Journal articles: 'African star apple'

1

Adekanmi, D. G., and A. E. Olowofoyeku. "African Star Apple: Potentials and Application of Some Indigenous Species in Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 8 (2020): 1307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i8.1.

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Many research in food and pharmaceuticals are focused on the use of materials as close to nature as possible to limit exposure to harmful synthetic substances. Alternatives are being sought for popular plant based materials leading to increased attention to underutilized plants and creating ripple effects in agriculture, agribusiness, health and pharmaceuticals. A plant that is attaining prominence in Nigeria and in the rain forests of West Africa is the African Star Apple. The plant is best known for the juicy pulp of its fruit but the traditional therapeutic use of parts of the plants are also common. Some authors have investigated and documented some benefits obtained from its leaves, stem, root and fruits. This paper focuses on the features, food and pharmaceutical potentials of the oil, flour, extracts and gum form the African Star Apple. Its fruit is rich in minerals and antioxidant while extracts from various parts of the plant have good antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The review also reveals that the AfricanStar Apple has many potential food and pharmaceutical applications that are yet to be explored. Keywords: African Star Apple, Chrysophyllum albidum, Phytochemicals, Gum, Extracts.

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Ogunlade, A. O., and G. I. Oluwafemi. "Production and evaluation of jam produced from plum and African Star apple blends." Food Research 5, no. 4 (2021): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(4).031.

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The potential of some indigenous fruits such as yellow-plum (Spondias mombin) and African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) remained largely untapped. These fruits can be processed and preserved in small-scale operations using simple techniques that could replace both expensive fruits and the lengthy operation processes usually used for jam production. Blends were produced from African Star Apple and Plum in the following proportion: 100:0%; 90:10%; 80:20%; 70:30%; 60:40% and 50:50% respectively to produce six African Star Apple and plum blends. The chemical properties and consumer acceptability of jams made from these blends were investigated using standard methods. Chemical analyses of the jam showed that vitamin A ranged between 613.09 and 686.04 (IU), sample with the highest percentage of African Star Apple had the highest value of Vitamin A; vitamin C ranged between 30.51 and 46.12 (mg/100 g); pH ranged between 4.29 and 4.58; Brix ranged between 11.00 and 14.97°Bx. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the sensory attributes of the samples. It was observed that Jam produced from African Star Apple and plum blend at 50:50% proportion had the highest Vitamin A and those at 90:10% proportion had the highest Vitamin C contents and all the samples were of high nutritional and health benefits.

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Taiwo, Elijah, Oluwatosin Tokede, and Olayinka Sanda. "Potentials of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Fruit Shell Adsorbent in Recovery of Valuable Hydrocarbons for Spent Engine Oil." International Journal of Engineering and Technologies 20 (April 2021): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijet.20.9.

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Inventory of spent engine oil continuously increase and indiscriminately disposed of at auto-mechanics garages. Adsorptive separation established to be indispensable in recovery of these hydrocarbons was carried out using Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) fruit shell – a renewable resource. In this study, clay pretreated spent engine oil was recovered in a fixed bed adsorption processes and the recovered adsorbate components determined by GC-MS analysis. The results showed African star apple fruit shell adsorbent effective in recovering n-hexane solubilized spent lubricating oil. The study concluded that using the developed African star apple fruit shell adsorbent, an agricultural waste adsorbent in the recovery of waste lubricating oil will enhance greatly the nation’s economy.

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Taiwo, Elijah, Oluwatosin Tokede, and Olayinka Sanda. "Potentials of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Fruit Shell Adsorbent in Recovery of Valuable Hydrocarbons for Spent Engine Oil." International Journal of Engineering and Technologies 20 (April 20, 2021): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-z1fu71.

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Inventory of spent engine oil continuously increase and indiscriminately disposed of at auto-mechanics garages. Adsorptive separation established to be indispensable in recovery of these hydrocarbons was carried out using Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) fruit shell – a renewable resource. In this study, clay pretreated spent engine oil was recovered in a fixed bed adsorption processes and the recovered adsorbate components determined by GC-MS analysis. The results showed African star apple fruit shell adsorbent effective in recovering n-hexane solubilized spent lubricating oil. The study concluded that using the developed African star apple fruit shell adsorbent, an agricultural waste adsorbent in the recovery of waste lubricating oil will enhance greatly the nation’s economy.

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5

Onyekachi, Igbozulike, Gbenga Oyinloye, Odirachukwu Onyejefu, Cyprain Dirioha, and Dickson Diabana. "Physical properties of African star apple fruits and seeds." Poljoprivredna tehnika 45, no. 4 (2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2004029o.

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This research examines the physical properties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) fruits and seeds. The dimensions were measured with vernier calliper and the dimensional properties were computed using appropriate equations. The densities, porosity, angle of repose and coefficient of friction on three material surfaces were determined with standard methods from literature. The result of the study showed that the average major, intermediate and minor dimensions were 47.95 mm, 43.70 mm and 41.35 mm respectively for the fruits, and 26.05 mm, 15.12 mm and 6.07 mm respectively for the seeds. The volume, shape index and one thousand weight of fruits were obtained as 40.61 mm3 , 0.95 and 48.34 kg respectively whereas those of the seeds were obtained as 1.69 mm3 , 0.95 and 1.28 kg respectively. The true density, bulk density and porosity of the fruits were found to be 1710 kg/m3 , 1550 kg/m3 and 52.63 percent respectively, while that of the seeds were found to be 950 kg/m3 , 570 kg/m3 and 40.25 percent respectively. The sphericity obtained for the fruits and seeds were 0.94 and 0.55, respectively. Angle of repose was found to be 3.02o and 13.50o for the fruits and seeds, respectively. Coefficients of friction on plywood, mild steel and galvanized steel were 0.30, 0.24 and 0.20 respectively, for the fruits and 0.52, 0.46 and 0.39 respectively for the seeds. The empirical data from this study will aid researchers in the design and development of postharvest systems for the African star apple fruits and seeds postharvest operations.

