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Ogunjimi, Ezekial Ogunbayo. "Conscientization, violence and ideological committment in the African novel." Thesis, University of Essex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258441.
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Cesare, Nicole L. "Intricate Fictions: Cartography and the Contemporary African Novel." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/255972.
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EnglishPh.D.
Intricate Fictions: Cartography and the Contemporary African Novel examines the relationship between narrative and mapping practices in recent African novels. Considering the continent's well-documented history as a site of cartographical projection, I ask how its literary output remaps this space in the years following colonial rule. This project responds to calls for increased attentiveness to space in African literature, employing an interdisciplinary methodology that puts critical cartography into conversation with African literary criticism and globalization studies. I trace a trajectory from post-independence novels writing against colonial depictions of the continent to contemporary novels interested in engaging the instability concomitant with globalization and its attendant diasporas, migrations, and challenges to epistemological categories such as the nation. These novels develop what I term dynamic cartography, a mode of space-writing characterized by fluidity, disjunction, and mobility. This study brings to the fore a corpus of works that embody the spatial tensions of the contemporary era, raising provocative questions about our metageographical and cartographical tendencies. As absolute frameworks of time and space give way, new modes of space-writing continue to blur the boundaries between the map and the novel, offering further avenues of analysis. Ultimately, I pursue these avenues in order to contend that as global space becomes increasingly dynamic, so too do the genres that represent that global space. Contemporary African novels, composed with a profound awareness of geographical transformation, are thus also positioned at the forefront of generic transformation.
Temple University--Theses
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Chiam, Rachael Sarah. "Development of novel vaccination approaches for African horse sickness." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611607.
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Shehu, Halima. "Women, Islam and tradition in the West African novel." Thesis, University of Kent, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418542.
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Patterson, Tracy J. "Privileging privilege the African American middle class novel: a genre in the African American literary tradition." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1996. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2868.
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This paper asserts the existence of the African American middle class novel as a genre in the African American literary tradition that has heretofore been neglected by literary critics. The premise of this argument is that conventional African American literary studies privilege novels concerned with the African American folk to the exclusion of portrayals of African Americans of middle and upper socio-economic class and cultural groups.
A study of the Modem Language Association's catalogue of African American criticism and a review of novels widely accepted as representative of African American literary tradition were used to indicate how class status is often neglected as a subject. A study of the literary standards of the Harlem Renaissance and the Black Arts Movement revealed the development of prescriptive literary conventions. Four exemplary twentieth century middle class novels were critiqued: Walls of Jericho by Rudolph Fisher, Plum Bun by Jessie Redmon Fauset, Meridian by Alice Walker, and Sarah Phillips by Andrea Lee. The novels were found to contribute to discourse on the intersection of race and class for African Americans by challenging stereotypes, advocating moral standards across class lines, and criticizing systems of oppression.
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Morgan, Lynda Elizabeth. "Illegitimate bodies : Thirza Nash and the South African settler novel." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401719.
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Mirmotahari, Emad. "Islam and the Eastern African novel revisiting nation, diaspora, modernity /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1666396541&sid=12&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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April, Leah Catherine. "The Development of Political Consciousness in the South African Novel." W&M ScholarWorks, 1985. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625314.
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Hoosen, Reyghana. "Biodiscovery of Novel Bioactivities from the South African Marine Environment." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6139.
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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Biotechnology)There is currently a global health crisis taking place, which is the increasing occurrence of drug-resistant pathogens within clinical microorganisms. Drugresistant pathogens are increasingly becoming more difficult to treat; whereas novel drug discovery has declined, therefore there is an urgency to develop novel drug candidates that are able to combat these infections. The marine environment is an important source of biodiversity resulting from the various environmental niches that have formed due to a multitude of conditions such as, low temperatures, high pressure, various pH as well as salinity. These niches are potentially able to harbour diverse bacterial communities therefore making the marine environment a good source for the bioprospecting of novel microorganisms and antimicrobial compounds.
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Carulei, Olivia. "Genetic and phenotypic analysis of novel South African Avian poxviruses." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30150.
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Avian poxviruses are important pathogens of both wild and domestic birds and exhibit a large degree of intragenus diversity at a genomic level. These viruses are known to differ in growth characteristics (in vitro and in vivo), virulence, and cross-protection, with little known about the genomic contributions to these differences. Only six isolates from subclades A and B and one from proposed subclade E have had their genomes completely sequenced. These genomes have been shown to exhibit typical poxvirus genome characteristics with conserved central regions and more variable terminal regions, however all isolates exhibit major differences in defined central regions. This study aimed to analyze and characterize novel isolates from South Africa in terms of growth characteristics and phylogenetic relationships. It also added to the pool of genome sequences available for comparative genomic analyses to further investigate genome architecture. Poxvirus isolates from lesser flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) and African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) were chosen for analysis from a larger pool of donated isolates by comparison of macroscopic growth characteristics on chorioallantoic membranes, membrane histology and phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide alignment of partial P4b sequences. Flamingopox virus was shown to group in subclade A3, induce membrane thickening and mesodermal hyperplasia while Penguinpox virus grouped in subclade A2, and did not induce membrane thickening or hyperplasia. The genomes of the above isolates were sequenced and compared to other available avipoxvirus genomes. Dotplot comparisons revealed major differences in central regions that have traditionally been thought to be conserved. Further analysis revealed five regions of difference, of varying lengths, spread across the central regions of the various genomes. Although individual gene identities at the nucleotide level did not vary greatly, gene content and synteny between isolates/species at these identified regions were far more divergent than expected. The reasons for these large genomic rearrangements are yet to be elucidated and will need to be considered in future phylogenetic studies and vaccine vector design. Sequencing and analysis of further avian poxvirus genomes will help characterize this complex genus of poxviruses.
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Ngwane, Andile H. "Development of novel anti-tuberculosis drugs from African medicinal plants." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2716.
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Agum, David. "African Social and Political History: The Novelist (Chinua Achebe) as a Witness." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/216514.
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African American StudiesPh.D.
This study examines the role of African novelists as major sources of historiography of Africa, and the socio-cultural experience of its people. Although many African novelists have over the years reflected issues of social and political significance in their works, only a few scholarly works seem to have addressed this phenomenon adequately. A major objective of this dissertation then is to help fill this gap by explicating these issues in the fiction of Chinua Achebe, a great iconic figure in African Literature. Utilizing the conceptual and analytical framework suggested in C.T. Keto's, Africa-Centered Perspective on History (1989), the contexts, themes, structures and techniques of the following five novels were examined: Things Fall Apart (1958), No Longer at Ease (1960), Arrow of God (1964), A Man of the People (1966), and Anthills of the Savannah (1987). The novels were shown to be replete with cogent social and political insights which provide an accurate portraiture of African/ Nigerian history of the 19th and 20th Century. The study seeks to make a modest contribution to the steadily mounting body of Africa centered criticism of the African novel/fiction within the context of African social and political history.
Temple University--Theses
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Whitecavage, Kellie Ann. "The characterization of a novel and essential trypanosome protein." Click here for download, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1490081941&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Mavromatidou, Eleni. "The Role Of The (Postcolonial) Intellectual/Critic: Textualization Of History As Trauma: The African American And Modern Greek Paradigm." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1213616340.
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Felton, Shilo Kimberly. "Novel Applications of Multivariate Methods for Exploring Personality in African Elephants." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1301.
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Investigators have shown that elephants exhibit consistent individual differences in behavior by rating elephants using personality adjectives. These adjectives, however, are not based on pre-defined measurements of the behaviors performed. Instead, they are based on the observers’ interpretations of an animal’s behavioral patterns, therefore making them subject to observer bias. Furthermore, elephants have a capacity for learning; thus, they may alter their behavioral patterns over time. This behavioral plasticity in itself might be a way of measuring consistent behavioral differences among individuals. With this in mind, I approached elephant personality as a multivariate problem. I used behavioral observations collected from female elephants in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Instead of grouping behaviors into subjective categories prior to analysis (as is often done in studies of elephant behavior), I used ordination methods to determine which correlations among behaviors were important for defining personality. Ordination methods were performed on matrices of the behavior data set and on subsets of behaviors for each age class. I calculated the angular differences among major axes of covariation from the ordinations of subsets to determine if the behaviors that defined personalities differed by age class. I also defined personalities by centroids (in multidimensional space) for non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) scores of each individual and dispersion of NMDS scores for each individual as a measure of behavioral plasticity. I analyzed the effects of plasticity and age on personality of individual elephants using a non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Major axes of covariation were not well defined and therefore not useful in describing differences among groups. The interaction of age and behavioral plasticity did have a significant effect on the personalities of individuals as defined by ordination centroid scores. This suggests that incorporating plasticity may be a helpful measurement in quantifying consistent behavioral differences among individuals.
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Okoye, Perpetua Ifeoma. "A novel systems approach to energy poverty in sub-Saharan Africa : a South African informal settlement case study." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77373.
