Journal articles: 'African Growth Opportunity Act'

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Frazer, Garth, and Johannes Van Biesebroeck. "Trade Growth under the African Growth and Opportunity Act." Review of Economics and Statistics 92, no. 1 (2010): 128–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.2009.12111.

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Davis, William. "The African Growth and Opportunity Act and the African Continental Free Trade Area." AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.92.

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This essay assesses and evaluates the extent to which the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) increased imports from AGOA eligible countries to the United States from 2001 to 2015. The essay then examines how African countries can make the most of the preferences granted under AGOA, arguing that AGOA national utilization strategies have proven successful. In the final part, the essay explores options for future U.S.-Africa trade relations after the AGOA expires in 2025, proposing approaches that would best support African development. In this regard, this essay argues that, since Congress is unlikely to renew AGOA in its current form and since AGOA will likely be replaced with an arrangement requiring some degree of reciprocity, it will be very important for (1) the African Union's Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) to be implemented before any new U.S.-Africa trading arrangement comes into force and (2) for negotiations for any future U.S.-Africa trading arrangement not to mimic the negotiations conducted for the Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union.

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Cook, Nathaniel P. S., and Jason Cannon Jones. "The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and export diversification." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 24, no. 7 (2015): 947–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2014.986663.

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Osabohien, Romanus, Ngozi Adeleye, and Evans Osabuohien. "African Growth and Opportunity Act and trade performance in Nigeria." Heliyon 7, no. 3 (2021): e06410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06410.

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Lamprecht, Norman, and Aletta Sophia Tolmay. "Performance Of South African Automotive Exports Under The African Growth And Opportunity Act From 2001 To 2015." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 16, no. 2 (2017): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v16i2.9927.

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The South African automotive industry is faced with the challenge of how to expand through exports in a saturated global automotive market, characterized by overcapacity. The vision of the South African automotive industry is to double its vehicle production to one million units per annum by 2020. However, domestic market limitations impede the ability to achieve sufficient economies of scale. Trade arrangements contribute towards increasing market access. The impact of the AGOA on automotive trade between the United States of America and South Africa was analyzed. It was found that the AGOA resulted in a substantial increase in two-way trade. Further research is encouraged with regard to the potential of regional integration in Africa for automotive exports from South African and the USA.

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Mahabir, Aruneema, Jingwen Fan, and Robert Mullings. "Does the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) impact EU-15 imports from Africa?" Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 5 (2020): 1155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2018-0413.

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PurposeAt the heart of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) are substantial trade preferences, which coupled with the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) grant a wide range of goods produced in qualified African countries duty-free access to the USA. To be AGOA-eligible, countries are assessed annually on their progress in undertaking appropriate economic, institutional and human rights reforms. This paper seeks to cover new grounds by exploring whether exports of apparel to US crowds out EU-15's imports from Africa.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs the gravity model to gauge trade displacement effects from the EU to the US due to AGOA, and whether the more relaxed special waiver embodied in AGOA's apparel provision causes non-knitted exports to EU-15 to be crowded out. The basic gravity model, which posits that trade between two countries is positively influenced by the economic size and negatively affected by the distance between them, is augmented with other trade inhibiting and trade facilitating variables.FindingsThe gravity model provides no evidence of trade displacement but, instead, provides support for the hypothesis of complementarity of African exports to the two key markets. A strong positive impact of the bilateral trade between the US and Africa on the EU–African trade is evident mainly before the phasing out of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC). This paper finds that Special Rule beneficiaries' exports to the two markets still complement each other, but for every percentage increase in exports to the USA, there is a less than proportionate increase in exports to EU-15 indicating a higher utilisation of the special waiver. This paper also provides evidence for complementary apparel exports to both LDCs (least developing countries) and non-LDCs, with stronger effects on non-LDCs and the non-knitted sector.Research limitations/implicationsFuture work could consider the longer lifespan of AGOA following its latest renewal in 2015. This would allow one to also capture the ongoing changes in EU trade arrangements in particular implementation of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). This new agreement comes with more flexible rules of origin requiring single transformation step instead of the double step. As most African nations are still in the process of adopting EPAs, new research can shed more light on complementary or displacement effects once these agreements are adopted.Originality/valueSince the main intent of AGOA is to enhance Africa's integration into the global economy by encouraging trade and investment, generate employment and increase productivity and per capita income growth, its impact on Special Rule beneficiaries' exports to the US has been extensively examined. However, the indirect effects of this trade agreement on African exports to other key markets providing similar preferences such as the EU has not been fully explored. This study also covers new grounds by examining whether there has been any apparel trade displacement from the EU to the US, as a result of the Act, over 2001–2016 period right from AGOA's inception.

