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Journal articles on the topic 'Africana elephant'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Pretorius, Yolanda, Marion E. Garaï, and Lucy A. Bates. "The status of African elephant Loxodonta africana populations in South Africa." Oryx 53, no. 4 (2018): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001454.

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AbstractWith an increase in poaching of elephants Loxodonta africana across Africa, it is vital to know exactly how many elephants remain and where they occur, to ensure that protection and management are planned appropriately. From a nationwide survey we provide current population and distribution data for elephants in South Africa. We consider the viability of elephant populations in the country, as well as some of the management techniques implemented and how effective these are in controlling elephant numbers. According to our surveys there were 28,168 elephants in South Africa as of Decem

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2

Shoshani, Jeheskel, Jerold M. Lowenstein, Daniel A. Walz, and Morris Goodman. "Proboscidean origins of mastodon and woolly mammoth demonstrated immunologically." Paleobiology 11, no. 4 (1985): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300011714.

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Immunologically reactive protein substances were extracted from bone samples of an American mastodon (Mammut americanum), 10,200 yr old by radiocarbon dating, and from muscle samples of three woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius), 10,000, 40,000 and 53,000 yr old, respectively. The mastodon samples contained significant quantities of the amino acids hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline, both of which are usually found in collagens and not in albumins. Using these products and other comparable extracts, as well as sera and purified collagens from modern elephants and other living mammals, as test

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3

Ehlers, Bernhard, Güzin Dural, Manfred Marschall, Vera Schregel, Michael Goltz, and Jochen Hentschke. "Endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus, the first betaherpesvirus with a thymidine kinase gene." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 10 (2006): 2781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81977-0.

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Endotheliotropic elephant herpesvirus (elephantid herpesvirus 1; ElHV-1) is apathogenic for African elephants (Loxodonta africana), but causes fatal haemorrhagic disease in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). This is thought to occur through transmission from African elephants in places where both species are housed, such as zoological gardens. The virus has caused considerable losses in North American and European zoological gardens and thus severely impedes breeding of the endangered Asian elephant. Previously, the ultrastructural and genetic characterization of ElHV-1 from a male Asian eleph

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Kitamura, Shumpei, Takakazu Yumoto, Pilai Poonswad, and Prawat Wohandee. "Frugivory and seed dispersal by Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, in a moist evergreen forest of Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 3 (2007): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004026.

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The Asian elephant Elephas maximus is the only living species of the genus Elephas (Elephantidae) that evolved in Africa c. 5–6 million y ago and migrated into Eurasia (Sukumar 2003). The Asian elephant is one of the few remaining extant megafauna (Owen-Smith 1988) and has disappeared from c. 95% of its historical range (Sukumar 2006). Asian elephants eat fruit when it is available, defecating intact seeds, of which some later germinate in the dung (Lekagul & McNeely 1977, Ridley 1930). However, to date there has been no detailed study of frugivory and seed dispersal by Asian elephants (Co

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5

Chase, Michael J., Scott Schlossberg, Curtice R. Griffin, et al. "Continent-wide survey reveals massive decline in African savannah elephants." PeerJ 4 (August 31, 2016): e2354. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2354.

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African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are imperiled by poaching and habitat loss. Despite global attention to the plight of elephants, their population sizes and trends are uncertain or unknown over much of Africa. To conserve this iconic species, conservationists need timely, accurate data on elephant populations. Here, we report the results of the Great Elephant Census (GEC), the first continent-wide, standardized survey of African savannah elephants. We also provide the first quantitative model of elephant population trends across Africa. We estimated a population of 352,271 savannah eleph

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6

Ndlovu, Mduduzi, Antón Pérez-Rodríguez, Emma Devereux, Miranda Thomas, Alfredo Colina, and Linford Molaba. "Water for African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ): faecal microbial loads affect use of artificial waterholes." Biology Letters 14, no. 8 (2018): 20180360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0360.

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In semi-arid protected areas, artificial waterholes ensure that water is locally available to animals for extended periods. However, artificial waterholes may limit animal movement, which contributes towards habitat deterioration. Challenges of artificial water provisioning worsen in the presence of ecosystem engineers like African elephants Loxodonta africana , capable of transforming environments. Camera traps were used to monitor elephant visitation at 21 artificial waterholes in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. We also assessed if water quality parameters influenced elephant prefere

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7

Cerreta, Anthony J., Richard J. McMullen Jr, Heather E. Scott, et al. "Bilateral Phacoemulsification in an African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)." Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2019 (July 10, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2506263.