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Adindu, M. N., J. O. Williams, and E. C. Adiele. "Preliminary storage study on African star apple (Chrysophyllum Albidum)." Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 58, no. 3 (2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:qual.0000041155.83351.f2.

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7

Ibrahim, H., A. Haruna, and N. Abdullahi. "Proximate and Elemental Analysis of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum)." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 2 (2021): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i2.18.

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The proximate and elemental analysis of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) using standard analytical techniques was investigated. The proximate composition of the plant showed the values of 54.57 % for carbohydrate, 13.25 % of fat, and 3.85 % of crude protein. The crude fiber and ash content indicates the values of 6.60 % and 4.70 % respectively. The moisture content present (17.03 %) reveals the possibility of having low antimicrobial activities of the plant. The mineral elements present in different concentrations are Ca (706.850 mg/kg), Mg (325.500 mg/kg), Fe (40.875 mg/kg), Cu (3.275 mg/kg), and Zn (4.625 mg/kg). The result shows that the fruit have essential minerals required by human for normal life activities. Key words: Chrysophyllum albidum, Star apple, Proximate compositions, Mineral elements

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8

Adunni Abiodun, Olufunmilola, and A. S. Oladapo. "Physico‐chemical properties of African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) components." Nutrition & Food Science 41, no. 1 (2011): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346651111102847.

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Oyelade, O. J., P. O. Odugbenro, A. O. Abioye, and N. L. Raji. "Some physical properties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum alibidum) seeds." Journal of Food Engineering 67, no. 4 (2005): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.046.

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10

Enujiugha, Victor N., Toluwalope T. Adetogo, and Justina Y. Talabi. "Effect of Storage Conditions on Antioxidant Enzymes and Polyphenol Oxidase Activity of African Star Apple Juice." IPS Journal of Nutrition and Food Science 2, no. 1 (2023): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54117/ijnfs.v2i1.23.

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This study investigated the effect of storage on both antioxidant enzymes and polyphenol oxidase activities of African star apple juice. African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) was sorted, washed, peeled and deseeded before milling the pulp to get fruit paste. The milled paste was then filtered to get a clear juice. The clear juice was packed in sterilized bottles before pasteurizing in a water bath at 71.2 oC for 30 minutes; after which a part was stored under refrigeration condition (6±2 oC), while the other part was stored under tropical ambient condition (28±2 oC). Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) all increased as storage period increased, with samples stored under refrigeration conditions recording higher values than those stored under tropical ambient conditions. On the other hand, the selenium-containing microsomal enzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), registered an inverse relationship with storage period at both conditions. Polyphenol oxidase optimal thermal activity was observed at 80 oC and that of pH was at 7, whereas the enzyme was more stable at 40 oC at all stages and conditions of storage tested. The study also showed that polyphenol oxidase was more active when purified partially, compared to the crude enzyme. In conclusion, polyphenol oxidase can be isolated from African star apple juice stored under different conditions.

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Olumoroti, Israel Adebayo, Ajani Olatunde Oyelaran, and Bukola Bolaji. "Production and Characterization of Ackee Apple (Blighia sapida) Seeds and African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Seeds Oil Mixtures and their Biodiesel." ABUAD Journal of Engineering Research and Development (AJERD) 7, no. 1 (2024): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/ajerd.2024.0701.10-j.

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This paper focused on the characterization of oils and biodiesels derived from Ackee apple seeds and African star apple seeds obtained from local markets. The oils from individual seeds and their mixtures at varying ratios were characterised for relative density, free fatty acid, acid, iodine, and saponification, which yielded 0.91 g/cm3, 1.06 mg-KOH/g, 2.12 mg-KOH/g, 38.36mg-iodine/100g, and 195.74 mg-KOH/g of ackee seed oil, respectively. And 0.89 g/cm3, 2.105 mg-KOH/g, 4.2 mg-KOH/g, 52.49 mg-iodine/100 g, and 227.7 mg-KOH/g of African star apple seed oil, respectively. The highest relative density of 0.9064 g/cm3 and free fatty acid of 3.73 mg-KOH/g were achieved from the mixture of ackee apple and African star apple seeds’ oils at 80 and 20%, respectively, while the highest saponification of 221.264 mg-KOH/g and iodine of 49.66 mg-iodine/100 g were obtained from the oil mixture of 20 and 80%, respectively. Also, the oils extracted from the seeds, were subjected to a transesterification process to produce biodiesel. 144°C flash point, 206°C fire point, and 2.8°C cloud point were obtained from the biodiesel of the oil mixture of 20 and 80%, respectively. Further analysis of the mixtures showed low volatility and high resistance to fire due to their high flash and fire points. The highest value recorded for the flash point is lower when compared with some other seed oils flash points; however this value is higher than the standard flash point for biodiesels .Highest boiling point of 64°C was attained at an oil mixture ratio of 60 and 40%, respectively. This value is too low compared to the normal boiling point range of 315-350°C for biodiesels, and the high acid values recoded for the mixtures make the oils inedible. The oils, however, have advantages over other edible seed oils as they will serve as valuable ingredients in the soap-making industries since they are not competing with food resources.

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12

Arotupin, D. J., K. O. Awojobi, T. R. Owolabi, and C. Eze. "Microorganisms associated with African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) and their hydrolases." African Journal of Microbiology Research 10, no. 7 (2016): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2014.7200.

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13

Duah, Joyce, Jacob K. Agbenorhevi, Fidelis M. Kpodo, and Firibu K. Saalia. "Structural and functional properties of pectin extracted from African star apple." Food Chemistry Advances 7 (June 2025): 101007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2025.101007.

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14

Azor, Annongu, Joseph Kolade, Adeyina Adebisi, Sola-Ojo Foluke, Edoh Johannes, and Ajide Solomon. "Utilization of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) kernel meal in broiler diets." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 62, no. 2 (2017): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1702143a.