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Cook, Nathaniel P. S., and Jason C. Jones. "The African Growth and Opportunity Act and growth in sub‐Saharan Africa: A local projection approach." World Economy 44, no. 1 (2020): 234–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/twec.12995.

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Manu, Thaddeus. "Self-defeating reasons for signing the African Growth and Opportunity Act." Common Law World Review 44, no. 1 (2015): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473779514563914.

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Yatrakis, Pan G., Leslie Tworoger, and Helen K. Simon. "The effect of the african growth and opportunity act on south africa's textile industry." International Advances in Economic Research 10, no. 4 (2004): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295149.

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Kebonang, Zein. "Generosity undermined: the Cotonou Agreement and the African Growth and Opportunity Act." Development in Practice 17, no. 1 (2007): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520601092287.

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Gibbon, Peter. "The African Growth and Opportunity Act and the Global Commodity Chain for Clothing." World Development 31, no. 11 (2003): 1809–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.06.002.

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12

Leanne, Shelly. "The Clinton Administration and Africa: Perspective of the Congressional Black Caucus and TransAfrica." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26, no. 2 (1998): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700502893.

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Surprising to some, African American leaders have expressed a relatively high level of dissatisfaction with the Clinton administration’s policies toward Africa both before and after President Clinton’s historic journey to the African continent in 1998. Well-publicized protests against the administration’s Nigerian policy were supported by Trans-Africa, many members of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), and other organizations with large numbers of African American supporters, such as the Washington Office on Africa (WOA). Likewise, both TransAfrica and many members of the CBC were sufficiently unhappy with Clinton’s approach that they boycotted the 1994 White House Conference on Africa. More recently, the CBC refused to take an official stance on the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, and over 30 percent of its members voted against the act in the House of Representatives. Given the contrast between an African policy perceived popularly as innovative and supportive of Africa, and the fairly high level of dissension and disapproval among African American leaders toward that policy, it is particularly worth exploring African American perspectives about Clinton’s African policies.

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Didia, Dal, Mihai Nica, and Geungu Yu. "The gravity model, African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and US trade relations with sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 24, no. 8 (2015): 1130–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2014.1000942.

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Tadesse, Bedassa, and Bichaka Fayissa. "The impact of African growth and opportunity act (Agoa) on U.S. imports from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)." Journal of International Development 20, no. 7 (2008): 920–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.1446.

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Davies, Joanne E. "Washington's Growth and Opportunity Act or Beijing's ‘Overarching Brilliance’: will African governments choose neither?" Third World Quarterly 32, no. 6 (2011): 1147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.586228.

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Zappile, Tina M. "Nonreciprocal Trade Agreements and Trade: Does the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Increase Trade?" International Studies Perspectives 12, no. 1 (2011): 46–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2010.00419.x.

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ISMAIL, FAIZEL. "The AGOA Extension and Enhancement Act of 2015, the SA–US AGOA negotiations and the Future of AGOA." World Trade Review 16, no. 3 (2017): 527–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474561600063x.

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AbstractThe African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a non-reciprocal preferential trade programme that the US offers to 49 sub-Saharan African countries. President Obama's decision to extend AGOA, which was set to expire at the end of September 2015, for another ten years (2015 to 2025), was highly controversial. The Extension and Enhancement of AGOA Act, signed into law by President Obama, on the 29 June 2015, had thus included many new provisions to incorporate the views of the US Congress on the implementation of the ten-year extension and the future trajectory of AGOA. In this paper, the new Extension and Enhancement of AGOA Act is analysed to elucidate the new and additional powers that the new AGOA Act provides the US Congress, the US Administration, and US business lobbies, and the implications of these changes for sub-Saharan African countries. At least three new trends in the 2015 AGOA Act can be identified: payment for preferences, institutional attrition, and a shift to reciprocity. These trends, it is argued in this paper, are potentially contrary to a more mutually beneficial relationship between the US and Africa. The paper offers some reflections on the future of AGOA.

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Martin, William. "‘Dictated trade: the case against the Africa growth & opportunity Act’." Review of African Political Economy 25, no. 77 (1998): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056249808704337.

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Kategekwa, Joy. "Rethinking the AGOA Model: How to Create a Pro-Structural Transformation of the U.S.-Africa Trade Partnership." AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.93.

