with Cassava Mosaic Disease in Zambia." Plant Disease 100, no. 7 (2016): 1379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-15-1170-re.

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A survey was conducted from April to May 2014 in 214 farmers’ fields located across six major cassava-producing provinces (Western, Northwestern, Northern, Luapula, Lusaka, and Eastern) of Zambia to determine the status of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and the species diversity of associated cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMG). Mean CMD incidence varied across all six provinces but was greatest in Lusaka Province (81%) and least in Northern Province (44%). Mean CMD severity varied slightly between provinces, ranging from 2.78 in Eastern Province to 3.00 in Northwestern Province. Polymerase chain

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11

Bull, Simon E., Rob W. Briddon, William S. Sserubombwe, Kahiu Ngugi, Peter G. Markham, and John Stanley. "Infectivity, pseudorecombination and mutagenesis of Kenyan cassava mosaic begomoviruses." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 5 (2007): 1624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82662-0.

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Cloned DNA-A and DNA-B components of Kenyan isolates of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV, EACMV-UG and EACMV-KE2), East African cassava mosaic Kenya virus (EACMKV) and East African cassava mosaic Zanzibar virus (EACMZV) are shown to be infectious in cassava. EACMV and EACMKV genomic components have the same iteron sequence (GGGGG) and can form viable pseudorecombinants, while EACMZV components have a different sequence (GGAGA) and are incompatible with EACMV and EACMKV. Mutagenesis of EACMZV has demonstrated that open reading frames (ORFs) AV1 (encoding the coat protein), AV2 and AC4 a

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12

Fargette, D., L. T. Colon, R. Bouveau, and C. Fauquet. "Components of resistance of cassava to African cassava mosaic virus." European Journal of Plant Pathology 102, no. 7 (1996): 645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01877245.

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13

GIBSON, R. W., and G. W. OTIM-NAPE. "Factors determining recovery and reversion in mosaic-affected African cassava mosaic virus resistant cassava." Annals of Applied Biology 131, no. 2 (1997): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1997.tb05155.x.

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14

Ogbe, F. O., A. G. O. Dixon, J. d'A Hughes, O. J. Alabi, and R. Okechukwu. "Status of Cassava Begomoviruses and Their New Natural Hosts in Nigeria." Plant Disease 90, no. 5 (2006): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0548.

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A diagnostic survey was conducted in 2002-03 to determine the status of cassava mosaic begomoviruses in Nigeria and to ascertain if the virulent Ugandan variant of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-Ug2) was present. Of the 418 farms visited, 48% had cassava with moderately severe or severe symptoms, whereas 52% had cassava with mild symptoms. These distributions were at random. Of the 1,397 cassava leaf samples examined, 1,106 had symptoms. In polymerase chain reaction tests, 74.1% of the symptom-bearing samples tested positive for African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) alone, 0.3% for EAC

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15

Thresh, J. M. "AFRICAN CASSAVA MOSAIC VIRUS: AN UNSOLVED PROBLEM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 380 (November 1994): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.380.96.

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16

Böttcher, Bettina, Sigrid Unseld, Hugo Ceulemans, Robert B. Russell, and Holger Jeske. "Geminate Structures of African Cassava Mosaic Virus." Journal of Virology 78, no. 13 (2004): 6758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.13.6758-6765.2004.

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ABSTRACT Two types of geminate structures were purified from African cassava mosaic geminivirus (ACMV)-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and analyzed by electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction. After cesium sulfate density gradient centrifugation, they were separated into lighter top (T) and heavier bottom (B) components. T particles comigrated with host proteins, whereas B particles were concentrated in a cesium density typical for complete virions. Both particles were composed of two incomplete icosahedra of 11 capsomers each, but T particles were slightly larger (diameter, 22.5

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17

Fondong, V. N., J. S. Pita, C. Rey, R. N. Beachy, and C. M. Fauquet. "First Report of the Presence of East African Cassava Mosaic Virus in Cameroon." Plant Disease 82, no. 10 (1998): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.10.1172b.

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Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) occurs in all cassava-growing regions of Africa, India, and Sri Lanka. Characterized by mosaic and distortion of cassava leaves and reduced plant growth, causing high yield losses, CMD is caused by geminiviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) transmitted through infected cuttings or by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Three such geminiviruses have been described: African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) occurs in most of the cassava-producing zones of Africa; East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) in East Africa; and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) in the

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18

Badamasi, H., M. D. Alegbejo, B. D. Kashina, and O. O. Banwo. "INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF VIRUSES INFECTING CASSAVA IN KADUNA AND SOKOTO STATES, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (2020): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-221.