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The effect of feeding graded levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) of untreated African star apple kernel meal (ASAKM) on the performance and blood profile of broilers was investigated in an 8-week trial. Two hundred and ten oneweek-old Cobb strain broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 7 diets with 3 replicates of 10 chicks per replicate in a completely randomized design. Data on minerals, vitamins, amino acids and quantification of some anti-nutrients were assayed. The results showed that the kernel was high in nutrients, especially carbohydrate as a source of energy but contains high levels of anti-nutritional or toxic factors. Performance traits (p<0.05) of broilers fed ASAKM gave poor results though without mortality. The increment of dietary levels of the untreated ASAKM did not negatively influence blood composition and most of the measured biochemical indices, the parameters were better (p<0.05), or had values statistically similar with the control diet compared with those on the test diets (p>0.05). Increasing levels of ASAKM in diets caused elevation of AST, ALT, ALP and a significant increase in blood urea levels in the raw kernel meal based diets relative to the control diet (p<0.05). Based on the performance of the birds fed the raw ASAKM, it may be concluded that broilers could barely tolerate 5% raw ASAKM in their diets with minimum adverse effects. However, the values of the blood parameters particularly the red blood cells favoured erythropoiesis, suggesting that the African star apple kernel meal had no detrimental effect on the health status of the birds. Subsequent research should process the raw star apple seed meal before dietary inclusion for optimum results.

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15

Oguntimehin, Monica Oluwatoyin. "Bio-Deterioration, and Antioxidant Activities of Chrysophyllum Albidum-Linn Fruits Treated with Acetic Acid." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science X, no. I (2025): 515–33. https://doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2025.1001040.

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Chrysophyllum albidum fruits also known as African star apple (ASA), face limited availability throughout the year due to biochemical and microbial alterations. This study aimed to explore the impact of specific postharvest techniques on the antioxidant activities and microbial decay of African star apple fruits during storage. Fresh, Ripe and healthy fruits were treated with Acetic acid (AA) and then stored under controlled conditions for 15 days. The assessment encompassed microbial counts and antioxidant capacity. The outcomes revealed that fruits treated postharvest with varied concentrations of acetic acid exhibited decreased microbial counts compared to untreated counterparts. Certain microbial strains were observed on healthy and deteriorated African star apple fruits. The identified genera consist of Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Mucor, Cladosporium, Saccharomyces, Alternaria, Trichophyton, Rhodotorula, Penicillium, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus. Some of these microorganisms are pathogenic and if present in high numbers, can lead to food spoilage and potentially cause foodborne illnesses. Treated fruits demonstrated enhanced antioxidant activities and higher levels of total phenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid compared to untreated fruits. Variations were observed in carotenoid contents of fruits treated while glutathione activities increased in fruits treated with acetic acid, indicating varied responses to different treatments. Overall, it was concluded that all acetic acid postharvest treatments, especially at higher doses and immersion times, possess the potential to uphold the quality attributes of Chrysophyllum albidum fruits compared to the control groups when stored under ambient conditions of 28 ± 2 oC and 90 ± 5% relative humidity for 15 days.

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Dzarma, Goziya W., Chinedu M. Agu, Kenechi Nwosu-Obieogu, et al. "Parametric study of oil extraction from African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) seeds." Cleaner Chemical Engineering 2 (June 2022): 100018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clce.2022.100018.

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Adetogo, Toluwalope T., Stephen A. Fagbemi, Monica O. Oguntimehin, et al. "African Star Apple Juice Stored at Tropical Ambient and Refrigeration Temperatures: Effect on Physicochemical Characteristics, Antioxidant Properties and Microbiological." IPS Journal of Nutrition and Food Science 3, no. 2 (2024): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54117/ijnfs.v3i2.43.

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The present study was aimed at evaluating the physicochemical and antioxidant properties as well as microbiological quality of extracted juice from African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) stored under tropical ambient and refrigeration conditions. Juice was extracted from mashed star apple fruit cotyledons (after deseeding) and pasteurized in a water bath at 71.2 oC for 30 minutes before storage for four (4) weeks under tropical ambient (28±2 oC) and refrigeration (6±2 oC) conditions. The results showed that there was no fibre in the juice, the moisture was 78.51% and 79.13% for fresh African star apple (ASA) juice and sample stored under ambient conditions, respectively. It also showed pH of ASA juice at week 0 to be 3.52 and week 4 for both samples stored at refrigeration and ambient temperatures to be 2.85 and 2.28, respectively. There was no fecal coliform count in all the studied juice samples throughout the storage period, but total viable bacteria counts were 2.7x104 cfu/ml, 1.84x105 cfu/ml and 6.6x104 cfu/ml for fresh juice and juice stored for 4 weeks at ambient temperature and refrigeration conditions, respectively. Overall, storage conditions had insignificant impact on the antioxidant properties and free radical scavenging capacity of the fruit juice; the slight changes observed were linked to usual molecular reactions. In conclusion, storage under refrigeration conditions elongated the shelf life of the juice.

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Godknows, Igwebike, Nwigbo Solomon, and Igwebike Uchenna. "Effect of Coating Pelleted Animal Feed with Novel Edible Coating Mixture." International Journal of Environmental and Agriculture Research 10, no. 9 (2024): 105–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13859019.

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Abstract— This current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of combining Aloe vera gel and African star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) juice on the shelf life and physical appearance of pelleted animal feed. The extracts of these two plants were prepared using standard methods and applied by spray pyrolysis method on the feed. The two extracts were proportionally mixed using the optimal design of mixture method. The optimal proportion was 4:1 (Aloe vera gel to African star apple juice). The phytochemical analysis of both extracts was carried out and found to contain kaempferol, flavanone, tannin, phylate, and aphylidine which are very effective antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. The toxicity test (LD50) shows that the blend of both extracts was non-toxic. This result was buttressed by FTIR analysis which showed no harmful functional group. The resultant effect of coating feed pellets with this novel mixture was an extension of the shelf life of pellets by 14 days and improving the physical appearance of the feed.