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Seventeen years into the life of the African Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA), two key issues stand out: first, that the preference utilization rate—as indicated by the meagre increases in African exports to the United States—remains marginal; and second, that the AGOA initiative has not helped build diversified African economies. This reality in turn raises two critical issues: that Africa's structural challenges need to be addressed; and that extensions of the AGOA in and of themselves may not be the solution for the continent's economic development. Therefore, looking toward 2025 is an opportunity to have a fresh discussion with the United States, one focused on placing the African economic development challenge at the heart of the dialogue. This requires designing a new model grounded in Africa's aspirations for structural transformation of its economies from primary product to industrial product exporters.

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Seyoum, Belay. "Export performance of developing countries under the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act." Journal of Economic Studies 34, no. 6 (2007): 515–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443580710830970.

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Lande, Stephen, and Dennis Matanda. "Defining and Redefining U.S.-Africa Trade Relations During the Trump Presidency." AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.95.

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In an era in which multilateral trade arrangements have garnered more public notoriety than ever before, the suboptimal trade and investment relationship between America and Africa, as underpinned by the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), is one of the less controversial ones. AGOA could nevertheless use some adjustments or augmentations to facilitate deeper U.S.-Africa commercial relations. For instance, adjusting AGOA's origin rules could nudge the private sector on both sides of the Atlantic towards gains for U.S. and African employment and the reduction of trade deficits. Africa must leverage the period before AGOA expires to redefine its trade relationship with the United States in innovative ways. The United States should welcome these measures, since the type of value that Africa would add to the global supply chain would not replace the high-quality jobs that the Trump Administration would like to see in the United States. In fact, this type of production would make U.S. manufacturing more competitive.

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Subramanian, Arvind, Aaditya Mattoo, and Devesh Roy. "The Africa Growth and Opportunity Act and its Rules of Origin: Generosity Undermined?" IMF Working Papers 02, no. 158 (2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451857597.001.

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Mattoo, Aaditya, Devesh Roy, and Arvind Subramanian. "The Africa Growth and Opportunity Act and its Rules of Origin: Generosity Undermined?" World Economy 26, no. 6 (2003): 829–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00550.

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Cooke, Jennifer G., and J. Stephen Morrison. "Building an Ethic of Public Policy Discourse: An Appeal to the African Studies Community." African Issues 30, no. 2 (2002): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s154845050000651x.

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U.S. policy engagement in Africa has entered a phase of dramatic enlargement, begun during President Bill Clinton’s tenure and expanded—unexpectedly—under the administration of George W. Bush. In the last five years, several Africa-centered U.S. policy initiatives have been launched—in some instances backed by substantial funding increases—in trade and investment, security, development assistance, counterterrorism, and HIV/AIDS. By contrast with the Cold War era, recent initiatives—the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, a counterterrorism task force in Djibouti, President Bush’s $15 billion HTV/AIDS proposal, and the $5 billion Millennium Challenge Account (MCA)—have been largely free of partisan rancor or controversy.

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Davies, Elwyn, and Lars Nilsson. "A comparative analysis of EU and US trade policies towards least developed countries and the African Growth and Opportunity Act beneficiaries." Development Policy Review 38, no. 5 (2020): 613–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12434.

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Simo, Regis. "The AGOA as stepping stone for USA–Africa free trade agreements." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 17, no. 3 (2018): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-03-2018-0014.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show how the pattern of trade relations between the USA and African countries is gradually shifting toward reciprocity. It therefore demonstrates that the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) was conceived to be a building block toward future bilateral trade agreements. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a historical approach to the USA’s policy toward Africa in general and in trade matters in particular. It critically reviews the chronology of US involvement in the continent. Findings Although it was designed as a preferential trade arrangement, AGOA was intended to evolve into reciprocal trade agreements. This is what the USA started doing even prior to the entry into force of the AGOA, by entering into Trade and Investment Framework Agreements with individual countries or blocs. It also transpires that the deployment comes as a response to the European Union which is already engaged in the redefinition of its own trade relations with Africa since 2004. Originality/value The paper is important in many respects. Not only it is a study of the US practice as preference-granting country, but it is also interested in the typology of trade agreements concluded by the USA in other regions of the world. This is important to indicate and analyze the types of provisions African countries should be expected to face when the time of entering into reciprocal binding trade treaties arrives.

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Swatuk, Larry A. "The Clinton Administration and Africa: A View from Gaborone, Botswana." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26, no. 2 (1998): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700502972.

