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1
Claeys, Melissa Dawn. "Bringing African dance and drumming to rural northern Colorado." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-07162008-082516/.
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Johns, Philip Michael. "Creation of the Big Sky African ensemble." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-07302007-121609/.
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Guldimann, Colette. ""A symbol of the New African" : Drum magazine, popular culture and the formation of black urban subjectivity in 1950s South Africa." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2003. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1814.
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This thesis examines the emergence of black urban subjectivity in South Africa during the 1950s, focussing on the ways in which popular American genres were utilised in the construction of black urban identities that served as a means of resistance to apartheid. At the centre of this process was Drum magazine: founded in South Africa in 1951 , it became the largest selling magazine on the African continent in 1956. Drum's success was due to the way in which it enabled the relocation of black identity from the "traditional" towards the "modern'. The 1940s gave rise to widespread migration of black South Africans from rural to urban areas and this newly urbanised community was seeking models of black urban identity. Yet the Nationalist government was attempting to curtail the emergence of a black urban proletariat, which posed a threat to white political supremacy. Through apartheid legislation black identity was constructed as essentially tribal and rural. As a means of resisting this, urbanised black South Africans turned to, and appropriated, readily available forms of American culture. Drum published Americanised images and stories: gangsters, black detectives, black comic heroes, and pulp romances. This popular material appeared alongside some of the finest investigative journalism ever published. While Drum magazine is widely acknowledged as having provided a platform for the emergence of black South African writing in English, its popular content has been dismissed by critics as apolitical escapism, imitation and capitulation to American culture. This thesis challenges the dismissal of the popular that has dominated analyses of Drum since the 1960s, arguing that such a position denies the agency of local writers and audiences. My analysis reveals that American forms were adopted in critically discerning ways and chosen for their ability to convey local meaning and create positions from which to resist apartheid
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Nicholls, Lisa Bossert. "Celebrating African drumming and dance in a rural Montana classroom." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-07192007-140652/.
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Hardy-Berrington, Michelle. "The unattainable "betterlife" : the discourses of the homogenised South African black emerging middle-class lifestyle in Drum magazine." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1426.
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Drum and YOU are two general interest magazines which share the same publisher, language (English), format, and are compiled by many of the same journalists and editors. The greatest distinction between the two publications is that Drum is aimed at a specifically black readership while YOU caters for a general, cosmopolitan South African readership. With various commonalities in the production of Drum and YOU, what do the differing commodities, discourses and cultural repertoires presented in Drum in comparison to YOU communicate about the conceived black audience/s by the magazines'producers? In contrast to the dominant body of research on Drum magazine, which has been dedicated to pre-1994 editions, the investigation undertaken in this research focuses on post-apartheid editions of Drum under the commercial ownership of Media24. This also provides a unique opportunity to compare and contrast Drum and YOU which has not been extensively explored in the past. A theoretical study on some of the credible, plausible discourses circulating in Drum drew from Laden's (1997; 2003) research on black South African middle-class magazines and Steyn's (2001) studies on narratives of whiteness including colonial and apartheid policy discourses. Other theory considered to identify types of discourses included those on self-stylisation, excorporation and the historic, cultural influence of Drum in black South African identity formation. Critical discourse analysis is employed to discern the distinction and boundaries between the conceived black middle-class readerships of Drum and YOU. A multifarious content is present in Drum magazine for the diverse post-apartheid black middle-class of South Africa. Discourses of the African traditional and conservative feature side-by-side with contemporary, liberal and Western discourses; while the cultural repertoires of the bourgeois middle-class are presented beside the more modest commodities of the lower-income working class. This communicates an increasingly integrated South African consumer culture and a willing bourgeois solidarity amongst middle-class groups, creating a larger consumer class for advertisers and marketers in South Africa. In comparison to YOU, the discourses of the conservative-African-traditional provide a distinctive feature of Drum. However, this discourse is limited to realms which do not threaten the prevailing magazine culture of consumerism and the dominant global culture of Western science and reason. The other great distinction from YOU is Drum’s prominent educating and didactic function, offering an aspirant lifestyle by marketing a range of Western technologies and commodities. This is in addition to suggesting options for desirable social conduct and socially-responsible behavior.
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Clarke, Stephen John History Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Marching to their own drum : British Army officers as military commandants in the Australian colonies and New Zealand 1870-1901." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of History, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38659.
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Between 1870 and 1901, seventeen officers from the British army were appointed by the governments of the Australian colonies and New Zealand as commanders of their colonial military forces. There has been considerable speculation about the roles of these officers as imperial agents, developing colonial forces as a wartime reserve to imperial forces, but little in depth research. This thesis examines the role of the imperial commandants with an embryonic system of imperial defence and their contribution to the development of the colonial military forces. It is therefore a topic in British imperial history as much as Australian and New Zealand military history. British officers were appointed by colonial governments to overcome a shortfall in professional military expertise but increasingly came to be viewed by successive British administrations as a means of fulfilling an imperial defence agenda. The commandants as ???men-on-the-spot???, however, viewed themselves as independent reformers and got offside with both the imperial and colonial governments. This fact reveals that the commandants occupied a difficult position between the aspirations of London and the reality of the colonies. They certainly brought an imperial perspective to their commands and looked forward to the colonies playing a role on the imperial stage but generally did so in terms of a personal agenda rather than one set by London. This assessment is best demonstrated in the commandants??? independent stance at the outset of the South African War. The practice of appointing British commandants in Australasia was fraught with problems because of an inherent conflict in the goals of the commandants and their colonial governments. It resembles the Canadian experience of the British officers which reveals that the system of imperials military appointments as a whole was flawed. The problem remained that until a sufficient number of colonial officers had the prerequisite professional expertise for high command there was no alternative. The commandants were therefore the beginning rather than the end of a traditional reliance upon British military expertise. The lasting legacy of the commandants for the military forces of Australia and New Zealand was the development of colonial officers, transference of British military traditions, and the encouragement of a colonial military identity premised on the expectation of future participation in defence of the empire. The study provides a major revision to the existing historiography of imperial officers in the colonies, one which concludes that far from being ???imperial agents??? they were largely marching to their own drum.
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Louw, Nicolette. "Grace and The townships h Housewife : excavating South African Black women's magazines from the 1960s." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4064.
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Thesis (MA (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grace and The Townships Housewife, two black women’s magazines published in South Africa between 1964 and 1969, have slipped into obscurity. This thesis aims to write them back into the history of the black press, black journalism and literature in South Africa. The study is significant in that no research has as yet been conducted on these two magazines. The first chapter excavates Grace and The Townships Housewife from obscurity by providing information on the magazines’ publication, staff, editors, content, target audience and writers. A salient characteristic of both magazines’ content that the study discusses is the ambiguous attitude of readers and writers towards modernity and tradition (and the negotiation of new identities) as they move from the country to the city. Some readers’ embrace and others’ rejection of early signs of feminism and womanism in the magazines also display this ambiguous attitude. The chapter foregrounds the various ambiguities and often colliding voices that infuse much of the magazines’ content. The absence of explicit reference to apartheid in Grace’s and The Townships Housewife’s content provides another focal point of this chapter and is discussed in relation to the concepts of ‘minstrelsy’ and ‘mimicry’. Considering specifically the position of the black woman in apartheid South Africa, the second chapter compares the representation of white women in South African white women’s magazines Die Huisgenoot, Sarie Marais and Fair Lady to the way in which black women are represented in Grace and The Townships Housewife in the 1960s. The role of the latter two magazines in positively representing black women during apartheid South Africa, and thus standing in direct opposition to the identities ascribed to black people in colonial and apartheid ideology, is a primary focus of this chapter. The representation of black women in the 1960s is elaborated on in the next chapter which explores the shift in the representation of black women from Drum magazine (during its heyday in the 1950s), with its predominantly male staff, to the representation of black women in Grace and The Townships Housewife (in the 1960s), with their predominantly female staff. I hypothesise on the possible agencies at work within this shift in women’s representation. Despite the magazines’ adherence at times to white standards of beauty (an aspect which the thesis engages with throughout), the ‘creation’ of black women within the pages of Grace and The Townships Housewife (as the previous two chapters articulate), often resonates with Black Consciousness’s philosophy of black pride. This last chapter explores the possible connection between Grace and The Townships Housewife, on the one hand, and the early beginnings of an emergent black consciousness in South Africa in the late 1960s, on the other hand. It also discusses the sexism associated with black consciousness philosophy in relation to these two magazines, but the focus falls on how black female readers of Grace and The Townships Housewife negotiate imposed ‘female identities’ (for example, mother, housewife and supporter) towards greater agency.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grace en The Townships Housewife, twee tydskrifte gemik op swart vroue en wat in Suid-Afrika gepubliseer is tussen 1964 en 1969, is vandag onbekend. Die doel van dié tesis is om hierdie twee tydskrifte terug te skryf in die geskiedenis van swart joernalistiek en literatuur in Suid-Afrika. Dit is ’n waardevolle studie aangesien geen navorsing oor hierdie twee tydskrifte nog gedoen is nie. Dit is ook ’n ingewikkelde proses wat gepaard gaan met baie spekulasie, aangesien dit alreeds te lank gevat het vir hierdie tydskrifte om ontdek te word – dit is nie meer moontlik om die meeste van die bydraers tot hierdie twee tydskrifte op te spoor nie. Die eerste hoofstuk ‘grawe’ Grace en The Townships Housewife as t’ ware weer ‘op’ deur inligting te voorsien oor hierdie tydskrifte se uitgewers, personeel, redaktrises, inhoud, teikengroepe en skrywers. Die dubbelsinnige houdings wat lesers in die tydskrifte toon teenoor tradisie en moderniteit soos wat hulle beweeg van plattelandse gebiede na stedelike gebiede, is kenmerkend van hierdie tydskrifte en word in hierdie hoofstuk bespreek. Hierdie dubbelsinnigheid word ook weerspieël in lesers en skrywers se ambivalente houdinge teenoor die bemagtiging van vroue. Die verskeie dubbelsinnighede en dikwels botsende stemme in meeste van die twee tydskrifte se inhoud is ’n belangrike punt wat hierdie tesis uitlig. Die afwesigheid van direkte verwysings na apartheid in beide tydskrifte is nog ’n kenmerkende eienskap van die tydskrifte wat in hierdie hoofstuk ondersoek word. Met die fokus op die posisie van die swart vrou in apartheid Suid-Afrika, vergelyk die tweede hoofstuk die voorstelling van wit vroue in Suid-Afrikaanse wit vrouetydskrifte (Die Huisgenoot, Sarie Marais en Fair Lady) met dié van swart vroue in Grace en The Townships Housewife in die 1960s. ’n Primêre fokus van hierdie hoofstuk is die rol wat Grace en The Townships Housewife speel in die positiewe voorstelling van swart vroue tydens apartheid, in direkte kontras tot die voorstellinge van swart vroue in apartheid ideologie. Die volgende hoofstuk brei verder uit op die voorstelling van die swart vrou in die 1960s: hier word gekyk na die skuif wat plaasvind in die voorstelling van swart vroue van die Drum-tydskrif in die 1950s met sy hoofsaaklik manlike personeel, na die voorstelling van swart vroue in 1960s Grace en The Townships Housewife, met hoofsaaklik vroulike personeel. Die moontlike faktore verantwoordelik vir so ’n verandering in voorstelling word oorweeg. Alhoewel die inhoud van Grace en The Townships Housewife gereeld ‘wit’ standaarde van skoonheid ondersteun, toon die voorstelling van swart vroue in hierdie twee tydskrifte ook dikwels ooreenkomste met swart bewustheid filosofie se fokus op swart trots. Hierdie laaste hoofstuk ondersoek die moontlike verbintenis tussen Grace en The Townships Housewife, aan die een kant, en die vroeë begin van swart bewustheid in Suid-Afrika in die laat sestigerjare. Die dikwels seksistiese houdinge wat met swart bewustheid filosofie geassosieer word, word in hierdie hoofstuk bespreek aan die hand van voorbeelde uit Grace en The Townships Housewife. Dit is egter nie die fokus van hierdie studie nie: die fokus val op hoe swart vroue lesers van Grace en The Townships Housewife opgelegde rolle van moederskap, huisvrou en ondersteuners stuur tot posisies van groter mag.
