Journal articles: 'Afrika / Frau'

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Dzomira, Shewangu. "Internet banking fraud alertness in the banking sector: South Africa." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 1 (2017): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(1-1).2017.07.

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This paper analyzes internet banking fraud alertness to the general public by the South African banking institutions. The study is centered on routine activity theory, which is a criminology theory. A qualitative content analysis was used as the research technique for the interpretation of the text data from each bank’s website through the systematic classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns to provide an in-depth understanding of internet banking fraud alertness in the banking sector. A sample size of 13 out of 16 locally and foreign controlled retail banks in South Africa was used. The findings report that banks are not adequately providing internet fraud alertness information to the general public on their websites notwithstanding that most banks they do provide such information to log-in users and the use of that information is doubtful. This study suggests a need to augment internet banking fraud alertness information and passably inform internet banking users of the types of internet banking fraud perpetrated by internet fraudsters before they log-in for transacting. Considering the current and widespread quandary of internet banking fraud, the information of this paper is important for internet banking users to improve their aptitude in identifying fraudulent schemes and circumvent them, and for the banking institutions to invest more in the provision of internet banking fraud information to the general public.

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Nel, Marius. "‘JOHN G. LAKE AS A FRAUD, CON MAN AND FALSE PROPHET’: CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF A HISTORICAL EVALUAT ION OF LAKE’S MINISTRY." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 42, no. 1 (2016): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/1134.

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This article assesses the evaluation of John G. Lake, one of the founders of South African Pentecostalism, by some historians regarded as a fraud, con man and false prophet in terms of several elements of his life: his business concerns; his mission to Africa; ministry of Spirit baptism and divine healing; and some accusations made by Lake’s co-workers. The conclusion is reached that there are valid points of criticism against Lake’s ministry and concerns about his integrity, although it is also true that the specific historical evaluation is hampered by presuppositions that preclude any miracles and a seemingly preconceived notion of Lake as a fraud and scam, supported by an unbalanced utilisation and unfair treatment of resources.

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Mujuzi, Jamil Ddamulira. "Companies convicted of economic crimes and their participation in government tender processes in South Africa: A comment on Namasthethu electrical (PTY) LTD v City of Cape Town and another (201/19) [2020] ZASCA 74 (29 JUNE 2020)." Journal of Comparative Law in Africa 8, no. 1 (2021): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/jcla/v8/i1a4.

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In South Africa, persons or companies convicted of fraud or corruption or companies whose directors have been convicted are debarred from participating in bidding for government tenders. Although it is easy to establish whether or not a natural person has been convicted of an offence, because a certificate can be obtained from the South African Police Service to that effect, it is the opposite with juristic persons. This issue came up in the case of Namasthethu Electrical (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town and Another in which the appellant company was awarded a government tender although the company and its former director had been convicted of fraud and corruption. The purpose of this article is to analyse this judgment and show the challenges that the government is faced with when dealing with companies that have been convicted of offences that bid for government tenders. Because South Africa is in the process of enacting public procurement legislation, the Public Procurement Bill was published for comment in early 2020. One of the issues addressed in the Bill relates to debarring bidders who have been convicted of some offences from bidding for government tenders. Based on the facts of this case and legislation from other African countries, the author suggests ways in which the provisions of the Bill could be strengthened to address this issue.

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Maree Grebe, Gerhard Philip. "Fraud risk management in private healthcare in South Africa." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 1 (2015): 868–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i1c8p6.

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Worldwide, the healthcare industry aims to provide better health for all. However, fraud risk has become a threat to industries and organisations, including the healthcare industry. In the South African healthcare industry, it has been found that losses due to fraud risk amounted up to R8 billion per year. The purpose of this article was to explore the management of fraud risk within the South African private hospital industry and how this is managed. Primary data was collected by means of a survey, which involved management staff at head office level and at hospital level. The findings suggest that South African private hospitals could improve their current fraud risk management practices. By implementing the recommendations provided by the study, private hospitals will be able to manage fraud risk more effectively.

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Dzomira, Shewangu. "Financial consumer protection: internet banking fraud awareness by the banking sector." Banks and Bank Systems 11, no. 4 (2016): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.11(4-1).2016.03.

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This paper examines internet banking fraud awareness by the banking sector in Southern Africa as financial consumers’ protection. The study is grounded on routine activity theory and criminology theory. A qualitative content analysis research technique was used for examination of the text content data through the consistent nomenclature process of coding and classifying themes or patterns to proffer a meticulous considerate of internet banking fraud awareness in the banking sector. The findings suggest that internet fraud awareness to the general public through website is very low by many Southern Africa banks. Most of the banks disclose less than half of the identified internet banking fraud awareness to the general public on their websites. Although some banks have internet fraud information on internet banking applications, however, the authentic efficacy of this information is tentative. This proposes that most of the financial customers engage internet banking transactions without sufficient awareness on potential internet threats and attacks. There is, consequently, high likelihood of financial consumers being internet banking fraud victims. Keywords: internet fraud, internet banking, fraud awareness, financial consumer. JEL Classification: G21, D18

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Mykhalchenko, Nataliya, and Jörg Wiegratz. "Anti-fraud measures in Southern Africa." Review of African Political Economy 46, no. 161 (2019): 496–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2019.1660156.