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Mitigating energy poverty requires a multi-criteria decision protocol integrating socio-economic, cultural, environmental, and technical systems, influencing energy access, and consumption. Situations of energy poverty are typical in rural and urban poor households, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. These situations are commonly prevalent in informal settlements, sprawling across the periphery of South African metros. Majorities of informal households lack access to grid-electricity and consume local energy sources for their energy needs. There are ongoing government efforts directed to mitigating energy poverty among energy-poor households, such as informal households, through policies and subsidies. Socio-economic and cultural environments also redefine the extent to which energy poverty is mitigated in these households. At present, informal households are constantly and rapidly growing, and as a result, compromise policy effectiveness and other functional strategies, targeting to mitigating energy poverty in these households, and achieving universal energy access in South Africa.
Accordingly, this research study adopted a multidisciplinary approach to understanding related matters of energy poverty based on energy policies; electricity access, and pricing; geospatial analysis; energy use and access; and management strategies, with emphasis on informal settlements in South Africa. The first part of the study reviewed energy pro-poor policies, relevant to improving energy access and energy-use efficiency in energy-poor households in South Africa. The study also investigated electricity access (access rates), connection costs (access costs), and electricity tariffs to understand historical precedents and forecast scenarios, and the relationships to gaining complete electricity access by 2030 in the City of Cape Town. The third part mapped and monitored informal areas to understand landscape processes and poverty with energy poverty propagations by Land Cover (LC) and Land-Cover Change (LCC) in the City of Cape Town. The fourth part of the research investigated energy-use patterns and other energy-related matters in a selected informal settlement - a typical case study of an energy-poor community in South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. The last part proposed and designed a novel System Reinforcing Model (SRM), an Energy Access Sustainability (EAS) management scheme, applicable to mitigating energy poverty in any energy-poor community.
The study review validated government efforts in improving energy access in energy-poor households through commissioned energy pro-poor policies but not without drawbacks and proposed recommendations to support future policy reforms. The research also revealed
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A novel systems approach to energy poverty in sub-Saharan Africa: A South African
informal settlement as case study.
increasing patterns in historical trends of access rates, costs, and tariffs, and relationships between parameters within the assessment period (from 2010 to 2018). The forecast analyses (from 2019 to 2030) demonstrated that total electricity access could not be reached by 2030 without a shift in Business-As-Usual (BAU) patterns in the City of Cape Town. The LC conversions of informal areas revealed poverty with energy poverty propagations through landscape degradation processes - Persistence and Intensification - in the City of Cape Town. The research study further revealed poor energy use patterns and behaviour in the target Settlement. Informal households in the settlement mainly adopted local energy fuels and appliances in satisfying household energy needs.
The novel part of the research study described the application of a systems approach - Systems engineering (SE) and Systems Thinking (SsT) - into energy poverty and access processes to developing the new SRM. SE and SsT concept analyses were employed in identifying and integrating four operating system interfaces in these processes into the new SRM. The new SRM simulated complex systems and elements within the interfaces and categorized them as design decisions and system designs. These systems and elements were grounded in energy-use patterns and behaviour, energy access, and EAS, as well as socio-economic, cultural, technical, and environmental features. Arrays of feedback loops in reinforcing patterns in the new SRM modelled the interactions between, and within, design decisions and system designs, for future energy access rebranding, based on significant sustainability outcomes of favourably coalesced system interfaces. SRM was applied in the target settlement, where the model’s significance was validated. Based on its multi-criteria decision approach, among its many features, SRM revealed system parts instigating energy poverty situations and limiting EAS in the target settlement. SRM tailored energy access solutions, whilst integrating significant outcomes of the whole research study, to advancing energy poverty mitigation and EAS in the target settlement.Thesis (PhD (Technology Management))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
UP Postgraduate Bursary
International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE)
Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM)
PhD (Technology Management)
Unrestricted
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Ingham, Victoria A. "Identification of novel transcripts involved in insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/78850/.
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Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is increasing across Sub-Saharan Africa, due, at least in part, due to the scale up of vector control programmes implemented to overcome morbidity and mortality associated with malaria. Four classes of public health insecticides are widely utilised in vector control strategies such as indoor residual spraying and insecticide treated nets; pyrethroids in particular are heavily used being the only class licensed for bed net usage. Despite the increase in resistance to these insecticides, and the implications this has for malaria control, resistance mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study identifies transcripts associated with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in African malaria vectors. Study one describes the specific localisation of resistance-associated transcripts in different body parts of the mosquito. Both known and novel candidates are identified and their enrichments in two major detoxification structures (the midgut and malpighian tubules), the abdomen integument and the remaining tissues determined. Study two lays the foundation for the remaining studies by using a meta-analysis based approach to analyse all available pyrethroid resistant versus susceptible microarray datasets at LSTM performed on Anopheles gambiae s.l. Studies three through five explore three major candidates arising from this meta-analysis SAP2, a chemosensory protein; Maf-S a transcription factor with known involvement in redox response in Drosophila and Met a second transcription factor known to be involved in resistance to pyriproxyfen.
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Palapala, Joan Linda. "There Is No Place For African Women: Gender Politics in the Writings of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1537.
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My dissertation interrogates Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s representation of African women in her literary oeuvre. I argue that her female characters bear witness to intersecting oppressions of African women portraying them as being extremely marginalized at home and lacking achievable alternate homes. This study also interrogates Adichie’s feminist philosophy and posits that she typically agitates for equality for all regardless of sex, gender, race, and/or other defining identities. Lastly, I argue that Adichie uses the practice of the African novel to rewrite the character of African women in African literature where her uniqueness hinges on her interrogation of the place of Africans in contemporary world culture, in turn, uses the novel to critique society’s hierarchies of privilege and oppression and of stereotypical representation of Africa and Africans in the world arena.
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O'Doherty, Oran Gilliland. "Synthesis of novel trypanosome alternative oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/64718/.
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African trypanosomiasis is a protozoan infection affecting tens of thousands of people and millions of livestock animals across sub-Saharan Africa. In humans the disease is fatal without chemotherapeutic intervention and in animals it causes a severe anaemia that greatly impairs productivity. Available drug compounds are difficult to administer and unacceptably toxic. A natural product, ascofuranone, inhibits a key trypanosome specific respiratory enzyme, trypanosome alternative oxidase, and was shown over a decade ago to be trypanocidal using both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The compound suffers from rapid metabolism and contains several functionalities undesirable in a drug compound. Despite the promising activity the lack of applicable synthetic methods available hampered the development of chemotherapeutics from ascofuranone. In this work, novel synthetic routes were completed to explore the lead compound. New synthetic methods were successfully developed using palladium catalysed Suzuki couplings and Lewis acid catalysed rearrangements. Ortho-lithiation approaches also afforded potent novel inhibitors. Of particular note is a benzisoxazole, which is expected to alleviate many of the metabolic issues associated with ascofuranone. Alternate heterocycle analogues were explored and an interesting indazole analogue obtained. Finally, chemical methods were developed towards the benzisoxazole and indazole motifs with carboxylic acids, amenable to diversification by amide coupling. A preliminary range of novel amide containing 5, 6-heterocycles were synthesized to begin SAR exploration of these structures.
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Omuku, S. A. G. "Representations of slavery and the slave trade in the Francophone West African novel." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1397876/.
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Representations of domestic slavery and the trans-Saharan and transatlantic systems of the slave trade in Francophone West African literature incorporate remembering and forgetting through oral, corporeal and spatial narratives. With respect to the oral epic and the postcolonial novel, this thesis approaches the paucity of literature on slavery and the slave trade from the perspective of cultural memory and trauma theory. Through the presence of the slave voice in the West African oral epics of Segou, Macina, and the Songhay Empire and the use of this genre in the novels of Aminata Sow Fall and Yambo Ouologuem, this thesis explores the notion of the manipulation of oral memory through omission, invention, and fictionalisation, and examines the marginalisation of the slave past and the reclaiming of this record via an alternative slave narrative within the novel. Corporeal narratives of slavery and the slave trade in the novels of Timité Bassori, Ibrahima Ly, Yambo Ouologuem and Ali Zada depict the body both as a site and a memory of slavery. Through the body, slavery is re-enacted by the repetition of the corporeal wound as a manifestation of the physiological and psychological trauma of slavery, and the transmission of that memory through the reproductive capacity of the female body. The novels of M’Barek Ould Beyrouk and Ahmed Yedaly interrogate the concept of ex-slavery in the Sahara with reference to Mauritania, whilst Kangni Alem and Tierno Monénembo navigate transatlantic notions of departure and return within the context of Brazil, specifically Salvador de Bahia. By examining slavery from a geographical perspective, these authors highlight the significance of spatial remembering within a trans-Saharan and transatlantic memory of slavery and the slave trade.
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Steketee, Pieter Christiaan. "Investigating the mode of action of AN5568, a novel therapeutic against African trypanosomiasis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7478/.
