Relevant bibliographies by topics / African Growth Opportunity Act

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'African Growth Opportunity Act'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "African Growth Opportunity Act"

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Frazer, Garth, and Johannes Van Biesebroeck. "Trade Growth under the African Growth and Opportunity Act." Review of Economics and Statistics 92, no. 1 (2010): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.2009.12111.

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Davis, William. "The African Growth and Opportunity Act and the African Continental Free Trade Area." AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.92.

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This essay assesses and evaluates the extent to which the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) increased imports from AGOA eligible countries to the United States from 2001 to 2015. The essay then examines how African countries can make the most of the preferences granted under AGOA, arguing that AGOA national utilization strategies have proven successful. In the final part, the essay explores options for future U.S.-Africa trade relations after the AGOA expires in 2025, proposing approaches that would best support African development. In this regard, this essay argues that, since Congress is unlikely to renew AGOA in its current form and since AGOA will likely be replaced with an arrangement requiring some degree of reciprocity, it will be very important for (1) the African Union's Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) to be implemented before any new U.S.-Africa trading arrangement comes into force and (2) for negotiations for any future U.S.-Africa trading arrangement not to mimic the negotiations conducted for the Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union.
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Cook, Nathaniel P. S., and Jason Cannon Jones. "The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and export diversification." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 24, no. 7 (2015): 947–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2014.986663.

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Osabohien, Romanus, Ngozi Adeleye, and Evans Osabuohien. "African Growth and Opportunity Act and trade performance in Nigeria." Heliyon 7, no. 3 (2021): e06410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06410.

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Lamprecht, Norman, and Aletta Sophia Tolmay. "Performance Of South African Automotive Exports Under The African Growth And Opportunity Act From 2001 To 2015." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 16, no. 2 (2017): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v16i2.9927.

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The South African automotive industry is faced with the challenge of how to expand through exports in a saturated global automotive market, characterized by overcapacity. The vision of the South African automotive industry is to double its vehicle production to one million units per annum by 2020. However, domestic market limitations impede the ability to achieve sufficient economies of scale. Trade arrangements contribute towards increasing market access. The impact of the AGOA on automotive trade between the United States of America and South Africa was analyzed. It was found that the AGOA resulted in a substantial increase in two-way trade. Further research is encouraged with regard to the potential of regional integration in Africa for automotive exports from South African and the USA.
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Mahabir, Aruneema, Jingwen Fan, and Robert Mullings. "Does the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) impact EU-15 imports from Africa?" Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 5 (2020): 1155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2018-0413.

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PurposeAt the heart of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) are substantial trade preferences, which coupled with the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) grant a wide range of goods produced in qualified African countries duty-free access to the USA. To be AGOA-eligible, countries are assessed annually on their progress in undertaking appropriate economic, institutional and human rights reforms. This paper seeks to cover new grounds by exploring whether exports of apparel to US crowds out EU-15's imports from Africa.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs the gravity model to gauge trade displacement effects from the EU to the US due to AGOA, and whether the more relaxed special waiver embodied in AGOA's apparel provision causes non-knitted exports to EU-15 to be crowded out. The basic gravity model, which posits that trade between two countries is positively influenced by the economic size and negatively affected by the distance between them, is augmented with other trade inhibiting and trade facilitating variables.FindingsThe gravity model provides no evidence of trade displacement but, instead, provides support for the hypothesis of complementarity of African exports to the two key markets. A strong positive impact of the bilateral trade between the US and Africa on the EU–African trade is evident mainly before the phasing out of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC). This paper finds that Special Rule beneficiaries' exports to the two markets still complement each other, but for every percentage increase in exports to the USA, there is a less than proportionate increase in exports to EU-15 indicating a higher utilisation of the special waiver. This paper also provides evidence for complementary apparel exports to both LDCs (least developing countries) and non-LDCs, with stronger effects on non-LDCs and the non-knitted sector.Research limitations/implicationsFuture work could consider the longer lifespan of AGOA following its latest renewal in 2015. This would allow one to also capture the ongoing changes in EU trade arrangements in particular implementation of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). This new agreement comes with more flexible rules of origin requiring single transformation step instead of the double step. As most African nations are still in the process of adopting EPAs, new research can shed more light on complementary or displacement effects once these agreements are adopted.Originality/valueSince the main intent of AGOA is to enhance Africa's integration into the global economy by encouraging trade and investment, generate employment and increase productivity and per capita income growth, its impact on Special Rule beneficiaries' exports to the US has been extensively examined. However, the indirect effects of this trade agreement on African exports to other key markets providing similar preferences such as the EU has not been fully explored. This study also covers new grounds by examining whether there has been any apparel trade displacement from the EU to the US, as a result of the Act, over 2001–2016 period right from AGOA's inception.
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Cook, Nathaniel P. S., and Jason C. Jones. "The African Growth and Opportunity Act and growth in sub‐Saharan Africa: A local projection approach." World Economy 44, no. 1 (2020): 234–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12995.