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A 37-year-old bull African elephant (Loxodonta africana) at the North Carolina Zoo (NCZ) was diagnosed with bilateral cataracts leading to behavioral changes and significant weight loss secondary to functional blindness. On initial examination, a weight loss of 234 kg, a mature cataract in the right eye, and a focal cataract in the left eye were diagnosed. Ultrasound and electroretinography (ERG) indicated normal retinal attachment and both eyes were viable candidates for surgery. After careful planning and behavioral training, the left cataract was surgically removed via phacoemulsification a

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8

Brugière, David, Iacouba Badjinca, Cristina Silva, Abubacar Serra, and Mamadou Barry. "On the road to extinction? The status of elephant Loxodonta africana in Guinea Bissau and western Guinea, West Africa." Oryx 40, no. 4 (2006): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001177.

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We carried out a nationwide survey of elephant Loxodonta africana in Guinea Bissau, a small West African country for which records of elephant are limited. We also investigated parts of western Guinea along the border with Guinea Bissau likely to harbour a transboundary elephant population. Standardized interviews with hunters were held in 110 villages in Guinea Bissau and 60 villages in Guinea, and field surveys were carried out to validate interviewee responses. Results suggest that elephants are mainly restricted to an area between the Corubal River (Guinea Bissau) and the Kogon River (Guin

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9

Mortimer, Beth, James A. Walker, David S. Lolchuragi, Michael Reinwald, and David Daballen. "Noise matters: elephants show risk-avoidance behaviour in response to human-generated seismic cues." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1953 (2021): 20210774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0774.

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African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) use many sensory modes to gather information about their environment, including the detection of seismic, or ground-based, vibrations. Seismic information is known to include elephant-generated signals, but also potentially encompasses biotic cues that are commonly referred to as ‘noise’. To investigate seismic information transfer in elephants beyond communication, here we tested the hypothesis that wild elephants detect and discriminate between seismic vibrations that differ in their noise types, whether elephant- or human-generated. We played three t

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10

Viljoen, J. J., H. C. Reynecke, M. D. Panagos, W. R. Langbauer, and A. Ganswindt. "Seasonal Selection Preferences for Woody Plants by Breeding Herds of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) in a Woodland Savanna." International Journal of Ecology 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/769587.

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To evaluate dynamics of elephant herbivory, we assessed seasonal preferences for woody plants by African elephant breeding herds in the southeastern part of Kruger National Park (KNP) between 2002 and 2005. Breeding herds had access to a variety of woody plants, and, of the 98 woody plant species that were recorded in the elephant's feeding areas, 63 species were utilized by observed animals. Data were recorded at 948 circular feeding sites (radius 5 m) during wet and dry seasons. Seasonal preference was measured by comparing selection of woody species in proportion to their estimated availabi

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11

Nyirenda, Vincent, Bimo Nkhata, Oscar Tembo, and Susan Siamundele. "Elephant Crop Damage: Subsistence Farmers’ Social Vulnerability, Livelihood Sustainability and Elephant Conservation." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (2018): 3572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103572.

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African elephants (Loxodonta africana) induce considerable crop damage risks, shocks and stresses on subsistence farmers at the wildlife-agriculture interface. In this study, we explored the social dimensions of human-elephant interactions in the wildlife-agrarian landscape. The study aimed at unraveling the associated hazardous conditions and nature of the subsistence farmers’ social vulnerability and practices with respect to elephant crop damage, subsistence farmers’ livelihoods, and elephant conservation. Applying qualitative thematic content analysis, the sustainable livelihood framework

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12

Hautier, Lionel, Fiona J. Stansfield, W. R. Twink Allen, and Robert J. Asher. "Skeletal development in the African elephant and ossification timing in placental mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (2012): 2188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2481.

