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Journal articles on the topic 'African Trypanosomiases'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Giblin, James. "Trypanosomiasis Control in African History: An Evaded Issue?" Journal of African History 31, no. 1 (1990): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700024786.

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Social control of trypanosomiasis in African history deserves further study. The pioneering work in this field is John Ford's respected but neglected The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology (1971). While Ford's arguments have received support from recent findings in immunological, epidemiological and epizootiological research, they have rarely met with evaluation or engagement, either in historical or scientific literature. Historians have tended to describe trypanosomiasis control as a matter of avoiding contact with tsetse fly. In so doing they have implicitly rejected the positio

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2

Taylor, Emma Michelle, and James Smith. "Product Development Partnerships: Delivering Innovation for the Elimination of African Trypanosomiasis?" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1 (2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010011.

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African trypanosomiasis has been labelled as a ‘tool-deficient’ disease. This article reflects on the role that Product Development Partnerships (PDPs) have played in delivering new tools and innovations for the control and elimination of the African trypanosomiases. We analysed three product development partnerships—DNDi, FIND and GALVmed—that focus on delivering new drugs, diagnostic tests, and animal health innovations, respectively. We interviewed key informants within each of the organisations to understand how they delivered new innovations. While it is too early (and beyond the scope of

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VICKERMAN, KEITH. "The Trypanosomiases (ed. Maudlin, I., Holmes, P. H. & Miles, M. A.), pp. 624. International CABI Publishing, UK, 2004. ISBN 0 85199 475 X. £99.50 (US$185.00)." Parasitology 131, no. 3 (2005): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182005238581.

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Back in the early 1960s, when the curtain was falling on British colonial administration in Africa, the newly-created Ministry of Overseas Development decided to gather together for posterity the expertise and experience of authorities on tsetse and trypanosomiasis control. Weighing in at three and a half pounds, the resulting publication, ‘The African Trypanosomiases’ edited by Colonel Hugh Mulligan and published in 1969, has since been a baseline not only for investigators in the field but also for pure scientists working on related problems at the laboratory bench. The editors of the presen

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4

Pereira, Glaécia AN, Lucianna H. Santos, Steven C. Wang, et al. "Benzimidazole inhibitors of the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma brucei." Future Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 13 (2019): 1537–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2018-0523.

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Aim: Limitations in available therapies for trypanosomiases indicate the need for improved medicines. Cysteine proteases cruzain and rhodesain are validated targets for treatment of Chagas disease and human African trypanosomiasis. Previous studies reported a benzimidazole series as potent cruzain inhibitors. Results & methodology: Considering the high similarity between these proteases, we evaluated 40 benzimidazoles against rhodesain. We describe their structure-activity relationships (SAR), revealing trends similar to those observed for cruzain and features that lead to enzyme selectivi

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Rojas-Pirela, Maura, Ulrike Kemmerling, Wilfredo Quiñones, Paul A. M. Michels, and Verónica Rojas. "Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs): Potential Therapeutic Strategy against Trypanosomiases?" Biomolecules 13, no. 4 (2023): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13040599.

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Trypanosomiases are a group of tropical diseases that have devastating health and socio-economic effects worldwide. In humans, these diseases are caused by the pathogenic kinetoplastids Trypanosoma brucei, causing African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, and Trypanosoma cruzi, causing American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease. Currently, these diseases lack effective treatment. This is attributed to the high toxicity and limited trypanocidal activity of registered drugs, as well as resistance development and difficulties in their administration. All this has prompted the search for new c

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Morais, Mayara Castro de, Jucieudo Virgulino de Souza, Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho, Silvio Santana Dolabella, and Damião Pergentino de Sousa. "Trypanocidal Essential Oils: A Review." Molecules 25, no. 19 (2020): 4568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194568.

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Trypanosomiases are diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. In humans, this includes Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. There are few therapeutic options, and there is low efficacy to clinical treatment. Therefore, the search for new drugs for the trypanosomiasis is urgent. This review describes studies of the trypanocidal properties of essential oils, an important group of natural products widely found in several tropical countries. Seventy-seven plants were selected from literature for the trypanocidal activity of their essential oils. The main

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Meirvenne, N. Van, and D. Le Ray. "DIAGNOSIS OF AFRICAN AND AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMIASES." British Medical Bulletin 41, no. 2 (1985): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072043.

