Relevant bibliographies by topics / African elephant

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'African elephant'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "African elephant"

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Pretorius, Yolanda, Marion E. Garaï, and Lucy A. Bates. "The status of African elephant Loxodonta africana populations in South Africa." Oryx 53, no. 4 (April 15, 2018): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001454.

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AbstractWith an increase in poaching of elephants Loxodonta africana across Africa, it is vital to know exactly how many elephants remain and where they occur, to ensure that protection and management are planned appropriately. From a nationwide survey we provide current population and distribution data for elephants in South Africa. We consider the viability of elephant populations in the country, as well as some of the management techniques implemented and how effective these are in controlling elephant numbers. According to our surveys there were 28,168 elephants in South Africa as of December 2015, with 78% of these occurring in Kruger National Park and reserves bordering and open to the Park. Of the country's 78 discrete reserves that host elephants, 77% have populations of < 100 elephants, which could mean they are not genetically viable. We discuss our findings in terms of the conservation value of South Africa's elephant reserves, and the animal welfare implications. We recommend that the fragmentation of elephant habitat in the country be addressed through a national elephant management strategy that promotes wildlife corridors between existing, neighbouring elephant reserves.
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Chase, Michael J., Scott Schlossberg, Curtice R. Griffin, Philippe J. C. Bouché, Sintayehu W. Djene, Paul W. Elkan, Sam Ferreira, et al. "Continent-wide survey reveals massive decline in African savannah elephants." PeerJ 4 (August 31, 2016): e2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2354.

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African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are imperiled by poaching and habitat loss. Despite global attention to the plight of elephants, their population sizes and trends are uncertain or unknown over much of Africa. To conserve this iconic species, conservationists need timely, accurate data on elephant populations. Here, we report the results of the Great Elephant Census (GEC), the first continent-wide, standardized survey of African savannah elephants. We also provide the first quantitative model of elephant population trends across Africa. We estimated a population of 352,271 savannah elephants on study sites in 18 countries, representing approximately 93% of all savannah elephants in those countries. Elephant populations in survey areas with historical data decreased by an estimated 144,000 from 2007 to 2014, and populations are currently shrinking by 8% per year continent-wide, primarily due to poaching. Though 84% of elephants occurred in protected areas, many protected areas had carcass ratios that indicated high levels of elephant mortality. Results of the GEC show the necessity of action to end the African elephants’ downward trajectory by preventing poaching and protecting habitat.
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Palkopoulou, Eleftheria, Mark Lipson, Swapan Mallick, Svend Nielsen, Nadin Rohland, Sina Baleka, Emil Karpinski, et al. "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 11 (February 26, 2018): E2566—E2574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720554115.

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Elephantids are the world’s most iconic megafaunal family, yet there is no comprehensive genomic assessment of their relationships. We report a total of 14 genomes, including 2 from the American mastodon, which is an extinct elephantid relative, and 12 spanning all three extant and three extinct elephantid species including an ∼120,000-y-old straight-tusked elephant, a Columbian mammoth, and woolly mammoths. Earlier genetic studies modeled elephantid evolution via simple bifurcating trees, but here we show that interspecies hybridization has been a recurrent feature of elephantid evolution. We found that the genetic makeup of the straight-tusked elephant, previously placed as a sister group to African forest elephants based on lower coverage data, in fact comprises three major components. Most of the straight-tusked elephant’s ancestry derives from a lineage related to the ancestor of African elephants while its remaining ancestry consists of a large contribution from a lineage related to forest elephants and another related to mammoths. Columbian and woolly mammoths also showed evidence of interbreeding, likely following a latitudinal cline across North America. While hybridization events have shaped elephantid history in profound ways, isolation also appears to have played an important role. Our data reveal nearly complete isolation between the ancestors of the African forest and savanna elephants for ∼500,000 y, providing compelling justification for the conservation of forest and savanna elephants as separate species.
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Hoare, Richard. "African elephants and humans in conflict: the outlook for co-existence." Oryx 34, no. 1 (January 2000): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00092.x.

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AbstractThe future persistence of African elephants over the 80 per cent of the species's range that remains outside protected areas is increasingly uncertain in many parts of the continent. Conflict between elephants and agriculturalists is already widespread and can lead to displacement or elimination of elephants, causing a further decline in their range and numbers. ‘Protectionist’ conservation groups have recently attempted to play down the importance of human–elephant conflict, contending that it has been greatly exaggerated by those advocating sustainable use of wildlife. The future of elephants in ecosystems over much of the continent will depend largely upon the attitudes and activities of humans. The realities of survival faced by rural Africans may mean that little attention will be paid to a debate taking place on conservation philosophy in the developed world. Therefore, the IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group (AfESG) is investigating how human land use can be integrated with the needs of elephant populations in Africa's biogeographical regions. Findings from these studies will be used in attempts to benefit elephant conservation and management in the 37 African elephant range states.
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Shoshani, Jeheskel, Jerold M. Lowenstein, Daniel A. Walz, and Morris Goodman. "Proboscidean origins of mastodon and woolly mammoth demonstrated immunologically." Paleobiology 11, no. 4 (1985): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300011714.