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Greco, Mitchell J. "THE EMIC AND ETIC TEACHING PERSPECTIVES OF TRADITIONAL GHANAIAN DANCE-DRUMMING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GHANAIAN AND AMERICAN MUSIC COGNITION AND THE TRANSMISSION PROCESS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1398073851.
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Olsen, Kristofer W. "Molten Steel: The Sound Traffic of the Steelpan." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1462448819.
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Mativandlela, Sannah Patience Nkami. "Antituberculosis activity of flavonoids Galenia africana L. var. africana." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10172009-095531/.
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Cliff-Eribo, Kennedy O. "Adverse drug reactions in West Africa." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31289/.
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Adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports of countries varies due to differences in the prevalence of diseases and hence the types of drugs used. ADRs are a major health and economic burden worldwide. National health authorities monitor the safety of medicines to protect consumers from the hazards of drugs. ADR databases are also maintained from where reports are regularly evaluated to detect signals of new ADRs and determine the increase of those already known. A review of paediatric and general population studies conducted on ADRs from national ADR databases was carried out. The majority of studies identified were from countries in Europe and North America, and only one study on the general population was conducted from the Ethiopian ADR database in Africa. No paediatric study was identified in Africa. Skin reactions associated with antiretroviral drugs were the most frequent ADRs in the study conducted from the Ethiopian ADR database. Anti-infective agents, mostly vaccines, were mostly associated with the ADRs in children in Europe and Latin America, and drugs used for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) were implicated with the ADRs reported for children in North America. The ADR databases of Ghana and Nigeria were analysed to evaluate the ADRs reported for children and adults. The fatalities reported and the associated drugs in the two databases were also evaluated. The ADR reporting rates for children and the general population in Ghana and Nigeria were lower than the corresponding rates observed in the review. The majority of the ADRs in Nigerian adults were reported for antiretroviral drugs, and most of those who died suffered Stevens Johnson syndrome with antimalarials as the suspect drugs. ADRs reported for Nigerian children were mainly skin reactions associated with antibiotics. Most of the reported fatalities resulted from renal failure, linked with suspected contaminated teething mixtures. Antimalarials and anthelmintics were mostly associated with the ADRs in Ghanaian adults. Most of the reported fatalities resulted from Stevens Johnson syndrome. ADRs in Ghanaian children were mostly associated with vaccines. The majority of the reported deaths resulted from unknown causes linked with antimalarials.
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Dewar, Simon. "Folate transport and drug resistance in the African trypanosome." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2017. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/816f1fc5-dd5a-41d9-83a5-45e825f0af06.
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The aim of this thesis was to expand upon the knowledge of the mechanism of action and resistance of antifolate drugs in African trypanosomes with a specific focus on transport mechanisms. A media deficient in folate and thymidine was established which enabled the assessment of their modulation on antifolate in vitro potencies and also screen a small set of antifolate compounds. The phenomenon of ‘thyminelessdeath’ was found to account for methotrexate toxicity, as well as the primary mechanism of raltitrexed toxicity. This was confirmed by cell cycle studies demonstrating cell cycle arrest in S phase which could be rescued with thymidine. Transport kinetics of folate and methotrexate were characterised and found to be competitive substrates for uptake in T. brucei. Transport of these substrates was inhibited by classical antifolates, but not by non-classical antifolates. Genome-wide RNAi library screens with methotrexate and raltitrexed identified the putative folate transporter genes to be involved in drug resistance. RNAi knockdown of the folate transport genes resulted in a substantial reduction in folate transport was seen. RNAi knockdown also led to cross-resistance to classical antifolates, whereas these parasites became hypersensitive to non-classical antifolates. Methotrexate-resistant trypanosomes were generated in which transport of methotrexate and folate was substantially reduced. Amino acid changes were evident in the putative folate transporter genes but no change in transcription or copy number was evident. Cross resistance to classical antifolates was demonstrated in these resistant parasites and cells become hypersensitivity to non-classical antifolates (a similar phenotype to folate transporter RNAi knockdown). Proteomic studies were performed in drugresistant trypanosomes; however, no conclusive findings were evident due to limitations of these experiments. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate good evidence of both transport-mediated drug action and drug resistance.
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Lanier, Mark M., Robert P. Pack, and Timothy A. Akers. "Epidemiologic Criminology: Drug Use Among African American Gang Members." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6333.
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Epidemiological methods and public health theories can be tied to theories of crime and delinquency and used to create evidence-based policy. Interdisciplinary theoretical approaches to existing, and emerging, public health and criminal justice problems hold great promise. Differential association theory postulates that close association with delinquent peers leads to an increase in deviant activities such as illicit drug use. Social cognitive theory postulates that health behavior change is driven by the interaction of (a) cognitive states that support a health outcome, (b) the social and contextual environment, (c) and individual action. Combined, these theories can be applied to drug eradication programs as well as other health and crime issues. Focus groups and interviews were performed to identify rates of illicit substance use among incarcerated African American adolescent male gang members and nongang members. The policy recommendations illustrate the convergence of criminological and epidemiological theory under the new paradigm of epidemiological criminology or ??EpiCrim.??
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Hazim, Harun. "Cocaine usage and sentencing of African American males." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1815.
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Shean, Karen Penelope. "Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11620.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-168).
There are few data for treatment-related outcomes in patients with XDR tuberculosis in settings with high HIV prevalence. We reviewed the case records of 227 consecutively diagnosed South African patients with XDR-TB between 2002 and 2008, and analysed the records of another 115 patients, retrospectively, for adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It was found that a significant proportion of XDR-TB patients are HIV unrelated, and prognosis, regardless of HIV status, poor. Nevertheless, survival in HIV infected patients is better than previously reported, and treatment with HAART improves outcomes. The frequency of ADR’s with XDR-TB treatment regimens is high, often severe, and negatively impacts on culture conversion outcomes. These data have implications for the formulation of recommendations for control programmes in resource-poor settings.
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Pope, Robert. "Older African Americans and illicit drug use: A qualitative study." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3390074.
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Sokolova, Antoaneta Y. "Nitroaromatic pro-drug activation and resistance in the African trypanosome." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2011. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/52c1537e-4a37-446c-b62c-86df5b95b2ea.
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Sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei, is a deadly disease that affects some of the poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the disease prevalence is declining, strengthening of the current control efforts, including introduction of more adequate chemotherapeutic options, is needed to prevent the re-emergence of yet another epidemic. Nitroaromatic compounds, such as nifurtimox (in combination with eflornithine) and fexinidazole (in clinical trials), have been recently introduced for the treatment of the second stage of sleeping sickness. These compounds are believed to act as pro-drugs that require intracellular enzymatic activation for antimicrobial activity. Here, the role of the bacterial-like nitroreductase TbNTR as a nitrodrug activating enzyme is examined through overexpression and knock-out studies in T. brucei. Multiple attempts to purify soluble recombinant TbNTR from E. coli were unsuccessful, because the recombinant protein was found to be membrane associated. In keeping with the role of TbNTR in nitrodrug activation, loss of an NTR gene copy in T. brucei was found to be one, but not the only, mechanism that may lead to nitrodrug resistance. Furthermore, in the bloodstream form of T. brucei, resistance was relatively easy to select for nifurtimox, with no concurrent loss of virulence and at clinically relevant levels. More worryingly, nifurtimox resistance led to a decreased sensitivity of these parasites to other nitroaromatic compounds, including a high level of cross-resistance to fexinidazole. Conversely, generation of fexinidazole resistance resulted in cross-resistance to nifurtimox. Should these findings translate to the field, emerging nitrodrug resistance could reverse all recent advances in the treatment of sleeping sickness, made since the introduction of eflornithine 20 years ago. Therefore, all efforts should be made to ensure nitroaromatic drugs are used only in drug combination therapies against sleeping sickness, in order to protect them from emerging resistance.
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Purushothaman, Nair Vipin Devi Prasad. "Pharmaceutical analysis and drug interaction studies : African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015802.
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In order for a medicinal product to produce a consistent and reliable therapeutic response, it is essential that the final composition of the product is invariable and that the active ingredient/s is/are present in appropriate, non-toxic amounts. However, due to the complexity involved in the standardization of natural products, quality control (QC) criteria and procedures for the registration and market approval of such products are conspicuously absent in most countries around the world. African Potato (AP) is of great medical interest and this particular plant has gained tremendous popularity following the endorsement by the South African Minister of Health as a remedy for HIV/ AIDS patients. Very little information has appeared in the literature to describe methods for the quantitative analysis of hypoxoside, an important component in AP. It has also been claimed that sterols and sterolins present in AP are responsible for its medicinal property but is yet to be proven scientifically. To-date, no QC methods have been reported for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of the combination, β- sitosterol (BSS)/ stigmasterol (STG)/ stigmastanol (STN), purported to be present in preparations containing AP. The effect of concomitant administration of AP and other herbal medicines on the safety and efficacy of conventional medicines has not yet been fully determined. Amongst the objectives of this study was to develop and validate quantitative analytical methods that are suitable for the assay and quality control of plant material, extracts and commercial formulations containing AP. Hypoxoside was isolated from AP and characterized for use as a reference standard for the quality control of AP products and a stability-indicating HPLC/ UV assay method for the quantitative determination of hypoxoside was developed. In addition, a quantitative capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method was developed to determine hypoxoside, specifically for its advantages over HPLC. A HPLC method was also developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of BSS, STG and STN in commercially available oral dosage forms containing AP material or extracts thereof. The antioxidant activity of an aqueous extract of lyophilized corms of AP along with hypoxoside and rooperol were investigated. In comparison with the AP extracts and also with hypoxoside, rooperol showed significant antioxidant activity. The capacity of AP, (extracts, formulations, hypoxoside and rooperol as well as sterols to inhibit in vitro metabolism of drug substrates by human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP 3A4, 3A5 and CYP19 were investigated. Samples were also assessed for their effect on drug transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Various extracts of AP, AP formulations, stigmasterol and the norlignans, in particular the aglycone rooperol, exhibited inhibitory effects on CYP 3A4, 3A5 and CYP19 mediated metabolism.These results suggest that concurrent therapy with AP and other medicines, in particular antiretroviral drugs, can have important implications for safety and efficacy. Large discrepancies in marker content between AP products were found. Dissolution testing of AP products was investigated as a QC tool and the results also revealed inconsistencies between different AP products.