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8

Njogu, A. R. "Report on the symposium on African trypanosomiases." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 7, no. 03 (1986): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400009462.

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9

Rogers, D. J. "A general model for the African trypanosomiases." Parasitology 97, no. 1 (1988): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000066853.

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SUMMARYA general mathematical model of a vector-borne disease involving two vertebrate host species and one insect vector species is described. The model is easily extended to other situations involving more than two hosts and one vector species. The model, which was developed from the single-host model for malaria described by Aron & May (1982), is applied to the African trypanosomiases and allows for incubation and immune periods in the two host species and for variable efficiency of transmission of different trypanosome species from the vertebrates to the vectors and vice versa. Equatio

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Tabel, Henry, Guojian Wei, and Harold J. Bull. "Immunosuppression: Cause for Failures of Vaccines against African Trypanosomiases." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7, no. 3 (2013): e2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002090.

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11

Horn, David. "A profile of research on the parasitic trypanosomatids and the diseases they cause." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 1 (2022): e0010040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010040.

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The parasitic trypanosomatids cause lethal and debilitating diseases, the leishmaniases, Chagas disease, and the African trypanosomiases, with major impacts on human and animal health. Sustained research has borne fruit by assisting efforts to reduce the burden of disease and by improving our understanding of fundamental molecular and cell biology. But where has the research primarily been conducted, and which research areas have received the most attention? These questions are addressed below using publication and citation data from the past few decades.

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12

Ghashghaei, Ouldouz, Nicola Kielland, Marc Revés, et al. "Tetrasubstituted Imidazolium Salts as Potent Antiparasitic Agents against African and American Trypanosomiases." Molecules 23, no. 1 (2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010177.

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13

Marsela, Megasari, Kyoko Hayashida, Ryo Nakao, et al. "Molecular identification of trypanosomes in cattle in Malawi using PCR methods and nanopore sequencing: epidemiological implications for the control of human and animal trypanosomiases." Parasite 27 (2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020043.

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This study aimed to identify trypanosomes infecting cattle in Malawi in order to understand the importance of cattle in the transmission dynamics of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT). A total of 446 DNA samples from cattle blood from three regions of Malawi were screened for African trypanosomes by ITS1 PCR. The obtained amplicons were sequenced using a portable next-generation sequencer, MinION, for validation. Comparison of the results from ITS1 PCR and MinION sequencing showed that combining the two methods provided more accurate species identificat

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Magang, Eugenie Melaine Kemta, Rolin Mitterran Ndefo Kamga, Jenny Telleria, et al. "Prevalence of blood and skin trypanosomes in domestic and wild fauna from two sleeping sickness foci in Southern Cameroon." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 7 (2023): e0011528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011528.

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Although studies on African Trypanosomiases revealed a variety of trypanosome species in the blood of various animal taxa, animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and anatomical niches such as skin have been overlooked in most epidemiological settings. This study aims to update epidemiological data on trypanosome infections in animals from human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci of Cameroon. Blood and skin snips were collected from 291 domestic and wild animals. DNA was extracted from blood and skin snips and molecular approaches were used to identify different trypanosomes species.

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Berger, B. J., and A. H. Fairlamb. "Interactions between immunity and chemotherapy in the treatment of the trypanosomiases and leishmaniases." Parasitology 105, S1 (1992): S71—S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075375.

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SUMMARYThe immune status of a host infected withTrypanosomaspp. orLeishmaniaspp. can play an important role in successful chemotherapy. In animal models, treatment of African trypanosomiasis with difluoromethylornithine or melarsoprol requires an appropriate antibody-mediated immune response. An intact immune system is also necessary for rapid clearance of trypanosomes from the bloodstream following treatment with suramin or quinapyramine. Similarly, an efficient cell-mediated immune response is required for maximal efficacy of pentavalent antimonials in the treatment of leishmaniasis. However

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Alunda, José María. "Antileishmanial and Antitrypanosomes Drugs for the Current Century." Microorganisms 12, no. 1 (2023): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010043.