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Immunologically reactive protein substances were extracted from bone samples of an American mastodon (Mammut americanum), 10,200 yr old by radiocarbon dating, and from muscle samples of three woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius), 10,000, 40,000 and 53,000 yr old, respectively. The mastodon samples contained significant quantities of the amino acids hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline, both of which are usually found in collagens and not in albumins. Using these products and other comparable extracts, as well as sera and purified collagens from modern elephants and other living mammals, as test antigens, immunological comparisons were carried out with the following antisera: rabbit anti-mastodon bone; chicken anti-mammoth muscle; chicken anti-elephant muscle; rabbit anti-elephant albumin and rabbit anti-elephant collagen, as well as with rabbit antisera to purified albumins and collagens of other mammals. For the first time, mastodon bone was found to have elephant-like proteins, which elicited antibodies that reacted strongly with collagen and serum proteins of extant elephants. Mammoth muscle strongly reacted with anti-elephant collagen and anti-elephant albumin, but the concentrations of the recoverable mammoth collagen and albumin decreased with increasing chronological age of the mammoth specimens. Nevertheless, in the immunological comparisons, the mammoth was closer to Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants than to the mastodon; in turn, the mastodon was closer to these elephantid species than to mammals outside the order Proboscidea.
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Kitamura, Shumpei, Takakazu Yumoto, Pilai Poonswad, and Prawat Wohandee. "Frugivory and seed dispersal by Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, in a moist evergreen forest of Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 3 (April 24, 2007): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004026.

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The Asian elephant Elephas maximus is the only living species of the genus Elephas (Elephantidae) that evolved in Africa c. 5–6 million y ago and migrated into Eurasia (Sukumar 2003). The Asian elephant is one of the few remaining extant megafauna (Owen-Smith 1988) and has disappeared from c. 95% of its historical range (Sukumar 2006). Asian elephants eat fruit when it is available, defecating intact seeds, of which some later germinate in the dung (Lekagul & McNeely 1977, Ridley 1930). However, to date there has been no detailed study of frugivory and seed dispersal by Asian elephants (Corlett 1998). The only common feature of the fruit reported to be eaten by Asian elephants is their relatively large size, but there is no evidence that they are exclusive dispersers of any plant species (Corlett 1998), in contrast to the more frugivorous African forest elephants, Loxodonta africana cyclotis (Babweteera et al. 2007, Chapman et al. 1992, Cochrane 2003, Feer 1995).
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Ehlers, Bernhard, Güzin Dural, Manfred Marschall, Vera Schregel, Michael Goltz, and Jochen Hentschke. "Endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus, the first betaherpesvirus with a thymidine kinase gene." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81977-0.

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Endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus (elephantid herpesvirus 1; ElHV-1) is apathogenic for African elephants (Loxodonta africana), but causes fatal haemorrhagic disease in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). This is thought to occur through transmission from African elephants in places where both species are housed, such as zoological gardens. The virus has caused considerable losses in North American and European zoological gardens and thus severely impedes breeding of the endangered Asian elephant. Previously, the ultrastructural and genetic characterization of ElHV-1 from a male Asian elephant that died from the disease at the Berlin zoological gardens in 1998 have been reported. Here, a partial characterization of the ElHV-1 genome is presented. A 60 kbp locus, spanning 34 open reading frames, was analysed. Most of the detected genes were found to be conserved among the herpesviruses and showed an overall arrangement most similar to that of betaherpesviruses, in particular Human herpesvirus 6 and Human herpesvirus 7. Most importantly, in addition to a protein kinase gene that is homologous to the human cytomegalovirus UL97 gene, a thymidine kinase (TK) gene was found, which is generally missing in betaherpesvirus genomes. Thus, ElHV-1 is the only known betaherpesvirus to encode a TK gene. This peculiarity might contribute to the fulminant pathogenicity of ElHV-1, but also provide a crucial enzymic activity for developing an efficient antiviral therapy with currently available nucleoside analogues.
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Robertson, Marion R., Lisa J. Olivier, John Roberts, Laddawan Yonthantham, Constance Banda, Innocent B. N’gombwa, Rachel Dale, and Lydia N. Tiller. "Testing the Effectiveness of the “Smelly” Elephant Repellent in Controlled Experiments in Semi-Captive Asian and African Savanna Elephants." Animals 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 3334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13213334.