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The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Nagana disease in mammals. These diseases present a major socioeconomic burden to large areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Current therapeutics involve complex and toxic regimens which can lead to fatal side-effects. In addition, there is evidence for drug resistance emerging in the field. Hence, there is a desperate need for novel therapies. Benzoxaboroles are a novel class of boron-containing compounds under development for use against a wide spectrum of diseases. AN5568 is a lead compound for the treatment of HAT, which has demonstrated effective clearance of both early- and late-stage trypanosomiasis in a murine model, and is currently undergoing clinical trials. However, the mechanism by which AN5568 kills T. brucei is elusive. In this study we sought to use 'omics'-based techniques to investigate the mode of action of AN5568 in a laboratory strain of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Cells treated with the benzoxaborole showed significant perturbations in methionine metabolism. In particular, there were increases in S-adenosyl-L-methionine, an essential methyl group donor involved in methyltransferase reactions. These changes were similar to those elicited by the nonspecific methyltransferase inhibitor sinefungin. Changes were also observed in lipid metabolism, sugar nucleotide metabolism and glycophosphatidylinositol biosynthesis. Further analyses were carried out to investigate the effect of AN5568 on cellular stress responses and cell morphology. To further probe the mechanics of AN5568-treatment, a drug-resistant cell line was generated. This cell line showed cross-resistance with sinefungin, further supporting similar modes of action for these two drugs. Interestingly, the AN5568-resistant cell line exhibited upregulation of procyclic form-specific genes, as well as downregulation of blood-stream form-specific genes, which led to the hypothesis that the cell line had undergone a differentiation event. However, microscopy analysis showed that overall morphology of the cells still resembled those of bloodstream forms, despite them having acquired a procyclic-like metabolic physiology. A secondary aim of this project was to elucidate the metabolic changes that lead to increased growth rates in T. brucei cells undergoing loss-of-heterozygosity on chromosome 10. This phenomenon, whereby a significant portion of the chromosome is lost, has been observed independently on multiple occasions in lab adapted T. brucei strains, yet how this alteration affects intracellular metabolism was hitherto unknown. Using two procyclic T. brucei cell lines, this study was able to show that the increased growth rates are glucose-dependent with a potential intracellular alteration in succinate and acetate production. These data have important implications for the field, where LOH has been observed in the clonally expanding T.b. gambiense type I.
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Dikeni, Clifford. "An examination of the socio-political undercurrents in Mqhayi's novel Ityala lamawele." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18252.
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Mqhayi, a Xhosa writer of the early 1900's is able to deconstruct the black and white dichotomy by using the twins as depicting some characteristics of black and white culture. The dissertation thus examines the way in which Mqhayi presents this dichotomy. He manipulates literary forms in order to articulate specific cultural attitudes which were dominant then. Xhosa writers at this time, being entirely dependent on the technologies provided by the missionaries, were forced to use metaphorical devices in order to avoid heavy censorship from the missionaries who were prescriptive and would not accept any book which they considered to be political, their main interest being in books which had a religious theme. The novel, Ityala Lamawele, coincides with some of the major political moods of its time. It is fully socialized and is absorbed directly into the dominant patterns of thought, mood and outlook of the moment from which it emerges. It addresses in a very subtle manner the socio-political conditions in which the Black people found themselves.
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Masondo, Meshack M. "The detective novel in Zulu : form and theme in C.T. Msimang's Walivuma Icala." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3659.
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Evans, Lamona Nadine. "The administrative styles of presidents of black colleges in the academic novel /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1987.
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Abdulkadir, Fatima. "Genetic and biological characterisation of a novel South African Plutella xylostella granulovirus (PlxyGV) isolate." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013059.
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The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an important pest of cruciferous crops worldwide. The prolonged use of synthetic chemical insecticides as a primary means of control has resulted in the development of resistance in pest populations. In addition, the pest has also evolved resistance to the bacterial insecticidal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis which is also widely used as a method of control. Baculoviruses are considered as effective alternatives to conventional methods of control when incorporated into integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. These viruses target the larval stages of insects, are generally host-specific and are safe for use in the environment. This study aimed to isolate a baculovirus from a laboratory-reared P. xylostella colony, characterise it genetically and then evaluate its virulence against neonate and fourth instar larvae. A laboratory colony of P. xylostella was established using pupae and asymptomatic larvae collected from a cabbage plantation outside Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The colony flourished in the laboratory due to prime conditions and availability of food. The duration of development from egg to adult was determined by observation and imaging of the various life stages. The mean developmental time from egg to adult was observed to be 14.59 ± 0.21 days. The population of the insects increased rapidly in number leading to overcrowding of the insect colony, and hence appearance of larvae with viral symptoms. Occlusion bodies (OBs) were extracted from symptomatic larval cadavers and purified by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Analysis of the purified OBs by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of a granulovirus which was named PlxyGV-SA. The virus isolate was genetically characterised by restriction endonuclease analysis of the genomic DNA, and PCR amplification and sequencing of selected viral genes. The complete genome sequence of a Japanese P. xylostella granulovirus isolate, PlxyGV-Japan, has been deposited on the GenBank database providing a reference strain for comparison with DNA profiles and selected gene sequences of PlxyGV-SA. BLAST analysis of the granulin gene confirmed the isolation of a novel South African PlxyGV isolate. Comparison of the restriction profiles of PlxyGV-SA with profiles of PlxyGV-Japan and other documented PlxyGV profiles obtained by agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that PlxyGV-SA is a genetically distinct isolate. The data obtained from the sequencing and alignment of ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt), late expression factor 8 (lef-8) and late expression factor 9 (lef-9) genes with those of PlxyGV-Japan also showed that PlxyGV-SA is a genetically different isolate. In order to determine the biological activity of PlxyGV-SA against neonate and fourth instar P. xylostella larvae, surface dose bioassays were conducted. The median lethal concentration of the virus required to kill 50% (LC₅₀) and 90% (LC₉₀) of the larvae was estimated by feeding insects with a range of doses. In addition, the time to kill 50% of the larvae (LT₅₀) was determined by feeding insects with the LC₉₀ concentration. Larval mortality was monitored daily until pupation. The data obtained from the dose response assays were subjected to probit analysis using Proban statistical software. The time response was determined using GraphPad Prism software (version 6.0). The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values for the neonate larvae were 3.56 × 10⁵ and 1.14 × 10⁷ OBs/ml respectively. The LT₅₀ was determined to be 104 hours. The neonate larvae were found to be more susceptible to infection than the fourth instar larvae with the same virus concentration. The concentrations used for the neonate larvae assay did not have a significant effect on the fourth instar as no mortality was recorded. This is the first study to describe a novel South African PlxyGV isolate and the results suggest that PlxyGV-SA has significant potential for development as an effective biopesticide for the control of P. xylostella in the field.
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Kneip, Katharina. "A Novel Approach to Youth Crime Prevention: Mindfulness Meditation Classes in South African Townships." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-409489.
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Children growing up in poor areas with high crime rates are shown to easily get involved in violent actions and criminal gangs. In South Africa, despite considerable efforts to reduce youth delinquency, youth crime rates are still disturbingly high – specifically, in the townships of the Cape Flats. This paper points out an important aspect previously unaddressed by most youth crime prevention: the subconscious roots of youth crime. What if we could develop youth crime prevention programs that manage to impact the subconscious behavioral patterns of youth in high crime areas? This paper proposes a promising and cost-effective approach that has great potential to affect multipe causes of crime: mindfulness meditation. Built upon newest findings in Neuroscience, this paper suggests that mindfulness meditation classes are associated with a reduction in aggressive behavior, a risk factor for youth crime, and an increase in self-efficacy, a protective factor. The impact of mindfulness classes at a high school in Khayelitsha, a poor and violent-stricken township of Cape Town, is analyzed. Self-reported aggression and self-efficacy are measured via a psychometric survey questionnaire created from two well-tested and validated scales. Regression analyses of 384 survey answers provided mixed results. Whilst novice meditators were not associated with higher self-efficacy and lower aggression, long-term meditators performed better in several dimensions of self-efficacy and aggression, yet no significant relationship was found. Further research specifically needs to investigate the moderating effect of age (a proxy for psychological development) on meditation. This study aims to bridge the gap between the outdated paradigms of youth crime prevention and ancient wisdom via ground-breaking new evidence from the field of Neuroscience. This study furthermore hopes to point policy makers toward developing new, integrative and sustainable approaches to youth crime prevention – approaches that give back agency to our youth.Anders Westholm har inget med betygssättningen att göra annat än i rent formellt hänseende (examinator). Det är han som rapporterar in och skriver under men i sak är det seminarieledaren som har beslutet i sin hand. Statsvetenskapliga institutet har som princip att skilja på handledning och examination vilket innebär att handledaren inte får vara seminarieledare. Seminarieledare och personen som satt betygget var i det här fallet Sven Oskarsson: Sven.Oskarsson@statsvet.uu.se
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Murahwa, Alltalents Tutsirayi. "Characterisation and evolutionary dynamics of ten novel Gammapapillomavirus types from South African penile swabs." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30445.