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We provide here unique data on elephant skeletal ontogeny. We focus on the sequence of cranial and post-cranial ossification events during growth in the African elephant ( Loxodonta africana ). Previous analyses on ossification sequences in mammals have focused on monotremes, marsupials, boreoeutherian and xenarthran placentals. Here, we add data on ossification sequences in an afrotherian. We use two different methods to quantify sequence heterochrony: the sequence method and event-paring/Parsimov. Compared with other placentals, elephants show late ossifications of the basicranium, manual an

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13

Madden, M., M. Karidozo, W. Langbauer, F. Osborn, A. Presotto, and R. Parry. "GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN-WILDLIFE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS FOR SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2021 (June 30, 2021): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2021-281-2021.

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Abstract. Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC) is a global concern that requires geospatial data collection, analysis and geovisualization for decision support and mitigation. Bull African elephants, (Loxodonata africana), are often responsible for breaking fences, raiding crops and causing economic hardship in local communities in Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia. Methods for monitoring and understanding elephant movements are needed to mitigate conflict, find ways for coexistence and secure the future of Africa’s elephant populations. Researchers from academia and conservation organizations are partne

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14

Pearson, Virginia R., Jens B. Bosse, Orkide O. Koyuncu, et al. "Identification of African Elephant Polyomavirus in wild elephants and the creation of a vector expressing its viral tumor antigens to transform elephant primary cells." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0244334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244334.

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Wild elephant populations are declining rapidly due to rampant killing for ivory and body parts, range fragmentation, and human-elephant conflict. Wild and captive elephants are further impacted by viruses, including highly pathogenic elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses. Moreover, while the rich genetic diversity of the ancient elephant lineage is disappearing, elephants, with their low incidence of cancer, have emerged as a surprising resource in human cancer research for understanding the intrinsic cellular response to DNA damage. However, studies on cellular resistance to transformation

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15

Stansfield, F. J., J. O. Nöthling, J. T. Soley, and W. R. Allen. "Development of the germinal ridge and ovary in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)." REPRODUCTION 144, no. 5 (2012): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-12-0303.

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The follicular reserve and its ontogeny in the elephant are of interest because elephants have the longest reproductive life of all land-based mammals. They also have the longest recorded pregnancy, which allows a protracted view of the series of significant events involved in the development of the embryonic and fetal gonads. The large elephant population of Zimbabwe provided the opportunity to collect conceptuses from elephants culled for management reasons and hunted professionally. Five embryos aged 76–96 days and the ovaries of four fetuses aged 4.8–11.2 months were fixed in 4% buffered f

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16

Wierucka, Kaja, Michelle D. Henley, and Hannah S. Mumby. "Acoustic cues to individuality in wild male adult African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana)." PeerJ 9 (January 22, 2021): e10736. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10736.

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The ability to recognize conspecifics plays a pivotal role in animal communication systems. It is especially important for establishing and maintaining associations among individuals of social, long-lived species, such as elephants. While research on female elephant sociality and communication is prevalent, until recently male elephants have been considered far less social than females. This resulted in a dearth of information about their communication and recognition abilities. With new knowledge about the intricacies of the male elephant social structure come questions regarding the communic

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Schulte, Bruce, Thomas Goodwin, Anna Whitehouse, and Helen Loizi. "Sexual dimorphism in the performance of chemosensory investigatory behaviours by African elephants (Loxodonta africana)." Behaviour 146, no. 3 (2009): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853909x410964.

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AbstractSexual dimorphism in morphology can be accompanied by behavioural differences between the sexes. We examined if investigatory behaviour involving the trunk of African elephants showed sexual dimorphism. Males compete and search for females, but they have a lengthy period of development before they are socially viable mates. Receptive females are relatively rare. We hypothesized that males would display higher rates of chemosensory behaviour following puberty than females. Because males disperse, they were hypothesized to be more likely to contact elephants outside their kinship group.

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18

Arzi, Boaz, Vincent P. Willard, Daniel J. Huey, Frank J. M. Verstraete, Natalia Vapniarsky-Arzi, and Kyriacos A. Athanasiou. "The temporomandibular joint disc of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and African elephant (Loxodonta africana)." European Journal of Wildlife Research 58, no. 2 (2011): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-011-0595-x.

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19

Foley, Charles A. H., and Lisa J. Faust. "Rapid population growth in an elephant Loxodonta africana population recovering from poaching in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania." Oryx 44, no. 2 (2010): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605309990706.