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Human infections by trypanosomatids are widely distributed and prevalent in the tropical and subtropical regions. Diseases caused by Trypanosoma and Leishmania have variable clinical outcomes, ranging from self-healing to fatality, and are considered Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD). In addition, animal trypanosomiases have a significant impact on animal health and production, apart from their potential role as reservoirs in zoonotic species. Control of these infections is progressing and, in some cases (such as human African trypanomiasis (HAT)), significant reductions have been achieved. In

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Aksoy, Emre, Aurélien Vigneron, XiaoLi Bing, et al. "Mammalian African trypanosome VSG coat enhances tsetse’s vector competence." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 25 (2016): 6961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600304113.

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Tsetse flies are biological vectors of African trypanosomes, the protozoan parasites responsible for causing human and animal trypanosomiases across sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, no vaccines are available for disease prevention due to antigenic variation of the Variant Surface Glycoproteins (VSG) that coat parasites while they reside within mammalian hosts. As a result, interference with parasite development in the tsetse vector is being explored to reduce disease transmission. A major bottleneck to infection occurs as parasites attempt to colonize tsetse’s midgut. One critical factor influen

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Crilly, Nathan P., and Monica R. Mugnier. "Thinking outside the blood: Perspectives on tissue-resident Trypanosoma brucei." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 9 (2021): e1009866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009866.

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Trypanosoma brucei is a protozoan parasite that causes human and animal African trypanosomiases (HAT and AAT). In the mammalian host, the parasite lives entirely extracellularly, in both the blood and interstitial spaces in tissues. Although most T. brucei research has focused on the biology of blood- and central nervous system (CNS)-resident parasites, a number of recent studies have highlighted parasite reservoirs in the dermis and adipose tissue, leading to a renewed interest in tissue-resident parasite populations. In light of this renewed interest, work describing tissue-resident parasite

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19

dos Santos Nascimento, Igor José. "Cruzain and Rhodesain Inhibitors: Last Decade of Advances in Seeking for New Compounds Against American and African Trypanosomiases." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 21, no. 21 (2021): 1871–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18734294mte10mteoz.

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20

Gashururu S., Richard, Ndichu Maingi, Samuel M. Githigia, et al. "Occurrence, diversity and distribution of Trypanosoma infections in cattle around the Akagera National Park, Rwanda." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 12 (2021): e0009929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009929.

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Background African Trypanosomiases threaten the life of both humans and animals. Trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse and other biting flies. In Rwanda, the African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) endemic area is mainly around the tsetse-infested Akagera National Park (NP). The study aimed to identify Trypanosoma species circulating in cattle, their genetic diversity and distribution around the Akagera NP. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out in four districts, where 1,037 cattle blood samples were collected. The presence of trypanosomes was determined by microscopy, immunologica

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Lucas, Eric R., Alistair C. Darby, Stephen J. Torr, and Martin J. Donnelly. "A gene expression panel for estimating age in males and females of the sleeping sickness vector Glossina morsitans." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (2021): e0009797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009797.

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Many vector-borne diseases are controlled by methods that kill the insect vectors responsible for disease transmission. Recording the age structure of vector populations provides information on mortality rates and vectorial capacity, and should form part of the detailed monitoring that occurs in the wake of control programmes, yet tools for obtaining estimates of individual age remain limited. We investigate the potential of using markers of gene expression to predict age in tsetse flies, which are the vectors of deadly and economically damaging African trypanosomiases. We use RNAseq to identi

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Battista, Theo, Gianni Colotti, Andrea Ilari, and Annarita Fiorillo. "Targeting Trypanothione Reductase, a Key Enzyme in the Redox Trypanosomatid Metabolism, to Develop New Drugs against Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiases." Molecules 25, no. 8 (2020): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081924.