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Manu, Thaddeus. "Self-defeating reasons for signing the African Growth and Opportunity Act." Common Law World Review 44, no. 1 (2015): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473779514563914.

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Yatrakis, Pan G., Leslie Tworoger, and Helen K. Simon. "The effect of the african growth and opportunity act on south africa's textile industry." International Advances in Economic Research 10, no. 4 (2004): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295149.

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Kebonang, Zein. "Generosity undermined: the Cotonou Agreement and the African Growth and Opportunity Act." Development in Practice 17, no. 1 (2007): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520601092287.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "African Growth Opportunity Act"

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Chinembiri, Evans Wally Kudzai. "An analysis of South Africa exports to the United States under the African Growth Opportunity Act." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16485.

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Includes bibliographical references<br>The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a unilateral trade policy concession governing United States - Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) trade and investment relations. AGOA provides United States market access for 40 SSA countries, including South Africa. This piece of legislation has the fundamental objective of facilitating the global integration of SSA countries into the world economy by extending preferential access to the United States market for exporters from eligible countries. Over the past decade, AGOA has emerged as a topical issue as scholars and policy makers sought to understand its impact on SSA, especially South Africa. This has been awarded more impetus given its pending expiration in 2015. This, naturally, raised questions about the performance of United States preference programs (such as AGOA) as part of a larger ongoing debate on the form that United States preference programs may take in the foreseeable future. With South Africa facing a serious opposition to inclusion in the next shape of AGOA given the number of trade agreements South Africa has signed with countries that are competitors to United States in certain product categories. This study will seek to highlight the importance of the AGOA dispensation to South Africa, and through that analysis make a case for the continued inclusion of South Africa in the future trade dispensations that may develop. This study focuses on two research objectives; firstly, the study seeks to assess the extent to which increased preferential access to the United States market has translated into a real and tangible increase in exports from South Africa to the United States. Secondly, the study seeks to identify the areas where South Africa and the United States have high trade potential, and help make a case for inclusion of these high potential trade products in the next iteration of the AGOA dispensation. In achieving the first research objective, the study carried out a detailed trade statistics analysis with the hope of gaining greater understanding of the extent to which AGOA has influenced trade patterns between the United States and South Africa. South Africa's trade figures show that the United States is an important trade partner. A key conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis is the observation that a fair amount of growth in South Africa's exports to the United States is fundamentally characterized by two key aspects namely; growth in specific commodities and an export base that is becoming gradually concentrated over time. This implies that trade between South Africa and the United States is shifting towards a new focus in line with AGOA incentives and by extension one may conclude that South African firms are utilizing the market opportunities and the networks that enable them to effectively exploit the United States market. In fulfilling the second research objective, the detailed trade potential analysis that is propped up by a robust analysis of trade trends was carried out. The trade potential analysis identified thirteen commodity groups as having high potential for further exports into the United States market, and Pearls, precious stones and metals were identified as having the highest indicative trade potential, although the picture changes as the data is further disaggregated. This suggests that there is enormous potential and a great scope for export of pearls, precious stones and metals to the United States.
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Mwagura, Joseph. "The Impact of the African Growth and Opportunity Act on Sub-Sahara African Value-Added Agricultural Exports." Master's thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31529.

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This thesis uses new measures of value added trade for agricultural exports which originate from Sub-Sahara African (SSA) countries and go to the United States of America (U.S.A.). First, the impact of the African Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA) on SSA?s domestic value-added exports is assessed by using a sectoral structural gravity model. The study then evaluates the AGOA?s effect on the extensive margin and intensive margin of US-SSA value added trade using a Helpman, Melitz, and Rubinstein (2008) (HMR) two-step procedure model. The empirical results show that AGOA has had an insignificant impact on SSA?s agricultural domestic value-added exports to the U.S.A. In addition, being an AGOA recipient does not seem to affect a recipient?s decision to export domestic value-added agricultural products and has had an insignificant impact on the volume of agricultural domestic value-added exports to the U.S.A.
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Ndlovu, Simphiwe. "Evaluating the impact of Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in South Africa's economy." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27440.