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With fanfare befitting the arrival of a god of the Western material world, U.S. President Bill Clinton toured Southern Africa imparting “words of wisdom” along the way. His aim, we were told, was to see that the United States becomes Africa’s “true partner.” The reason being, according to Clinton, “[a]s Africa grows strong, America grows stronger ... Yes, Africa needs the world, but more than ever it is equally true that the world needs Africa.” To this end, the United States would pursue a mix of political and economic policies that included the African Crisis Response Initiative and the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, both designed to foster “stability” and “prosperity” on the continent. Lofty goals, to be sure, but ends whose means are badly in need of interrogation. This article does just that: To wit, does Clinton, on behalf of U.S. policymakers, mean what he says? If so, in naming “peace” and “prosperity,” can he make them? Put differently, does the Clinton administration have the power to introduce order where there was chaos? Or will it only compound existing problems and visit new ones upon those who had few to begin with?

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Rolfe, Robert J., and Douglas P. Woodward. "African Apparel Exports, AGOA, and the Trade Preference Illusion." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 3 (2005): 1850047. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1098.

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The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a preferential trade agreement between the United States and approved African countries, allowing duty-free and quota-free access to the U.S. market. Following AGOA’s implementation in 2000, several African countries experienced a dramatic increase in exports to the United States. Nevertheless, AGOA exports, employment, and other benefits may prove to be short-term gains. As a form of temporary trade diversion from Asian countries, the increased exports may arise less from competitive advantages than from trade preferences that will erode over time. This paper focuses on garment exports from the African countries most affected by the preferential access with the United States under AGOA. An analysis based on ten-digit HS trade categories shows that African apparel enters the United States at sharply lower unit prices than similar products from China and India. Given Africa’s higher costs, it is believed that this disparity results from specialized production in low-quality garments. We argue that export value and growth, often used to gauge the success of preferential trade agreements like AGOA, can be misleading. To assess the local contribution to the African economy of AGOA benefits, our paper examines value added in Kenya. Given information for each investment in Kenyan EPZs, we calculate local inputs as a percentage of sales and other measures. The results suggest that the real benefits of AGOA in apparel may be smaller than commonly believed.

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John, Anique. "Annie John: Analysis of Becoming a Woman and The Caribbean Mother-Daughter Relationship." CLR James Journal 26, no. 1 (2020): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/clrjames20212579.

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The dynamic mother-daughter relationship can be loving and supportive at best as well as contentious and tragic. It is a relationship predicated on maternal instinct which can provide direction and support for deep insight into notions of womanhood, personal and political philosophies. However, in providing this guidance, ironically this same maternal guidance can act to stifle the growth of an adolescent daughter as she transitions into womanhood. Jamaica Kincaid’s ‘Annie John’ can be seen as an exemplar of this transition. Annie has to contend with not only her mother’s maternal pressure on her to conform, but she must also adhere to cultural expectations of a creolized culture predicated on both Africana and British understandings of femininity, social expectations, womanhood, and etiquette. This challenges Annie’s own emerging philosophy and desire for independence and self-definition. As discussed in this paper, success can be achieved outside and beyond the mother-daughter dynamic once a daughter has had the opportunity to consider, realize, (and if necessary) defy the hypocrisy of being encouraged to be independent whilst being forced to follow one’s mother’s notion of womanhood. In a valiant attempt to avoid the tragedy of replicating her mother’s own flaws, Annie John’s personal growth was no easy feat and created at times a contentious dynamic. However, this journey not only facilitated her success and independence so that she could travel beyond the shores of Antigua, it demonstrated an independence of thought that African Caribbean creolized women must experience in order to realize their own success.

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John, Eze, Felix, Odigbo, Ben E., and Bassey, Agness Edem. "Small and Medium-Scale Agro-Produce Entrepreneurship and Promotion of Non-Oil Exports from Nigeria." International Business Research 11, no. 11 (2018): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n11p164.

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The study undertook a critical appraisal of marketing communications&rsquo; tools for the promotion of non-oil exports by small and medium-scale agro-produce entrepreneurs in Nigeria. It was motivated by the problem of low performance of the non-oil export sub-sector in the country. This is in spite of government&rsquo;s incentives and the introduction of African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in May 2000 by the United States of America, which was to improve export of products particularly in agriculture from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States. The focus of AGOA was to enhance the economic growth of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa through export leverages rooted in the reduction of tariffs and non-tariff barriers. The specific objectives of the study were to: determine the effect of internet-marketing communications media as tools for promoting small and medium-scale farming entrepreneurs&rsquo; non-oil exports from Nigeria; and ascertain the effect of social-media communications as tools for promoting small and medium-scale farming entrepreneurs&rsquo; non-oil exports from Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted in the study. The sample frame comprised small and medium-scale agro-produce farmers drawn from three States representing the three-former regional structure of the country. Data sourced were statistically analyzed. Results indicate that both internet marketing and social media communications were not yet significant for promoting non-oil exports by small and medium-scale farming entrepreneurs from Nigeria, because of other serious diluting variables like poor products&rsquo; quality, packaging, processing, storage and other systemic bottlenecks. It was then recommended that the Governments in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nigeria, should introduce and educate small and medium-scale agro-produce entrepreneurs wishing to go into non-oil exports, among other things, to improve their products&rsquo; qualities to meet international markets&rsquo; standards, before employing internet and social media marketing communications to create global awareness and demands for them.