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Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are genetically diverse, belonging to five distinct genera: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Mu and Nu. We discovered ten novel Gammapapillomaviruses (Gamma-HPVs). Genomic characterisation and phylogenetic evaluation of the ten novel Gamma-HPV types were done: HPV211, HPV212, HPV213, HPV214, HPV215, HPV216, HPV219, HPV220, HPV221 and HPV222. These HPVs were previously identified in a study that was done on 218 penile samples (104 HIV negative and 114 HIV positive) using high throughput sequencing (Roche 454) of amplimers obtained using FAP59/64 primers which were designed to detect “cutaneous” or Beta- and Gamma-HPVs. Fifteen putative novel HPV types were identified from the short HPV L1 FAP fragments HPV211 (CT02, KY063000), HPV212 (CT03, KY063001), HPV213 (CT04, KY063002), HPV214 (CT06, KY063004), HPV215 (CT07, KY063005), HPV216 (CT12, KY063010), HPV219 (CT01, KY062999), HPV220 (CT08, KY063006), HPV221 (CT09, KY063007) and HPV222 (CT155, AY009886) with prevalences varying from 0.5% to 4.1% of men sampled. Multiple full genome clones for each novel type were generated through whole genome amplification, cloning and next generation sequencing. Complete genome sizes were: HPV211 (7253 bp), HPV212 (7208 bp), HPV213 (7096 bp), HPV214 (7357 bp), HPV215 (7186 bp), HPV216 (7233 bp), HPV219 (7108 bp), HPV220 (7381 bp), HPV221 (7326 bp) and HPV222 (7275 bp). Phylogenetically the novel Papillomaviruses (PVs) all clustered with Gamma-HPVs: HPV211 is most closely related to HPV168 (72% identity in the L1 nucleotide sequence) of the Gamma-8 species, HPV212 is most closely related to HPV144 (82.9%) of the Gamma-17 species, HPV213 is most closely related to HPV153 (71.8%) of the Gamma-13 species, HPV214 is most closely related to HPV103 (75.3%) of the Gamma-6 species, HPV215 and HPV216 are most closely related to HPV129 (76.8% and 79.2% respectively) of the Gamma-9 species. HPV219 is phylogenetically most closely related to HPV213 (87% identity in L1 gene) of the Gamma-13 species, HPV220 to HPV212 (72%) of Gamma-17, HPV221 to HPV142 (80%) of Gamma-10, HPV222 to HPV162 (73%) of Gamma-19. The novel HPV types demonstrated the classical genomic organisation of Gamma-HPVs, with seven open reading frames (ORFs) encoding five early (E1, E2, E4, E6 and E7) and two late (L1 and L2) proteins. Typical of Gamma-HPVs, the novel types all lacked the E5 ORF and HPV214 also lacked the E6 ORF. We further examined variation of the novel types in clinical specimens from which they were identified. All the clones of HPV211, HPV214, HPV216, HPV219 and HPV221 were identical and showed 100% pairwise identity. The clones of HPV213, HPV215, HPV212, HPV220 and HPV222 had several differences. Analysis of mismatches between the nine genomic clones of HPV212 showed a total of 67 mismatch positions that varied along the 7208 bp genome and all the clones were unique. Analysis of mismatches between the 10 genomic clones of HPV213 showed a total of 51 mismatch positions that varied along the 7096 bp genome and it had 5 unique clones. The 6 genomic clones of HPV215 showed a total of 50 mismatch positions along a 7186 bp genome and it had 3 identical and 3 different clones. HPV220 had 4 different genomic clones that showed 17 mismatch positions along a 7381 bp genome. The 5 different clones of HPV222 showed a total of 24 mismatch positions along the 7275 bp genome. Conserved domains observed among the novel types were the Zinc finger binding Domain and PDZ domains. A retinoblastoma binding protein (pRB) binding domain in the E7 protein was additionally identified in HPV214 and HPV222. PVs are thought to evolve slowly because they co-opt high-fidelity host cellular DNA polymerases for their replication. Despite extensive efforts to catalogue all the HPV species that infect humans, it is likely that many still remain undiscovered. We used the genome sequences of the ten novel viruses and related HPVs to analyse the evolutionary dynamics of these viruses at the whole genome and individual gene scales. We found statistically significant incongruences between the phylogenetic trees of different genes which imply gene-to-gene variation in the evolutionary processes underlying the diversification of Gamma-PVs. We were, however, only able to detect convincing evidence of a single recombination event which, on its own, cannot explain the observed incongruences between gene phylogenies. The divergence times of the last common ancestor (LCA) of the Alpha, Beta, Mu, Nu and Gamma genera was predicted to have existed between 49.7-58.5 million years ago before splitting into the five main lineages. The LCA of the presently sampled Gamma-PVs was predicted to have existed between 45.3 and 67.5 million years ago: approximately at the time when the simian and tarsier lineages of the primates diverged. The discovery, characterisation and classification of HPV211, HPV212, HPV213, HPV214, HPV215 HPV216, HPV219, HPV220, HPV221 and HPV222 add these novel types to the repertoire of the ever expanding Gamma-HPVs genus hence expanding our knowledge of these viruses.
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Macabela, Monwabisi Victor. "Country and city: a study of autobiographical tropes in Ncumisa Vapi's novel Litshona limpume." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11945.
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Includes bibliographical references.The title of this thesis, Country and City - Autobiographical tropes in Ncumisa Vapi's Litshona Liphume arises out of a complex understanding of the author's narrative and literary intentions. Country refers to the fact that the story is set in a specifically named rural area in the Eastern Cape in the late 1960s and early 1970s. City on the other hand does not refer to any particular city, but is rather a symbol of changed and challenge, of opportunity and wealth but also of a world view deficient in tradition and spiritual connection with the land and the ancestors.
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Roy, Vilasini. "New Homes and New Names: The African Migrant Novelin the Digital Age." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131816.
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In this thesis, I attempt to explore the development of migrant literature in an era of digitalcommunication. The latest developments in communication technology have certainlydestabilized patterns of content creation and dissemination. While many use it uncritically,mostly as a means of information and keeping in contact, there are new avenues open forthose who wish to engage actively and create a space for new dialogue. And though theseonline platforms have not completely overturned hierarchies between literatures from theWest versus the global South, they have certainly altered both the content and form of workoriginating from African countries. By doing so, digital technology has boosted the creationof an African identity that moves away from victimhood by reimagining ideas of what itmeans to be and write from an African perspective where a multiplicity and hybridity ofvoices exist. I have chosen three “digital migrant novels” (Caren Irr’s term): ChimamandaNgozi Adichihe’s Americanah, NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names, and Open Cityby Teju Cole. I begin by situating these novels in a technologically sophisticated, mediaoriented space, where the geography of nations is challenged by overlapping spaces of digitalcommunication. My aim is threefold – to identify new patterns in migrant identity and to seehow they are affected by technology use; to see whether these patterns correspond to theemergence of an Afropolitan identity (and to understand what permutations this Afropolitanidentity can take on). And and finally, to analyse how digital media communication shapes amigrant’s relationship to homeland and language.
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Motsoeneng, Boitumelo Madika. "Genetic and biological characterisation of a novel South African Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-SA) isolate." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1021266.
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The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is the primary pest of pome fruit cultivated worldwide. The control of this insect pest has been dependent on the frequent use of broad-spectrum chemical pesticides, which has led to the development of resistance in pest populations and negative effects on human health and the environment. The Betabaculovirus of C. pomonella has successfully been applied as a biological control agent in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes for the suppression of pest populations worldwide. Previously, all Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) biopesticides were based on a Mexican isolate (CpGV-M) and although these products are highly efficient at controlling C. pomonella, resistance cases have been reported across Europe. The identification of novel CpGV isolates as additional or alternative control agents to manage resistance is therefore necessary. This study aimed to genetically and biologically characterise a novel South African C. pomonella granulovirus isolate and to test its virulence against neonate larvae. Based on the morphology of the occlusion bodies observed using transmission electron microscopy, granuloviruses were recovered from diseased and dead larvae collected from an orchard in South Africa where no virus applications had been made. DNA was extracted and the identification of the isolated granulovirus was achieved through the PCR amplification and sequencing of the lef-8, lef-9, granulin and egt genes. Submission of the gene sequences to BLAST revealed high percentage identities to sequences from various CpGV isolates, resulting in the naming of the isolate in this study as the South African Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-SA) isolate. Phylogenetic analysis based on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected in the lef-8, lef-9 and granulin nucleotide sequences grouped the South African isolate with CpGV-E2 (genome type B) and CpGV-S (genome type E). The CpGV-SA isolate was further genetically characterised by restriction endonuclease analysis and complete sequencing of the genomic DNA. Differences were observed for the BamHI, EcoRI, PstI and XhoI profiles of CpGV-SA in comparison to the respective profiles generated for CpGV-M extracted from a biopesticide, Carpovirusine® (Arysta Lifescience, France). Several genetic variations between the complete genome sequence of CpGV-SA and the reference isolate, CpGV-M1, as well as a recent genome submission of CpGV-M, both representing genome type A were observed. The complete genome analysis confirmed that CpGV-SA is genetically different from the Mexican CpGV isolate, used in thedevelopment of most biopesticides. In silico restriction profiles of the genome sequence obtained for CpGV-SA and genome sequences of genetically different CpGV isolates originating from Mexico (M1 and M), England (E2), Canada (S) and Iran (I12 and I07), available on the NCBI’s GenBank database confirmed that CpGV-SA is of mixed genotypes. Furthermore, the South African isolate shared the single common difference found in the pe38 gene of resistance overcoming isolates, which was the absence of an internal 24 nucleotide repeat present in CpGV-M1. In addition to the common difference, SNPs detected in the pe38 gene grouped the isolate with the CpGV-S isolate, suggesting that the CpGV-SA isolate is predominantly of genome type E. To determine the biological activity of CpGV-SA against neonate C. pomonella larvae, surface bioassays were conducted alongside CpGV-M (Carpovirusine®) bioassays. The LC50 and LC90 values for the South African isolate were 1.6 × 103 and 1.2 × 105 OBs/ml respectively. The LT50 was determined to be 135 hours. These values were similar to the values obtained for CpGV-M (Carpovirusine®). The results in this study suggest that a novel South African CpGV isolate of mixed genotypes, potentially able to overcome resistance in C. pomonella, with biological activity similar to CpGV-M (Carpovirusine®) and important for the control of C. pomonella was recovered. The CpGV-SA isolate could therefore potentially be developed into a biopesticide for use in resistance management strategies against C. pomonella populations in South Africa.