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AbstractWe studied the demography of a subpopulation of African elephants Loxodonta africana in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania, from 1993 to 2005. The Tarangire elephants had been affected by heavy poaching prior to 1993. We monitored 668 individually known elephants in 27 family groups. The population increased from 226 to 498 individuals, with mean group size increasing from 8.4 to 18.3. The average annual growth rate was 7.1% (range 2.0–16.9%). This approaches the maximal growth rate for African elephants, with corresponding minimal values for demographic parameters. The mean interbirth

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20

LEE, P. C., and M. D. GRAHAM. "African elephants Loxodonta africana and human-elephant interactions: implications for conservation." International Zoo Yearbook 40, no. 1 (2006): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00009.x.

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21

Todd, Nancy E. "Qualitative Comparison of the Cranio-Dental Osteology of the Extant Elephants, Elephas Maximus (Asian Elephant) and Loxodonta africana (African Elephant)." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 293, no. 1 (2009): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.21011.

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22

Stansfield, F. J., and W. R. Allen. "Luteal maintenance of pregnancy in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)." REPRODUCTION 143, no. 6 (2012): 845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-12-0032.

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The ovaries of eight African elephant foetuses and their mothers between 2 and 22 months of gestation, and those of two cycling and two lactating elephants, were examined grossly, histologically and immunocytochemically, with emphasis on the development and regression of accessory corpora lutea (CL) of pregnancy and the steroidogenic capacities of the accessory CL and the foetal ovaries. The results supported recent findings that the accessory CL form as a result of luteinisation, with and without ovulation, of medium-sized follicles during the 3-week inter-luteal period of the oestrous cycle.

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Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon, Hervé Fritz, and Ricardo M. Holdo. "Spatial relationship between elephant and sodium concentration of water disappears as density increases in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 6 (2007): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004531.

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African elephants Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach) may profoundly affect vegetation and associated animal bio-diversity in savannas (Conybeare 2004, Skarpe et al. 2004). Understanding the patterns of habitat use by elephants is crucial to predict their impacts on ecosystems (Ben-Shahar 1993, Nelleman et al. 2002), particularly now that many populations are recovering from past culling events or poaching outbreaks (Blanc et al. 2007). Surface water is one of the major constraints on elephant distribution (Chamaillé-Jammes et al. 2007, Stokke & du Toit 2002), and accordingly, elephant impacts

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Songhurst, Anna, Graham McCulloch, and Tim Coulson. "Finding pathways to human–elephant coexistence: a risky business." Oryx 50, no. 4 (2015): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315000344.

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AbstractFinding ways for people and wildlife to coexist requires affording both parties access to critical resources and space, but also a behavioural change by both to avoid conflict. We investigated pathway use in a population of free-ranging African elephants Loxodonta africana in the Okavango Panhandle, Botswana that share their range with humans in a multi-use, heterogeneous landscape. We used detailed ground surveys to identify and map elephant movement pathways, and mixed-effect models to explore factors influencing elephant numbers and movement behaviour on and around these pathways. W

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McComb, Karen, Lucy Baker, and Cynthia Moss. "African elephants show high levels of interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species." Biology Letters 2, no. 1 (2005): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0400.

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An important area of biology involves investigating the origins in animals of traits that are thought of as uniquely human. One way that humans appear unique is in the importance they attach to the dead bodies of other humans, particularly those of their close kin, and the rituals that they have developed for burying them. In contrast, most animals appear to show only limited interest in the carcasses or associated remains of dead individuals of their own species. African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) are unusual in that they not only give dramatic reactions to the dead bodies of other elep

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Della Rocca, F. "How tall is an elephant? Two methods for estimating elephant height." Web Ecology 7, no. 1 (2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-7-1-2007.

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Abstract. Shoulder height is a reliable indicator of age for African elephants (Loxodonta africana), and is therefore an important parameter to be recorded in field studies of population ecology of these pachyderms. However, it can be somewhat difficult to estimate with precision the shoulder height of free-ranging elephants because of several reasons, including the presence of drops and vegetation cover and the potential dangerousness of approaching them in the wild. Here I test two alternative models for estimating shoulder height of elephants. In both models, the equipment needed to generat

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Fischer, Martin S., and Uschi Trautmann. "Fetuses of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Photographs." Elephant 2, no. 3 (1987): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/elephant/1521732098.

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Luther, Ilse, Liana Maree, Antoinette Kotze, et al. "Sperm motility, kinematics, morphometry and morphology over two seasons in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, no. 4 (2020): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd19182.