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Effiom, Lionel, and Peter Ubi. "Deficit, Decay and Deprioritization of Transport Infrastructure in Nigeria: Policy Options for Sustainability." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 3 (2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n3p55.

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<p>It is common knowledge that Nigeria’s road infrastructure, and indeed the general infrastructure of sub-Saharan Africa, is in a most despicable condition. This paper formalises this observation by providing current data to support the hypothesis. By deploying descriptive and theoretical methodological approaches, it demonstrates that road infrastructure is not only deteriorating but also suffers from a twin evil of deficit and deprioritisation in the public sector’s preferential scale–a state of indifference of sorts. Long and short term policy choices have to be made to urgently address the issue. In the short term, infrastructure concessions, public private partnerships (PPP), pension funds, sovereign wealth fund, savings from reduction in fuel subsidies, leveraging on the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) mechanism–are part of the portfolio of choices that government can readily choose from. In the long term however, the paper recommends increase in the statutory allocation to the states and local governments which would ensure that component units of the federation control more resources to deploy and develop infrastructure in their immediate domain.</p>

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Thompson, Carol B. "US trade with Africa: African growth & opportunity?" Review of African Political Economy 31, no. 101 (2004): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305624042000295549.

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Reddy, P. S. "Local Government Training: A Review of the South African Experience." Public Personnel Management 24, no. 2 (1995): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609502400207.

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Local authorities are established to give the citizens of the town or city the opportunity to provide those services which are fundamental to community living. They provide essential services and it is therefore imperative that members of the legislative, governing and administrative components be effectively trained. The councilors are members of the political institution, namely the council.1 The councilors have to undertake legislative and governmental functions in addition to their supervision of the appointed officials who constitute the executive and administrative component. The council is the corporate body and is therefore the employer and the appointed officials are its employees. The Local Government Training Act is the first overall human resources strategy in South Africa that lays down the policy for the creation, development and maintenance of administrative structures and institutions to enable suitably trained people to undertake all the diverse functions of local government. In this paper the administrative structures and institutions for the implementation of the Act is described. This is followed by discussion of the problems' experienced in the implementation of the Act and finally an evaluation of the Act as an overall policy document for local government training in a democratic South Africa.

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Zackaria Touré, Omorou. "LES RELATIONS COMMERCIALES ÉTATS-UNIS / AFRIQUE SUBSAHARIENNE SOUS L’AFRICAN GROWTH AND OPPORTUNITY ACT." Revue québécoise de droit international 22, no. 2 (2009): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1068696ar.

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Adedeji, Olumuyiwa, Huancheng Du, and Maxwell Opoku-Afari. "Inclusive Growth: An Application of the Social Opportunity Function to Selected African Countries." IMF Working Papers 13, no. 139 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484360880.001.

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Davies, Gareth. "War on Dependency: Liberal Individualism and the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964." Journal of American Studies 26, no. 2 (1992): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800030760.

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In 1964 President Lyndon Johnson, professing himself alarmed by the seemingly “endless growth of relief rolls,” declared “war” on poverty. Walter Heller, his chief economic adviser, had recently remarked that it would be quite possible to eliminate the symptoms of poverty by simply redistributing two percent of the national income. Johnson, however, preferred to attack thesourcesof deprivation, claiming that the range of rehabilitative services provided by his Economic Opportunity Act would allow the poor to engineer their own paths to affluence.

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Campoli, Ayana Kee. "Supportive Principals and Black Teacher Turnover: ESSA as an Opportunity to Improve Retention." Journal of School Leadership 27, no. 5 (2017): 675–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105268461702700504.