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Pereira, Fernanda Alencar. "Literatura e política : a representação das elites pós-coloniais africanas em Chinua Achebe e Pepetela." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00746533.
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Il s'agit de présenter une étude critique et comparative des romans No Longer at Ease (1960) et A Man of the People (1966), de l'écrivain Nigérian Chinua Achebe, et de A geração da utopia (1992) et Predadores (2005), de l'Angolais Pepetela. Par l'analyse des contextes historique, géographique, politique et littéraire qui tournent autour et quitraversent la tessiture des romans étudiés, l'on propose de montrer comment les deux écrivains africains s'approprient du roman, genre cosmopolite par excellence, pour l'adapter aux conditions locales de production du roman dans l'Afrique postcoloniale, de façon à exprimer littérairement la (dis)jonction entre métropole et postcolonie et le processus de (re)construction de la nouvelle nation. Notre intérêt dans l'analyse de ces romans est de réfléchir sur les types de négociations et concessions que les narrateurs ont besoin de faire pour raconter leurs récits. Pour ce faire, nous étudions le statut du narrateur, la configuration des personnages, la transformation du processus social en forme littéraire, la représentation de la nation et le langage mis en pratique par les auteurs pour représenter cette réalité. Les personnages évoqués sont ceux qui représentent la nouvelle " bourgeoisie " du moment postcolonial du Nigéria et de l'Angola, lesquels font partie de cette nouvelle classe sociale, responsable par la sphère bureaucratique qui surgit dans les pays africains après les processus d'indépendance, à partir des années 1960. La mise en dialogue des écrivains Pepetela et Achebe se fonde dans la proximité de style littéraire présentée par eux et par le rapprochement démontré par l'élection des sujets traités dans leurs ouvrages. Il faut encore préciser qu'ils sont tous les deux des observateurs perspicaces de la réalité de leurs pays et qu'ils se servent d'un langage acéré, rempli d'une ironie subtile. L'on propose, donc, dans cette étude, devérifier la thèse de l'existence d'une articulation entre le thème de l'ascension des personnages corrompus, membres des nouvelles élites bourgeoises, et les modifications progressives des récits analysés, dans la mesure où l'on passe de la lecture des romans dont les trames narratives représentent des moments antérieurs aux mouvements d'indépendances vers la lecture de romans qui mettent en scène des contextes postérieurs aux indépendances. Partant de l'analyse des composantes identitaires et linguistiques, nous examinons les points de confluence et diffluence entre les oeuvres deAchebe et Pepetela dans la représentation des élites postcoloniales
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Rosenberg, Aaron Louis. "Tegeni masikio: composing East African realities through young eyes." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-107414.
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At times creative writing has been employed by Tanzanians in order to demonstrate the progress of African peoples and to reflect the changes, or lack of them, in this society. Popular songs are another continually vibrant medium of intellectual exchange which appeals to various sectors of the Tanzanian populace. Such oral and written works, directed as they are to local and intra-national audiences, are most often created in the Swahili language. The relatively young age of Tanzania’s population, with nearly 65 percent of the population under 25 years of age has brought about a situation in which this young and dynamic population is increasingly seeing their voice and interests represented in literary and aural/oral works. What are the themes and strategies utilized by such songwriters and literary artists and what are their trajectories of dissemination, consumption and activation within Tanzanian social contexts?
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Burger, Adélle. "Purification and characterization of TbHsp70.c, a novel Hsp70 from Trypanosoma brucei." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011618.
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One of Africa’s neglected tropical diseases, African Trypanosomiasis, is not only fatal but also has a crippling impact on economic development. Heat shock proteins play a wide range of roles in the cell and they are required to assist the parasite as it moves from a cold blooded insect vector to a warm blooded mammalian host. The expression of heat shock proteins increases during these heat shock conditions, and this is considered to play a role in differentiation of these vector-borne parasites. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is an important molecular chaperone that is involved in protein homeostasis, Hsp40 acts as a co-chaperone and stimulates its intrinsically weak ATPase activity. In silico analysis of the T. brucei genome has revealed the existence of 12 Hsp70 proteins and 65 Hsp40 proteins to date. A novel Hsp70, TbHsp70.c, was recently identified in T. brucei. Different from the prototypical Hsp70, TbHsp70.c contains an acidic substrate binding domain and lacks the C-terminal EEVD motif. By implication the substrate range and mechanism by which the substrates are recognized may be novel. The ability of a Type I Hsp40, Tbj2, to function as a co-chaperone of TbHsp70.c was investigated. The main objective of this study was to biochemically characterize TbHsp70.c and its partnership with Tbj2 to further enhance our knowledge of parasite biology. TbHsp70.c and Tbj2 were heterologously expressed and purified and both proteins displayed chaperone activities in their ability to suppress aggregation of thermolabile MDH. TbHsp70.c also suppressed aggregation of rhodanese. ATPase assays revealed that the ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c was stimulated by Tbj2. The targeted inhibition of the function of heat shock proteins is emerging as a tool to combat disease. The small molecule modulators quercetin and methylene blue are known to inhibit the ATPase activity of Hsp70. However, methylene blue did not significantly inhibit the ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c; while quercetin, did inhibit the ATPase activity. In vivo heat stress experiments indicated an up-regulation of the expression levels of TbHsp70.c. RNA interference studies showed partial knockdown of TbHsp70.c with no detrimental effect on the parasite. Fluorescence microscopy studies of TbHsp70.c showed a probable cytoplasmic subcellular localization. In this study both TbHsp70.c and Tbj2 demonstrated chaperone activity and Tbj2 possibly functions as a co-chaperone of TbHsp70.c.
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Williams, Brian M. "The representation of moral turpitude in the african novel: The example of Ben Okri in the landscapes within and dangerous love." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1999. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/478.
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This study examines the portraiture of moral depravity in the African novel with specific reference to Ben Okri, and defines the authorial challenge that Okri poses to his readers. The study also explores the narrative differences between The Landscapes Within and Dangerous Love; the latter is an elaboration and revision of the former. Working under the assumption that a filiation exists in the tradition of African realism, the study undertook a comparative analysis, which includes the works of Wole Soyinka and Ayi Kwei Armah, as well as Okri. Soyinka’s and Armab’s works are used as barometers to measure changes and departures in Olcri’s depiction of post-independence life in urban Africa. The conclusions drawn from this study suggest that Okri revises the representation of moral depravity in the African novel through various techniques, which include his unique use of Yoruba creation myths and actual events such as the Biafran War. Okri’s ability to simultaneously explore individual and national consciousness through his young protagonists further defines his position in the tradition of African realism.
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Steyn, Stephanus Johannes. "The nature of the subject in the South African novel written in the State of Emergency between 1985 and 1990." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25873.
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Liambou, Ghislain Nickaise. "Énonciation et transtextualité dans le roman africain francophone de la migritude." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE2011/document.