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Mykhalchenko, Nataliya, and Jörg Wiegratz. "Anti-fraud measures in Eastern Africa." Review of African Political Economy 48, no. 168 (2021): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1866524.

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Chux Gervase Iwu. "Socioeconomic Implications of Examination Fraud and Assessment Irregularities in South Africa’s Higher Education Sector: A Futuristic View." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 10, no. 3(S) (2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v10i3(s).2984.

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This paper, based on scholarly as well as documentary evidence, intends to highlight thesocioeconomic implications of fraud and assessment irregularities in South Africa’s higher education. Highereducation institutions serve nation building purposes and as such it is expected that what they produceshould be of high standard in order to further this purpose. Lately, owing to the rise in assessmentmalpractices across South African institutions of higher learning, calls have been made by business andsociety for ways to deal with this. This paper asks a few questions related to what constitutes fraud andassessment irregularities and the sources of these. The paper also points out what these portend for highereducation in South Africa while at the same suggesting some recommendations. This paper contributes to theliterature on the growing concerns of educators and researchers regarding high levels of examinationmalpractice and assessment irregularities within higher education sector globally, but in particular SouthAfrica.

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Amoah, Jewel, and Tom Bennett. "The Freedoms of Religion and Culture under the South African Constitution: Do Traditional African Religions Enjoy Equal Treatment?" Journal of Law and Religion 24, no. 1 (2008): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400001910.

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On Sunday, January 20, 2007, Tony Yengeni, former Chief Whip of South Africa's governing party, the African National Congress (ANC), celebrated his early release from a four-year prison sentence by slaughtering a bull at his father's house in the Cape Town township of Gugulethu. This time-honored African ritual was performed in order to appease the Yengeni family ancestors. Animal rights activists, however, decried the sacrifice as an act of unnecessary cruelty to the bull, and a public outcry ensued. Leading figures in government circles, including the Minister of Arts and Culture, Pallo Jordan, entered the fray, calling for a proper understanding of African cultural practices. Jody Kollapen, the Chair of the Human Rights Commission, said: “the slaughter of animals by cultures in South Africa was an issue that needed to be dealt with in context. Cultural liberty is an important right. …”That the sacrifice was defended on the ground of African culture was to be expected. More surprising was the way in which everyone involved in the affair ignored what could have been regarded as an event of religious significance. Admittedly, it is far from easy to separate the concepts of religion and culture, and, in certain societies, notably those of pre-colonial Africa, this distinction was unknown. Today in South Africa, however, it is clearly necessary to make such a distinction for human rights litigation, partly because the Constitution specifies religion and culture as two separate rights and partly because it seems that those working under the influence of modern human rights seem to take religion more seriously than culture.

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Witbooi, Hildegard, L. Kambizi, and O. Oguntibeju. "An alternative health crop for South Africa: Purple potato mini tuber production as affected by water and nutrient stress." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 20, no. 06 (2020): 16818–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.94.19850.

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Food security in South Africa ranks as one of the top ten priorities in the country. Potato is a fundamental staple food crop in South Africa, providing essential nutrition. While there are several cultivars currently in production for the potato market, there is a need to explore cultivars that are available, but not utilised within the country. Pigmented potatoes are not regarded as high value on the South African market;however,yield prospects as well as health-promoting benefits could have a positive contribution on the South African Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and on the population’s health. Potato cultivar (cv.) Salad blue(SB)seems to be a drought-tolerant crop with the ability to produce reasonable yields under severe environmental conditions. In order to promote cv. SB as a possible food security option for South Africa, there is a critical need for empirical information, describing some basic horticultural as well as biochemical information and vitamin C presence. This study investigated the potential of pigmented potato SB tubers as an alternative to high yielding white potato for the South African market.Tubers of Solanum tuberosum cv. BP1 and SB, were used for this research.The high amounts in phenolic compounds in SB can be considered to be health-promoting phytochemicals. Anticarcinogenic, antibacterial, antiviral properties have been reported. A greenhouse, bag trial with virus-free plantlets of BP1 and SB cultivars was conducted using three water and nutrient levels and favourable root zone temperature(100% without heat, 100% heated, 50% heated, 25% heated) all grown in coco peat. Cultivar SB showed nearly two-fold yield compared to the control BP1. Methanol extracts of the tubers were assessed for their total polyphenolic, flavanol, and flavonol contents as well as 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity (TEAC),anthocyanin and L-ascorbic acid assays.The aqueous extract of the SB tubers was found to contain higher level of total polyphenols (320 mg GAE/g), and flavonol (85 mg QE/g) than the extract of the BP1 tubers with values of173 mg GAE/g (total polyphenol), and67 mg QE/g (flavonol). Similarly, the methanol extract of the tuber skins also exhibited higher DPPH (818,86 IC50mg/mL), FRAP (18,19μmol AAE/g), and TEAC (911,12μmol TE/g)than the extract of the BP1with DPPH (595,99 IC50mg/mL), FRAP (10,86 μmol AAE/g) and TEAC (435,44 μmol TE/g). The present study provides useful information for farmers and health professionals in respect to increased yield and health-promoting benefits of an underutilized potato variety.