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Tsado, A. N., J. N. Ibrahim, A. Abdulkadir, et al. "Nutritional Composition of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Seed obtained from Tunga Market in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 8 (2023): 1745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i8.19.

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The nutritional composition of Africa star apple seeds (Chrysophyllum albidum) was carried out. This sample seed was obtained from Tunga Market, Minna Niger State, Nigeria. The proximate compositions (crude fats, proteins, ash, fiber, moisture, carbohydrate), minerals (phosphorous, potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium), and contents were determined using standard methods. For sample AS1, The moisture content yields 6.49%, crude ash 2.25%, fats yield 5.64%, crude fiber 0.84%, crude protein 10.50%, and carbohydrate content 74.28%. As for the AS2 sample, the moisture content yields 6.42%, crude ash 2.21%, fats 5.66%, crude fiber 0.81%, crude protein 10.50%, and carbohydrate content 74.30%. The AS1 sample had 92.36, 38.64, 229.10, 63.44,108.50/100g of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and phosphorous respectively. Likewise, the AS2 sample had 90.58, 36.82, 28.64, 65.20,112.30/100g respectively. The seeds had a high concentration of minerals. The seed had significant levels of both essential and non-essential amino acids, and the values of anti-nutrients that were measured were below the accepted benchmark, allowing for safe consumption. The findings indicate that eating African star apple seeds will significantly help meet human nutritional needs for proper growth and provide appropriate protection from diseases brought on by malnutrition.

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Ayodele, Sadiku, and Olusegun Olaomi. "Seed moisture influence on some engineering properties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) seeds." Poljoprivredna tehnika 49, no. 2 (2024): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2402017s.

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Seed moisture influence on some engineering properties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) was investigated at 15, 19, 23, 27 and 31% (wet basis) moisture levels. This is vital to seed storage, handling and the development of required processing equipment. The properties were determined using standard procedures. Data were analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the significance of moisture effect on the seeds' properties while separation of means was done with Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) using IBM/SPSS statistical package. Results obtained showed that increased seed moisture produced significant linear increments in seed thickness (0.74±0.13 - 0.85±0.12 cm), sphericity (0.56±0.05 - 0.60±0.04), bulk density (379.0±10.7 - 451.1±11.4 kgm-3), true density (725.3±24.6 - 813.8±28.8 kgm-3), angle of repose (24.1±1.63 - 31.7°±1.22), static coefficient of friction (SCF) of seed on: galvanized iron (37.4±1.8 - 42.0±3.5) surface. All the normal and shear stresses at 200, 300 and 400 g loads increased linearly with highest values at 31% moisture content and 400g load for both normal (16.56±1.83) and shear (25.28±9.32) stresses. Other properties decreased linearly viz: Seed length (2.55±0.23 - 2.3±0.17 cm), width (1.53±0.16 - 1.37±0.17), SCF of seeds on: Aluminum (30.6±2.1 - 28⁰±0.9), Glass (33.4±2.3 - 26.7⁰±1.6) and Polyvinyl chloride (32±1.6 - 29⁰±1) surfaces due to their smoothness. Equations were generated for predicting the behavior of African star apple seeds subject to moisture. Primary data needed for machine development was developed. Mechanization of the handling and processing of African apple seeds for oil production is therefore possible.

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Chukwumalu, R. C., S. A. Garba, and O. O. Agary. "Microbiological Assessment of Preservative Methods for African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum Linn) Juice." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 11, no. 10 (2012): 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2012.929.933.

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Falade, K. O., and O. C. Aworh. "Adsorption isotherms of osmo-oven dried african star apple ( Chrysophyllum albidum ) and african mango ( Irvingia gabonensis ) slices." European Food Research and Technology 218, no. 3 (2004): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-003-0843-8.

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23

Adeosun, O., M. A. Adedokun, A. O. Ajibade, and J. O. Balogun. "Utilization and haematological changes of fish fed African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) seed meal." African Journal of Food Science 13, no. 9 (2019): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajfs2019.1830.

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ADELANI, D. O., M. A. ADURADOLA, and I. O. O. AIYELAGBE. "STORABILITY AND PRE-SOWING TREATMENTS OF AFRICAN STAR APPLE (CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM G. Don) SEEDS." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 17, no. 1 (2017): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v17i1.1794.

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Chrysophyllum albidum is a prominent, indigenous, economic fruit tree species found in compound farm agro-forestry systems . Investigation was conducted to overcome difficulty in germination and storability of C. albidum seeds in the forest nursery of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. The trial employed a 3x3 factorial experiment with three replications laid out in a completely randomized design to determine the effect of seed coat treatments including clipping at 2mm from distal, circumference and micropyle end; dipping in 10% sulphuric acid and no seed coat treatments and durations of seed storage 1, 5 and 9 days on the germination of C. albidum seeds. Pre-sowing and storage treatments significantly (p < 0.05) affected the germination of seeds. Percentage germination ranged from 17% to 61% for clipping to no seed coat treatment. Highest germination of 61% was recorded for seeds not pre-sowed. The percentage germination ranged from 16% to 60% for seeds stored for nine days to those stored for one day. Highest germination of 60% was recorded for seeds stored for one day. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in percentage germination was recorded with increasing days of storage. The result of interaction effect revealed that highest germination of 86% was recorded for seeds stored for 5days without pre-sowing treatments. Storing of seeds for 5days is recommended for mass production of C. albidum seedlings in agro-forestry nursery.

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UCHE, CHIDIEBERE, EDITH ISHIDI YOHANNA, WILSON EZE UZOCHUKWU, and KELECHI UCHE. "NONVIABILITY OF AFRICAN STAR APPLE SEED (CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM) AS A SOURCE OF INDUSTRIAL OIL." i-manager’s Journal on Future Engineering and Technology 11, no. 3 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jfet.11.3.5920.

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Oputah, Samuel L., Kolawole O. Ajanaku, Raphael C. Mordi, Joseph A. O. Olugbuyiro, Shade J. Olorunshola, and Dominic E. Azuh. "Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Ethanolic Seed Extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple)." Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences 1, no. 1-2 (2016): 05–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojps01.0102.02.