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The protozoans Leishmania and Trypanosoma, belonging to the same Trypanosomatidae family, are the causative agents of Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis. Overall, these infections affect millions of people worldwide, posing a serious health issue as well as socio-economical concern. Current treatments are inadequate, mainly due to poor efficacy, toxicity, and emerging resistance; therefore, there is an urgent need for new drugs. Among several molecular targets proposed, trypanothione reductase (TR) is of particular interest for its critical role in controlling the

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Ungogo, Marzuq A., Gustavo D. Campagnaro, Ali H. Alghamdi, Manal J. Natto, and Harry P. de Koning. "Differences in Transporters Rather than Drug Targets Are the Principal Determinants of the Different Innate Sensitivities of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanozoon Subgenus Trypanosomes to Diamidines and Melaminophenyl Arsenicals." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (2022): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052844.

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The animal trypanosomiases are infections in a wide range of (domesticated) animals with any species of African trypanosome, such as Trypanosoma brucei, T. evansi, T. congolense, T. equiperdum and T. vivax. Symptoms differ between host and infective species and stage of infection and are treated with a small set of decades-old trypanocides. A complication is that not all trypanosome species are equally sensitive to all drugs and the reasons are at best partially understood. Here, we investigate whether drug transporters, mostly identified in T. b. brucei, determine the different drug sensitivi

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Torr, S. J., G. A. Vale, and J. F. Morton. "Less is more: restricted application of pyrethroids for controlling tsetse." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000942x.

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In Africa, the animal trypanosomiases kill about 3 million cattle each year with related annual losses in animal productivity of ∼£3 billion. 32 of the 36 affected countries have per capita incomes of less than US$1 per day. The most effective method of combating the trypanosomiases is to eradicate their vectors, the tsetse. Up to the early 1980s, responsibility for vector control in Africa was largely taken by government agencies, using techniques such as large-scale aerial and ground spraying. Following economic crises, structural adjustment and decline or privatisation of veterinary service

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Snijders, Rian, Alain Fukinsia, Yves Claeys, et al. "Cost of a new method of active screening for human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (2020): e0008832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008832.

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Background Human African trypanosomiases caused by the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense parasite is a lethal disease targeted for eradication. One of the main disease control strategies is active case-finding through outreach campaigns. In 2014, a new method for active screening was developed with mini, motorcycle-based, teams. This study compares the cost of two active case-finding approaches, namely the traditional mobile teams and mini mobile teams, in the two health districts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods The financial and economic costs of both approaches were estimated fro

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Simo, Gustave, Sartrien Tagueu Kanté, Joule Madinga, et al. "Molecular identification of Wolbachia and Sodalis glossinidius in the midgut of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis from the Democratic Republic of Congo." Parasite 26 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019005.

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During the last 30 years, investigations on the microbiome of different tsetse species have generated substantial data on the bacterial flora of these cyclical vectors of African trypanosomes, with the overarching goal of improving the control of trypanosomiases. It is in this context that the presence of Wolbachia and Sodalis glossinidius was studied in wild populations of Glossina fuscipes quanzensis from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Tsetse flies were captured with pyramidal traps. Of the 700 Glossina f. quanzensis captured, 360 were dissected and their midguts collected and analyzed. S

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Parwan, Deepika, Ranjan Kumar, and Sumit Aggrawal. "African Trypanosomiasis in Young Female in North India - A Rare Case Report." Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 8, no. 4 (2021): C71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apalm.2997.

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Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease. It is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse fly (Glossina genus) bites which have acquired their infection from human beings or from animals harboring human pathogenic parasites. Tsetse flies are found just in sub-Saharan Africa though only certain species transmit the disease. We report a case of human African trypanosomiasis in a 28-year-old Indian female who had a travel history to sub–Saharan Africa, Uganda

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Danyayam, Haruna Abubakar, and Anas Muazu Abdullahi. "Prevalence of <i>Trypanasomiasis</i> in Northern Nigeria: A review." HAFED POLY Journal of Science, Management and Technology 6, no. 1 (2025): 170–81. https://doi.org/10.4314/hpjsmt.v6i1.14.