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Several studies have examined the relationship between trade liberalisation policies, economic growth and development. These existing studies have in many ways overlooked the role played by Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) since its inception as early as 2000. This study attempts to highlight and evaluate the role of AGOA within a South African economy context through the use of inductive quantitative research technique. The auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework was used in the bound testing cointegration process, which enabled the researcher to obtain the current impact on trade liberalisation and economic growth under AGOA in South Africa. Since the study used ARDL to test AGOA benefits in human capital, capital investment, unemployment rate and trade liberation means of finding interchanging of ideas between South Africa and United State of America and importantly the improved economic growth. The results showed no improvement in human capital, stagnant unemployment rate, no evidence of South Africa economy transformed into knowledge based economy; the transfer of investment in South Africa through AGOA legislation does not show an improving economy and this could be coursed by the tertiary sector growing faster relative to other sectors. The study concludes that the AGOA deals must at least ensure the USA firms are opening new branches in South Africa which will create new jobs and with the outcome of the production of goods and services which will directly increase the demand of highly skilled work force.
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LEKUNYA, KELEBONE. "Exploring the sub-national spatial and economic development impacts of the African growth and opportunity act (agoa) in Lesotho." Diss., University Of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/58470.

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Rapid and sustainable economic growth and progressive social and spatial development through industrial development, has been a persistent challenge for the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A commonly held “solution” to this challenge has been to provide access of manufactured goods from the SSA-region to the dynamic markets of the affluent North. This perceived wisdom led to the passing of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in 2000 by the 200th Congress of the United States of America. In this exploratory study, the experience of Lesotho with AGOA, with specific reference to the economic and spatial development outcomes of the Act in the country, is explored. The findings of the study reveal that the larger settlements where the AGOA-factories are located have shown little improvement, neither from an economic, nor from a spatial perspective. The same applied to villages to which AGOA factory workers sent their remittances. This was due to the meagreness of the remittances – a function of the low wages paid in the factories and the resulting limited disposable income to support small-scale businesses in these villages. While AGOA did result in the creation of tens of thousands of job opportunities for unskilled and semi-skilled Basotho youth, it did not provide them with portable skills for use after leaving the factory floor. AGOA was also not found to have motivated the youth or local entrepreneurs to tap into the manufacturing sector. On the spatial development side, a number of landlords in the larger settlements subdivided their land and built residential rental units for the factory workers. Some landlords also sold their land illegally and informally, resulting in haphazard land development. The research findings suggest that, while “trade and development boosting tools”, like AGOA, may be useful in providing term-based job opportunities for unskilled workforce, they will most likely not have as significant a positive impact on (1) the local economy, (2) the creation of an indigenous industrial class, or (3) the building of sustainable human settlements. Other supporting instruments, in addition to tools such as AGOA, will need to be developed locally, to achieve these goals. In addition to the research findings providing an insight into the experience of Lesotho with AGOA, they should also be of assistance to scholars and policy-makers working on the development of trade-driven tools in support of struggling regions.<br>Dissertation (Masters)--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>Mandela Rhodes Foundation<br>Town and Regional Planning<br>MASTER OF TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNING (RESEARCH)<br>unrestricted
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Eke, Bede Ugwuanya. "Preferential Trade Agreement as Path to Economic Development: The Case of Nigeria's Response to African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1185563473.

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Lekunya, Kelebone. "Exploring the sub-national spatial and economic development impacts of the African Growth and Opportunity Act 2000 (AGOA) in Lesotho." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61308.