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Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of ethanolic extract of the seeds of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) were investigated. The phytochemical result revealed the presence of saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, quinones, cardiac glycosides, fatty acids and terpenoids. The antibacterial activity was studied using agar well diffusion method at different concentrations against six pathogenic bacterial strains, three Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus varians and Bacillus cereus) and three Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris). Significant inhibitory activities were exhibited by the ethanolic seed extracts for all test organisms except Bacillus cereus. Zone of inhibition of the crude ethanolic extract was correlated with that of a standard antibiotic Gentamicin, for antibacterial activity. The results indicated a notable inhibition of the bacterial growth.

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27

C, Nwankwo, Oyeyemi S, Owoade L, Adeyemo A., Jam T, and Adeniran B. "Improvement of the Shelf-Life of Chrysophyllum Albidum(African Star Apple) Using Gamma Irradiation." Journal of Nuclear Technology in Applied Science 12, no. 1 (2024): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.48165/jntas.2024.12.1.

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Chrysophyllum albidum is native to tropical Africa. This seasonal plant has been found to contain more vitamin C than most fruits. In this study, gamma irradiation which offers an option of disinfecting and elongating the shelf life of fruits will be employed to improve the shelf life of C.albidum.Pest free fruits plucked at maturity were washed with brine and cleaned with ethanol. Four sets of fruits were irradiated with different gamma doses: 0, 250, 300 and 600 Gy. Moisture, Phenol, flavonoid and ascorbic acid content were determined for the various batches at weekly intervals. DPPH radical scavenging activities, total heterotrophic count, E. coli count, coliform count and fungal count were also determined.The percentage of the fruit that got spoilt with 300 Gy are 4.5%, 21.43% and 66.67% for week one, two and three respectively. The moisture content of all the batches ranged from 51.3 to 58.2%. Fresh sample of C.albidum has similar DPPH Radical Scavenging percentage inhibition as ascorbic acid. The flavonoid, phenol and ascorbic acid concentrations were 3.716, 1.107 and 1.585 mg/g respectively. The result showed almost no growth in total heterotrophic count, E. coli count, coliform count and fungal count for most of the irradiated samples.

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Madufor, I. C., U. E. Itodoh, M. U. Obidiegwu, and M. S. Nwakaudu. "Aluminium corrosion inhibition by Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) fruit extract in acidic medium." International Journal of Academic Research 4, no. 5 (2012): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-5/a.21.

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Babaiwa, UF, DE Ifijen, O. Erharuyi, SO Eraga, and JO Akerele. "Antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple) cotyledons." Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics 21, no. 2 (2022): 800–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.3.

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The challenge of increasing number of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial bacteria pathogens have led to a renewed focus on plants for possible discovery of lead molecule that could pave the way for new generation antimicrobial agent. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of the cotyledons of Chrysophyllum albidum, with a view to exploring the antimicrobial properties of its chemical constituents. Powdered C. albidum cotyledons were screened for phytochemical constituents using standard methods and the extract obtained by maceration in ethyl acetate. The crude extract was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using standard agar-well diffusion method. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to determine the chemical constituents of the extract. Alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids and flavoniods were the major constituents present in the powdered cotyledons. A deep brown oily extract with a pleasant-sweet odour and a yield of 2.53% was obtained. The extract showed a high antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) range of 20.50 - 25.00 mm. Antimicrobial activity of the extract was bacteriostatic at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 25.00 mg/mL and bactericidal at a concentration of 50.00 mg/mL (minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)). Data obtained from GC-MS analysis showed presence of seventeen (17) components with 6 major spectral peaks; oleic acid (54.65%), n-hexadecanoic acid (13.27%), cis-9-hexadecenal (8.68%), betulin (7.23%), 2-pentanone (6.00%) and octamethyl (5.12%). The abundance of fatty acids in the cotyledons of C. albidum coupled with the observed inhibitory activities would present a potential candidate to be explored for the production of bioactive agents.

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Houessou, Laurent G., Toussaint O. Lougbegnon, François GH Gbesso, Lisette ES Anagonou, and Brice Sinsin. "Ethno-botanical study of the African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don) in the Southern Benin (West Africa)." Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 8, no. 1 (2012): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-8-40.

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M, Komolafe, O., Hussein, J. B, Adebayo Q, Abiona, O. O, and Oke, M. O. "Effect of Pretreatments on the Drying Characteristics and Quality of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum)." Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 6, no. 1 (2019): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.512.2019.61.145.154.

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Abatan, G., A. Busari, O. Odunlami, et al. "Effect of varying concentrations on the yield of activated carbon produced from African star apple." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1036, no. 1 (2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1036/1/012015.

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Madufor, I. C. "Inhibition of Aluminium Corrosion in Acidic Medium by Chrysophyllum Albidum (African Star Apple) Fruit Extract." IOSR Journal of Engineering 02, no. 09 (2012): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-02951623.

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Folasade, Olabimpe ADEBOYEJO, Adelaju OGUNTOYE Modupeola, and Oluwatosin. "Phytochemical components of beverages from African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) tissue fractions under ambient storage." African Journal of Food Science 13, no. 10 (2019): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajfs2019.1846.

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Njoku, T. C. "Effect of bioregulator on germination and early seedling growth of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don)." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 21, no. 1 (2023): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v21i1.3.