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In U.S. public schools, the shortage of teachers of African descent specifically, and teachers of color more generally, is a worsening problem that has severe, detrimental effects on students. This shortage of Black teachers is driven in part by high turnover, much of which is precipitated by the poor working conditions in their schools. In this study, I analyze data from a sample of approximately 1,600 Black teachers who participated in the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS, 2007–2008). My findings about the role of supportive principals have implications for how state departments of education should use Every Student Succeeds Act funds.

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Powanga, Luka, and Irene Giner-Reichl. "China’s Contribution to the African Power Sector: Policy Implications for African Countries." Journal of Energy 2019 (February 14, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7013594.

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China has over the past thirty years experienced unprecedented economic growth averaging over 10% per year (“China GDP Annual Growth Rate ∣ 1989-2018 ∣ Data ∣ Chart ∣ Calendar” n.d.). For this reason, the relationship between China and Africa is often characterized as a case of China colonizing Africa to own natural resources and their associated infrastructure to feed its industrialization. Despite this postulation, Africa sees the cooperation as based on mutual interests in areas such as energy. The two regions could leverage their cooperation with the help of the international community to significantly advance access to electricity in Africa by improving energy efficiency, deploying cookstove programs to reduce health hazards and deaths from smoke inhalation, diversifying energy portfolio, and creating power pools that countries experiencing hiccups in their systems could tap into to meet their electricity needs. The two regions could also formulate energy policies to support these programs. Additionally, the energy infrastructure in Africa is still in infancy presenting an excellent opportunity to utilize emerging technologies and new power systems that are more efficient, resilient, and clean.

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Manirakiza, Pacifique. "Towards a Right to Resist Gross Undemocratic Practices in Africa." Journal of African Law 63, S1 (2019): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855319000020.

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AbstractThe adoption of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance (ACDEG) has been a milestone for the transformation of Africa's political landscape. This instrument seeks to expand on the ideals of liberal democracy enshrined in the Constitutive Act of the African Union and other African fundamental instruments. The ACDEG seems to pave the way for the right to democracy for Africans, which entails, inter alia, political sovereignty of African citizens. The latter have clearly and vigorously exercised their sovereignty through elections when given such an opportunity. However, in some instances, African citizens resorted to popular uprisings in cases of gross violations of their democracy-related rights. With reference to the recent popular uprisings and coups (or attempted coups) in Africa, this article enquires, from a human rights perspective, whether ACDEG or other instruments, enshrine a right to resist gross undemocratic practices underpinning the right to democracy.

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Khodabocus, Fareeda. "Challenges to Doctoral Education in Africa." International Higher Education, no. 85 (March 14, 2016): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2016.85.9246.

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Doctoral education in Africa is at a turning point and African universities are called upon to act as the focal points for growth in African development. African Studies reveal that the growth of doctoral education in the leading universities in Africa are increasing but at a slow rate and universities, must be motivated to produce enough doctorates to contribute to growth of their knowledge economies. The need to create high-level skills demand on the job market is evinced and African universities must be driven by their governments, private sectors and academic communities to generate more doctorates in supply to its labor market.

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Sun, Jerry, George Lan, and Zhenzhong Ma. "Investment opportunity set, board independence, and firm performance." Managerial Finance 40, no. 5 (2014): 454–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-05-2013-0123.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on high growth firms’ corporate governance. Specially, the study examines whether there is a negative impact of SOX on the interactive effect of board independence and investment opportunity set on firm performance. Design/methodology/approach – Sample firms were selected from the Investor Responsibility Research Center Directors’ database. Both accounting- and market-based firm performance measures are used. Regressions are run to test the hypothesis. Findings – It was found that the impact of SOX on the interaction effect of board independence and investment opportunity set on firm performance is negative. Originality/value – The results suggest that the impact of SOX in corporate governance and regulatory environment mitigates the effect of board independence on the relationship between investment opportunity set and firm performance, consistent with the notion that the enactment of SOX increases monitoring costs of board governance especially for high-growth firms.

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Mongale, Itumeleng Pleasure, and Kgomotso Monkwe. "The determinants of growth in the South African economy: CVAR analysis." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 3 (2015): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i3_c2_p9.

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The key to a brighter future for South Africa is a sustained growth which requires an on-going improvement in the supply side of the economy. The purpose of this paper is to identify the set of variables that may potentially act as determinants of growth in the South African economy with the application of the cointegrated vector autoregressive approach. Impulse Response Function is also used to explain the response to shock amongst the variables. The results indicate that the underlying variables of our model; real GDP, export, import and infrastructure investment are cointegrated. The estimates indicate that all the variables influence growth, albeit positive or negative effects. These results provide some indication to the policy makers on which variables to focus on in order to stimulate economic growth in South Africa. The study will contribute to a body of knowledge about the growth suggestions and recommendations that can redesign the growth promotion programs

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Leslie, Mykal J., Brian T. McMahon, Malachy L. Bishop, Stuart P. Rumrill, and Kathleen Sheppard-Jones. "Comparing the Workplace Discrimination Experiences of Older and Younger Workers With Multiple Sclerosis Under the Americans With Disabilities Act Amendments Act." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 51, no. 2 (2020): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jarc-d-19-00021.