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Rapid and sustainable economic growth and progressive social and spatial development through industrial development, has been a persistent challenge for the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A commonly held "solution" to this challenge has been to provide access of manufactured goods from the SSA-region to the dynamic markets of the affluent North. This perceived wisdom led to the passing of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in 2000 by the 200th Congress of the United States of America. In this exploratory study, the experience of Lesotho with AGOA, with specific reference to the economic and spatial development outcomes of the Act in the country, is explored. The findings of the study reveal that the larger settlements where the AGOA-factories are located have shown little improvement, neither from an economic, nor from a spatial perspective. The same applied to villages to which AGOA factory workers sent their remittances. This was due to the meagreness of the remittances a function of the low wages paid in the factories and the resulting limited disposable income to support small-scale businesses in these villages. While AGOA did result in the creation of tens of thousands of job opportunities for unskilled and semi-skilled Basotho youth, it did not provide them with portable skills for use after leaving the factory floor. AGOA was also not found to have motivated the youth or local entrepreneurs to tap into the manufacturing sector. On the spatial development side, a number of landlords in the larger settlements subdivided their land and built residential rental units for the factory workers. Some landlords also sold their land illegally and informally, resulting in haphazard land development. The research findings suggest that, while "trade and development boosting tools", like AGOA, may be useful in providing term-based job opportunities for unskilled workforce, they will most likely not have as significant a positive impact on (1) the local economy, (2) the creation of an indigenous industrial class, or (3) the building of sustainable human settlements. Other supporting instruments, in addition to tools such as AGOA, will need to be developed locally, to achieve these goals. In addition to the research findings providing an insight into the experience of Lesotho with AGOA, they should also be of assistance to scholars and policy-makers working on the development of trade-driven tools in support of struggling regions.<br>Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>Town and Regional Planning<br>MTRP<br>Unrestricted
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Runi, Rutendo Juliana. "Balancing trade remedies and preferential trade agreements: A South African experience." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6831.

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Magister Legum - LLM<br>Over the past decade countries have embraced globalisation. The depth and influence of globalisation has grown significantly since the 19th century. Globalisation has accelerated mainly due to increased integration in trade with bilateral, regional and multilateral trade negotiations on the rise. Multinational companies have also enlarged which enable production to be done seamlessly in different countries, increase in capital flows such as purchase of assets and bonds has also contributed. Furthermore, the surge on technological innovations and advancement cannot be ignored when one speaks of globalisation this era has been dubbed the technological era additionally there is also the role of migration which enhances labor movements. The world has rapidly shrunk to one global economy. After the World War II countries began to move away from protectionism to liberalised trade and this resulted in the formation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) then the World Trade Organisation (WTO) which is comprised of 164-member states. The WTO regulates trade and promotes free trade. Over the years the organisation has been evolving to deal with issues such as climate and technical assistance. Global trade presents challenges which may give rise to the need for countries to protect their domestic industries for political and economic reasons.
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Molapo, Tšoarelo. "A comparative analysis of the protection of women's labour rights in the apparel industries of the Southern African Customs Union member states of South Africa and Lesotho, under the African Growth and Opportunity Act." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9164.

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Includes bibliographical references.<br>The introduction of the African Growth and Opportunity Act agreements between the Government of the United States of America and eligible Sub-Saharan countries has helped to highlight the shortcomings of labour laws in certain African states. These shortcomings are particularly evident in the textiles and clothing industries of these developing African countries. Provisions were created by the act for eligible African countries to export products duty free to American markets. One of the products exported by Africa states are textiles. This research aims to examine the shortcomings and benefits of labour laws of South Africa and Lesotho, two countries who have been granted access for their textile exports into the United States of America. An examination will also be done of the labour laws in China and Taiwan as predominant investors and owners in the apparel industries of South Africa and Lesotho where labour disputes have arisen between the Asian factory owners and local staff. The research indicates that irrespective of geographic location, garment workers’ labour rights are neglected the world over, (especially those of women) and that multinational corporations deliberately seek to subcontract garments from those countries with less labour regulation in order to source products cheaply.
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Noble, Keith Edward. "The Complete Guide To Understanding The U.S.-sub-Saharan African Trade Relationship: Analysis and Opinions On The Ghanaian Implementation Of The African Growth & Opportunity Act (AGOA)—A Case Study." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1155907315.

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Eastland, Charnall Lynn. "South Africa’s utilisation of the world trade organisations instruments in the protection of the textile and poultry industries." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7649.