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Crop-raiding by elephants is one of the most prevalent forms of human–elephant conflict and is increasing with the spread of agriculture into wildlife range areas. As the magnitude of conflicts between people and elephants increases across Africa and Asia, mitigating and reducing the impacts of elephant crop-raiding has become a major focus of conservation intervention. In this study, we tested the responses of semi-captive elephants to the “smelly” elephant repellent, a novel olfactory crop-raiding mitigation method. At two trial sites, in Zambia and Thailand, African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) were exposed to the repellent, in order to test whether or not they entered an area protected by the repellent and whether they ate the food provided. The repellent elicited clear reactions from both study groups of elephants compared to control conditions. Generalised linear models revealed that the elephants were more alert, sniffed more, and vocalised more when they encountered the repellent. Although the repellent triggered a response, it did not prevent elephants from entering plots protected by the repellent or from eating crops, unlike in trials conducted with wild elephants. Personality played a role in responses towards the repellent, as the elephants that entered the experimental plots were bolder and more curious individuals. We conclude that, although captive environments provide controlled settings for experimental testing, the ecological validity of testing human–elephant conflict mitigation methods with captive wildlife should be strongly considered. This study also shows that understanding animal behaviour is essential for improving human–elephant coexistence and for designing deterrence mechanisms. Appreciating personality traits in elephants, especially amongst “problem” elephants who have a greater propensity to crop raid, could lead to the design of new mitigation methods designed to target these individuals.
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Gross, Rachael B., and Robert Heinsohn. "Elephants Not in the Room: Systematic Review Shows Major Geographic Publication Bias in African Elephant Ecological Research." Diversity 15, no. 3 (March 17, 2023): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15030451.

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African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) are a keystone species in African ecosystems. As a result of increasing anthropogenic pressure, elephant populations have declined significantly in the last two centuries. Research on a broad sample of these populations is necessary to inform management strategies over a range of environmental and socio-political conditions. In order to evaluate the current state of literature that is informing evidence-based management and conservation of elephants, we systematically reviewed all research published on the ecology of African elephants from the last 20 years (492 publications). We contrasted the geographic distribution of published research against the 2016 IUCN elephant census. We found several statistically significant biases in the geographic distribution of elephant research. South Africa has 4.54% of the total elephant population and accounted for 28.28% of all research publications. Kenya has 5.49% the total elephant population but accounts for 20.6% of the research. Conversely, Botswana has 31.68% of the total elephant population but accounts for only 9.29% of the research and Zimbabwe has 19.89% of the total elephant population with only 10.50% of research. We also found that 41.85% of areas with ~60,100 elephants have not had any research published on their populations in the last 20 years. This publication imbalance may encourage management strategies that are overly dependent on misrepresentative information from a small subset of the elephant population. We recommend that (1) marginalised areas with large elephant populations (e.g., Botswana and Zimbabwe) should receive higher priority for future research, (2) new research and proposals should design theoretical frameworks to account for and overcome the present biases, and (3) local community-based management approaches should be prioritised and amplified in order to overcome the barriers to conducting research in priority areas.
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Santiapillai, Charles, and Bruce Read. "Would masking the smell of ripening paddy-fields help mitigate human–elephant conflict in Sri Lanka?" Oryx 44, no. 4 (October 2010): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000906.

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AbstractDespite its small size and high human population Sri Lanka is home to c. 4,400 wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus. Human–elephant conflict around agriculture is severe, with > 100 elephants and c. 50 people killed annually. Elephants appear to be able to time their raiding of paddy-fields in Sri Lanka with the harvesting of the rice, as if they are responding to an olfactory trigger. It is the elephant’s sophisticated chemosensory system that may hold the key to resolving human–elephant conflict. Research is required to determine the odours associated with the various development stages of rice, using gas chromatography, and to find a suitable substance that could be used to mask the specific odour of ripening rice. The use of chemosensory-based methods, if feasible, will not be a universal panacea for the mitigation of human–elephant conflict but, in combination with other methods, could reduce conflict and make it easier for farmers to harvest their crops in safety. Such a combination of methods could be useful across the range of both Asian and African elephants.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "African elephant"

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Bigwood, Taryn. "Geomorphic impacts of Loxodonta Africana (African elephants) in Tembe Elephant Park." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30370.