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Field survey was conducted in the 2015 wet season to determine the incidence and distribution of cassava viruses in Kaduna and Sokoto States, Nigeria. Eighteen farms from 3 Local Government Areas namely; Lere, Chikun and Kajuru (Kaduna State) and Tureta, Shagari and Tambuwal (Sokoto State) were surveyed. Symptomatic leaves (180) and asymptomatic leaves (90) were collected from the surveyed farms. Enzyme Linked Immosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used to test the presence of viruses infecting cassava. Three viruses: African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EAC

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19

Ramkat, Rose, Alberto Calari, Fatemeh Maghuly, and Margit Laimer. "Occurrence of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus – Uganda (EACMV-UG) in Jatropha curcas." BMC Proceedings 5, Suppl 7 (2011): P93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1753-6561-5-s7-p93.

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20

Ogbe, F. O., G. I. Atiri, A. G. O. Dixon, and G. Thottappilly. "Symptom severity of cassava mosaic disease in relation to concentration of African cassava mosaic virus in different cassava genotypes." Plant Pathology 52, no. 1 (2003): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00805.x.

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21

Seif, A. A. "Epidemiology of African Cassava Mosaic Virus in Kenya." East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 54, no. 4 (1989): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00128325.1989.11663569.

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22

Fauquet, Claude. "African Cassava Mosaic Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Control." Plant Disease 74, no. 6 (1990): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-74-0404.

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23

Tadu, G., S. Winter, A. M. A. Gadelseed, and G. A. Dafalla. "Association of East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda (EACMV-UG) with cassava mosaic disease in Sudan." Plant Pathology 55, no. 2 (2006): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01305.x.

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24

Were, H. K., S. Winter, and E. Maiss. "Viruses Infecting Cassava in Kenya." Plant Disease 88, no. 1 (2004): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.1.17.

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A survey of cassava viruses was conducted in major cassava-growing regions of Kenya. A total of 185 leaf samples and 62 stem cuttings from plants with viral disease symptoms were collected and analyzed by biological, electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymerase chain reaction. All samples from western Kenya had cassava begomoviruses (African cassava mosaic virus [ACMV], East African cassava mosaic virus [EACMV], and Uganda variant [EACMV-UG]) in either single or in mixed infection. However, all samples from the Coast region were infected with only EACMV, a begomovirus

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25

Zhang, Peng, and Wilhelm Gruissem. "Efficient replication of cloned African cassava mosaic virus in cassava leaf disks." Virus Research 92, no. 1 (2003): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00314-3.

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26

Fargette, D., C. Fauquet, E. Grenier, and J. M. Thresh. "The Spread of African Cassava Mosaic Virus into and within Cassava Fields." Journal of Phytopathology 130, no. 4 (1990): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1990.tb01179.x.

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27

FARGETTE, D., J.-C. THOUVENEL, and C. FAUQUET. "Virus content of leaves of cassava infected by African cassava mosaic virus." Annals of Applied Biology 110, no. 1 (1987): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1987.tb03233.x.

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28

Briddon, R. W., S. Liu, M. S. Pinner, and P. G. Markham. "Infectivity of African cassava mosaic virus clones to cassava by biolistic inoculation." Archives of Virology 143, no. 12 (1998): 2487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050478.

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29

Thomson, Jennifer A. "The role of biotechnology for agricultural sustainability in Africa." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1492 (2007): 905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2191.

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Sub-Saharan Africa could have a shortfall of nearly 90 Mt of cereals by the year 2025 if current agricultural practices are maintained. Biotechnology is one of the ways to improve agricultural production. Insect-resistant varieties of maize and cotton suitable for the subcontinent have been identified as already having a significant impact. Virus-resistant crops are under development. These include maize resistant to the African endemic maize streak virus and cassava resistant to African cassava mosaic virus. Parasitic weeds such as Striga attack the roots of crops such as maize, millet, sorgh

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30

Berrie, L. C., E. P. Rybicki, and M. E. C. Rey. "Complete nucleotide sequence and host range of South African cassava mosaic virus: further evidence for recombination amongst begomoviruses." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 1 (2001): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-1-53.