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Labiche, Diana M. "African-American Males Drug Trafficking Behaviors: Implications for Curriculum Development." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1448385817.
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Kebwe, Stanislaus Kemero. "Pharmacokinetics of pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine in African children and adults." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235765.
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Mukadam, Rabia. "African isolates of Plasmodium falciparum and their influence on drug response." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485902.
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Drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a huge problem. In Africa, as in other malarious areas, many of the current drugs are already useless or are failing rapidly. Chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine (AM), sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine' (SP) and mefloquine (MQ) are notable members of this growing list. The molecular, basis of drug resistance is reasonably well known for these drugs and amino acid changes in the parasite proteins PjCRT, PjMDRJ, DHFR and DHPS have been implicated. These polymorphisms have been associated with drug resistance in vivo from clinical studies, largely using treatment failure as an end point or from in vitro studies, largely using field lines that were originally isolated many years ago. These studies are informative but some important information is lacking. For example, very little is known about the . phenotype / genotype relationship of current African field isolates and little is known about their likely response to new antimalarials that are currently under development. In this thesis, I have attempted to address some of these issues by culture adapting and studying contemporary field isolates from Africa. I have obtained and culture-adapted a panel of 32 field isolates from study sites in Kenya and characterized their response to currently used antimalarials as well as analyzing them for genetic polymorphisms that are known to be associated with drug resistance. As expected, the well-characterized mutations at positions 5 I, 59 and J08 in the DHFR gene, K76T in PjCRT and mutations at position 86 and 1246 in PjMDRI were largely present, although some mutations were absent in some isolates. What was more surprising is that parasites harbouring mutations in PjCRT and or PjMDR J were almost fully sensitive to CQ and AM. This includes many isolates with the critical K76T PjCRT change. This finding was corroborated using in vitro studies of genetically modified (OM) parasite lines that were allelically-exchange in respect of PjCRT. It was found that OM lines harbouring mutant PjCRT alleles (initially highly chloroquine resistant) became almost fully sensitive to CQ after three months continuous culture in the absence of drug pressure. One possible explanation for this is that PjCRT mutations are necessary but not sufficient for the chloroquine-resistant phenotype and that other genes are modified (probably upregulated rather than mutated). In addition, I have studied the likely effects of existing genetic polymorphisms on the . response of parasite lines to new drugs or combinations using field lines or allelically exchanged OM lines. Co-trimoxazole (CT) is an antifolate combination commonly used to treat bacterial infections and thought by some to have possible clinical utility against malaria. I have shown that parasite response to CT is affected by mutations of DHFR but this mainly occurs in the first mutations step. The acquisition of two or more mutations in DHFR has little further effect on the response on the parasites to CT. This suggests that CT might be useful to treat malaria but only provided that high enough doses can be given. I have also examined the effect of PjCRT polymorphisms on the response of parasite lines to novel 4-aminoquinoline drugs. I have looked at short chain CQ analogues and AM analogues that are modified to avoid metabolic escape. Examples of both of these groups of compounds are currently under drug development. I found that these drugs retain most of their activity against GM lines containing mutant PjCRT. However, there was slight but significant'PjCRT-mediated cross-resistance of the new 4-aminoquinolines with CQ and Desethyl-AM (the main circulating AM metabolite. Cross-resistance remained slight when the lines were, subjected to CQ pressure (becoming highly CQ-resistant. Nonetheless, the possibility remains that African field lines may be primed for rapid resistance to new quinoline, by virtue of their largely CQresistant PjCRT haplotypes. Finally, I examined the effect ofPjCRT polymorphisms on the response to DB75, a novel bis-benzyl amidine, currently under drug development for use as a broad-spectrum anti protozoal. Here the findings are somewhat more encouraging; PjCRT mutations seem to make the parasites more susceptible to this new amidine drug. Furthermore, binding of radiolabeled DB75 to the hematin target was also increased by mutant PfCRT. In' conclusion, I present a detailed study of contemporary isolates ofP. falciparu111 from a typical African setting. The results have some interesting implications for the deployment of current drugs and of drugs currently under development.
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Phokedi, Gothatamang Norma. "The investigation of pyrolysis products of South African street drug, nyaope." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2018. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/d0230c82-a620-4632-a285-f6cc033ff5ab.
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This research investigates a new South African street drug called nyaope. It is not exactly known what the ingredients of this drug are, but some reports say it is a cocktail of many illegal substances ranging from heroin, cannabis, methamphetamine, cocaine to pain killers, where in each case, the material also includes anti-retroviral drugs. The main ingredient is believed to be the anti-retro viral drug, efavirenz (EFV), thought to prolong the effects of other narcotic drugs in the nyaope mixture. Following reports of an overwhelming increase of its abuse, nyaope was eventually brought under legal control in 2014. Originally nyaope was mixed with cannabis for smoking but more recently people also choose to chew, snort, inject or heat the mixtures over aluminium foil and inhale the fumes. The work presented in this thesis involves the first development and validation of a methodology for the routine isolation of pyrolysis products of efavirenz in mixtures with other alleged components of the nyaope street drug. The products (generated during pyrolysis) can be used to study the abuse potential of efavirenz in terms of a verification of its presence or otherwise in nyaope residues seized by law enforcement. Pyrolysis products were analysed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and High Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pyrolysis products of EFV on its own and then in mixtures with other suggested components of the nyaope street drug (methamphetamine, amphetamine, heroin, cannabis and opium) were sequentially investigated. The successful use of activated carbon strips in trapping pyrolysis products of the various illicit drugs and drug mixtures during this research was demonstrated and a novel robust analytical methodology developed. Each drug was first heated separately and analysed to generate their background pyrolysis product signature. This was followed by mixing each drug with efavirenz and heating the mixture. The results revealed that the presence of efavirenz in mixtures of Amphetamine type stimulant drugs and heroin did not disrupt the production of the expected pyrolysis products of these drugs and vice versa. However, heating a mixture of opium and EFV revealed only the presence of EFV and its pyrolysis product suggesting that the presence of EFV prevented the pyrolysis of the cannabis and opium The pyrolysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine interestingly, also revealed the presence of synthetic reaction impurities from starting materials and intermediate products of chemical reactions applied during the various synthesis processes. These were further examined and were successfully used to determine the potential synthetic routes used during the manufacture of the methamphetamine samples used for this research. This provides new opportunities to generate intelligence information regarding the manufacturing process of these materials from physical evidence such as residues of smoked or heated materials.
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Ranjbarian, Farahnaz. "Targets and strategies for drug development against human African sleeping sickness." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk kemi och biofysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-131074.
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Trypanosoma brucei is a causative agent of African sleeping sickness. It is an extracellular parasite which circulates in the blood, lymph and eventually invades the central nervous system. There is a great need for new medicines against the disease and specific properties of nucleoside kinases in the pathogen can be exploited as targets for chemotherapy. T. brucei contains a gene where two thymidine kinase sequences are fused into a single open reading frame. These types of tandem thymidine kinases were found only in different types of parasites, which made us to believe that it might be beneficial for them. Each thymidine kinase sequence in these tandem enzymes are here referred to as a domain. By cloning and expressing each domain from T. brucei separately, we found that domain 1 was inactive and domain 2 was as active as the full-length enzyme. T. brucei thymidine kinase phosphorylated the pyrimidine nucleosides thymidine and deoxyuridine and to some extent purine nucleosides like deoxyinosine and deoxyguanosine. Human thymidine kinase increases the affinity to its substrates when it forms oligomers. Similarly, the T. brucei two thymidine kinase sequences, which can be viewed as a pseudodimer, had a higher affinity to its substrates than domain 2 alone. T. brucei lacks de novo purine biosynthesis and it is therefore dependent on salvaging the required purine nucleotides for RNA and DNA synthesis from the host. Purine salvage is considered as a target for drug development. It has been shown that in the presence of deoxyadenosine in the growth medium, the parasites accumulate high levels of dATP and the extensive phosphorylation of deoxyadenosine leads to depleted ATP pools. Initially, we wondered if deoxyadenosine could be used as a drug against T. brucei. However, we found that T. brucei is partially protected against deoxyadenosine because it was cleaved by the enzyme methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) to adenine and ribose-1-phosphate. At higher concentration of deoxyadenosine, 3 the formed adenine was not efficiently salvaged into ATP and started to inhibit MTAP instead. The deoxyadenosine was then instead phosphorylated by adenosine kinase leading to accumulation of dATP. The MTAP reaction makes deoxyadenosine itself useless as a drug and instead we focused on finding analogues of deoxyadenosine or adenosine that were cleavage-resistant and at the same time good substrates of T. brucei adenosine kinase. Our best hit was then 9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-ß-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine (FANA-A). An additional advantage of FANA-A as a drug was that it was taken up by the P1 nucleoside transporter family, which makes it useful also against multidrug resistant parasites that often have lost the P2 transporter function and take up their purines solely by the P1 transporter. In parallel with our study of nucleoside metabolism in T. brucei, we also have a collaboration project where we screen essential oils from plants which are used in traditional medicine. If the essential oils are active against the trypanosomes, we further analyze the different components in the oils to identify new drugs against African sleeping sickness. One such compound identified from the plant Smyrnium olusatrum is isofuranodiene, which inhibited T. brucei proliferation with an IC50 value of 3 μM.
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David, Stephen Morris. "Popular culture in South Africa : the limits of black identity in "Drum" magazine." Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?res_dat=xri:ssbe&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_dat=xri:ssbe:ft:keyresource:Hay_Diss_03.
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au, ngiles@anhb uwa edu, and Natalie Giles. "Exploitation of the Protein Tubulin For Controlling African Trypanosomiasis." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060315.191003.
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This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the structural protein, tubulin, as a potential target for anti-trypanosomatid drug discovery and vaccine development. Recombinant alpha- and beta- tubulin proteins from Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense were expressed as soluble fusion proteins in an E. coli expression system. The recombinant alpha- and beta- tubulins were used to determine the nature of binding of novel trifluralin analogues EPL-AJ 1003, 1007, 1008, 1016 and 1017. Native tubulin from rats was used to determine the extent of binding to mammalian tubulin. The results of this study clearly demonstrate two important aspects of the binding of trifluralins to tubulin. Firstly, they have specific affinity for trypanosomal tubulin compared with mammalian regardless of the chemical composition of the trifluralin analogue tested. Secondly, they have a demonstrably stronger affinity for alpha-tubulin compared with beta-tubulin. In addition, compounds 1007, 1008, 1016 and 1017 have strong binding affinities for alpha-tubulin, with limited binding affinity for mammalian tubulin, which indicates that these compounds selectively bind to trypanosomal tubulin.