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An experiment was conducted at Imo State University farm, Owerri to evaluate the effect of bioregulator on germination and early seedling growth of African star apple which serves as fruit, food, feed and environmental pollution control against climate change. Completely Randomized Design was used with four treatments and sixteen replicates. Different levels of coconut water served as treatments; 0 cl, 5 cl, 10 cl and 15 cl. They were sown after soaking in the solution for 24 hours in 64 polythene bags each containing 6 kg top soil. Data on germination and early seedling growth parameters were collected. Seedling height, number of leaves and leaf area were also collected 10 weeks after germination. Results showed that the highest germination percentage of 91 %, significantly (P<0.05) different from control was obtained from the solution containing 15 cl coconut water. Highest number of days to 50% germination was 56 days obtained from solution containing 0 cl coconut water and differed significantly (P<0.05) from others. Solution containing 15 cl, 10 cl, and 5 cl coconut water gave the largest mean seedling leaf area of 56.70 cm2, 32.99 cm2, and 26.38 cm2 respectively significantly (P<0.05) different from control at 10 weeks after planting. 15 cl coconut water gave the best result for germination and seedling growth of African star apple seed and therefore recommended.

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Makinde, O. J., A. Aremu, O. J. Alabi, E. Z. Jiya, M. S. Tamburawa, and S. K. Omotugba. "Evaluation of differently processed African star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito ) kernel meal as feed for growing rabbits." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 4 (2020): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.572.

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A 12-week study was carried out to examine the effect of substituting dietary maize with differently processed African star apple kernel meal (ASAKM) on growth performance, blood indices and economic benefits of growing rabbits. A total of 60 weaner rabbits (mixed breed, average weight, 590g) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments comprising of 10% each of boiled, fermented, roasted and soaked African star apple kernel meal as substitute for dietary maize. Diet 1 (0%ASAKM) served as the control diet. Each of the five treatments was replicated thrice. Each replicate had four rabbits in a Completely Randomized Design. Rabbits fed diets containing 10 % boiled and 10 % roasted ASAKM gained weight (P<0.05) faster than those fed other diets. Feed conversion ratio was significantly better (P<0.05) for rabbits fed BASAKM and RASAKM diets. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the blood parameters measured except the white blood cell (WBC), alkaline phosphate(ALP), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferases (ALT) (P<0.05). Economic analysis showed significant differences (P<0.05) in all the parameters measured. Cost of feed/kg was significantly reduced (P<0.05) with inclusion of ASAKM in rabbit diets. Production cost and revenue (₦) were better (P<0.05) among rabbits fed Boiled ASAKM diet. It was concluded that either BASAKM or Roasted ASAKM can replace 10 % dietary maize in the diets of growing rabbits without compromising growth performance, blood profiles and economic benefits of growing rabbits.

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Udinyiwe, C. O., and E. S. Aghedo. "Isolation and Identification of Microbes Associated with Spoilage of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum Linn.) Sold in Markets in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 28, no. 1 (2024): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i1.15.

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African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum Linn.) belong to the order Ebernale and family Sapotaceae. The study was aimed at isolating and identifying microbes associated with spoilage of Africa Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) commonly sold at Oba, Uselu and Ikpoba Hill markets in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Standard microbiological and biochemical techniques were used for the analysis. The results showed that viable bacterial counts of the spoilt cherry fruits ranged from 1.8×103 ‑ 7.6×103 cfu/g, 8.8×102 ‑5.4×103 cfu/g and 8.7×102 ‑1.7×103 cfu/g for spoilt cherry obtained from Oba market, Uselu market and Ikpoba Hill market. The fungal counts of spoilt cherry fruits ranged from 3.1×103 ‑ 9.4×103 cfu/g, 1.8×103 ‑6.0×103 cfu/g and 1.3×103 ‑ 2.9×103 cfu/g for spoilt cherry obtained from Oba market, Uselu market and Ikpoba Hill market. The bacterial isolates obtained were Klebsiella spp., Flavobacterium spp., Serratia spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Erwinia spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Escherichia coli. The fungal isolates identified from the spoilt cherry fruits were Saccharomyces spp., Aspergillus niger, Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus and Geotrichum spp. Bacillus subtilis had the highest percentage occurrence, while Aspergillus niger was the most occurring fungal isolate. The least occurring bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus and Erwinia spp., while the least occurring fungal isolates were Geotrichum and Mucor spp. This study showed high level of contamination of cherry fruits by microbes during preharvest and postharvest period.

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Patrick Isicheli, Akuma Oji, Obumneme Okwonna, and Peter Odiboroghene Muwarure. "Pyrolytic conversion of waste plastics using African apple seed-based activated carbon catalyst." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 16, no. 3 (2023): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2023.16.3.0199.

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This research aimed to conduct a pyrolytic conversion of waste plastics using an African seed-based activated carbon catalyst. The process description to produce activated carbon from African star apple includes removing and drying seed husks, grinding, and preparing activated carbon (AC). The plastic waste materials used for the catalytic pyrolysis process were waste Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, which were sourced from Liberation Stadium Road, GRA Phase IV, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The effects of activated carbon (AC) as a catalyst on fuel production and gasification efficiency were also evaluated. Proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted on the AC to determine its composition. The results showed that the AC had high fixed carbon content and low volatile matter and ash contents. The experiments also showed that the products' density, calorific value, cetane number, and kinematic viscosity were within the range of diesel fuel specifications. However, the water, flashpoint, acid number, ash, and nitrogen content were higher than diesel fuel. The addition of AC catalyst improved the properties of the pyrolyzed products by reducing the water content, acid number, and ash content.

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Patrick, Isicheli, Oji Akuma, Okwonna Obumneme, and Odiboroghene Muwarure Peter. "Pyrolytic conversion of waste plastics using African apple seed-based activated carbon catalyst." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 16, no. 3 (2023): 207–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10669538.

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This research aimed to conduct a pyrolytic conversion of waste plastics using an African seed-based activated carbon catalyst. The process description to produce activated carbon from African star apple includes removing and drying seed husks, grinding, and preparing activated carbon (AC). The plastic waste materials used for the catalytic pyrolysis process were waste Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic, which were sourced from Liberation Stadium Road, GRA Phase IV, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The effects of activated carbon (AC) as a catalyst on fuel production and gasification efficiency were also evaluated. Proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted on the AC to determine its composition. The results showed that the AC had high fixed carbon content and low volatile matter and ash contents. The experiments also showed that the products' density, calorific value, cetane number, and kinematic viscosity were within the range of diesel fuel specifications. However, the water, flashpoint, acid number, ash, and nitrogen content were higher than diesel fuel. The addition of AC catalyst improved the properties of the pyrolyzed products by reducing the water content, acid number, and ash content.