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Le thème de l’immigration a inspiré une floraison d’œuvres littéraires francophones. Celles-ci prennent appui sur les grandes mobilités humaines et technologiques inhérentes au XXIesiècle et figurent les défis propres à la société de globalisation, principalement les problèmes de cohabitation interculturelle. La réception de ce corpus, dans le cas du roman africain subsaharien, parle de l’émergence d’une "nouvelle génération" de romanciers africains; thèse par ailleurs accréditée par la démarche institutionnelle des écrivains migrants eux-mêmes, comme en témoigne l’affiliation de certains au mouvement de la "littérature-monde" en français. La thèse se propose d’interroger cette problématique à travers une approche inspirée de l’analyse du discours littéraire. Elle se fonde sur le rappel de l’historiographie du roman africain de voyage. Il s’agit d’abord de questionner la périodisation des œuvres qui mettent en scène le parcours d’un personnage africain en Occident, dont certaines, bien que fondatrices, sont rarement prises en compte par le discours critique. Ensuite l’analyse porte sur la comparaison des œuvres de la "négritude" et celles de la "migritude",d’une part à l’aune des catégories comme le personnage, l’espace et l’imaginaire; d’autre part à travers les phénomènes d’intertextualité entre ces romans. Enfin, à la lumière des théories postcoloniales et de la sociologie du fait littéraire, la thèse présente cette littérature émergente comme la réécriture d’une archive; l’interrogation relative à l’accessibilité de l’Afrique et de sa diaspora à la culture du monde global. En cela la "migritude" se pose comme un mot-valise qui intègre aussi le discours de la "négritude"The topic of immigration has inspired an explosion of novels in Francophone Literature. They usually lean on the twenty-first century’s mobility of people and technologies in order to fictionalize issues related to cosmopolitanism. In the specific context of sub-Saharan African Literature, literary criticism assimilates this corpus to the ‘’Migritude’’, a phenomenon presented as the raising of a new generation of African writers in contemporary France. The writer’s institutional approach also comes to strengthen this perception. Indeed, a mess of them have signed the manifesto of the World Literature in French. Our thesis needs to examine these problems through the Literature Discourse Analysis approach. The primary step is about the reminder of historiography related to postcolonial African travel fictions. Afterwards the reflection seeks to compare those African novels, between the founding and the recent, on the basis of categories such as characters, space and imaginary. With regard to postcolonial theories as well as the narrative phenomenon of intertextuality, this thesis finally consider the emerging of post-colonial African Travel Literature as the rewriting of an archive running across Francophone African travel-writings since the early twenty century. They all question the accessibility of Africa and its diaspora to the Global Culture
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Tran, Tuan Tu. "Towards a functional analysis of African Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae TALomes : identification of a novel virulence strategy." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS156.
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Vers une analyse fonctionnelle du TALome des souches Africaines de Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae : identification d’une nouvelle stratégie de virulence. Les bactéries du genre Xanthomonas injectent à l’intérieure de la cellule hôte des effecteurs de type TAL (Transcription Activator-Like) qui agissent comme des facteurs de transcription spécifiques à l’aide d’un nouveau domaine de liaison à l’ADN qui est programmable. La bactérie pathogène du riz Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) contient un nombre important de gènes TAL (de 9 à 16) dans leur génome. Tandis que un ou deux de ces gènes codent des facteurs de virulence majeurs, la contribution relative de chacun des autres gènes TALs à la pathogénie de Xoo reste encore obscure. Afin d’élucider cela, le génome complet de trois souches Africaines de Xoo a été analysé à l’aide de la technologie de séquençage PacBio. Une analyse phylogénétique des trois TALomes combinée à des prédictions de cibles des TAL in silico montre que les TALomes Africains sont très conservés et génétiquement distants des correspondants asiatiques. Les gènes TAL individuels des souches Africaines de Xoo MAI1 et BAI3 ont été sous-clonés via une nouvelle méthode d’analyse à moyen débit dans un vecteur d’expression compatible avec des tests de pathogénie. Un test systématique de « gain de virulence » de la fonction de chacun des 11 haplotypes TAL a été réalisé en les introduisant dans la souche de Xoo X11-5A qui est peu virulente et ne contient naturellement pas de TALs, révélant Tal2 comme un nouveau facteur de virulence majeur dans les souches Africaines de Xoo. La prédiction in-silico des cibles de Tal2 dans le promoterome de riz associée à des expériences de QRT-PCR ont mis en évidence deux cibles de virulence candidates de Tal2, OsTFX1 qui code un facteur de transcription de type bZIP déjà rapporté comme gène de sensibilité S commun à différentes souches Asiatiques de Xoo, et Os09g39810 (aussi appelé ici OsERF#123), qui code pour un facteur de transcription de la famille des protéines de type « ethylene response factor ». Des test de pathogénie ont confirmé l’induction spécifique de ce dernier obtenue à l’aide de TAL artificiels confère une sensibilité accrue du riz aux souches africaines de Xoo. Des expériences de type 5’-RACE ont montré que Tal2 induisait l’expression d’un transcrit alternatif caractérisé par une séquence « leader » plus longue. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’accumulation de ce transcrit alternatif spécifique de Tal2 interfère avec la fonction endogène de ce facteur de transcription de type ERF, dont nous montrons qu’elle est potentiellement impliquée dans l’induction des réponses de défense de la plante.Un autre axe de recherche de cette thèse a été d’initier la caractérisation des bactérioses du riz au Vietnam, qui est l’un des plus grands exportateurs de riz au monde. Tandis que la bactériose vasculaire due à Xoo a été rapportée plusieurs fois dans ce pays, une description formelle de la bactériose à stries foliaires causée par X. oryzae pv. oryzicola faisait défaut. Ici, nous avons confirmé l’occurrence de la BLS au Nord du Vietnam à l’aide d’une PCR-multiplexée. L’échantillonnage a également montré que les deux pathovars étaient présents dans cette région et parfois retrouvés sur la même feuille. Des analyses de la dynamique des populations de Xo et l’analyse fonctionnelle des TALomes serviront de base pour établir de nouvelles stratégies de lutte contre les xanthomonads infectant le riz au VietnamTowards a functional analysis of African Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae TALomes : identification of a novel virulence strategy Bacterial plant-pathogenic Xanthomonas translocate Transcription Activator-Like (TAL) effectors into plant cells to function as specific plant transcription factors via a novel programmable DNA-binding domain. Rice-pathogenic Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) strains contain multiple TAL genes (from 9 to 16) in their genome. While one or two act as major virulence factors, the relative contribution of each of the other members to Xoo pathogenicity remains unclear. To address that question, three African Xoo TALome have been analyzed using whole genome PacBio sequencing data. A phylogenetic analysis of the three TALomes combined to TAL targets in-silico predictions showed that African TALomes are highly conserved and genetically distant from Asian ones.Individual TAL genes from African Xoo strains MAI1 and BAI3 were directly sub-cloned via a self-developing medium-throughput approach into an expression vector suitable for pathogenicity analysis. A systematic “gain-of-virulence” analysis of the function of each of the 11 TAL effector clusters was assessed in Xoo strain X11-5A which has low virulence and is naturally devoid of TAL genes, revealing Tal2 as a novel major virulence factor in African Xoo. In-silico prediction for Tal2 binding sites in the rice promoterome and qRT-PCR analysis highlighted two virulence targets for Tal2, i.e. OsTFX1, which encodes a bZIP transcription factor previously known as a common susceptibility S gene targeted by Asian Xoo, and Os09g39810 (also referred to as OsERF#123), which encodes a putative transcription factor of the ethylene response factor family. Pathogenicity assays further confirmed that designer TALE-mediated specific induction of Os09g39810 confers higher susceptibility of rice to African strains of Xoo. 5’-RACE experiments showed that Tal2 induces the transcription of an alternative Os09g39810 transcript characterized by a longer leader sequence. We hypothesize that accumulation of this Tal2-specific transcript interferes with the endogenous function of this ERF-encoding gene, which is potentially involved with the induction of defense responses. Another project was to initiate the characterization of bacterial diseases of rice in Vietnam, one of the biggest rice exporting country over the world. While the occurrence of bacterial blight which is due to Xoo, was documented in several reports in this country, there was no formal description of bacterial leaf streak which is due to X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. Here, we attempted to confirm the presence of BLS in North Vietnam by using multiplex-PCR assay. The survey also indicated that both pathovars appear in this area and eventually in the same leaf samples. Further analysis of Xo populations dynamic and functional analysis of TALomes will be useful to infer novel strategies to control rice-pathogenic Xanthomonads in this country in the future
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Adesokan, Adedapo. "Novel dimeric aporphine alkaloids from the West African medicinal plant, Enantia chlorantha are potent anti-trypanosomal agents." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6226/.