The morphology of bloodstream forms of T. b. rhodesiense exposed to trifluralin analogues was studied using electron microscopy and immunofluorescence to determine the ultrastructural changes these compounds induce as a result of binding to tubulin. All compounds tested induced severe irreparable damage in T. b. rhodesiense, including perturbation of subpellicular microtubules, extensive cytoplasmic swellings, axoneme and paraflagellar rod malformation, disconfiguration around the flagellar pocket and membrane disintegration. These results suggest that the mechanism of action of these trifluralin analogues is through the disruption of polymerization of tubulin into microtubules as a result of binding to alpha-tubulin.
The potential for recombinant trypanosomal tubulins to be used as vaccine candidates was assessed by monitoring parasitaemia and length of survival of mice immunised with the proteins and challenged with a lethal infection of T. b. rhodesiense. Although all the mice vaccinated with recombinant tubulin developed a patent parasitaemia and did not survive, they were partially protected because their patency period and length of survival were significantly greater than the control groups. Furthermore, plasma collected from mice immunised with recombinant trypanosomal tubulin contained antibodies that recognized tubulin in a soluble extraction from T. b. rhodesiense. The results of this thesis confirm the potential for the structural protein, tubulin, to be used as a target for anti-trypanosomatid drug discovery and vaccine development.
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Fashakin, Janet Olusola. "Perspectives and Post-release Experiences of Convicted African American Women Drug Offenders." Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10976480.
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Prisons in the United States are full to capacity because of the revolving doors created by recidivism. African American women comprise a significant proportion of those who return to prison, yet most studies about women and recidivism focus on the experiences of white women. The communities into which formerly incarcerated African American women are released do not make things easier in terms of the potential for reoffending because of the difficult access to good jobs, safe housing, good health care services, and assistance with child cares services. Using Cullen’s social support theory as the foundation, the purpose of this general qualitative study was to explore the perspectives and post-release experiences of participants while living in their community. Fourteen African American ex-convicted women, ages 18 to 55 who reside in a large mid-Atlantic city participated in open-ended interviews to further explore the social factors related to recidivism. These data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Key findings include that success is tied to a sense of self, most participants expressed a sense of gratitude for their success, and that family, friends, government support, and the effects of rehabilitation programs contribute to success in living in communities after release from prison. The positive social change implications of this study include recommendations to correctional officials to focus on strengthening opportunities for pro-social interactions with appropriate support systems including working with other government agencies to reach out to formerly incarcerated African American women for services that are unique to their needs and circumstances. These efforts may improve public safety through reductions in future crimes.
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Fash, Janet. "Perspectives and Post-release Experiences of Convicted African American Women Drug Offenders." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5857.
Full textAbstract:
Prisons in the United States are full to capacity because of the revolving doors created by recidivism. African American women comprise a significant proportion of those who return to prison, yet most studies about women and recidivism focus on the experiences of white women. The communities into which formerly incarcerated African American women are released do not make things easier in terms of the potential for reoffending because of the difficult access to good jobs, safe housing, good health care services, and assistance with child cares services. Using Cullen's social support theory as the foundation, the purpose of this general qualitative study was to explore the perspectives and post-release experiences of participants while living in their community. Fourteen African American ex-convicted women, ages 18 to 55 who reside in a large mid-Atlantic city participated in open-ended interviews to further explore the social factors related to recidivism. These data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Key findings include that success is tied to a sense of self, most participants expressed a sense of gratitude for their success, and that family, friends, government support, and the effects of rehabilitation programs contribute to success in living in communities after release from prison. The positive social change implications of this study include recommendations to correctional officials to focus on strengthening opportunities for pro-social interactions with appropriate support systems including working with other government agencies to reach out to formerly incarcerated African American women for services that are unique to their needs and circumstances. These efforts may improve public safety through reductions in future crimes.
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Baker, Nicola Louise. "Screening for new natural drugs and drug resistance determinants in African trypanosomiasis." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590629.
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Coetzee, Lezanie. "Modelling Drug Abuse and Drug-related Crime: A Systems Approach." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97863.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015ENGLISH ABSTRACT : In this study we look at the syndemic of substance abuse and drug-related crime in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The intent of this study is to provoke critical thinking about the possibilities systems thinking and system dynamics posses for social and health challenges in a diverse and complex environment like that of South Africa, especially the Western Cape. This study ventures into cross-discipline work between Epidemiology, Biomathematics and System Dynamics, with the hope of encouraging researchers from different fields to collaborate in order to curb the scourge of substance abuse and drug-related crime in South Africa. Substance abuse and the associated health and social hazards such as drug-related crime is a major problem in the Western Cape. Drug-related crime cases reported by the South African Police Services (SAPS) for the Western Cape exhibited a 311.5% growth in the past decade. This highlights how the reduction of substance abuse and drug-related crime within theWestern Cape province, will be an elixir for the safety and development of the communities. The fight against substance abuse has been driven by a multi-sectorial approach involving several government departments, non-governmental organisations and communities. With systems thinking the assumption is that the world is systemic, which means that phenomena is understood to be an emergent property of the interrelated whole. Firstly, using non-linear ordinary differential equations, we formulate a deterministic mathematical model for the substance abuse and drug-related crime syndemic, evaluate the threshold number and use sensitivity analysis to analyze the model. Secondly, a dynamic system, called the Substance Abuse and Drug-related Crime in theWestern Cape (SADC-WC) system is constructed using the STELLA in order to explore and classify the underlying relationships and structures within the substance abuse and drug-related crime system. Both the sensitivity analysis, and the simulations of the SADC-WC system indicate that an increase of successful convictions will have a significant influence on the syndemic, and promise to reduce drug-related crime cases.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : In hierdie studie ondersoek on die syndemie (‘syndemic’) van dwelmmisbruik en dwelmverwante misdaad in die Wes-Kaap provinsie, in Suid-Afrika. Die moontlikhede wat sistemiese denke en dinamiese sisteme inhou vir sosiale en gesondheid kwale in ’n diverse en komplekse omgewing soos Suid-Afrika, word ondersoek. Hierdie studie waag interdisiplinêre werk tussen Epidemiologie, Biowiskunde en Dinamiese sisteme, met die hoop om navorsers van verskillende velde aan te moedig om saam te werk om die plaag van dwelmmisbruik en dwelm-verwante misdaad in Suid-Afrika te bekamp. Dwelmmisbruik en die gepaardgaande gesondheid en maatskaplike gevare soos dwelmverwante misdaad is ’n groot probleem in dieWes-Kaap. Die SAPD se vermelde dwelmverwante midaad het ’n groei van 311,5% ondergaan in die afgelope dekade, en is aanduidend vir hoe die beheer en beperking van dwelmmisbruik en dwelm-verwante misdaad in die Wes-Kaap provinsie bevordering van beide die veiligheid en ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap sal verseker. Dit beklemtoon hoe die vermindering van dwelmmisbruik en dwelm-verwante misdaad in dieWes-Kaapland, sal ’n elikser vir die veiligheid en ontwikkeling van die gemeenskappe. Die stryd teen dwelmmisbruik is gedryf deur ’n multi-sektorale benadering waarby verskeie regeringsdepartemente, nie-regerings organisasies en gemeenskappe. Stelsels denke en dinamiese sisteme is gebasseur op die aanname, dat die wÃłreld is sistemiese en dat verskynsels verstaan word ten opsigte van die ontluikende eienskap van die omvattende geheel. Eerstens stel ons ’n kompartementele model op wat deur nie-liniêre gewone differensiële vergelykings beskryf kan word vir die dwelmmisbruik en dwelm-verwante misdaad epidemies. Ons evalueer die drumpel getal en gebruik sensitiwiteitsanalise om die parameters van die model te analiseer. Tweedens, is ’n dinamiese sisteem genaamd die Middelmisbruik en dwelmverwante misdaad in dieWes-Kaap (SADC-WC) stelsel gebou met behulp van die STELLA platform om te verken en klassifiseer die onderliggende verhoudings en strukture binne die dwelmmisbruik en dwelm-verwante misdaad stelsel. Beide die sensitiwiteitsanalise, en die simulasies van die SADC-WC stelsel dui aan dat ’n toename in suksesvolle vonisse ’n beduidende invloed op die epidemies sal hê; en beloof om sake van dwelmverwante misdaad te verminder.
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Mogatle, Seloi. "African traditional medicines-antiretroviral drug interactions: the effect of African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea) on the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in humans." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003251.
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African Potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea), (AP) is an African traditional medicine (TM) that is commonly used for various nutritional/medicinal purposes and also by people infected with the human immuno deficiency virus HIV and AIDS patients as an immune booster. The use of AP has also been recommended by the former Minister of Health of South Africa for use by HIV positive people. The main phytochemical component of AP is a norlignan glucoside, hypoxoside, and other relatively minor components have also been reported. A recent in vitro study reported the effects of AP extracts, hypoxoside and rooperol (the metabolite of hypoxoside) on human metabolic enzymes such as the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) group of enzymes and also on the transporter protein, p-glycoprotein (P-gp). This research focussed on investigating the clinical significance of those in vitro effects on the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz (EFV) in humans. EFV was chosen as the substrate drug because it is in first-line regimen of treatment of HIV/AIDS in South Africa, and also has been reported to be a substrate for the specific CYP isozymes, 3A4 and 2B6, in common with APs metabolic involvement with 3A4. A high performance liquid chromatography method with ultra-violet detection (HPLC-UV) for the quantitative determination of EFV in plasma was developed and successfully validated according to international standards with good reproducibility, accuracy, recovery, linear response and requisite sensitivity. The preparation of the plasma samples for analysis was effected by using a simple and rapid precipitation method, and the mobile phase consisted of readily available solvents. EFV in plasma samples was found to be stable under the relevant storage conditions studied. The oral dose of AP, administered as a freshly prepared traditional decoction, was standardised based on the hypoxoside content, and the quality of all the AP decoctions was analysed immediately prior to administration, using a validated HPLC-UV method. A single dose, two-phase sequential study was conducted over a period of 31 days in 10 healthy volunteers. The clinical study was approved by the Rhodes University Ethical Standards Committee, and all the participants agreed to the conditions of the study by giving their informed consent. On day 1 of the study, human subjects were administered a 600 mg EFV tablet and blood samples were collected before dosing and at various intervals over a period of 48 hr post dosing. From day 16, a traditionally prepared AP decoction was administered daily at a standardized dose of 15 mg/kg/day per subject until day 30. On day 29, volunteers were administered a single 600 mg dose of EFV as was done on day 1. Plasma samples were harvested immediately after blood sample collection and frozen at -80 ºC until assayed. Geometric mean ratios of relevant pharmacokinetic parameters, Cmax (maximum plasma concentration achieved following dosing) and AUC0-48 (area under the curve of a plot of drug plasma concentrations versus time representing the extent of absorption) of EFV before and after co-administration of 14 successive daily doses of AP were compared and evaluated to determine whether an interaction had occurred. All subjects completed the study and the geometric mean ratios of Cmax and AUC0-48 were 97.30 and 102.82 with corresponding 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of 78.81-120.14% and 89.04-118.80%, respectively. Whereas the acceptance criteria for the ratios of the AUCs fell within the preset 90% CIs indicating no interaction, the Cmax ratios fell outside the limits. Although the protocol was developed in accordance with the United States of America Food & Drug Administration’s Guidance for Drug Interactions, a priori stating that both criteria need to fall within the acceptance limits to indicate no interaction, an argument is presented to waive the Cmax requirement for the declaration of an interaction. As a result, the pharmacokinetic data generated during this study indicated that the effect of AP on the pharmacokinetics of EFV is not clinically significant. Hence, co-administration of AP is unlikely to affect the clinical use of EFV. In summary the objectives of this project were: 1. To develop and validate a suitable HPLC-UV method for the quantitative determination of EFV in plasma. 2. To perform a mini-validation of the determination of hypoxoside for use as a marker in the quality control and standardisation of AP decoctions. 3. To conduct a clinical interaction study in order to determine whether AP affects the pharmacokinetics of EFV following concurrent administration. 4. To apply the validated HPLC-UV method to determine plasma concentrations of EFV in plasma of human subjects. 5. To use appropriate statistical methods and treatments such as a non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis to determine the occurrence of an interaction.