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Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, is a significant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, including Northern Nigeria. The disease, transmitted by tsetse flies, poses a significant threat to human health, livestock production, and economic development. Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT), also known as Nagana, is caused by various trypanosome species, including T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax, T. equiperdum, T. evansi, T. simiae, T. suis, and T. theileri. Cattle are the most affected, but other animals such as goats, dogs, she

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Mulenga, Gloria M., Lars Henning, Kalinga Chilongo, Chrisborn Mubamba, Boniface Namangala, and Bruce Gummow. "Insights into the Control and Management of Human and Bovine African Trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019—A Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030115.

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Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is a fatal disease commonly known as Nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. The disease threatens food security and has severe economic impact in Africa including most parts of Zambia. The level of effectiveness of commonly used African trypanosomiasis control methods has been reported in several studies. However, there have been no review studies on African trypanosomiasis control and management conducted in the context of One Health. This paper therefore seeks to fill this knowledge gap. A review of studies that have been conducted on African try

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Kovářová, Julie, Martin Moos, Michael P. Barrett, David Horn, and Alena Zíková. "The bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei displays non-canonical gluconeogenesis." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 2 (2024): e0012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012007.

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Trypanosoma brucei is a causative agent of the Human and Animal African Trypanosomiases. The mammalian stage parasites infect various tissues and organs including the bloodstream, central nervous system, skin, adipose tissue and lungs. They rely on ATP produced in glycolysis, consuming large amounts of glucose, which is readily available in the mammalian host. In addition to glucose, glycerol can also be used as a source of carbon and ATP and as a substrate for gluconeogenesis. However, the physiological relevance of glycerol-fed gluconeogenesis for the mammalian-infective life cycle forms rem

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Maudlin, I. "African trypanosomiasis." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 100, no. 8 (2006): 679–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136485906x112211.

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MORRISON, L. J., and A. MacLEOD. "African trypanosomiasis." Parasite Immunology 33, no. 8 (2011): 421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01302.x.

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Streit, Judy A., and Eiyu Matsumoto. "African Trypanosomiasis." New England Journal of Medicine 375, no. 24 (2016): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmicm1604333.

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Nieman, R. E., and J. J. Kelly. "African Trypanosomiasis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 30, no. 6 (2000): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313833.

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Kubata, Bruno Kilunga, Michael Duszenko, Zakayi Kabututu та ін. "Identification of a Novel Prostaglandin F2α Synthase in Trypanosoma brucei". Journal of Experimental Medicine 192, № 9 (2000): 1327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.192.9.1327.

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Members of the genus Trypanosoma cause African trypanosomiasis in humans and animals in Africa. Infection of mammals by African trypanosomes is characterized by an upregulation of prostaglandin (PG) production in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. These metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) may, in part, be responsible for symptoms such as fever, headache, immunosuppression, deep muscle hyperaesthesia, miscarriage, ovarian dysfunction, sleepiness, and other symptoms observed in patients with chronic African trypanosomiasis. Here, we show that the protozoan parasite T. brucei is involved in PG

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Katabazi, Aziz, Adamu Almustapha Aliero, Sarah Gift Witto, Martin Odoki, and Simon Peter Musinguzi. "Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda." BioMed Research International 2021 (June 14, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7284042.

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Trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), the former affecting domestic animals prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main species causing AAT in cattle are T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. brucei. Northern Uganda has been politically unstable with no form of vector control in place. The return of displaced inhabitants led to the restocking of cattle from AAT endemic areas. It was thus important to estimate the burden of trypanosomiasis in the region. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of animal Africa

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Simarro, Pere P., Giuliano Cecchi, José R. Franco, et al. "Risk for Human African Trypanosomiasis, Central Africa, 2000–2009." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 12 (2011): 2322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1712.110921.

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Oscherwitz, Steven L. "East African Trypanosomiasis." Journal of Travel Medicine 10, no. 2 (2006): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7060.2003.31743.

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Stich, A. "Human African trypanosomiasis." BMJ 325, no. 7357 (2002): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7357.203.

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Brun, Reto, Johannes Blum, Francois Chappuis, and Christian Burri. "Human African trypanosomiasis." Lancet 375, no. 9709 (2010): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60829-1.

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Büscher, Philippe, Giuliano Cecchi, Vincent Jamonneau, and Gerardo Priotto. "Human African trypanosomiasis." Lancet 390, no. 10110 (2017): 2397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31510-6.