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Complete nucleotide sequences of the DNA-A (2800 nt) and DNA-B (2760 nt) components of a novel cassava-infecting begomovirus, South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV), were determined and compared with various New World and Old World begomoviruses. SACMV is most closely related to East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) in both its DNA-A (85% with EACMV-MH and -MK) and -B (90% with EACMV-UG2-Mld and EACMV-UG3-Svr) components; however, percentage sequence similarities of less than 90% in the DNA-A component allowed SACMV to be considered a distinct virus. One significant recombination event

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31

Vanitharani, Ramachandran, Padmanabhan Chellappan, Justin S. Pita, and Claude M. Fauquet. "Differential Roles of AC2 and AC4 of Cassava Geminiviruses in Mediating Synergism and Suppression of Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing." Journal of Virology 78, no. 17 (2004): 9487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.17.9487-9498.2004.

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ABSTRACT Posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants is a natural defense mechanism against virus infection. In mixed infections, virus synergism is proposed to result from suppression of the host defense mechanism by the viruses. Synergistic severe mosaic disease caused by simultaneous infection with isolates of the Cameroon strain of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV-[CM]) and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) in cassava and tobacco is characterized by a dramatic increase in symptom severity and a severalfold increase in viral-DNA accumulation by both viruses compa

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32

Pita, J. S., V. N. Fondong, A. Sangaré, G. W. Otim-Nape, S. Ogwal, and C. M. Fauquet. "Recombination, pseudorecombination and synergism of geminiviruses are determinant keys to the epidemic of severe cassava mosaic disease in Uganda." Journal of General Virology 82, no. 3 (2001): 655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-3-655.

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The molecular variability of cassava geminiviruses occurring in Uganda was investigated in this study. Infected cassava plants and whiteflies were collected from cassava plantings in different geographical areas of the country and PCR was used for molecular characterization of the viruses. Two complete sequences of DNA-A and -B from African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), two DNA-A sequences from East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), two DNA-B sequences of EACMV and the partial DNA-A nucleotide sequence of a new virus strain isolated in Uganda, EACMV-UG3, are reported here. Analysis of natur

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33

Maredza, A. T., F. Allie, G. Plata, and M. E. C. Rey. "Sequences enhancing cassava mosaic disease symptoms occur in the cassava genome and are associated with South African cassava mosaic virus infection." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 291, no. 3 (2015): 1467–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-015-1049-z.

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34

Valam-Zango, A., I. Zinga, M. Hoareau, et al. "First report of cassava mosaic geminiviruses and the Uganda strain ofEast African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-UG) associated with cassava mosaic disease in Equatorial Guinea." New Disease Reports 32 (December 12, 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2015.032.029.

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35

FARGETTE, D., C. FAUQUET, and J. C. THOUVENEL. "Field studies on the spread of African cassava mosaic." Annals of Applied Biology 106, no. 2 (1985): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1985.tb03118.x.

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36

Fondong, V. N., J. S. Pita, M. E. C. Rey, A. de Kochko, R. N. Beachy, and C. M. Fauquet. "Evidence of synergism between African cassava mosaic virus and a new double-recombinant geminivirus infecting cassava in Cameroon." Microbiology 81, no. 1 (2000): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-287.

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Stem cuttings were collected in Cameroon from cassava plants displaying cassava mosaic disease (CMD) symptoms. The nature of the viruses present was determined by using the PCR with primers specific for the coat protein (CP) genes of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV). All samples were infected by ACMV and eight of the 50 samples were infected by both ACMV and an EACMV-like virus. The complete nucleotide sequences of DNA-A and -B of representative ACMV and EACMV-like viruses were determined. The DNA-A component of the EACMV-like virus contained ev

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37

Zinga, I., M. Harimalala, A. De Bruyn, et al. "East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda (EACMV-UG) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) reported for the first time in Central African Republic and Chad." New Disease Reports 26 (November 5, 2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2012.026.017.

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38

Trench, T. N., M. M. Martin, and E. A. Hemmes. "An assessment of cassava African mosaic disease in South Africa and Swaziland." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 2, no. 3 (1985): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1985.10634163.

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39

Mulenga, R. M., D. W. Miano, P. C. Chikoti, J. Ndunguru, J. P. Legg, and O. J. Alabi. "First Report of East African cassava mosaic Malawi virus in Plants Affected by Cassava Mosaic Disease in Zambia." Plant Disease 99, no. 9 (2015): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-15-0264-pdn.

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40

Maruthi, M. N., J. Colvin, S. Seal, and J. M. Thresh. "First Report of a Distinct Begomovirus Infecting Cassava from Zanzibar." Plant Disease 86, no. 2 (2002): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.2.187a.