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Jacobs, Sidney R. "Religion and the reintegration experiences of drug-involved African American men following incarceration." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 311 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1891601451&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Lee, Hung Kun. "A theory of adults' motivations for learning the African drums in Hong Kong." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10832/.
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This study aims at investigating the adults' motivations for participating in organised learning of the African drums in Hong Kong at the turn of the century: how they participate in related learning, why they take part, and how they have developed varied motivations for learning. Adhering to its constructivist perspective of the social world, this research has adopted a qualitative grounded theory approach and targets at generating a substantive theory about adults' motivations for learning the African drums. Data were collected via open-ended interviews with 82 informants who were sampled according to their conceptual relevance to the evolving theory, and analysed by coding, memoing, and sorting. Results of this research have identified four major categories of motivations: Professional Development, Sheer Interest, Referential Motivations, and Learning for the Sake of Learning. It is also found that the adults do not participate in learning for a single clear-cut motivation, but a mix of different reasons, and that they may demonstrate changes of motivations along with changes in life events and accumulation of knowledge and skills of Afro-drumming. This research has also identified a social process that underlies the development or surfacing of the adults' motivations for learning the African drums. The socio-cultural preconditions, mainly the local performances, multimedia publicity, and education of Afro-drumming, and the individual factors embracing the adult learners’ areas of social functioning, personal backgrounds in music and general education, and reference groups, have interacted to determine the adult learners' motivations. In addition, the findings have highlighted the rising importance of job-related and health-care reasons for adults' participation in music learning in today's world, rendered the teachers and course providers of the African drums strategic implications for widening the coverage of their clientele and creating deep learning experiences for the adult learners, and suggested some directions for future research.
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Nalunkuma, Kazibwe Anne J. "Factors influencing the spread and selection of drug resistance in Human African Trypanosomiasis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/381/.
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A growing problem with drug resistance in Human African Trypanosomiasis has necessitated the implementation of screening programmes to monitor for its spread. This thesis describes the study of several factors that can influence the selection and propagation of drug resistance in T. brucei. Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense. The few drugs used for the treatment of the disease are either toxic, cause severe side effects or suffer from parasite resistance. The T. brucei P2 transporter, which is encoded by the gene TbAT1, mediates uptake of melaminophenyl arsenicals and diamidines. Reduced P2 uptake is associated with drug resistance. A number of point mutations found in a laboratory derived melarsoprol resistant T. brucei stock (STIB 777R) allowed development of a PCR/RFLP based molecular method to identify resistance alleles. By 1999, 20-30% of patients treated in Omugo, NW Uganda were failing to respond to melarsoprol. PCR/RFLP analysis indicated that mutant alleles accounted for 58.5% of those in circulation. Melarsoprol was withdrawn in 2001 and by 2003 mutant TbAT1 alleles accounted for only 14% of those in circulation in NW Uganda. The current study aimed to determine the incidence of the PCR/Sfa NI TbAT1 mutant alleles in 2006, some five years after melarsoprol had been withdrawn as first-line treatment. Successful molecular analysis of 91 of 132 (68.9%) T. b. gambiense field isolates from Omugo and Moyo in NW Uganda indicated the presence of only TbAT1 wild type alleles. Mutant alleles thus appear to have disappeared. This may be the result of parasite fitness cost following the withdrawal of melarsoprol as a stage II first-line drug from Omugo health centre, Arua, since 2001. This apparent instability of TbAT1 mutants in the field may be exploited for rational or alternating use of melarsoprol and eflornithine (DFMO) to ensure a longer life for eflornithine, delaying the onset of resistance. Insight into the overall population structure of the T. b. gambiense from Omugo, Arua (N=54) and Moyo (N=17) was obtained using mini/microsatellite marker analysis. Genetic diversity was observed to be more intra than inter regional. Multilocus genotype data analysis revealed the Omugo, Arua, population was genetically distinct from the Moyo population (Nei’s genetic distance=0.176). The evidence indicated surprisingly little genetic exchange with an excess in homozygosity (Fis >0) and alleles in linkage disequilibrium (P<0.05) within the Omugo, trypanosome population. This excess in homozygosity may be due to population sub-structuring, trypanosome inbreeding, or migration of patients. The latter is likely occurring from the neighbouring T. b. gambiense endemic disease focus in Southern Sudan. The findings suggested that the T. b. gambiense from Arua is not panmictic, clonal or epidemic but there is some level of genetic exchange. The possibility that T. b. gambiense can infect animals raises the prospect that wild or domestic animals may act as a reservoir and that a veterinary link to gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis exists. Treatment of animals for babesiosis and trypanosomes with diminazene, uptake of which is mediated through TbAT1/P2 could select for P2-defective drug resistant trypanosomes, thereby threatening control of the human disease as well. Species detection by PCR for animal and human trypanosomes in dog isolates (N=190) from the tsetse fly endemic Jos Plataeu, Nigeria did not reveal T. b. gambiense, but multiple infections with T. brucei (95%), T. vivax (89%), and subspecies T. congolense forest (54%) and savannah (50%) were detected. The dogs were also infected with other parasites, including Babesia canis (22%) and Hepatozoon canis (16%). Multiple infections can make correct diagnosis difficult and the infections are likely to be missed by the less sensitive microscopy method. The trypanocidal action of the diamidine group of trypanocides, diminazene, pentamidine and furamidine (DB75) are principally mediated through the TbAT1/P2. In addition, pentamidine is taken up by two additional T. brucei transporters called High Affinity Pentamidine Transporter (HAPT1) and the Low Affinity Pentamidine Transporter (LAPT1). DB75 also has a secondary unknown route. Loss of TbAT1/P2 leads to significant resistance to DB75 and diminazene but not pentamidine. Identification of other markers of resistance is necessary to determine if other routes of drug entry do exist apart from P2 and whether these can be exploited for the delivery of new trypanocides into the trypanosomes. Adaptation of the T. brucei tbat1 knock-out cell line to higher concentrations of diminazene by in vitro selection for resistance led to loss of HAPT1. The resultant phenotype was similar to the previously characterised pentamidine resistant clone B48, but more resistant to diminazene and DB75. The adapted line was still capable of accumulating 1 µM radiolabelled diminazene suggesting both HAPT1 and LAPT1 as possible routes for diminazene uptake. Adaptation of the T. brucei tbat1 knock-out cell line to a high concentration of DB75 over the same 6 months period did not lead to increased resistance. Overall the project has confirmed an important role for tbat1/P2 in development of resistance to melarsoprol in the field. Importantly, it appears that removal of the selection pressure of melarsoprol leads to a loss of tbat1 alleles associated with resistance in a population of trypanosomes capable of genetic exchange in NW Uganda. Although evidence for a dog reservoir for T. b. gambiense in Nigeria was lacking in this study, a risk of selecting resistance in animals must remain high on any list of consideration. I have further shown that the diamidine drug, diminazene, used in veterinary medicine also appears to enter T. brucei via the HAPT1 transporter, as well as the P2 transporter. Loss of HAPT1 through selection with diminazene leads to high level pentamidine resistance, which could indicate a further risk in selection of human infectious trypanosomes also resistant to drugs like pentamidine.
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Bury, Steven E. "Analysis of West African drug trafficking the dynamics of interdiction and state capacity." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5812.
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Approved for public release, distribution unlimitedIllegal drug trafficking through West Africa has grown dramatically in the last decade, capturing the attention of U.S., European, and U.N. policymakers. Most countries in West Africa have struggled to adapt to the challenges drug trafficking has presented. A few countries, like Ghana, have made a more concerted and successful effort to confront the problem. This thesis seeks to test the hypothesis that variations in counternarcotics interdiction success Ghana and Guinea-Bissau can be explained by the level of state capacity and the ability to absorb international counternarcotics partnerships to deal with the problem. The findings of this study suggest the success of Ghana relative to Guinea- Bissau is explained by higher level of initial state capacity and its ability to absorb international assistance. The government of Guinea-Bissau, on the other hand, is caught in an incapacity trap that has thwarted its efforts towards narcotics interdiction. Efforts at international partnership in Ghana have a foundation of state capacity to build upon and a viable partner whereas in Guinea-Bissau assistance efforts have been relegated to correcting the utter lack of capacity in an environment of political-military instability where a viable partner in the War on Drugs has not yet emerged.
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Grimaldi, Raffaella. "Evaluation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 as a drug target in African trypanosomes." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/eb2f51b6-7fe6-4a78-982b-ae5c172214ad.
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Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by Trypanosoma brucei subspecies, is one of the most neglected diseases: available treatments are old, toxic, and difficult to administer; they are not efficacious against all parasite species or disease stages and drug resistance is an increasing problem. Protein kinases are well validated drug targets for a variety of human diseases with many inhibitors under development or in the clinic. The T. brucei kinome has been annotated and there is evidence of essentiality of some of the members of this family. This thesis aims at evaluating the essentiality of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (TbGSK3 short; Tb927.10.13780) and chemically validating it as a potential drug target in T. brucei. TbGSK3 recombinant protein was biochemically characterised and screened against a focussed kinase library using the KinaseGlo assay method. Further repurchase and synthesis of novel compounds yielded 10 validated chemical series against TbGSK3 short. In particular two series showed anti-proliferative activity against the parasite. GSK3 07 series was further investigated by the Drug Discovery Unit with a phenotypic approach for its off-target effects, and GSK3 09 series was further validated to act “on target”. The latter series showed a good correlation between biochemical potency and cellular efficacy. Using a combination of chemical and genetic approaches TbGSK3 short was demonstrated to be specifically targeted by a GSK3 09 tool molecule in T. brucei lysates. Furthermore, the in vitro efficacy in trypanosomes could be reverted by target over-expression. Further validation of its activity “on target” was given by its ability to modulate the cell toxicity caused by TbGSK3 short over-expression. The genetic validation of TbGSK3 short by generation of conditional null mutants was not possible due to the tight regulation of the protein levels and the cell toxicity associated with protein over-expression. The validated TbGSK3 short chemical tool could be used to elucidate the functions of TbGSK3 short in T. brucei, identify its substrates and increase the chance to solve the crystal structure of this enzyme for the design of novel inhibitors with different mechanism of inhibition and/or increased selectivity.