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O, Oguntoyinbo O., Abdus-Salaam R. B, Bello W. A, and Ifesan B. O. T. "Evaluation of the Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobialproperties of Extracts from Chrysophyllum Albidum (African Star Apple) Leaf." Journal of Food Technology Research 2, no. 1 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.58/2015.2.1/58.1.1.10.

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Kadiri, Oseni, John Temitope Kolawole, Babatunde Olawoye, and Alasa Paul Kadiri. "Economic Studies on the Production of Fruit Juice from a Locally Sourced Fruit ‘African Star Apple’." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 6 (2016): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i6.438-445.547.

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The economic evaluation for the production of fruit juice from the Africa star apple otherwise known as ‘Agbalumo’ in the south western part of Nigeria was evaluated using the NPV (Net Present value) and IRR (Internal Rate of Return) methods assuming a uniform cash flow over a 10-year plant life. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by varying the number of production days (330, 300 and 250 days) at 100% plant capacity and varying the plant capacity (100, 85 and 70%) for a 330-day production schedule. Some components of the operating cost reduced with number of days and plant capacities. The production cost and product cost per unit increased with either plant capacity utilization or the number of days. It was observed that product cost/ 500ml Tetra Pak of Agbalumo juice at 85% and 70% stood at ₦37.48 while payback time/profitability percent had better index at 300 and 250 days compared to 330 days of plant operation. The results further indicated that the plant should not be operated for less than 250 days and plant capacity utilization of 70% in the year. Flexibility in the plant capacity utilization in the range of 70%-85% for 330 days shows a good economic performance as well as result of the NPV and IRR for this operating condition.

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Okonkwo, E. G., C. C. Daniel-Mkpume, S. N. Ude, C. C. Onah, A. I. Ijomah, and A. D. Omah. "Chicken feather fiber—African star apple leaves bio-composite: empirical study of mechanical and morphological properties." Materials Research Express 6, no. 10 (2019): 105361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab3f60.

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IBRAHIM, HAOLAT, ODUTOLA OSILESI, KUNLE ORODELE, EMMANUEL OLAGOKE, and MUTOLIB ASHIYANBI. "Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) Fruit-Skin Attenuates Hyperglycemia-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Experimental Diabetic Rats." Journal of Chemistry and Nutritional Biochemistry 5, no. 1 (2024): 56–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/jcnb.v5i1.1061.

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Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disturbance characterized by hyperglycemia has become a health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. Hyperglycemia mediated oxidative stress performs a key role in diabetic complications. The fruit-skin of Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) has been reported to have anti-hyperglycemic, hypolipidemic and in vitro antioxidant properties, but its effect on oxidative damage in diabetic animals has not been well investigated. This study investigated the effect of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit-skin (CAFS) in mitigating hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Oxidative stress markers included superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), lipidperoxidation status using malondialdehyde and non-enzymatic antioxidants in serum, hepatic and pancreatic tissues. Non-diabetic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were compared after 4 weeks of treatment. The diabetic untreated group showed significant (p< 0.05) elevation of malondialdehyde and depression of non-enzymatic antioxidants levels, while suppressing SOD and CAT activities in serum, hepatic and pancreatic tissues when compared to normal rats. CAFS supplemented diet treatment ameliorated these metabolic disturbances and increased the activities of hepatic and pancreatic SOD from 0.28±0.25 to 0.61±0.13 Unit/mg protein and 0.08±0.01 to 0.15±0.01 Unit/mg protein respectively and CAT from 0.21±0.06 to 0.81±0.17 Unit/mg protein and 0.07±0.01 to 0.50±0.15 Unit/mg protein respectively. The findings suggest that CAFS treatment in diabetic rats exerts a protective effect via attenuation of oxidative stress mediated by hyperglycemia and improves the antioxidant status.

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Osabohien, Emmanuel, Loretta Overah, Yvonne Anikwushe, and Peter Eguvbe. "COMPARATIVEPb(II)ADSORPTION BY ACTIVATED CARBON FROM AFRICAN STAR APPLE(Chrysophylumalbidum)AND PAWPAW(Carica papaya)SEEDS." Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment 22, no. 1 (2024): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.61448/njse2212413.

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Two types of phosphate-activated carbon were prepared from African star apple(Chrysophylumalbidum)(CAAC) seed shell and pawpaw (Carica papaya) (CPAC) seeds, characterized, and employed for Pb(II) ion sorption from simulated contaminated water by studying the sorption rates and effects of pH, dosage and temperature. Experimental data were assessed using kinetic models, and thermodynamic properties were investigated. Characterizations suggested hydroxyl, carboxyl, amides, and phosphate functional groups were active in Pb(II) ion adsorption. The Pb(II) ion uptake was swift, as equilibrium was attained within 60 minutes for both adsorbents. The pseudo-second-order (PSO) and fractal pseudo-second-order (FPSO) kinetics models fitted the rate data. The effective adsorbent dose for 50 mL of contaminant solution was 1.0 g for both CAAC and CPAC adsorbents, and the pH of optimum sorption was 5. The Pb(II) ion sorption process was exothermic for both adsorbents. The process was increasingly spontaneous with higher temperatures and reduced entropy as the process transitioned towards equilibrium. BothCAAC and CPAC adsorbents may be employed in water treatment over a wide temperature range. Comparatively, bothadsorbents exhibited similar sorption strength.

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DekeVictoria, Adegunloye, Olotu Titilayo Mabel, Isaac Adeyemi Sanusi, and Ezekiel. Mercy Sanni. "Preliminary Assessment of African Star Apple Seeds (Chrysophyllum albidum) As Potential Feedstock for Production of Bioethanol." DIU Journal of Science & Technology 17, no. 1 (2024): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13827939.