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Humans are modifying animal populations, indirectly accelerating or reducing the geomorphic alterations caused by animals. Species have been monitored and studied with focus on domesticated animals but little research has been undertaken on wild animals. This study analyses the geomorphic impact of elephants on Tembe Elephant Park, so that the changes they cause to the landscape may be quantified. To conduct this research four sites were chosen: an area where elephants had been excluded for twenty-five years, where excluded for five years, where elephants exist at present and where elephants mud wallow. Three of the four study sites were classed as sand forest (twenty-five-years exclusion, five-years exclusion and where elephants exist) and were analysed and compared to determine the similarities and differences in climate, microclimate, vegetation and the soil’s physical and chemical properties. The wallow site was not compared to any other study site, but was observed and mapped to quantify the geomorphic impact of elephants wallowing. When the sand forest sites were compared the climate, vegetation type and soil were found to be similar. Where elephants were present: the vegetation was inconsistent in basil cover, canopy height, structure and class. Soils were more compacted with a low infiltration rate, higher temperature, lower soil moisture, higher pH and a lower electric conductivity and air relative humidity was the highest. Where elephants have been excluded for twenty-five years, the opposite trends arose from the data analysis. The vegetation was consistent in basil cover, canopy height, structure and class, and the soils were less compacted with a high infiltration rate, low temperature, higher soil moisture, lower pH and a higher electric conductivity. The microclimate showed a trend where the air relative humidity was the lowest. At the elephant wallow site data showed that the wallows were in general circular in shape, 52.5m3 of soil was removed per month for the last nine months and the surface area of the wallows increased by 165.5m2 per month for nine months from April to December 2008. All the results from this study show that the elephant activity in Tembe Elephant Park has geomorphic consequences. From the results, it is possible to conclude that the geomorphic impacts of elephants on Tembe Elephant Park are contributing to a nutrient cycle shift in the sand forest biome, as they change aspects of the vegetation, microclimate, soil and landscape, which are the foundation of the cycle.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology
MA
Unrestricted
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Jacobs, Zoe M. "African Elephant (Loxodonta Africana) Conservation in Tanzania." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/568.

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Increasing human population and development in Africa restricts land and resources for African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and threatens the preservation of the species. Despite the importance of conservation for many governments in Africa, many local communities have negative views of elephants and exhibit anti-conservation behavior. By looking at the history of wildlife policy in Tanzania, this paper seeks to understand these opinions through a historical context. Three case studies of conservation initiatives were evaluated to determine what aspects of conservation initiatives promote long-term pro-conservation behavior on the part of the local community. Ultimately, conservation initiatives should establish a framework whereby local communities are empowered through conservation.
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Munishi, Linus Kasian. "The influence of genetic relatedness on sociality and demography of female African elephants." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011612.

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Many elephant populations across Africa were or are being devastated by poaching and habitat loss, making population and range size for the species important issues of conservation concern in elephant ranging areas, including Tarangire National Park (TNP). Poaching and/or overhunting are known to have direct effects on the demography of elephant populations. The current understanding of the indirect effects of poaching on the sociality and demography of elephant populations is relatively poor, both at the group and an individual level. In this thesis the importance of genetic relatedness (as influenced by poaching) on sociality and demography of the female elephants was studied, using a combination of genetic, observation of behaviour and two decades of demography data collected from the northern subpopulation of TNP. I investigated and characterized the relatedness categories within elephant groups. Using a conceptual model for group size analysis in aggregation economies, I hypothesized that elephant populations subject to social disruptions due to poaching would exhibit characteristics of the free entry model, whereas more stable, closed populations would better fit the group-controlled model. I present a rare quantitative analysis of genetic relatedness and group size patterns among groups of adult female elephants in two wild populations: one in Tarangire National Park (TNP), Tanzania, and another in Addo Elephant National Park (AENP), South Africa. I demonstrate that the group size in African elephant populations is governed by genetic relatedness, and that poaching/overhunting has a significant influence upon the apparent group formation and size in elephants. I then focused on the effect of relatedness on agonistic interactions between adult females. I hypothesized that individual-based aggressive interactions among adult female African elephants would vary according to degree of kinship, with closely related dyads showing less aggression towards each other in resource-limited environments, thereby leading to indirect fitness benefits for individuals. As predicted, females did not show agonistic interactions to their close kin most often, and the frequency and intensity of aggressive interactions was inversely related to the degree of relatedness of the interactants. The effect of group relatedness and structure on reproductive success of individual female African elephant in TNP was also investigated. Adult female reproductive success was significantly influenced by within- group relatedness and structure. Higher reproductive success (with higher frequency of calf production and survival and more female calves produced) were more evident in the closely related groups than groups with low relatedness, suggesting that females from genetically disrupted groups are less likely to be reproductive than those in closely related groups. The possibility of negative effects of poaching on the subsequent generation of poached adult females and the alternative of a positive demographic response through reduced density was assessed by analysing the demographic patterns of the first generation (F1) females of prime-aged adult female African elephants in TNP using within- group relatedness and size. I also compared vital rate (age of first birth and interbirth interval) responses of first generation (F1) cows from Tarangire (poached) elephants with other females from poached (Northern Luangwa National Park, Zambia) and unpoached (Amboseli National Park, Kenya and Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa) populations. Group relatedness had no significant effect on sex ratio of the F1 cows‟ calves. There was a significant difference between the mean age of first birth and interbirth interval of F1 cows from the two (poached, Tarangire and unpoached, Amboseli National Park) elephant populations, suggesting that elephant populations reduced by poaching to low levels show an increase vigour through release from density constraints. Based on these results, the broader implications of secondary effects of poaching on elephant populations are critically evaluated. Also the importance of understanding the consequences of these effects is highlighted in light of other elephant conservation and management approaches. This understanding is useful in making conservation and management decisions for elephants and other biodiversity.
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Hook, Margaret Rose. "Effect of Lion Calls on African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana) in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1196.