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Ponton, Timothy John. "Investigating phytoplankton fluctuations and drum filter effectiveness on an abalone farm in Hermanus, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8307.
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Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol)Aquaculture is a growing industry in South Africa, with the production of abalone, Haliotis midae, at the forefront. The Western Cape Province hosts 12 of the 18 abalone farms in South Africa, with a concentration of farms in the Walker Bay region of Hermanus and Gansbaai. Walker Bay is situated on the western side of the Agulhas bank, which allows warm water from the Agulhas current, as well as cold water from the Benguela current to mix. This area experiences seasonal upwelling pulses in summer, which provide the environment with a high nutrient load. This encourages the prevalence of harmful algal blooms (HAB) that can consist of toxin-producing dinoflagellate species. These species have the ability to kill organisms in the nearshore. This poses a problem for aquaculture farms situated in the area, where HAB events have caused the death of millions of abalone and has decreased productivity of farms in previous years. Farms therefore need to implement stringent phytoplankton monitoring schedules, as well as develop better filtering methods to reduce the density of phytoplankton that may flow into the farm. This study aimed to understand the phytoplankton community assemblages that may be pumped into an abalone farm (Abagold Ltd) over a 16 month period. This was achieved by investigating how phytoplankton community metrics such as abundance, species diversity, richness and evenness fluctuated over a 16 month time period. The frequency of HABs were investigated, comparing the peaks of blooms and how they differed between seasons and the subsequent impact on monitoring activities by the farm until the bloom passes. Secondly, a study was done to determine the efficiency of drum filters to reduce the density of phytoplankton cells from the water that is sourced from the ocean and pumped through the farm. Phytoplankton community assemblages were sampled and identified to genus level, and species level when possible, once a day for 16 months, from September 2018 to December 2019. As the risk of potential HAB formation rises, the number of sample collections increased to assist in the decision making process of the operational manager of the abalone farm to mitigate negative impacts originating from HAB events. The species richness, Shannon-Weiner diversity index and Pielou’s index of evenness were calculated. The number of phytoplankton samples collected each day were tallied to understand the change in monitoring frequency with regard to HAB abundance. Phytoplankton community samples were collected before and after a 15 μm drum filter during bloom events, after which the densities were then compared. The peak mean monthly cell density occurred in late early autumn of 2019 (March: 721 179 ± 226 473 cells/l). During this time, the diversity (Shannon-Weiner Index) of species was lower than that of mid spring and this trend is supported by literature, where a decrease in diversity occurs with an increase in HAB density. The relative abundance of species was calculated to quantify the dominant species present
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Pullen, Erin L. "SOCIAL NETWORKS, DRUG USE, AND DRUG ABUSE HELP-SEEKING: A TEST OF THE NETWORK EPISODE MODEL AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/15.
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Untreated substance use disorders are a major public health concern that has costly consequences at both the societal and individual level. Identifying the characteristics and resources of those who seek help for substance abuse problems in order to inform more effective intervention and treatment techniques is therefore an important research objective. Using the Network Episode Model (NEM) as a theoretical framework, this dissertation examines both substance abuse help-seeking (i.e. inpatient/outpatient treatment and 12-Step meeting attendance) and patterns of drug use over time among low-income African American women, with a special focus on the role of the social network system in shaping these outcomes.
Drawing on social network theory, critical race theory, and health service utilization research, this test of the Network Episode Model addresses the relative absence of work examining the connections between network characteristics and help-seeking in multiply marginalized groups. The core relationships proposed by the NEM are systematically tested using longitudinal data gathered for the Black Women in the Study of Epidemics Project (N=643).
Findings of multilevel models indicate strong support for the Network Episode Model. Specifically, measures of social influence, social control, and social integration significantly predict both patterns of drug use and help-seeking. Importantly, having contact with and receiving health advice from a physician emerged as a significant predictor of a number of positive outcomes, including quitting or abstaining from illicit drug use during the study and attending 12-Step meetings.
Results also reveal that experiences specifically related to low-income African American women’s multiply marginalized status – such as experiencing gendered racism – significantly predict patterns of drug use over the study timeframe and may be an important risk factor for substance abuse. In all, this research reveals the important contributions of both traditional predictors and social network predictors on substance abuse help-seeking and patterns of drug use over time. Conclusions suggest that given the limited financial and material resources of multiply marginalized groups, learning how to mobilize or effectively build upon available social network resources to encourage substance abuse treatment may be a particularly fruitful strategy to explore.
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Kosmas, Petrus Ndiiluka. "Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Africa: prevalence and factors associated: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31604.
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Background: There is a dearth of information regarding prevalence of extensively drugresistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in Africa. Although countries in Africa conduct national tuberculosis surveys on a regular basis, this information has not been systematically reviewed to ascertain the overall prevalence of XDR-TB in Africa. Methods: The study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and factors associated with prevalence of pulmonary XDR-TB among adults in Africa. Eligible studies, published between 2006 and 2018, were sourced from various electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA (version 14.2) statistical software. The protocol of this review was registered with PROSPERO, reg No CRD42018117037. Result: A total of 6242 records were retrieved. Forty-eight studies were screened for eligibility and seven, which varied in terms of country setting and study design, were included. The prevalence of XDR-TB is 4% (95%CI 2-7) among participants tested for second-line anti-TB drug resistance, and 3% (95%1-6) among participants with drug resistant TB. The prevalence of XDR-TB was 7% (95%CI 1-18) among participants with MDR-TB. A few studies reported on the factors associated with the prevalence of XDR-TB. Discussion: The reported prevalence of XDR-TB among participants tested for second-line anti-TB drug resistance is low compared to WHO estimates. The systematic review underscores a dearth of studies depicting the reality regarding the prevalence of XDR-TB in Africa. Policymakers and stakeholders interested in drug-resistant TB should apply prudence when considering XDR-TB prevalence reported for Africa.
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Ameyaw, Margaret-Mary. "Influence of ethnicity on pharmacogenetics : evaluation of therapeutically important polymorphic genes in an African (Ghanaian) population." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602022.
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Pharmacogenetics involves research into the hereditary basis for the different responses of individuals to drugs or other environmental pollutants. Several functional genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolising enzymes, transporters, receptors and other drug targets have been identified and characterised and these polymorphisms may be responsible for interethnic differences in drug disposition and disease risk. Few studies have focussed on ethnic African populations. Several genes that have known genetic polymorphism and have clinical implications for disease risk and/or treatment of patients were evaluated in a sample of the Ghanaian (West African) population. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) catalyses the 0-methylation of neurotransmitters, catechol hormones and drugs such as levodopa and methyldopa. Ethnic differences in COMT activity have been observed in several populations. Previous studies suggest that the homozygous low activity allele (COMT*L) is less common in individuals of African origin than Caucasians. COMT genotyping was performed using a mini-sequencing method in 195 healthy Ghanaians. The frequency of the homozygous low activity allele was 6%. In Caucasians it is 31%. This study provides confirmation that the low activity COMT allele is less common in individuals of African origin. This finding may be important clinically with regards to the treatment of many neuropsychiatric disorders and in the pathophysiology of various human disorders including oestrogen-induced cancers, Parkinson's disease, depression and hypertension. This thesis aimed to determine the allele frequency of therapeutically important genetic polymorphisms in an African (Ghanaian) population. The data was then compared to other ethnic populations. The marked racial and ethnic differences in the frequency of functional polymorphisms in these drug- and xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes, transporters, receptors and other drug targets shows that ethnic origin needs to be considered in studies aimed at discovering whether specific genotypes or phenotypes are associated with disease risk or drug toxicity. Genotyping prior to treatment may be essential, as 95% of the Ghanaian subjects genotyped had between one and four mutations in the therapeutically important genes analysed. Genotyping assays specific for predominant mutant alleles should be used in different ethnic groups.
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Müller, Adrienne Carmel. "African traditional medicine-antiretroviral interactions : effects of Sutherlandia frutescens on the pharmacokinetics of Atazanavir." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013373.
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In response to the urgent call for investigations into antiretroviral (ARV)-African traditional medicine (ATM) interactions, this research was undertaken to ascertain whether chronic administration of the ATM, Sutherlandia frutescens (SF) may alter the bioavailability of the protease inhibitor (PI), atazanavir (ATV), which may impact on the safety or efficacy of the ARV. Prior to investigating a potential interaction between ATV and SF in vitro and in vivo, a high performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was developed and validated for the bioanalysis of ATV in human plasma and liver microsomes. An improved and efficient analytical method with minimal use of solvents and short run time was achieved in comparison to methods published in the literature. In addition, the method was selective, linear, accurate and precise for quantitative analysis of ATV in these studies. Molecular docking studies were conducted to compare the binding modes and affinities of ATV and two major SF constituents, Sutherlandioside B and Sutherlandin C, with the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the CYP450 isoenzyme, CYP3A4 to determine the potential for these phytochemicals to competitively inhibit the binding of ATV to these two proteins, which are mediators of absorption and metabolism. These studies revealed that modulation of P-gp transport of ATV by Sutherlandioside B and Sutherlandin C was not likely to occur via competitive inhibition. The results further indicated that weak competitive inhibition of CYP3A4 may possibly occur in the presence of either of these two SF constituents. The Caco-2 cell line was used as an in vitro model of human intestinal absorption. Accumulation studies in these cells were conducted to ascertain whether extracts and constituents of SF have the ability to alter the absorption of ATV. The results showed that the aqueous extract of SF significantly reduced ATV accumulation, suggesting decreased ATV absorption, whilst a triterpenoid glycoside fraction isolated from SF exhibited an opposing effect. Analogous responses were elicited by the aqueous extract and a triterpenoid glycoside fraction in similar accumulation studies in P-gp overexpressing Madin–Darby Canine Kidney Strain II cells (MDCKII-MDR1), which signified that the effects of this extract and component on ATV transport in the Caco-2 cells were P-gp-mediated. The quantitative analysis of ATV in human liver microsomes after co-incubation with extracts and components of SF was conducted to determine the effects of SF on the metabolism of ATV. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of SF inhibited ATV metabolism, whilst the triterpenoid glycoside fraction had a converse effect. Analogous effects by the extracts were demonstrated in experiments conducted in CYP3A4-transfected microsomes, suggesting that the inhibition of ATV metabolism in the liver microsomes by these SF extracts was CYP3A4-mediated. A combination of Sutherlandiosides C and D also inhibited CYP3A4-mediated ATV metabolism, which was in contrast to the response elicited by the triterpenoid fraction in the liver microsomes, where other unidentified compounds, shown to be present therein, may have contributed to the activation of ATV metabolism. The in vitro studies revealed the potential for SF to alter the bioavailability of ATV, therefore a clinical study in which the effect of a multiple dose regimen of SF on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single dose of ATV was conducted in healthy male volunteers. The statistical analysis showed that the 90 % confidence intervals around the geometric mean ratios (ATV + SF/ATV alone) for both Cmax and AUC0-24 hours, fell well below the lower limit of the "no-effect" boundary of 0.8 – 1.25, implying that the bioavailability of ATV was significantly reduced in this cohort of subjects. It may thus be concluded that if the reduction in bioavailability observed in this clinical study is found to be clinically relevant, co-administration of SF commercial dosage forms and ATV in HIV/AIDS patients may potentially result in subtherapeutic ATV levels, which may in turn contribute to ATV resistance and/or treatment failure. This research has therefore highlighted the potential risk for toxicity or lack of efficacy of ARV regimens which may result when ATMs and PIs are used concurrently and that patients and health care practitioners alike should be aware of these perils.