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Magister Legum - LLM<br>The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is the only global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations.1 The WTO agreements uphold certain principles; one such principle is the rule of the most-favoured-nation (MFN) obligation. This obligation requires WTO members, who grant certain favourable treatment to any given country, to grant that same favourable treatment to all other WTO members.2 However, there are several exceptions, three of which include:  actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price);  subsidies and special ‘countervailing’ duties to offset the subsidies; and  emergency measures, to limit imports temporarily - thus designed to ‘safeguard’ domestic industries. These exceptions serve as remedies both against fair - and unfair trade practices. An example of remedies against fair trade practices are safeguards, and examples of remedies against unfair trade practices are dumping and countervailing duties. Anti-dumping actions are trade remedies/mechanisms available to members of the WTO in facilitating the protection of the industries under certain circumstances. The WTO agreement, which sets out the anti-dumping remedy, is the agreement on the implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994), also known as the ‘Anti-dumping Agreement’.4 Article VI permits countries to take action against dumping and the ‘Anti-dumping Agreement’ clarifies and expands on Article VI. The two operate together. Dumping is viewed as price discrimination between the domestic and export markets and take place where the export price of a product is lower than the normal value of such product. The normal value is usually determined with reference to the domestic selling price in the exporting country. Adjustments have to be made to the normal value and export price for differences that affect prices at the time that such prices are set, including differences in terms and conditions of sale, taxations, levels of trade and quantities.
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Books on the topic "African Growth Opportunity Act"

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Frazer, Garth. Trade growth under the african growth and opportunity act. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Frazer, Garth. Trade growth under the African growth and opportunity act. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Africa Program. The African Growth and Opportunity Act: Lessons, learned, challenges ahead. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2005.

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Mwalimu, Charles. The African Growth and Opportunity Act, H.R. 1432/S 778. Law Library of Congress, 1998.

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Brenton, Paul. The African Growth and Opportunity Act, exports, and development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank, 2006.

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Subramanian, Arvind. The Africa Growth and Opportunity Act and its Rules of Origin: Generosity undermined? World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade, 2002.

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Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis., ed. The African Growth and Opportunity Act: A preliminary analysis of the possible opportunities and limitations to Botswana exporters. Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis, 2002.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules. Providing for the consideration of H.R. 1432, the Africa [i.e. African] Growth and Opportunity Act: Report (to accompany H. Res. 383). U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rules. Providing for the consideration of H.R. 1432, the Africa [i.e. African] Growth and Opportunity Act: Report (to accompany H. Res. 383). U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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POLICY Project (Futures Group International). Development, trade, and HIV/AIDS: How the African Growth and Opportunity Act can strengthen the fight against HIV/AIDS. POLICY Project/Futures Group, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "African Growth Opportunity Act"

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Singh, Satyendra. "The African Growth and Opportunity Act." In Advances in Geoeconomics. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315312132-25.

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Jenkins, Paul. "Image of the City in Mozambique: Civilization, Parasite, Engine of Growth or Place of Opportunity?" In African Urban Economies. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230523012_4.

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Berisha-Gawlowski, Angelina, Carina Caruso, and Christian Harteis. "The Concept of a Digital Twin and Its Potential for Learning Organizations." In Digital Transformation of Learning Organizations. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55878-9_6.

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AbstractThe digital transformation of organizations in the industrial sector is primarily driven by the opportunity to increase productivity while simultaneously reducing costs through integration into a cyber-physical system. One way to fully tap the potential of a cyber-physical system is the concept of the digital twin, i.e., the real-time digital representation of machines and resources involved – including human resources. The vision of representing humans by digital twins primarily aims at increasing economic benefits. The digital twin of a human, however, cannot be designed in a similar way to that of a machine. The human digital twin shall rather enable humans to act within the cyber-physical system. It therefore offers humans a power of control and the opportunity to provide feedback. The concept of the digital twin is still in its infancy and raises many questions in particular from an educational perspective. The contribution aims at answering the following questions and refers to the example of team learning: Which and how much data should and may the digital twin contain in order to support humans in their learning? To what extent will humans be able to control and design their own learning? How may skills, experiences, and social interactions of humans be represented in the digital twin; their growth and further development, respectively? With cyber-physical systems transcending corporate, national, and legal boundaries, what learning culture will be the frame of reference for the involved organizations?
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"The African Growth and Opportunity Act." In Diversity and U.S. Foreign Policy. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203487044-40.

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"The African Growth and Opportunity Act and its Rules of Origin: Generosity Undermined?" In Economic Paper. Commonwealth, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.14217/9781848598454-4-en.