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Perceived predation risk alters animals’ behavior. This shift in behavior often comes at the cost of attaining resources. Generally, African elephants (Loxodonta africana) experience little predation pressure; however, the risk of predation by lions (Panthera leo) increases other prey species are less abundant. In elephant herds, related females and their offspring travel together in family groups, led by the eldest female. Response to predation pressure was examined by playing lion calls to the population of 437 elephants at the Main Camp Section of Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) in South Africa. Unfamiliar lion calls from a single male and two males, static, and running water were played from a remote speaker to elephants at waterholes. These trials were recorded by video. Behaviors of elephants were then extracted from video into focal observations of thirty second segments before, during and after a sound was played. I analyzed these data using parametric t-tests and non-parametric randomization tests. When no sound was played, elephants did not alter their behavior. Water elicited low levels of distress behaviors. Elephants behaved in a threatened or annoyed manner toward static. Elephants changed their behavior more in response to lion calls than to the controls, namely by decreasing drinking and increasing walking and distress behaviors. I also examined how individuals differed in their responses to the lion calls based on a number of demographic factors. Adult and subadult females performed more social behaviors after lion calls when the matriarch was absent than when she was present. Furthermore, when group size was larger and more calves were present, females decreased drinking and increased time exhibiting distress behaviors. Based on this and other studies it can be concluded that elephants of different demographics perceived similar levels of elevated risk when hearing lion calls. Landscape of fear models are useful for assessing habitat use by prey species in response to real and perceived predation risk. The present study corroborates findings from a study in East Africa that elephants perceive threat from lions based on calls alone and appear to distinguish levels of threat by the number of lions calling.
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Selier, Sarah-Anne Jeanetta. "The social structure, distribution, and demographic status of the African elephant population in the central Limpopo River Valley of Botswana, Zimbabwe, and South Africa." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06112008-154746/.

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Nasseri, Nabil A. "The relationship of herpetofaunal community composition to an elephant (Loxodonta africana) modified savanna woodland of northern Tanzania, and bioassays with African elephants." Click here to access thesis, 2009. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2009/nabil_a_nasseri/Nasseri-Nabil-200901-ms.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2009.
"A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Directed by Bruce A. Schulte. ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 25-45, 64-87) and appendices.
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Guldemond, Robert Abraham Rene. "The influence of savannah elephants on vegetation a case study in the Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08242006-124305.

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Gough, Katie F. "Relatedness, social behaviour, and population dynamics of the elephants (Loxodonta africana) of Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3569.

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This study presents an investigation into the population dynamics and social structure of a small, closed elephant population. Specifically, it examined population growth rates for evidence of density-dependent regulation. It also quantified the association patterns of female elephants groups, and male elephants groups. Social structure was examined using Hamilton’s kinship theories of inclusive fitness, and age. Male-female patterns of association were also examined for inbreeding avoidance behaviours. The study population was located in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Density-dependence was assessed using a long-term data set. Densities were considerably higher than estimated carrying capacities. Population growth rate was positively correlated with increasing density. No relationship between birth rate, the age of first calving or calf sex ratio and elephant density was detected but there was a positive relationship between birth rate and rainfall during conception year. Mortality rates, particularly for juveniles, were low, and mean inter-calf interval was 3.3 years. There is no evidence of density dependent regulation in this population. These findings indicate that density dependence should not be considered as an option in the control of elephant numbers in this Park, or where elephant resources are not seasonally limited. Examination of association patterns of the adult female component revealed that associations were not random at the population, family or individual scale. This is the second study on African elephants to confirm previous behavioural studies that predicted that preferred associates were close maternal relatives. This supports many studies showing that social species preferentially associate with their kin. The adult males in this population were found to have a well differentiated society with non-random associations. Generally, males were found to have weak associations with most other males and strong associations with only a few males. This association pattern was found to be persistent over the time frame of the study, as indicated by the time lag analysis. Males returned to their natal family, even when maternally related females were in oestrus. Oestrous females directed positive behaviours towards musth males. It appears that behavioural inbreeding avoidance mechanisms in this small, closed population are inhibited: musth status seems to override inbreeding avoidance. General principles from this case study were interpreted in terms of their applicability to other small, closed populations.
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Hyatt, Charles Winton. "Discrimination learning in the African elephant." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28887.