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Sanders-Bonelli, Anna. "Predicting drug treatment utilization among White, African American, and Latina women the contribution of desistance theories /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.23 Mb., 127 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3220715.
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Ahuja, Manik, Angela M. Haeny, Carolyn E. E. Sartor, and Kathleen K. Bucholz. "Gender Discrimination and Illicit Ddrug Use among African American and European American Adolescents and Emerging Adults." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000683.
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Objective: The present study aimed to characterize the association of perceived gender discrimination and illicit drug use among a sample of African American (AA) and European American (EA) adolescent girls and young women. Method: Data were drawn from a high-risk family study of alcohol use disorder of mothers and their offspring (N = 735). Multinomial regressions were used to examine whether experience of offspring and maternal gender discrimination were associated with offspring illicit drug use (cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, PCP, opiates, hallucinogens, solvents, sedatives, or inhalants). Outcomes included offspring age of drug use initiation (age ≤ 14) and lifetime heavy drug use (≥ 50 times) of 1 or more illicit substances. Interactions between race and offspring gender discrimination were modeled to assess for race differences. Results: Results revealed that gender discrimination was associated with a greater likelihood of offspring early initiation (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 2.57, 95% CI [1.31, 5.03]) versus later initiation (RRR = 1.33, 95% CI [0.80, 2.24]). Offspring gender discrimination was associated with offspring heavy drug use (RRR = 2.09, 95% CI [1.07, 4.06]) and not associated with moderate/light use (RRR = 1.44, 95% CI [0.86, 2.42]), but post hoc tests revealed no significant group differences. Conclusions: Findings suggest that perceived offspring gender discrimination is associated with early drug use initiation. Gender discrimination, particularly at an early age, has a potential to cause harm, including drug use. Implementation of policies that foster environments that eliminate gender bias and discrimination at an early age should be prioritized. Gender-responsive treatment merits consideration by substance use treatment providers. Public Significance Statement: This study indicates that adolescent females who experience gender discrimination, are more likely to initiate drugs at an earlier age. Targeting gender discrimination during adolescence may be important, before gender norms become rooted into one’s trajectory.
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Anderson, Jacquilyn D. "Moving to the Beat of Djembe Drums: African Dance and Reported Feelings of Depression." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/46.
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Depression is a disabling mental disorder that has huge impacts on one’s life and is therefore considered a global health concern. Efforts to find the most effective treatments have led to the development of antidepressants and cognitive therapy treatments. However, exercise as a form of treatment for depression has been growing in popularity. Recently, Dance Movement Therapy has gained exposure as a possible form of exercise treatment. Therefore, in the current study, West African dance was studied in order to determine its effects on depression. It was hypothesized that West African dance would target and alleviate symptoms of depression as outlined on the Beck Depression Inventory. Participants were already enrolled in the dance class and the Beck Depression Inventory was administered to the participants. Results indicated that West African dance had a significant positive impact on depression by lowering overall depression scores and psychological depression scores. This study contributes to current literature by offering a unique form of dance with rhythmic drum beats that has not been studied before. Future research should be aimed at further establishing the efficacy of West African dance and the long-term effects it has on depression.
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Mengistu, Netsanet. "Ethyl Pyruvate and HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors in Drug Discovery of Human African Trypanosomiasis." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-180770.
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Referat:
Background: Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) also called sleeping sickness is an infectious disease of humans caused by an extracellular protozoan parasite. The disease, if left untreated, results in 100% mortality. However, the available drugs are full of severe drawbacks and fail to escape the fast development of trypanosoma resistance. Due to the probable similarities in cell metabolism among tumor and trypanosoma cells, some of the current registered drugs against HAT were derived from cancer chemotherapeutic research. Here too, for the first time, we have demonstrated that the simple ester, ethyl pyruvate, comprises such properties. On the other hand initial studies have confirmed the efficacy of protease inhibitors in treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania major. However, studies on efficacy and specific proteases inhibition using HIV-1 protease inhibitors on T. brucei cells remain untouched.
Methodology/Principal findings: The current study covers efficacy and corresponding target evaluation of ethyl pyruvate and HIV-1 protease inhibitors (ritonavir and saquinavir) on T. brucei cell lines using a combination of biochemical techniques including cell proliferation assays, enzyme kinetics, zymography, phase contrast microscopic video imaging and ex vivo drug toxicity tests. We have shown that ethyl pyruvate effectively kills trypanosomes most probably by net ATP depletion through inhibition of pyruvate kinase (Ki=3.0±0.29 mM). The potential of this compound as an anti-trypanosomal drug is also strengthened by its fast acting property, killing cells within three hours post exposure. This was demonstrated using video imaging of live cells as well as concentration and time dependency experiments. Most importantly, this drug produced minimal side effects in human erythrocytes and is known to easily cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) which makes it a promising candidate for effective treatment of the two clinical stages of sleeping sickness. Trypanosome drug resistance tests indicate irreversible killing of cells and a low chance of drug resistance development under applied experimental conditions. In addition to ethyl pyruvate our experimental study on HIV-1 protease inhibitors showed that both ritonavir (RTV) (IC50=12.23 µM) and saquinavir (SQV) (IC50=11.49 µM) effectively inhibited T. brucei cells proliferation. The major proteases identified in these cells were the cysteine- (~29kDa Mr) and metallo- (~66kDa Mr) proteases. Their proteolytic activity was, however, not hampered by either of these two protease inhibitors.
Conclusion/Significance: Our results present ethyl pyruvate as a safe and fast acting drug. Hence, because of its predefined property to easily cross the BBB, it can probably be a new candidate agent to treat the heamolymphatic as well as neurological stages of sleeping sickness. Similarly, HIV-1 protease inhibitors, SQV and RTV, exhibited their antitrypanosomal potential but require further anlysis to identify their specific targets.
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Van, Gend Tania Anli. "Effect of a South African medicinal plant on antiretroviral drug induced abnormalities in rats." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1080.
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The worldwide AIDS epidemic is known to have had a profoundly negative social, economic and personal impact and has taken a heavy toll on existing health care systems, particularly in developing countries. South Africa is experiencing an HIV epidemic with enormous social and economic consequences. Lopinavir/ritonavir antiretroviral treatment has been accredited with having a significantly positive effect and is a key advance in controlling HIV morbidity and mortality. An indigenous South African medicinal plant, Sutherlandia frutescens, known for its anti-diabetic properties and immune-boosting effects, is used for treating HIV positive patients suffering from opportunistic infections. Despite the use of the medicinal plant extract as homeotherapeutic medication, there is little evidence of toxicity testing that identifies its potential for interaction with antiretroviral drugs. However, scientific data relating to the mechanism through which Sutherlandia frutescens acts on the immune system has not been comprehensively documented. The aim of this study was to investigate lopinavir/ritonavir induced metabolic abnormalities in rats and whether the introduction of a plant extract of Sutherlandia frutescens would counteract the side effects of ARV medication. The results indicated that the rodents did not become insulin resistant, however, biochemical analysis indicated that extended ARV drug treatment would have caused insulin resistance. Significant morphological changes were found in the livers, kidneys and pancreases of rats exposed to the lopinavir/ritonavir. Rats exposed to the Sutherlandia frutescens plant extract showed improved histopathology with minimal abnormalities.
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Sandor, Adam. "Assemblages of Intervention: Politics, Security, and Drug Trafficking in West Africa." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34259.
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International actors from International Organizations, Western States, Think tanks, risk management consultancies, NGOs, and private security companies understand borderless threats like clandestine migration, drug trafficking, and international terrorism to emanate from ‘ungoverned spaces’ in the Global South. The Sahelian sub-region of West Africa has taken a prominent place in global discourses of insecurity and borderless threats. These non-traditional security concerns have been translated into an expanding array of transnational governance initiatives that bring together the activities and practices of a wide range of state and non-state, global and local, and public and private actors in efforts to deal with the challenges that borderless threats are assumed to present. This dissertation argues that attempts to govern drug trafficking in the Sahel are producing global assemblages of security intervention: shifting, multi-scalar, institutional orders that reorient and reconfigure the security practices, knowledges, mentalities, technologies, and priorities of multiple sets of governance actors across disparate jurisdictional spaces. The effects of the transnationalized security governance and capacity-building initiatives that unfold in simultaneous, connected spaces of intervention amplify and alter positions of social power and prominence in local fields of conflict. Through the practices and projects of global security experts and capacity-builders in the Sahel, new forms of international capital are introduced and become realized in local settings that intensify rivalries between local, national, and regional security institutions over the question of the recognition of their authority over security matters. In their relationships with international capacity-builders and other global actors, sets of local recipients of security governance interventions practice forms of extraversion whereby their structural positions of dependence and differentials of power and resources are leveraged to accumulate forms of international capital that they then use to dominate the fields of power in which they are embedded. The dissertation examines three components of the assemblages of security intervention in West Africa: the effects of the transnational field of capacity- building in the Sahelian interior; the establishment and operation of the UNODC Airport Communications drug interdiction project (AIRCOP) at Dakar’s International Airport, and the joint UNODC/World Customs Organization Container Control Programme operating at the port of Dakar. It advances new empirical material from these case studies, and makes contributions to debates in three sub-fields of International Relations: critical security studies, global governance, and international statebuilding.
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Goliath, Veonna. "Practice guidelines for culturally sensitive drug prevention interventions." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1017193.