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This study aimed to address the lack of information on quantitative semen and sperm characteristics of free-ranging African elephants. Nineteen ejaculates were collected from 12 elephant bulls by means of electroejaculation in spring (Season 1, end of dry season, n=7) and in autumn (Season 2, end of rainy season, n=12). While most elephant cows are in oestrus in the rainy season, it is not evident whether sperm quality also improves during this period. Semen samples were assessed using computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA), brightfield microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Seasonal d

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Parker, D. M., R. T. F. Bernard, and J. Adendorff. "Do elephants influence the organisation and function of a South African grassland?" Rangeland Journal 31, no. 4 (2009): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj08039.

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The impact of elephants (Loxodonta africana) on woody plants is well known. Elephants can be regarded as drivers of ecosystem functioning by, for example, decreasing woody plant litter accumulation through defoliation. However, their influence within grassland landscapes is, by comparison, very poorly understood. We assessed the influence of elephants on grassland functionality at three separate sites (1, high elephant density, long occupation time; 2, low elephant density, short occupation time; 3, no elephants) in the Addo Elephant National Park, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Using la

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Stansfield, F. J., J. O. Nöthling, and W. R. Allen. "The progression of small-follicle reserves in the ovaries of wild African elephants (Loxodonta africana) from puberty to reproductive senescence." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 8 (2013): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12296.

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This study aimed to determine whether the follicle reserve in the ovary of the African elephant declines progressively after puberty and whether its depletion constrains the fertility of older females. Elephant ovaries were fixed in 4% neutral buffered formalin and small-follicle counts made using stereological protocols. Excepting a slight rise in small-follicle numbers between 16 and 25 years of age, there was a trend for follicle numbers to fall from puberty to 70 years. Reproductive status did not impact significantly on small-follicle numbers (P = 0.31). The number of early primary follic

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Stoeger, Angela S., and Anton Baotic. "Operant control and call usage learning in African elephants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1836 (2021): 20200254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0254.

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Elephants exhibit remarkable vocal plasticity, and case studies reveal that individuals of African savannah ( Loxodonta africana ) and Asian ( Elephas maximus ) elephants are capable of vocal production learning. Surprisingly, however, little is known about contextual learning (usage and comprehension learning) in elephant communication. Usage learning can be demonstrated by training animals to vocalize in an arbitrary (cue-triggered) context. Here we show that adult African savannah elephants ( n = 13) can vocalize in response to verbal cues, reliably producing social call types such as the l

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Houck, M. L., A. T. Kumamoto, D. S. Gallagher Jr, and K. Benirschke. "Comparative cytogenetics of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) and Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 93, no. 3-4 (2001): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000056992.

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Gough, Katie F., and Graham I. H. Kerley. "Demography and population dynamics in the elephants Loxodonta africana of Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa: is there evidence of density dependent regulation?" Oryx 40, no. 4 (2006): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001189.

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Density dependence of the Addo Elephant National Park (South Africa) elephants Loxodonta africana was assessed using a long-term data set. Estimated carrying capacity is 0.1–0.5 elephants km−2 but stocking rates have been up to 4 elephants km−2. Population growth rate was found to be positively correlated with increasing density. There was no relationship between birth rate, the age of first calving or calf sex ratio and elephant density but there was a positive relationship between birth rate and rainfall during conception year. Mortality rates, particularly for juveniles, were low, and mean

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ROBERTSON-BULLOCK, W. "THE WEIGHT OF THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT LOXODONTA AFRICANA." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 138, no. 1 (2009): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1962.tb05691.x.

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Hanks, J., and J. E. A. McIntosh. "Population dynamics of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)." Journal of Zoology 169, no. 1 (2009): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1973.tb04651.x.

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Stegmann, GF, D. Grobler, and J. Zuba. "Field anaesthesia of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)." Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia 20, no. 1 (2014): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22201173.2014.10844576.

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Wyatt, Jeff, and Louis DiVincenti. "Eradication of Elephant Ear Mites (Loxoanoetus bassoni) in Two African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 43, no. 1 (2012): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2011-0185.1.

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Midgley, Jeremy J., Kirsten Gallaher, and Laurence M. Kruger. "The role of the elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the tree squirrel (Paraxerus cepapi) in marula (Sclerocarya birrea) seed predation, dispersal and germination." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 2 (2012): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000654.