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Wood, Jason Donald. "Communication and spatial cohesion of the African elephant, Loxodonta africana /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Books on the topic "African elephant"

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Ann, Strugnell, ed. African elephant. London: Hutchinson, 1995.

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Torres, John Albert. The African elephant. Berkeley Heights, NJ: MyReportLinks.com Book, 2004.

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Roland, Smith. African elephants. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1995.

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Alan, Roocroft, ed. African elephants. Mankato, Minn., USA: Capstone Press, 1992.

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Boddington, Craig. Elephant!: The renaissance of hunting the African elephant. Long Beach, CA: Safari Press, 2012.

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Stidworthy, John. Elephant. Morristown, N.J: Adapted and first publishesd in the United States by Silver Burdett, 1987.

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Clarke, Robin. The African elephant. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, 1989.

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DiSilvestro, Roger L. The African elephant: Twilight in Eden. Edited by Palmer Christopher N and Chichester Page. New York: Wiley, 1991.

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Michel, Denis-Huot, ed. The elephant, peaceful giant. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge, 1992.

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ill, Hewitt Rosalind, ed. Elephant. Morristown, N.J: Adapted and first publishesd in the United States by Silver Burdett, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "African elephant"

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Croome, Harriet, and Clare Wilkinson. "How African is the African elephant?" In Communicating Endangered Species, 67–84. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003041955-6.

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Allen, W. R., and Fiona J. Stansfield. "Placentation in the African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)." In Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, 181–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77360-1_9.

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Kidd, Michael, and Michael Cowling. "CITES and the African Elephant." In International Environmental Law and Policy in Africa, 49–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0135-8_3.

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Saayman, Andrea, and Melville Saayman. "The valuation of elephant sightings in protected areas." In The elephant tourism business, 191–203. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245868.0016.

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Abstract The research presented in this chapter determines the value that tourists on safari in protected areas in South Africa attach to elephant sightings and the relative importance of the elephant sighting compared with the other species in the Big Five. The study also determines whether tourists take the increased poaching of elephants - also in South Africa - into account when revealing their choice. Using information from five surveys conducted at different parks in South Africa from 2011 to 2013 and again in 2019, the elephant was found to be the fourth preferred species in the Big Five. The exception is Addo Elephant National Park, where the elephants are the second most preferred species. To determine the value that tourists attached to a sighting, contingent valuation was used. Although approximately a quarter to a third of respondents indicated positive amounts for a sighting across the years, the mean willingness to pay (WTP) reflects the scarcity of the species. The elephant is relatively abundant in all the parks and, in many instances, much easier to spot than the leopard or lion. It is therefore not surprising that the mean valuation of a sighting is much lower than that of the leopard and lion throughout all the years. Although tougher economic conditions in the country also influence WTP, it was found that tourists to South Africa's National Parks do not yet take the increased poaching of elephants into account when revealing their choice, nor in their valuation.
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Stoeger, Angela S., and Shermin de Silva. "African and Asian Elephant Vocal Communication: A Cross-Species Comparison." In Biocommunication of Animals, 21–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7414-8_3.

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Englander, Gabriel. "Armed Conflict Increases Elephant Poaching." In Sustainable Resource Development in the 21st Century, 167–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24823-8_13.

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AbstractPoaching is the greatest threat to the survival of elephants and many other commercially valuable species. There are many hypothesized drivers of wildlife poaching, but few empirical estimates of their causal effects on poaching levels. In this chapter, I provide the first causal estimates of a spatially varying driver of wildlife poaching. Using elephant poaching and armed conflict data spanning 13 years and 77 sites in 39 countries across Africa and Asia, I find that the onset of a new conflict near elephant populations significantly increases contemporaneous elephant poaching levels by 12–22%. I leverage a variety of econometric methods to show that these estimates are plausibly causal and robust to alternative specifications and different measures of conflict and poaching. I estimate that conflict accounts for the illegal killing of 80,000 elephants between 2002 and 2014. To protect elephants, governments and NGOs should increase support to affected areas when conflicts begin.
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Bilchitz, David. "Animal Interests and South African Law: The Elephant in the Room?" In Animal Law and Welfare - International Perspectives, 131–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26818-7_7.