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This thesis describes the isolation, structure elucidation, anti-trypanosomal activity and molecular modelling of the aporphine alkaloids obtained from Enantia chlorantha. Phytochemical studies on the Enantia chlorantha stem bark yielded six dimeric and one monomeric aporphine alkaloid along with one protoberberine type alkaloid, palmatine. Three dimeric aporphine alkaloids were novel namely: 1,1',2,2',3-pentamethoxy-6-methyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrahydro-4H,4'H-7,7'-bidibenzo[de,g]quinoline, ECP-19 (89),8-(1,2,3-trimethoxy-5,6-dihydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinolin-7-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4',5':4,5]benzo[1,2,3-de]benzo[g]quinoline, ECHE-45 (90), and 7-methyl-8-(1,2,3-trimethoxyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-dibenzo(de,g)quinolin-7-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-(1,3)dioxolo(4'5':4,5)benzo(1,2,3-de) benzo(g)quinoline ECH-56 (91). The structures of the alkaloids were determined using 2D NMR experiments and their masses confirmed using ESI Mass Spectrome-ter. Anti-trypanosomal screening of these alkaloids for activity against the non-virulent bloodstream form of T.brucei brucei ,carried out using a modified microplate Alamar blue™ assay revealed that these alkaloids had excellent anti-trypanosomal activity, with MICs 1.27 to 10.96 nanomolar compared to the positive control Suramin with MIC of 9.6 nanomolar. Of the three novel dimeric alkaloids, ECP-19 (89) was the most active with MIC of 1.27 nanomolar. Molecular modelling was carried out for all of these alkaloids as well as their derivatives monomeric aporphine alkaloids using the GRIP technique with Vlife molecular Design Suite (V life MDS 4.2) on seven validated Trypanosoma brucei protein targets from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). These protein targets were: T. brucei Glutathione Synthetase , Glutathione peroxidase-type tryparedoxin peroxidase, oxidized form ,Glutathione peroxidase-type tryparedoxin peroxidase, reduced form , Sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) from T. brucei in complex with the tipifarnib derivative 6-(4-chlorophenyl)(methoxy)(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one , T. brucei Ornithine Decarboxylase , Riboflavin kinase ,and Trypanothione reductase from T. brucei. The inhibition of T. brucei ornithine decarboxylase was the most significant, hence the possibility of it being a likely mechanism of action for these alkaloids. Further molecular modelling studies of the eight alkaloids whose structure were elucidated in this thesis, as well as six derivate monomeric alka-loids were carried out to pinpoint the 'best fit' alkaloids to Ornithine decarboxylase's active site Ly-sine 69 using the GOLD 5.5.2 software. This revealed the dimeric aporphine alkaloids isolated in this study had docking score as a function of GOLD.PLP.Fitness which ranged from -95.1384 to 27.8819 for dimers,which is not as good as the docking scores ranging from 26.5959 - 38.4616 for monomers isolated in this study, as well as monomeric derivatives of the dimers. Derivative monomer, Compound 95 had the best docking score of 38.4616. This set of results in terms of the novelty of the dimeric alkaloids, their excellent anti-trypanosomal activity in vitro, significant results in molecular models and the fact that anecdotal evidence of use of Enantia chlorantha extracts in vivo for treatment of ailments traditionally in rural West Africa for cen-turies may form a basis for further drug development studies. As it is the norm in drug discovery syn-thetic analogues developed from a natural product scaffold tend to provide a vast number of molecules to test and develop further, therefore future molecular modelling studies are currently being tailored to optimising the 'best fit' monomeric alkaloids to hybrid modelled synthetic analogues for further drug development studies beyond the scope of the PhD study.
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Bardien-Kruger, Soraya. "A molecular investigation of the novel gene underlying autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa in a South African family." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26927.
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The inherited retinal degenerative disorders are a common cause of severe visual handicap in the W estem world. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of retinopathies in which a primary feature is a progressive loss of photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium function. Over the last decade, investigations into the patho-physiology of RP have identified numerous disease-causing genes and loci (for a current listing refer to the web site http://www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/Retnet/). A study of a South African family with an autosomal dominant form of RP (adRP) forms the basis of this dissertation. In this family, comprising 44 individuals, the first manifestation of visual disturbance is usually evident between 20 and 30 years of age. Subsequently, another South African adRP family, consisting of 25 members, was also incorporated into this investigation. Genetic linkage analysis facilitated the mapping of the disease phenotype in the two South African adRP families to a 10 cM interval on chromosome 17q22. This novel locus, designated RP17, is the eighth identified for adRP. Haplotype construction in the two kindreds, in conjunction with multipoint analyses subsequently fine mapped RP17 to a 1 cM region between microsatellite markers D17S1604 and D17S948. Although the two families are from ethnically diverse population groups, they share the same disease-associated haplotype spanning 12 cM, which suggests that the disorder may be caused by the same pathogenic mutation in the same gene. The positional cloning approach was utilised in an endeavour to identify the RP17 gene and an attempt was made to construct a physical map of the 1 cM critical region. A contig consisting of seven yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones was assembled using sequence-tagged-site (STS) content mapping. In order to close a gap in the YAC contig, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was screened and the vectorette PCR technique was used to verify overlapping sequences. This contig should provide a useful tool for the purpose of isolating genes or transcription units within the RP17 critical interval. In this regard, purified YAC DNA was isolated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and the cDNA selection technique was employed to generate a transcription map. This approach was applied to YAC 75Ic12 using a foetal brain cDNA library, and two rounds of selection were performed to create a sub-library for enriched cDNAs derived from this clone. Screening for the presence of contaminating sequences in the 480 transformants revealed that (i) approximately 7% of the selected clones contain COT-1 DNA and (ii) none of the clones were contaminated with yeast AB1380 DNA. Ten randomly chosen clones were sequenced and subjected to BLASTN analysis, which revealed the presence of a 23 bp contaminant, known genes as well as novel transcripts. In order to optimise efforts to isolate the adRP gene, four positional candidates residing on 17q were screened for evidence implicating them in the adRP phenotype in the two 17q22-linked families. The genes investigated were: PDEG (gamma subunit of rod phosphodiesterase), TIMP2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2), PKCA (protein kinase C alpha) and retinal fascin. These candidates were chosen on the basis of (i) mapping to 17q, (ii) expression in the retina and/or (iii) potential involvement in the rod phototransduction pathway. Recombination events between the adRP locus and a single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) in PDEG, and a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in TIMP2 provided evidence for the exclusion of these candidate genes. A novel SSCP detected in the promoter region of retinal fascin was genotyped in the two adRP families and showed a lack of co-segregation with the disease locus. Furthermore, direct DNA sequencing of the coding regions as well as the promoter region of retinal fascin in RP affected family members did not reveal any pathogenic mutations. In addition, data is provided which suggests that PKCA does not reside on any of the YACs and BACs encompassing the RP17 critical interval. This gene is therefore unlikely to be responsible for the adRP phenotype in the two RP17-linked families. Ultimately, the work reported in this thesis may contribute to the body of knowledge on inherited retinal degenerative disorders. Moreover, this investigation should provide the basis for further study of the aetiology of RP in all families linked to the RP17 locus on chromosome 17q22. The immediate application of these molecular findings is the potential for pre-symptomatic testing of at-risk members from the two adRP kindreds.
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Berninger, Michael [Verfasser], and Ulrike [Gutachter] Holzgrabe. "Development of Novel Quinolone Amides Against the African Sleeping Sickness - A Fluorine Walk / Michael Berninger ; Gutachter: Ulrike Holzgrabe." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1178327760/34.
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Ndlovu, Sandy Sibusiso. "Genetic characterisation of six novel African swine fever viruses isolated from a pig, warthog, wild boar, and ticks." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33876.
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African swine fever (ASF) is a disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars, resulting in up to 100% case fatality rate, and there is currently no effective treatment or vaccine. To date, there are 67 ASFV complete genome sequences available, but most of the sequences represent only genotypes I-V and VII-X of the 24 genotypes identified based on p72 sequencing, limiting inter and intra-genotype comparative studies. ASFVs encode several multigene families (MGFs) involved in virulence and host range which are found at the genomic termini and the majority of genomic differences between isolates are due to the composition of these MGFs. The comparison of the MGFs across ASFV isolates is of utmost importance in understanding genome variability and their contribution to virulence. The p72 gene has historically been used in phylogenetic analysis of ASFV. However, it lacks the capacity for higher resolution between isolates belonging to the same genotype. This study aimed to analyse and characterise six novel ASFV isolates of African origin from a domestic pig, warthog, wild boar and ticks in terms of genomic makeup, MGF composition and phylogenetic relationships, including identification of additional phylogenetic markers, specifically for use in discrimination between closely related isolates. Genomes of six novel isolates were sequenced and annotated by identifying open reading frames (ORFs) with a methionine START codon and performing BLASTx searches of each ORF against the NCBI data base. Differences between the genomes were analysed by generating dotplots and using Base-By-Base which showed them to be mostly collinear, but regions of difference were observed at the termini and the CCR. MGF analysis using sorting and clustering in Morpheus software, based on genotype, serogroup, country, host, virulence, and year, showed that genotype and serogroup play a role in the MGF arrangement patterns. Loci corresponding to regions of difference in the CCR were used for phylogenetic comparison to the previously identified marker p72. The tree topology of all of the alternative phylogenies differed from the current p72 classification. B117L and B169L provided slightly better resolution of genotypes I and II, respectively, and viruses from East Africa that are classified as belonging to genotype IX based on p72 were separated when using EP364R. This data adds to the pool of diverse ASFV isolates available for comparative genomics studies, and to the knowledge of ASFV in Africa. The sequencing of more diverse ASFV isolates of each genotype will help characterise the MGFs arrangement patterns among isolates. The novel alternative phylogenetic markers should further be investigated using more ASFV isolates representing the 24 genotypes described to date.
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Gromov, Mikhail D. "Nagona and Mzingile - novel, tale or parable?" Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-93517.