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The marula (Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst., Anacardiaceae) has a strongly lignified endocarp or stone which contains several seeds, each of which is within its own locule that is sealed by an individual operculum (Figure 1). The strong casing prevents germination, not by preventing the passage of water to the seeds, but by preventing oxygen from reaching the seeds (von Teichman et al. 1985). It is well known that marula fruits taken from the dung of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach) have more rapid germination than those that have not been eaten by elephants (Dudley 20

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Smit, Josephine, Rocío A. Pozo, Jeremy J. Cusack, Katarzyna Nowak, and Trevor Jones. "Using camera traps to study the age–sex structure and behaviour of crop-using elephants Loxodonta africana in Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Tanzania." Oryx 53, no. 2 (2017): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317000345.

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AbstractCrop losses to foraging elephants are one of the primary obstacles to the coexistence of elephants and people. Understanding whether some individuals in a population are more likely to forage on crops, and the temporal patterns of elephant visits to farms, is key to mitigating the negative impacts of elephants on farmers’ livelihoods. We used camera traps to study the crop foraging behaviour of African elephants Loxodonta africana in farmland adjacent to the Udzungwa Mountains National Park in southern Tanzania during October 2010–August 2014. Camera traps placed on elephant trails int

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Szott, Isabelle D., Yolanda Pretorius, Andre Ganswindt, and Nicola F. Koyama. "Physiological stress response of African elephants to wildlife tourism in Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa." Wildlife Research 47, no. 1 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19045.

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Abstract ContextWildlife tourism has been shown to increase stress in a variety of species and can negatively affect survival, reproduction, welfare, and behaviour of individuals. In African elephants, Loxodonta africana, increased physiological stress has been linked to use of refugia, rapid movement through corridors, and heightened aggression towards humans. However, we are unaware of any studies assessing the impact of tourism pressure (tourist numbers) on physiological stress in elephants. AimsWe used faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations to investigate whether tourist nu

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Archie, E. A., C. J. Moss, and S. C. Alberts. "Characterization of tetranucleotide microsatellite loci in the African Savannah Elephant (Loxodonta africana africana)." Molecular Ecology Notes 3, no. 2 (2003): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00412.x.

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Heard, Darryl J., George V. Kollias, A. M. Merritt, and Elliott R. Jacobson. "Idiopathic Chronic Diarrhea and Malabsorption in a Juvenile African Elephant (Loxodonta africana africana)." Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 19, no. 3 (1988): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20094870.

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Bonar, Christopher J., Albert H. Lewandowski, Baha Arafah, and Charles C. Capen. "PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA IN AN AGED FEMALE AFRICAN ELEPHANT (LOXODONTA AFRICANA)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36, no. 4 (2005): 719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/03-111.1.

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Sweet, Julia, Dean A. Hendrickson, Mark Stetter, and Donald L. Neiffer. "EXPLORATORY RIGID LAPAROSCOPY IN AN AFRICAN ELEPHANT (LOXODONTA AFRICANA)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 45, no. 4 (2014): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0299.1.

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Okewole, P., I. Oyetunde, E. Irokanulo, et al. "Anthrax and cowdriosis in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana)." Veterinary Record 133, no. 7 (1993): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.133.7.168.

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Rees, P. S. "Synchronization of defaecation in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)." Journal of Zoology 201, no. 4 (2009): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05083.x.

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Seaman, J. T., and E. P. Finnie. "Acute Myocarditis in a Captive African Elephant (Loxodonta africana)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23, no. 1 (1987): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-23.1.170.

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Jacobs, Bob, Jessica Lubs, Markus Hannan, et al. "Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) neocortex." Brain Structure and Function 215, no. 3-4 (2010): 273–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0288-3.

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Bronson, Ellen, Michael McClure, Jennifer Sohl, et al. "EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS 3B INFECTION IN AN AFRICAN ELEPHANT (LOXODONTA AFRICANA)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 48, no. 2 (2017): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2016-0063r.1.

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Eggert, L. S., U. Ramakrishnan, N. I. Mundy, and D. S. Woodruff. "Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in the African elephant (Loxondonta africana) and their use in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)." Molecular Ecology 9, no. 12 (2000): 2222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.105336.x.

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