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Production of Bioethanol from renewable feedstocks has gained considerable scientific attention since they are able to supply energy and they serve as alternative fuels. This study presents a preliminary assessment of the production of Bioethanol from African star apple seeds. The mildly pre-treated seeds were fermented for bioethanol production by wild microbes. These organisms responsible for the fermentation were then isolated and characterized using microbiological techniques. Proximate analysis was carried out on the fermented milled seed during the fermentation period. High percentage carbohydrate, fat, and protein were obtained. Bioethanol produced was comparable to conventional ethanol physically and chemically. Specifically noticeable, flash point (12.5 ℃), refractive index (1.364), and relative density (0.762 g/cm3 ). The different wild microorganisms isolated during the fermentation period were Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium verruculosum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus rossiae, Serratia marcescens, Absidia Spinosa, Rhizopus stolonifer, Pediococcus damnosus, Klebsiella planticola Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium culmorum. Although the mild pretreatment was ineffective for releasing fermentable sugar needed for bioethanol production, these findings demonstrate that Chrysophyllum albidum seeds which are usually wild can be an excellent renewable feedstock of fermentable sugars for the production of biofuels such as Bioethanol with suitable pretreatment techniques.

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Ajiwe, V. I. E., C. A. Okeke, B. Nnabuike, G. A. Ogunleye, and Emeka Elebo. "Applications of oils extracted from African star apple (Chrysophyllum africanum), horse eye bean (Mucuna sloanei) and African pear (Dacryodes edulis) seeds." Bioresource Technology 59, no. 2-3 (1997): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(96)00139-3.

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Kpodo, Fidelis Mawunyo, DA Darko, EK Essuman, et al. "Antioxidant and physicochemical properties of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit at different ripening stages." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 9 (2021): 18694–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.104.19055.

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Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple) fruit is an indigenous African fruit. The African Star Apple plant popularly referred to as the “alasa” tree grows widely in tropical Africa. Ripening influences biochemical processes and subsequently affects the nutritional and bioactive characteristics of the fruits. This study sampled Chrysophyllum albidum fruit of three maturity stages and determined the colour, proximate, total phenol and antioxidant characteristics of the fruits. Spectrophotometric methods were used in the determination of total antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2-azinobis,3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in the colour of the fruit across all the ripening stages. The ripe stage of the fruit recorded the highest extent of lightness among all the other ripening stages. Both the ripe and over-ripe fruits appeared reddish in colour with the ripe fruit demonstrating a higher red intensity than the over-ripe fruit. The calculated metric chroma of the Chrysophyllum albidum fruits were in the range of 2.33-21.67 for the three ripening stages. Hue angle values recorded were in the range 46.46-92.00. Browning and colour indices for fruits of all the stages of development were of range 6.40-80.30 and -14.30-16.96, respectively. Proximate analysis of the three fruit categories showed that the unripe fruits had higher carbohydrate (69.27 %), crude protein (8.17 %), and crude fat (7.99 %) content relative to fruits which were ripe and over-ripe. The over-ripe fruit had higher crude fibre (7.36 %) and ash (3.86 %) content. Total phenolic content for the unripe fruit (20μg GAE/mg) was also higher than fruits of the other ripening stages. The antioxidant ability of the Chrysophyllum albidum fruit showed that the unripe stage recorded the highest DPPH (29.24 %) and ABTS (99.09 %) radical scavenging activity. The ferric reducing antioxidant potential of the fruit at different ripening stages was significantly different (p<0.05) with the unripe stage recording the highest potential. The unripe fruits demonstrated higher proximate and antioxidant composition than the ripe and over-ripe fruits. Extracts from the unripe fruit can serve as useful nutraceuticals in functional food formulations.

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N., A. Amusa, Ashaye O.A., and O. Oladapo M. "Biodeterioration of the African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) in storage and the effect on its food value." African Journal of Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (2003): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2003.000-1011.

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Nartey, Daniel, Joseph Nana Gyesi, and Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye. "Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oils of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don (African Star Apple)." Biochemistry Research International 2021 (June 11, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9911713.

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The volatile compounds of the fruit and leaf essential oils of the African star fruit, Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don, were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in this study. The antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activities of the essential oils were also investigated. Thirty-five and thirty-four compounds, representing 97.84% and 97.87%, were identified in the leaf and fruit essential oils, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the oils was evaluated in vitro against eight pathogens using the broth microdilution method. The fruit essential oil exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in the antimicrobial susceptibility test, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.195 to 6.250 mg/mL, while the leaf essential oils showed antimicrobial activity with MICs in the range of 6.875–13.750 mg/mL. The antibiofilm activity was assessed via the crystal violet staining assay, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the model organism. The concentrations of the leaf and fruit essential oil required for half-maximal inhibition of biofilm formation (BIC50) were 6.97 ± 0.56 and 4.78 ± 0.21 mg/mL, respectively. In evaluating antioxidant activity, the total antioxidant capacity obtained from the phosphomolybdenum assay was 104.8 ± 2.4 and 101.6 ± 0.8 μg/g AAE for leaf and fruit essential oils, respectively. The IC50 values obtained from the hydrogen peroxide scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assays were 301.8 ± 0.7 and 669.2 ± 2.1 μg/mL, 1048.0 ± 0.3 and 1454.0 ± 0.3 μg/mL, and 460.1 ± 2.7 and 457.4 ± 0.3 μg/mL for both leaf and fruit essential oils, respectively. The results obtained in this study suggest that the leaf and fruit essential oil of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don could find potential use in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries as preservative and pharmaceutical agents.

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Ibikunle, Adeola Ahmed, Nurudeen Olanrewaju Sanyaolu, Sodiq Tolulope Yussuf, Adeyemi Lawrence Ogunneye, Olayemi Aderanti Badejo, and Oluwafunmilayo Mary Olaniyi. "Effects of chemical modification on functional and physical properties of African star apple kernel (Chrysophyllum albidnum) starch." African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 13, no. 1 (2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajpac2018.0764.

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Journal articles on the topic 'African star apple'

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