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"The Textile Rules Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act: Opportunities and Challenges." In Economic Paper. Commonwealth, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.14217/9781848598454-6-en.

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"Humanizing the US African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA): inside apparel and textile factories." In Africa’s world trade. Bloomsbury Academic, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350218253.ch-004.

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"The African Growth and Opportunity Act and the politics of preference erosion in the WTO Doha." In The Global Political Economy of Trade Protectionism and Liberalization. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203114940-12.

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Pratt, Joseph A., and Martin V. Melosi. "Energy Capital and Opportunity City." In New World Cities. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648750.003.0008.

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Houston began the twentieth century as a small cotton port linked to the Gulf of Mexico by a ship channel. It became an important center of oil production and refining before World War II, a leading producer during the war and its aftermath, and the global capital of energy focusing on technological innovation, refining, and petrochemicals as the world economy globalized. As it grew, the city drew migrants, Anglo- and African-American, from the U.S. South, many from Louisiana, to become a diverse but not simply segregated city. The long-term economic benefits of oil-led development allowed unequal yet shared gains and funded the rise of leading medical centers, sustaining a diversified economy after the 1980s oil bust made it a symbol of a major city built on oil. It expanded employment and improved infrastructure, but economic opportunities and physical growth came with high environmental costs, including health challenges and urban problems ranging from water supply, to pollution, to chronic flooding—as the city grew with a new wave of migration from Mexico into the twenty-first century.
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Travers, Christopher S. "Mapping Mindset and Academic Success Among Black Men at a Predominantly White Institution." In Overcoming Challenges and Creating Opportunity for African American Male Students. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5990-0.ch009.

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Based on a larger research project, this chapter highlights findings from an exploratory study investigating the link between mindset and academic success among Black college men. Drawing on a self-reported survey instrument designed by the researcher, a regression analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between academic mindset (i.e., growth, fixed) and college grade point average (GPA), controlling for high school GPA and parents' education level. While the final model from a hierarchical linear regression (N = 34) indicates that high school GPA, parents' education level, and mindset accounted for 31% of the variance in Black males' college GPA, mindset did not significantly predict college GPA above and beyond Black males' precollege academic ability and parents' education level. Practical considerations for research and practice are discussed.
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Conference papers on the topic "African Growth Opportunity Act"

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Arefin, Amit M. E., and Paul F. Egan. "Computational Design Generation and Evaluation of Beam-Based Tetragonal Bravais Lattice Structures for Tissue Engineering." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22450.

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Abstract The study and application of computational design is gaining importance in biomedical engineering as medical devices are becoming more complex, especially with the emergence of 3D printed scaffold structures. Scaffolds are medical devices that act as temporary mechanical support and facilitate biological interactions to regenerate damaged tissues. Past computational design studies have investigated the influence of geometric design in lattice structured scaffolds to investigate mechanical and biological behavior. However, these studies often focus on symmetric cubic structures leaving an opportunity for investigating a larger portion of the design space to find favorable scaffold configurations beyond these constraints. Here, tissue growth behavior is investigated for tetragonal Bravais lattice structured scaffolds by implementing a computational approach that combines a voxel-based design generation method, curvature-based tissue growth modeling, and a design mapping technique for selecting scaffold designs. Results show that tetragonal unit cells achieve higher specific tissue growth than cubic unit cells when investigated for a constant beam width, thus demonstrating the merits in investigating a larger portion of the design space. It is seen that cubic structures achieve around 50% specific growth, while tetragonal structures achieve more than 60% specific growth for the design space investigated. These findings demonstrate the need for continued adaption and use of computational design methodologies for biomedical applications, where the discovery of favorable solutions may significantly improve medical outcomes.
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Ifalade, Oluwajuwon, Elizabeth Obode, and Joseph Chineke. "Hydrocarbon of the Future: Sustainability, Energy Transition and Developing Nations." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207176-ms.