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In 1998, cassava plants exhibiting extremely mild mosaic disease symptoms were collected from Uguja Island, Zanzibar. Total DNAs extracted from symptomatic leaves did not produce diagnostic PCR bands using primers specific to known Cassava mosaic viruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) (2). Degenerate primer pair A/B (1), however, produced a 564-nucleotide (nt) band in the common region of DNA-A to the conserved amino acid sequence CEGPCKYG within the coat protein gene for begomoviruses. Virus-specific primers were designed and the begomoviral genome was amplified and cloned to obtai

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41

Naseem, Saadia, and Stephan Winter. "Quantification of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-UG) in single and mixed infected Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) using quantitative PCR." Journal of Virological Methods 227 (January 2016): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.10.001.

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42

Bizabani, Christine, Sarah Jane Rogans, and Marie Emma Chrissie Rey. "Differential miRNA profiles in South African cassava mosaic virus-infected cassava landraces reveal clues to susceptibility and tolerance to cassava mosaic disease." Virus Research 303 (October 2021): 198400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198400.

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43

Duffy, Siobain, and Edward C. Holmes. "Validation of high rates of nucleotide substitution in geminiviruses: phylogenetic evidence from East African cassava mosaic viruses." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 6 (2009): 1539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.009266-0.

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Whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses are major pathogens of the important crop cassava in Africa. The intensive sampling and sequencing of cassava mosaic disease-causing viruses that occurred in the wake of a severe outbreak in Central Africa (1997–2002) allowed us to estimate the rate of evolution of this virus. East African cassava mosaic virus and related species are obligately bipartite (DNA-A and DNA-B segments), and these two genome segments have different evolutionary histories. Despite these phylogenetic differences, we inferred high rates of nucleotide substitution in both segments: mea

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44

Oyadiran, TF, and JA Osakwe. "Effect of African cassava mosaic disease on morphological characteristics of cassava, Manihot esculenta (Crantz)." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (2015): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v11i2.30.

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Field trials were conducted with 10 improved clones of cassava to study the effect of ACMD on their morphological characteristics. The clones used were: 97 / 4763, 97/2205, 91/02324, 98/0505, M98/0068, 96/1089A, 96/1632, M98/0040, 99/2123 and 97/0162. The parameters measured were plant height, leaf area, number of branches and petiole length. The research revealed differences within the clones for the parameters studied, these differences seemed to be mainly genetic, as they were not positively correlated to the disease incidence and severity. Based on the findings in this research the followi

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Chellappan, Padmanabhan, Ramachandran Vanitharani, and Claude M. Fauquet. "Short Interfering RNA Accumulation Correlates with Host Recovery in DNA Virus-Infected Hosts, and Gene Silencing Targets Specific Viral Sequences." Journal of Virology 78, no. 14 (2004): 7465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.14.7465-7477.2004.

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ABSTRACT Viruses are both inducers and targets of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS), a natural defense mechanism in plants. Here we report molecular evidence of the ability of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses to induce PTGS in infected plants irrespective of the severity of or recovery from the symptoms. Our results reveal that five distinct species of cassava-infecting geminiviruses were capable of triggering PTGS by producing two classes of virus-specific short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of 21 to 26 nucleotides in two plant hosts, tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and cassava (Maniho

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Njock, E. T, and N. Ndip R. "Limitation in detecting African cassava mosaic geminivirus in the lignified tissues of cassava stems." African Journal of Biotechnology 6, no. 20 (2007): 2340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2007.000-2367.

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Maredza, A. T., F. Allie, G. Plata, and M. E. C. Rey. "Erratum to: Sequences enhancing cassava mosaic disease symptoms occur in the cassava genome and are associated with South African cassava mosaic virus infection." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 291, no. 3 (2016): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-016-1201-4.

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Fargette, D. "Analysis of Temporal Disease Progress of African Cassava Mosaic Virus." Phytopathology 84, no. 1 (1994): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-84-91.

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Briddon, R. W., I. Robertson, P. G. Markham, and J. Stanley. "Occurrence of South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV) in Zimbabwe." Plant Pathology 53, no. 2 (2004): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.00963.x.

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Perez-Fons, Laura, Tatiana M. Ovalle, M. N. Maruthi, John Colvin, Luis Augusto Becerra Lopez-Lavalle, and Paul D. Fraser. "The metabotyping of an East African cassava diversity panel: A core collection for developing biotic stress tolerance in cassava." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0242245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242245.

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Cassava will have a vital role to play, if food security is to be achieved in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially Central and East Africa. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci poses a major threat to cassava production by small holder farmers in part due to their role as a vector of cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) and cassava brown streak ipomoviruses (CBSIs). In the present study untargeted metabolomics has been used as a tool to assess natural variation, similarities and attempts to identify trait differentiators among an East African cassava diversity panel that displayed tolerance/resistance to the

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