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Lee, Donna. "Bringing an Elephant into the Room: Small African State Diplomacy in the WTO." In The Diplomacies of Small States, 195–206. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230246911_11.

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Davis, Whitney. "The Earliest Dated Pictures in the Dispersal of Psychologically Modern Humans: A Middle Paleolithic Painted Rock Shelter (C. 45KA) at Wadi Defeit, Egypt." In Deep-Time Images in the Age of Globalization, 165–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54638-9_11.

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AbstractThe paper reports the discovery in 2018 of a Middle Paleolithic painted rock shelter (dubbed “The Hunter’s Shelter”) in the remote upper reaches of the Wadi Defeit in far southeastern Egypt (just north of the climatologically significant latitude 22° N) by a team from the University of California at Berkeley. The paintings depict two elephants being attacked by encircling human beings wielding spears, in dangerous procedures documented by ethnohistorical accounts of indigenous elephant hunts in central Africa. One of the elephants is partly superimposed on a running or leaping lion (not in scale with the figures of humans and elephants), which might have been made in an earlier episode of painting. The paintings can be dated in three ways: acacia gum inserted into gouges in one elephant’s belly yielded calibrated radiocarbon dates of c. 45 ka; the lion was partly covered by an oxolate crust dated by Uranium-Thorium decay to 60–45 ka; and windswept sand that partly covered the paintings yielded OSL dates of 45–40 ka. At present, the shelter is the earliest known dated painting site in the global prehistoric record. In addition to reporting the motivations and parameters of the project and its preliminary results, the paper discusses the “naturalistic” and “realistic” elements of the configurations and evaluates the regional MP cultural affiliations of the site and the people who likely made the paintings. It explores the idea, given the shelter’s location, that the makers were a Middle Paleolithic population of anatomically and “psychologically” modern humans who moved out of central East Africa through the mountains and wadi systems of the western Red Sea coast in a wave of dispersal dated to c. 75–45 ka; ultimately some of them left the continent altogether by way of land and/or sea travel to the Levant and/or Arabia at the tip(s) of the Red Sea, eventually populating much of the world with modern humans. The second half of the paper considers methodological and theoretical issues raised by the empirical findings of the project, speculating that picture making played a role in effecting the global dispersal of psychologically modern humans, presumably by helping them to remember and communicate lifeways and to understand and adapt to new environments and ecologies as they moved into them, though these possibilities remain to be investigated in detail on a global scale.
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Talmor, Ruti. "From Elephants to Drums." In Aesthetic Practices in African Tourism, 73–106. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429244568-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "African elephant"

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Palangpour, P., G. K. Venayagamoorthy, and K. Duffy. "Recurrent Neural Network Based Predictions of Elephant Migration in a South African Game Reserve." In The 2006 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network Proceedings. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2006.246953.

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"Making sense of the ailing African ‘elephant’–new perspectives for a more sustainable pathway into the future." In WABER 2019 Conference. WABER Conference, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33796/waberconference2019.91.

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Bakker, Robert T. "PALEONTOLOGICAL MYTHS IN UGARITIC AND OLD TESTAMENT STORIES: LEVIATHAN IS THE NILE CROCODILE, BEHEMOTH IS A YOUNG ADULT AFRICAN ELEPHANT." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-320436.

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Ndlovu, Mduduzi, and Antón Pérez-Rodríguez. "CANCELLED: Water for African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana): faecal microbial loads affect use of artificial waterholes." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107102.

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Kamau, Nelson, Richard Rimiru, and Lawrence Nderu. "A Chaotic Elephant Herding Optimization Algorithm for Multilayer Perceptron based on Opposition-based Learning." In 2021 IEEE AFRICON. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/africon51333.2021.9570917.

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Hines, Matthew, Gregory Glatzer, Shreya Ghosh, and Prasenjit Mitra. "Analysis of Elephant Movement in Sub-Saharan Africa: Ecological, Climatic, and Conservation Perspectives." In COMPASS '23: ACM SIGCAS/SIGCHI Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3588001.3609357.

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Gorga, Russell E., and Jesse Jur. "Saving Elephants in Africa – Concept to Reality through Experiential Engineering Design." In HEAd'15. Conference on Higher Education Advances. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head15.2015.350.