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Abstract The population of Africa is estimated to be about 1.5 billion, 25% of world population but the continent accounts for only 3.2% of global electricity generation (2.2% coming from South Africa, Egypt, Algeria and Morocco). This translates to the lowest per capita energy of any continent. The rapidly growing population in Africa will inevitably result in the emergence of more African cities and this underscores a need to urgently address the energy poverty concerns presented. The global energy landscape is changing, and Africa finds herself at a vantage point in the complex interplay between energy, development, climate change and sustainability. The need to provide an answer to these concerns is further highlighted by the effects of globalization and climate change. The onus rests on African countries to find a cross-functional solution; one which answers simultaneously to socio-economic and environmental challenges. This involves driving growth in energy supply and hence industrialization via the adoption of a balanced mix that harnesses all energy potential and integrated utilization possibilities. Projected increase in energy demands coupled with emission allowances present a unique opportunity for these countries to put in place plans and infrastructure congruent with the future energy landscape. In contrast to the narrative where African energy is driven majorly by renewables, the continent must first maximize the enormous fossil fuel potentials domiciled in large gas reserves in some of her countries to create an economy that can support a sustainable energy future. Natural gas is expected to play a vital role in the transition to a more environment friendly future of energy, especially in developing countries. This paper aims to present the prospects and challenges of the use of natural gas as a driver of sustainability and energy transition in the developing nations. Nigeria and the Nigerian Gas Master Plan will be taken as a Case Study.
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Abeinomugisha, Dozith, Irene Batebe, and Benjamin Ariho. "What Will it Take to Commercialize Petroleum Resources in the East Africa Region; The Case of Developing Oil Refinery in Uganda." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2580334-ms.

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ABSTRACT Energy is one of the key drivers of economic growth and development world over. Overcoming energy poverty is one of world's great challenges. All the countries in the East African Region (EAR) are not producing sufficient energy to meet their current needs. The energy mix in the EAR currently includes hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, solar, biomass and fossil fuels. The region's petroleum products consumption, the entire volume of which is currently imported, is estimated at 180,000 bbl/day and is growing at between 4 – 6% p.a. It is projected that the region will consume about 400,000bbl/day by 2030. The discovery of commercially viable oil and gas deposits in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo however, marks a great opportunity to turn around the rather bleak state of the energy sector in the region. These resources however remain largely untapped due to lack of the necessary infrastructure such as road networks, upstream facilities, refinery, pipelines, and gas processing facilities, that are necessary to access, store, process and transport these resources. A number of countries in the EAR are planning for the development of such key infrastructure to enable the commercialization of the discovered these resources. The EAR needs to harmonise the planning and development of petroleum infrastructure in order to leverage the power of collaborative action to attract investment and ensure optimal development of this infrastructure. A case in point is Uganda which plans to commercialise its discovered oil and gas resources, estimated at 6.5 billion barrels as of 2016, through the development of an oil refinery, a crude oil export pipeline and power generation. These projects are being developed with joint participation of the East African Community (EAC) Partner States. Uganda estimates to spend over USD 10 billion on oil and gas infrastructure in the next five years. The region needs to provide a conducive investment environment in order to attract financing for these projects. This can be achieved through providing incentives such as attractive taxation regimes, streamlined decision making and security, among others, given the high CAPEX investments. Given that background, this paper will; Assess the current status of the oil and gas infrastructure in the region vis a vis the growing energy needsDiscuss the optimal infrastructure requirements for the successful development of the oil and gas industry in order to meet the region's growing energy needs.Highlight the investment requirements, incentives, challenges and financing options for the planned refinery in Uganda.
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Reports on the topic "African Growth Opportunity Act"

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Frazer, Garth, and Johannes Van Biesebroeck. Trade Growth under the African Growth and Opportunity Act. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13222.

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Quak, Evert-jan. Guidance Note on Supporting a Demographic Transition in SSA. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.053.

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This guidance note is about how donors, can support a demographic transition in sub- Saharan Africa. The demographic transition is the evolution from high to low mortality and fertility rates, with associated changes in age structures. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa are on a trajectory of rapid population growth. Mortality rates have been declining for some time while fertility rates started to fall later and at a slower pace, resulting in high population growth. It is estimated that the population of sub-Saharan Africa will double between 2020 and 2050 to 2.5 billion. This guidance note refers to support from donors to governments in partner countries in two ways. First, support to adapt to the implications of rapid population growth. Second, support to accelerate the demographic transition. Countries in sub- Saharan Africa need to be prepared for population growth and, importantly, also for a unique “window of opportunity” that occurs when fertility rates fall consistently and at a high pace during the demographic transition. With the right investments, these countries could generate economic opportunities for growth, which in the literature is called the “demographic dividend”.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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