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Kennedy, Peter G. E. "Human African trypanosomiasis." Neurology 66, no. 7 (2006): 962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000208221.55385.55.

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Brun, Reto, and Johannes Blum. "Human African Trypanosomiasis." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 26, no. 2 (2012): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.003.

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Bottieau, Emmanuel, and Jan Clerinx. "Human African Trypanosomiasis." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 33, no. 1 (2019): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.003.

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Lejon, Veerle, Andreas K. Lindner, and Jose R. Franco. "Human African trypanosomiasis." Lancet 405, no. 10482 (2025): 937–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00107-2.

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Carrington, Mark. "Slippery customers: How African trypanosomes evade mammalian defences." Biochemist 31, no. 4 (2009): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03104008.

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African trypanosomes are excellent parasites and can maintain an infection of a large mammalian host for months or years. In endemic areas, Human African Trypanosomiasis, also called sleeping sickness, has been largely unaffected by the advent of modern medicine, and trypanosomiasis of domestic livestock is a major restraint on productivity in endemic areas and is arguably the major contributor to the institutionalized poverty in much of rural sub-Saharan Africa1,2. A simple way of visualizing the effect of the livestock disease is to compare maps showing the distribution of livestock (www.ilr

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Peace Igolia, Ngozichukwuka, Alexander I Gray, Carol J. Clements, John O Igoli, Nzekwe Ub, and Rajeev K Singla. "Scientific Investigation of Antitrypanosomal Activity of Crateva Adansonii DC Leaves Extracts." Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 02, no. 03 (2012): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35652/igjps.2012.27.

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Crateva adansonii DC is used in traditional medicines in the West of Africa. The crude hexane (CAN-1) and ethyl acetate (CAN-2) extracts were evaluated for their in vitro bioactivity against African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei brucei (S427) blood stream forms. The crude extracts showed moderate anti-trypanosomal activity (MIC 12.5µg/ml). We recommend its use either alone or in combination with other natural/semi-synthetic/synthetic drugs for the treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved. KEYWORDS: Crateva adansonii DC; Anti-trypanoso

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Dofuor, Kwain, Osei, et al. "N-(Isobutyl)-3,4-methylenedioxy Cinnamoyl Amide." Molbank 2019, no. 3 (2019): M1070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/m1070.

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The plant Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. & Timler is one of the most important medicinal species of the genus Zanthoxylum on the African continent. It is used in the treatment and management of parasitic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. These properties have inspired scientists to investigate species within the genus for bioactive compounds. However, a study, which details a spectroscopic, spectrometric and bioactivity guided extraction and isolation of antiparasitic compounds from the genus Zanthoxylum is currently non-existent. Tortozanthoxylamide (1), which is a derivative of

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Franco, Jose R., Giuliano Cecchi, Gerardo Priotto, et al. "Human African trypanosomiasis cases diagnosed in non-endemic countries (2011–2020)." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 11 (2022): e0010885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010885.

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Background Sleeping sickness, or human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), is transmitted by tsetse flies in endemic foci in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of international travel and population movements, cases are also occasionally diagnosed in non-endemic countries. Methodology/Principal findings Antitrypanosomal medicines to treat the disease are available gratis through the World Health Organization (WHO) thanks to a public-private partnership, and exclusive distribution of the majority of them enables WHO to gather information on all exported cases. Data collected by WHO are complemented by case

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Yang, Zhiyuan, Mai Shi, Xiaoli Zhang, and Danyu Yao. "Genome-Wide Screening for Pathogenic Proteins and microRNAs Associated with Parasite–Host Interactions in Trypanosoma brucei." Insects 13, no. 11 (2022): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13110968.

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Tsetse flies are a type of blood-sucking insect living in diverse locations in sub-Saharan Africa. These insects can transmit the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) which causes African trypanosomiasis in mammals. There remain huge unmet needs for prevention, early detection, and effective treatments for this disease. Currently, few studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms of parasite–host interactions underlying African trypanosomiasis, mainly due to a lack of understanding of the T. brucei genome. In this study, we dissected the genomic and transcriptomic profiles

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