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South Africa has experienced a notable increase in adolescent drug use during the country’s transition from apartheid to democracy (Central Drug Authority [CDA], 2006). These findings are verified by epidemiological studies and two national youth risk behaviour surveys, highlighting the need for effective drug prevention interventions. Whilst drug use spans across age, gender and social strata, the rapid increase in both legal and illicit drug use among adolescents in the Northern Areas communities of Port Elizabeth has been particularly pronounced. The South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU) statistics, which reflects on racial demographics in accordance with the Population Registration Act of 1950 (South Africa, 1950), reports that, in the year 2011, the ‘Coloured’ population constituted 62 percent of those individuals seeking treatment for drug abuse, compared to 15 percent ‘African’ treatment seekers in Port Elizabeth (Dada, Plüddemann, Parry, Bhana, Vawda & Fourie, 2012:44). Furthermore, methamphetamine use by persons under the age of 20 years in Port Elizabeth increased fivefold in a three-year period, i.e. from 7 percent in 2008 to 39 percent in 2011 (Dada et al., 2012), with the ‘Coloured’ population group accounting for the majority of methamphetamine users. These statistics reinforce a long-standing racial stereotype that associates ‘Coloured’ racial identity with an enhanced susceptibility to drug use. The National Drug Master Plan (South Africa, 2012a), and the Prevention of and Treatment for Substance Abuse Act (Act no 70 of 2008) propose that drug prevention programmes should address the values, perceptions, expectations and beliefs that the community associates with drug abuse (South Africa, 2008b). This view emphasises the importance of drug preventions interventions that are culturally sensitive and contextually relevant. The current study was guided by two conceptual frameworks, i.e. the Social Constructionist Framework and the Ecological Risk/Protective Resilience Framework, and focused on the Northern Areas of Port Elizabeth, a historically marginalised community inhabited by a predominantly ‘Coloured’ indigenous/ethnic group. The goal of the study was to enhance understanding of the socio-cultural meaning attributed to cultural identity, drug use, non-use and drug prevention in the Northern Areas of Port Elizabeth, with the view to developing guidelines for drug prevention interventions that are culturally sensitive and contextually relevant. The following objectives were formulated in order to achieve the goal of the study: • To explore adolescent narratives regarding the constructs ‘Coloured’, drug use, non-use and drug prevention programmes of three distinct groups of adolescents (drug users, non-users, and TADA peer mentors) from the Northern Areas. • To explore and describe the social service practitioners’ (social workers and social auxiliary workers’) constructions of drug use, non-use and drug abuse prevention in relation to adolescents from the Northern Areas, and how such constructions inform the drug prevention services rendered to adolescents from these communities. • To review the data collected from the adolescent narratives and the social service practitioners’ reflections on their drug prevention programmes against existing theory and models for drug prevention. • To synthesise the above information with a view to developing guidelines for culturally sensitive drug prevention programmes relevant and responsive to the specific social constructions of adolescents from the Northern Areas. A qualitative research approach, located in a narrative tradition of inquiry research design, was employed to achieve the goal of the study (Riessman, 2008). The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved an empirical study with the four sample groups (i.e. adolescent drug users, adolescent non-drug users, Teenagers against Drug Abuse [TADA] peer mentors and social service professionals (i.e. social workers and social auxiliary workers)). Phase two involved the co-construction of the practice guidelines for culturally sensitive and contextually relevant drug prevention interventions. Phase one started with the informal exploration of community stakeholders’ views on the identified research problem and the process of gaining access to the research population. Several gatekeepers (i.e. teachers, social workers, the Families Against Drugs [FAD] Support Group representatives, a minister of religion and a community stakeholder) were engaged to assist in recruiting participants from the four sample groups. A non-probability purposive sampling method was employed to purposively recruit 29 adolescent non-drug users and ten adolescent peer mentors (via the TADA Programme at one school). The same sampling method, followed by a snowball sampling technique, was employed to recruit the two remaining sample groups of ten adolescent drug users (in the recovery process) and nine social workers and social auxiliary workers respectively. The sample sizes were determined by the principle of data saturation.The data generation method used in respect of the non-users took the form of semi-structured written narratives, administered in a group context during school time, followed by a second round of data generation. The life-grid (Wilson, Cunningham-Burley, Bancroft, Backett-Milburn & Masters, 2007:144), a qualitative visual tool for mapping important life events, was employed to guide the co-construction of the biographical narratives generated during the individual semi-structured interviews with the sample of adolescent drug users. Focus group interviews were used to enhance an understanding of the peer mentors and social service practitioners’ views on the construct ‘Coloured’ and their existing drug prevention programmes. Each of the individual and focus group interviews was audio-recorded, transcribed and complemented by the field notes. Informal data gathering occurred through participant observation of two drug prevention programmes, attendance of a FAD Support Group meeting, and interviews with community volunteers and the South African Police Services (SAPS) Youth Development Forum. Both the content and the context of the narratives were analysed to arrive at the research themes, sub-themes and categories. The content of the narratives was analysed by employing categorical content analysis, whilst the form of the narratives (i.e. how the stories were told) was analysed by using the socio-cultural approach to narrative analysis (Grbich, 2007:130). The journey metaphor emerged from the adolescent drug users’ narratives, depicting a prototypical storyline of a drug use journey, starting with experimentation and culminating in abuse and dependence for some and an early exit from the journey for others. The conclusions that can be drawn from these findings illuminate key protective factors and processes at a multisystemic level that can be strengthened to enhance the adolescents’ resistance to drug use and/or delay the onset of use. Embedded in the participants’ narration of the drug use journey were nuances relating to internalised stereotypes of ‘White’ supremacy and ‘Coloured’ inferiority as an explanatory framework for venturing onto and prolonging the journey.The two themes that emerged during the process of content and narrative analysis of the qualitative data (from both adolescent drug users and non-users) were as follows: Constructing drug use as a ‘Coloured’ phenomenon and reconstructing ‘Coloured’ identity; Risk and protective factors located at individual, family, peer, school, community and societal domains. The four themes that emerged during the data analysis of the peer mentors and social service practitioners’ narratives were as follows: Construction of ‘Coloured’ identity; socio-cultural meaning construction about the reasons for drug use amongst adolescents from the Northern Areas; description of drug prevention services rendered in the Northern Areas; and reflection on barriers to rendering drug prevention interventions.
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Davaran, Ardavan Darab. "Predicting race-specific drug arrests| The underexplored role of police agencies." Thesis, Washington State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10043087.
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This study builds on research that explains why differences in drug arrest rates exist across space and by race, and sheds light on how these differences are produced. By identifying police organizational arrangements and practices associated with race-specific drug arrest rates, this research highlights the influence law enforcement agencies have on producing drug arrests, and identifies potential mechanisms that help to explain how disproportionate drug arrest rates across space and by race are produced. Using data gathered from the Law Enforcement Management and Administration Statistics: 2000 Sample Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies, the Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data: Arrests by Age, Sex, and Race 1999, 2000, and 2001, and the 2000 decennial Census for city-level demographic information, findings demonstrate that police organizational arrangements and practices influence drug arrest rates.
Key findings from this study indicate that (1) the presence of specialized drug unit personnel and the practice of police agencies supplementing their budgets with drug asset forfeitures are significantly associated with higher drug arrest rates. The positive associations are twice as strong on the black population as the white population; (2) indicators of bureaucratic conditions of structural control, structural complexity and officer diversity are associated with drug arrest rates; and, (3) the practice of police agencies supplementing their budget with drug asset forfeitures is not significantly associated with black or white drug trafficking arrest rates, but is significantly and positively associated with black and white drug possession arrest rates. This indicates that drug asset forfeiture programs may not be achieving their originally intended goals of reducing drug crime by attacking the economic viability of the drug trade (i.e., drug trafficking), and provides preliminary evidence that drug asset forfeiture programs incentivize police agencies to target low level drug users, and minority drug users more specifically.
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Hayes, Cindy. "Prevalence and resistance gene mutations of multi-drug resistant and extensively drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020374.
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The emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drugresistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) are a major medical and public problem threatening the global health. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of MDR-TB and XDR-TB in the Eastern Cape; (ii) analyze patterns of gene mutations in MDR-TB and (iii) identify gene mutations associated with resistance to second line injectable drugs in XDR-TB isolates. A total of 1520 routine sputum specimens sequentially received within a period of 12 months i.e. February 2012 to February 2013 from all MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients treated by Hospitals and clinics in the Eastern Cape were included in this study, of which 1004 had interpretable results. Samples were analyzed with the Genotype MTBDRplus VER 2.0 assay kit (Hain Lifescience) for detection of resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid while solid and liquid culture drug susceptibility tests were used for ethambutol, streptomycin, ethionamide, ofloxacin, capreomycin and amikacin. PCR and sequence analysis of short regions of target genes gyrA, (encode subunit of DNA topoisomerase gyrase), rrs (16S rRNA) and tlyA (encodes a 2’-O-methyltransferase) were performed on 20 XDR-TB isolates. MTBDRplus kit results and drug susceptibility tests identified 462 MDR-TB, 284 pre-XDR and 258 XDR-TB isolates from 267 clinics and 25 hospitals in the Eastern Cape. There was a high frequency of resistance to streptomycin, ethionamide, amikacin, ofloxacin and capreomycin. Mutation patterns indicated differences between the health districts as well as differences between the facilities within the health districts. The most common mutation patterns observed were: (i) ΔWT3, ΔWT4, MUT1 [D516V+del515] (rpoB), ΔWT, MUT1 [S315T1] (katG), ΔWT1 [C15T] (inhA) [39 MDR, 204 XDR-TB and 214 pre XDR-TB isolates], (ii) ΔWT8, MUT3 [L533P+S531L] (rpoB), ΔWT, MUT1 [S315T1] [145 MDR, 18 pre-XDR and 3 XDR-TB solates] and (iii) ΔWT3, WT4 [D516Y+del515] (rpoB), ΔWT, MUT1 [S315T1] (katG) [75 MDR, 1 pre-XDR and 7 XDR-TB isolates]. Mutations in inhA promoter regions were strongly associated with XDR-TB isolates. Two thirds (66.6 percent (669/1004) of the isolates had inhA mutations present with 25.4 percent (170/669) found among the MDR isolates, 39.2 percent (262/669) among the pre-XDR isolates and 35.4 percent (237/669) among the XDR-TB isolates, which implies that these resistant isolates are being spread by transmission within the community and circulating in the province. There was good correlation between XDR-TB drug susceptibility test results and sequence analyses of the gyrA and rrs genes. The majority of XDR-TB isolates contained mutations at positions C269T (6/20) and 1401G (18/20) in gyrA and rrs genes respectively. Sequence analysis of short regions of gyrA and rrs genes may be useful for detection of fluoroquinolone and amikacin/ kanamycin resistance in XDR-TB isolates but the tlyA gene is not a sensitive genetic marker for capreomycin resistance. This study highlighted the urgent need for the development of rapid diagnostics for XDR-TB and raised serious concerns regarding ineffective patientmanagement resulting in ongoing transmission of extremely resistant strains of XDRTB in the Eastern Cape suggesting that the Eastern Cape could be fast becoming the epicenter for the development of Totally Drug-resistant Tuberculosis (TDR-TB) in South Africa.
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McCready-Fallon, Storm. "A high-throughput approach to discovery and characterisation of potential drug targets from African trypanosomes." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.752764.
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