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BackgroundIn this study, investigators examined the employment discrimination experiences of older workers (55 and over) with multiple sclerosis (MS) in comparison to younger adult workers with MS.ObjectiveTo examine age as a differential indicator of demographic characteristics of the Charging Parties, the discrimination issues alleged to occur, and the legal outcome of allegation investigations.MethodsThe study utilized data from the Integrated Mission System of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).ResultsFindings indicate that allegations filed by older Charging Parties with MS were more likely to come from Whites and Native Americans/Alaskan Natives. Allegations filed by older Charging Parties were less likely to come from African Americans. Allegations filed by older workers were less likely to involve reasonable accommodations and more likely to involve issues related to demotion. No significant differences were observed related to the types of case resolutions between the two groups.ConclusionsResults suggest that many of the workplace discrimination experiences of people with MS are common across age groups, indicating that the very presence of MS is likely the most salient factor in the discrimination experiences of Americans with MS. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

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Urban, Boris, and Jabulile Galawe. "The mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between moral judgement, empathy and social opportunity recognition in South Africa." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 26, no. 2 (2019): 349–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-05-2019-0271.

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Purpose Scholars researching entrepreneurship argue that the distinct characteristics of social entrepreneurs, together with the particular category of opportunities they pursue, invite us to further understand social entrepreneurship (SE) as a distinct field of investigation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate opportunity recognition behaviour of social entrepreneurs and closely related unique attributes of empathy, moral judgement (MRJ) and self-efficacy, in an emerging market African context. Design/methodology/approach A survey was administered to social entrepreneurs across two of the largest provinces in South Africa, namely Cape Town and Gauteng. Hypotheses were statistically tested using correlational analysis and hierarchical regression with mediation effects. Findings Results reveal that social entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) plays a significant mediating effect in the relationship between MRJ and social opportunity recognition. Moreover, perceived MRJ and social ESE act as important determinants of increased social opportunity recognition. Originality/value This study has brought to attention the relevance of opportunity recognition to social entrepreneurs, while recognising their distinctive features in terms of empathy and MRJ. While self-efficacy and opportunity recognition are relatively well established in the traditional entrepreneurship literature, this study extends the reach of these variables into the SE domain.

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Petersen, Ronald H. "Four master teachers who fostered American turn-of-the-(20TH)-century mycology and plant pathology." Mycotaxon 136, no. 1 (2021): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/136.1.

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The Morrill Act of 1862 afforded the US states the opportunity to found state colleges with agriculture as part of their mission—the so-called "land-grant colleges." The Hatch Act of 1887 gave the same opportunity for agricultural experiment stations as functions of the land-grant colleges, and the "third Morrill Act" (the Smith-Lever Act) of 1914 added an extension dimension to the experiment stations. Overall, the end of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th was a time for growing appreciation for, and growth of institutional education in the natural sciences, especially botany and its specialties, mycology, and phytopathology. This paper outlines a particular genealogy of mycologists and plant pathologists representative of this era. Professor Albert Nelson Prentiss, first of Michigan State then of Cornell, Professor William Russel Dudley of Cornell and Stanford, Professor Mason Blanchard Thomas of Wabash College, and Professor Herbert Hice Whetzel of Cornell Plant Pathology were major players in the scenario. The supporting cast, the students selected, trained, and guided by these men, was legion, a few of whom are briefly traced here.

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Bailey, Deryl F., and Mary E. Bradbury-Bailey. "Empowered Youth Programs: Partnerships for Enhancing Postsecondary Outcomes of African American Adolescents." Professional School Counseling 14, no. 1 (2010): 2156759X1001400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x1001400107.

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With the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, the educational community has the opportunity to ensure that underserved populations, such as students of color and poor students, receive the necessary educational support to achieve academic success. Relevant data from the Education Trust (1999, 2003, 2006) suggest a growing achievement gap between the academic performance of students of color and that of their White counterparts. This gap has led many educational communities to implement various strategies to close the achievement gap for these underserved populations. Family involvement has long been heralded as a key component for academic success and has moved to the forefront as educational communities explore ways to involve families in the educational experiences of their children (Gonzalez, 2002; Gonzalez-DeHass, Willems, & Holbein, 2005; Henderson, Mapp, Johnson, & Davies, 2007). This article reviews how academic enrichment programs, as part of the educational community, promote and support parental engagement to encourage academic success for all students.