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Since the very moment of their appearance two recent works of Euphrase Kezilahabi- Nagana (1990) and Mzingile (1991)- hold a very special place in the whole development ofKiswahili literature, giving a lot of puzzles for the reader and a lot of material for the scholars of literature. I\' m going to dwell upon only one aspect of the book - its generic origin; for I think that this question will sooner or later arise. To this effect, I would dare first narrate - very briefly - the contents of the book I would refer to it as `the book´, although it actually consists of two parts - but these parts are so closely related to each other, that it seems possible to speak of Nagana and Mzingile as one piece of work. To what literary genre shall we ascribe the latest work of Tanzania` s leading writer? I would dare to come forward with such a question, because within the structure of the book there seem to be at least four more or less easily tangible stylistic plans. The first one I would call a folkloristic plan, for Kezilahabi uses widely and vividly the elements of African folklore - from mythological concepts to folklore plots, inserted into the narration. The second stylistic plan of the book can be called that of a parable - a parable in the sense of a self-contained story conveying didactic message to a reader or a listener. The book is full of such stories. The next stylistic plan one can call that of science-fiction - or, I would rather say, of antiutopia, for the author draws apocalyptic pictures of the world after the nuclear war, implyin the technique inherent to science-fiction novels. Finally, another stylistic plan of the book can be called realistic - for the author gives, for example, the descriptions of modern city, where the Msichana-Mwokozi dwells, or of an African village, when he tells about the childhood of the main character, using the traditions of east African realistic novel, portraying shortly but vividly urban and rural life. I would say that this realistic plan takes smaller place than the other three - but it is by no means less noticeable.
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Hagemann, Michael Eric. "Humour as a postcolonial strategy in Zakes Mda's novel, The heart of redness." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This thesis sought to demonstrate that humour and the grotesque are the primary tools by which Mda achieve his postcolonial strategies of "writing back"
, that is, of asserting an identity in the face of colonial pressures, apartheid and the growing selfishness of many in the new, post-democratic South African society.
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Toler, Michael. "The nation rewritten history, fiction, translation and the Francophone novel in the Maghreb /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.
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Potts, Shona. "Between the flag and the mask : the demystification of political independence in the African novel in French, 1960-1990." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU099272.
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In the first three decades since the granting of political independence to France's former African colonies, the novel form has been appropriated by postcolonial authors and articulates the possibility of a new relationship between the centre and the former margins. Fictional narrative has become central to the (re-) negotiation of power, authority, class and gender in a postcolonial African society. This thesis is a socio-historical study of selected texts which examines the re-writing of the African past and the appropriate of narrative voice by the inhabitants of marginal sites. Close readings of two earlier novels by Ousmane Sembene trace the development from the optimism of the pro-independence movement to the growing divisions within African society as an African elite replaces the former colonial population. While Sembene's novels reflect a belief in the certainties of the French language as a means of expression, Ahmadou Kourouma challenges its hegemony, introducing African grammatical structures and vocabulary into his texts. The shifting narrative voices and fragmented chronologies of Kourouma's texts expose the partial nature of historical writing and its relationship with fictional narrative. A close reading of texts by women authors examines the portrayal of female subjectivity and the ways in which these characters transcend the previously limiting stereotypes. Urban African society is explored from both a class and a gender perspective and in particular the way in which the post-colonial topology is disrupted by the marginalised. Finally, I chart the rise of neo-colonialism and the conditions which led to the rise of dictatorial regimes, revealing the centrality of language and iconography to the maintenance of governmental authority. I investigate the way in which satire and the presence of alternative, opposition discourses in the novels of Henri Lopes and Sony Labou Tansi calls into question the monolithic authority of the nation state.
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Locraft, Lauren Kimberly. "Senegalese Novel, African Voice: Examining the French Educational System through Aminata Sow Fall’s L'appel des arènes and Cheikh Hamidou Kane’s L'aventure ambiguë." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33182.
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This thesis examines representations of the French educational system in Senegal as presented in L'aventure ambiguë and L'appel des arènes. Each unfolding respectively within a colonial and postcolonial Senegalese context, the novels problematize the French school system by incorporating representations of its failures. As this thesis will argue, analyzing each author's educational discourse will unmask a Senegalese perspective on a French institution, showcase various ways that Senegalese students internalized their educational experience and provide representations of the ways in which French education could be, and was, utilized by its pupils.
Using two African novels in French to interpret historical experience will facilitate understanding of the French educational system from a Senegalese perspective. The first chapters create a foundation for analysis: Chapter two explains French goals and objectives when implementing a formal educational system in West Africa, while chapter three explores the form and function of the African novel in order to present it as a useful historical tool. Having defined the African novel in French as a viable means to interpret historical experience, chapter four focuses analysis on revealing how a system that was meant to procure French dominance, was ultimately transformed into a tool for Senegalese advantage.Master of Arts
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Lovelace, Sherri. "THE ROLE OF BOOK TYPE IN THE RETENTION OF NOVEL VOCABULARY AMONG CHILDREN AFRICAN AMERICAN CHILDREN WITH VOCABULARY DEFICITS." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2006. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyresc2006d00422/Dissertation.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2006.Title from document title page (viewed on May 30, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 133 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-132).
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Zotwana, Sydney Zanemvula. "Literature between two worlds : the first fifty years of the Xhosa novel and poetry." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18253.
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The main preoccupation in this thesis is to illustrate that, although there is no doubt that the missionaries deserve all the praise that they have been showered with, for their role in the development of Xhosa literature, there is a sense in which they can be said to have contributed as much also to its underdevelopment. It is my view that Xhosa literature has had a very unfortunate history, because of having an origin that is located in the history of Christianization. This history has haunted Xhosa literary creativity from its early beginnings to the present. The success of the mission to convert them to Christianity was anchored on the principle of total alienation of the Xhosa from their world-view: from their culture, from their religion, from their chiefs, from their literary art, and even from their homes. The intention was to turn them into new beings - Christian and loyal subjects of the British Crown - and to make them not only reject, but also despise their past. Therefore Western-style education for the Blacks in South Africa did not come out of any sense of altruism on the part of those by whom it was introduced. It was the interests of its initiators and their country that had to be served by the education of the Blacks. It was in this context that Xhosa literature was born. It was produced to promote the interests of the Christian church and therefore those of the British Crown. Its production was controlled by the missionaries, the owners of the publishing houses, but it was produced by the Christian and literate Xhosa most of whom had studied in mission schools. It was produced to crush the past and any aspirations that were in conflict with those of the Christian church and the British imperial designs. In short, it was a literature against its people. However, the Christian and literate Xhosa was never accepted as the equal of the other British subjects who were White. He was excluded from all law-making mechanisms and was affected by the many Native Laws that were passed, as badly as his non-Christian brothers and sisters. He witnessed land dispossession and all the other atrocities perpetrated by White rulers. His literary art had been harnessed to legitimize and perpetrate this situation and he dared not use his art to change it. It is in the light of this context that this thesis contends that Xhosa literature is between two worlds. It is argued that Xhosa literature, because of the writers' dilemma created by their position between these two conflicting universes, has been forced to be mute in the face of the Black people's experiences of oppression, and therefore to be indifferent to the Black people's struggles to resist colonization and to liberate themselves from this oppression. It is however, pointed out that some works are characterised by the writers' attempts to grapple with this dilemma. Finally this thesis advocates complete liberation of literary artists from state control, indirect though it may be, and also a change in the teaching and analysis of Xhosa literature.
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De, La Cruz-Guzman Marlene. "Of Masquerading and Weaving Tales of Empowerment: Gender, Composite Consciousness, and Culture-Specificity in the Early Novels of Sefi Atta and Laila Lalami." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1417002139.
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Naidu, Sam. "The emergence of the South African farm crime novel : socio-historical crimes, personal crimes, and the figure of the dog." Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/53776.
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Crime fiction is an established and popular literary genre in South Africa that has gained international recognition and acclaim. The genre continues to expand and develop in terms of thematic concerns and experiments in form. One such notable development is the farm crime novel, which extends the tradition of the South African plaasroman. Recent texts, such as Elaine Proctor’s The Savage Hour and Karin Brynard’s Weeping Waters, quite deliberately set their respective murder mysteries on remote farms, and both novels particularise details of farm life. This article argues that the main concerns of the farm crime novel are, on one level, socio-historical – that is, the crimes perpetrated are the result of relationships to the land, land claims and land re-distribution, and the complex, evolving relationship between landowner and labourer. On another level, true to the conventions of crime fiction, the farm crime novel also explores interpersonal or intimate relationships that result in crimes of passion. Of particular interest is the observation that common to both thematic levels is a profound rendering of the link between human-animal relations and human-human relations. Drawing on Karla Armbruster’s work on the cultural significance of narratives about dogs and the need for more just and ethical relationships with animals, the article then demonstrates how this rendering occurs, often, through the figure of the dog. To conclude, some comments are offered on the position of the farm crime novel in a post-apartheid literary landscape