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Weideman, Hendrik J., Charles V. Stewart, Jason R. Parham, Jason Holmberg, Kiirsten Flynn, John Calambokidis, D. Barry Paul, et al. "Extracting identifying contours for African elephants and humpback whales using a learned appearance model." In 2020 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wacv45572.2020.9093266.

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Buynevich, Ilya, Alexa Silverman, Tilghman H. Moyer, Kaylen M. Policino, Yung Jan Yang, and Nolan Barrette. "ZOOGEOMORPHIC IMPACT OF AFRICAN ELEPHANTS IN HWANGE NATIONAL PARK, ZIMBABWE: INSIGHTS FROM SATELLITE-BASED ANALYSIS." In Northeastern Section-56th Annual Meeting-2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021ne-361374.

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Ameglio, L., and J. Marsh. "The Elephant’s Head Dyke (South Africa) revisited - An integrated geophysics and geology approach." In 8th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.144.31.

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Reports on the topic "African elephant"

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Holdgate, Matthew. Applying GPS and Accelerometers to the Study of African Savanna (Loxodonta africana) and Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Welfare in Zoos. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2232.

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Mwebe, Robert, Chester Kalinda, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Eve Namisango, Alison A. Kinengyere, Moses Ocan, Ann Nanteza, Savino Biryomumaisho, and Lawrence Mugisha. Epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions for Foot and Mouth Disease in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0039.

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Review question / Objective: What is the epidemiology and effectiveness of control measures for foot and mouth disease in African countries?’ PICOS: Description of elements Population/ problem/Setting: Artiodactyla (cloven ungulates), domestic (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), camels and wildlife (buffaloes, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids) affected by Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) or Hoof and Mouth Disease (HMD) caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in Africa. Intervention: Prevention measures: vaccination, ‘biosafety and biosecurity’, sensitization of the public. Control measures: quarantine, movement control, closure of markets and stock routes, mouth swabbing of animals with infected materials (old technique that is no long applicable), culling, mass slaughter, stamping out and any other interventions or control measures generally accepted by the ‘community of practice’ of animal health practitioners. Comparator: areas that did not have any control activities for FMD, in head-to-head comparisons in the same study. Outcome: epidemiological outcomes: incidence, prevalence, patterns or trends, clinical symptoms, and risk factors. Effectiveness outcomes: success, and usefulness of the interventions measured as averted deaths, illness and infections, and costs associated with the interventions (cost–effectiveness). Study design: epidemiological designs include cohort design for incidence, cross sectional for prevalence and case-control for clinical symptoms and risk factors. Interventional designs include randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, quasi-experimental designs – controlled before and after, interrupted time series, [regression discontinuity design, difference-in-difference, and propensity score matching]. Timelines: 1900 – 2022.
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Lucas, Brian. Impact of COVID-19 on Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trafficking Trends in Southern Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.017.

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This rapid review focuses on the impact COVID-19 pandemic om poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking. It provides an overview of the recent research and summarises the key themes. This review found that poaching for the purpose of international trafficking of illegal wildlife products, generally decreased. These declines are largely attributed to the disruption of transportation routes used by wildlife traffickers to move illicit goods within Southern Africa and overseas by air, and in some locations to the effects of local lockdown measures. Poaching for subsistence consumption (bushmeat) generally increased across Southern Africa and worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic, incentivised largely by economic hardship and opportunities presented by a reduction in the capacity for anti-poaching enforcement and reduced numbers of tourists, whose presence tends to deter poachers. In the long term, poaching and trafficking are likely to return to pre-pandemic levels. Commercial poachers and traffickers are likely to adjust their transportation routes and adapt their business models to take advantage of opportunities. More positively, some authors have suggested the possibility that the COVID-19 pandemic could influence public attitudes against wildlife trafficking and in support of conservation. Trends in poaching and illegal wildlife trafficking during the COVID-19 pandemic vary significantly across and within countries. The impacts resulting from the measures put in place to reduce the spread of COVID-19 have varied significantly depending on local contexts. Up-to-date data on recent trends during the pandemic are scarce. Good quality data are available on poaching and trafficking of high-value commodities such as elephant ivory and rhino horn, while data on poaching for subsistence are less rigorous and often anecdotal. Much of the evidence available for both types of poaching is not systematic and comes from news media reports, and suffers from inherent difficulties of collecting data on illegal activities. Data collection during the pandemic has also been hampered by the challenges of working safely during the pandemic, funding for monitoring and research has been reduced in most areas, and some reporting processes have not yet analysed data collected during 2021.
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