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Vorobeva, Ekaterina. "Intersectionality and Policy-Making." Politeja 16, no. 6(63) (2019): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.63.09.

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The paper summarizes the literature on the role of intersectionality in researchand policy-making. Twisting the categories of race, class, gender and nationality, the current study explores structural obstacles faced by black African businesswomen in Finland. The findings suggest that the Finnish opportunity structureis both legally and socially unprepared for accepting African female entrepreneurs as equal economic actors. Based on the structural barriers identified, the paper presents several policy recommendations including fair involvement of migrants in the process of policymaking, better coordination of policies for newcomers, and creation of migrant entrepreneurship hubs. In addition, the study assumes that intersectional identities can act as both vulnerable and powerful depending on a context of interaction, which may provide grounds for redefining the very focus of intersectionality. Finally, the paper determines prospective research directions.

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Eijdenberg, Emiel L., Leonard J. Paas, and Enno Masurel. "Entrepreneurial motivation and small business growth in Rwanda." Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies 7, no. 3 (2015): 212–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeee-01-2015-0004.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial motivation and small business growth in one of the poorest emerging countries: the African least developed country (LDC), Rwanda. Design/methodology/approach – On the basis of theoretical resources and a pre-study of interviews with local experts in Rwanda, the authors developed a survey for this study. Based on primary data from 133 Rwandan small business owners, the authors conducted an exploratory factorial analysis to uncover the underlying factors. Subsequently, the authors conducted regression analyses to test the hypotheses. Findings – The analyses show that the predictors for the growth of small businesses can be divided into three factors: one factor with a mix of motivations related to family background, necessity and opportunity motivations; one factor with items predominantly related to opportunity motivation; and one factor with items related to necessity motivation. The first factor has the strongest positive effect on small business growth followed by the second factor. The factor concerning necessity motivation was irrelevant for further inclusion in the regression model, due to insufficient reliability. Research limitations/implications – The study contributes to the debate in the literature about which entrepreneurial motivations affect the growth of small businesses in LDCs. Practical implications – The results reported in this study also have implications for how small business growth in LDCs can be supported and stimulated by policy-making practice. Originality/value – This study shows that entrepreneurial motivation is not a clear distinction between necessity and opportunity, but that a mix of motivations is important to assess the growth of small businesses in an LDC, which is an understudied context.

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Johnson, Larry, Deirdre Cobb-Roberts, and Barbara Shircliffe. "African Americans and the Struggle for Opportunity in Florida Public Higher Education, 1947-1977." History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 3 (2007): 328–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2007.00103.x.

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In the decades following World War II, access to higher education became an important vehicle for expanding opportunity in the United States. The African American-led Civil Rights Movement challenged discrimination in higher education at a time when state and federal government leaders saw strengthening public higher education as necessary for future economic growth and development. Nationally, the 1947 President's Commission on Higher Education report Higher Education for American Democracy advocated dismantling racial, geographic, and economic barriers to college by radically expanding public higher education, to be accomplished in large part through the development of community colleges. Although these goals were widely embraced across the country, in the South, white leaders rejected the idea that racial segregation stood in the way of progress. During the decades following World War II, white southern educational and political leaders resisted attempts by civil rights organizations to include desegregation as part of the expansion of public higher education.

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Huliaras, Asteris. "EurAfrica: Strengthening the Special Relationship." European View 9, no. 1 (2010): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-010-0109-3.

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The increasing number of agreements between the EU and African states reveals a trend toward a ‘One Europe, One Africa’ policy. The EU has gained from the Lisbon Treaty new competencies for independent external action, and coordination on Africa policy has increased in the Council, mainly due to convergence between France, Germany and the United Kingdom. However, EU policy towards Africa still lacks coherence and direction and many EU Member States still privilege bilateral links with African countries. There is still an opportunity for the EU to increase its ‘actorness’ in Africa. First, the EU should take advantage of the economic crisis to create new institutional links between the EU and Africa. Second, the EU should focus on its visibility and act to strengthen private and civil society ties. Despite weaknesses, there are clear indications that the coherence of the EU's Africa policy is improving.

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Journal articles on the topic 'African Growth Opportunity Act'

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