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Odobo, Samuel Osagie, Amos Musa Andekin, and Kingsley Udegbunam. "Analysis of ECOWAS Institutional Framework for Conflict Management." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 6 (2017): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mjss-2017-0051.

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AbstractThe Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has evolved conflict management and security framework through which it responds to the myriads of socio-political crisis in the sub-region. This paper assesses the ECOWAS mechanisms for conflict management vis-à-vis the challenges facing the region. It begins by looking at the nature of conflict in West Africa; and then the evolution of ECOWAS conflict management framework. Using content analysis, the paper argues that ECOWAS has evolved a comprehensive conflict management and security framework and has made significant achievements in conflict management in the West African sub-region. It however, recommends peacebuilding efforts that address poverty, human rights abuses and election fraud as well as more synergy and political will to handle religious extremism in the sub-region

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Camerer, Lala. "INTERNATIONAL FRAUD TRENDS: SOUTH AFRICA AT RISK." African Security Review 6, no. 2 (1997): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.1997.9627709.

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13

Rossouw, G. J. "Defining and Understanding Fraud: A South African Case Study." Business Ethics Quarterly 10, no. 4 (2000): 885–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857837.

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Abstract:The detrimental impact of fraud on organisations, the economy, and society makes the fight against it imperative. The objective of this article is to show that a proper understanding of the phenomenon of fraud is required in order to be able to undermine it. Such an understanding required firstly a sufficient definition of fraud that can distinguish it clearly from the related phenomenon of corruption. Secondly, a theoretical framework for understanding and explaining fraud is needed. After providing both such a definition and a theoretical framework, the latter is then used in the analysis of interviews conducted with persons who were convicted on charges of fraud in South Africa. The findings of this analysis are thenused to suggest various avenues for fighting fraud. Among these suggestions are proposals indicating the role that ethical values can play in undermining fraud.

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Gichure, Christine. "Fraud and the African Renaissance." Business Ethics: A European Review 9, no. 4 (2000): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8608.00197.

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Letete, Puseletso. "Developments In Exchange Of Information In Tax Matters Within SADC: A Move Towards Tackling Tax Fraud In Southern Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 17, no. 2 (2018): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v17i2.10143.

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In recent years around the world, it is apparent that the need for mutual assistance between states is increasing and gaining support. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has been in the lead of this effort. This approach has also been prevalent in Africa, particularly in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) which is viewed in the context of strengthening economic integration and cooperation in the region. Recently, there has been extensive commitment by many jurisdictions around the world to eradicate problems to the exchange of information in tax matters by approving and supporting the international standard on transparency and exchange of information. The regional organisations in Sub-Saharan Africa have engaged in new trends in tax policy and administration. This has seen the adoption of agreements to regulate exchange of information in tax matters which is the subject of the present enquiry.

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Maree Grebe, Gerhard Philip. "Managing fraud risk: A study of the private hospital sector of South Africa." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 1 (2016): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i1c2p5.

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Ethical and legal decisions are made daily by healthcare professionals and personnel in the performance of their regular duties. However, fraud risk has become a threat to the sustainability of industries and organisations, including the healthcare sector. In the South African healthcare sector, losses due to fraud risk amounted to R13 billion during 2015(Bateman, 2015). The purpose of the study on which this article reports, was to assess whether private hospitals managed fraud risk effectively and in a cohesive manner. Failure to manage fraud risk threatens the sustainability of any hospital. Primary data was collected by means of a survey, which involved management staff at head office level and at hospital level. The findings suggested that South African private hospitals appreciate the significance of the management of fraud, but there is room for improvement. It is recommended that private hospitals follow a decentralised business model and decentralising risk ownership in order to manage fraud risk more effectively. Risk management training should be provided to staff members on a regular basis and a King-type regime should be adopted by private hospitals with regard to the management of risks.

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Viviers, Suzette, and Danie Venter. "Fraud: An SMME perspective." Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management 1, no. 1 (2008): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajesbm.v1i1.14.

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Given the important socio-economic role performed by Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) and the negative consequences of fraud on their businesses, the objective of this study was to investigate the perceptions and management of fraud by SMME owners/managers. Respondents were of the opinion that fraud is a serious and increasing problem in corporate South Africa and viewed ethics policy implementation and internal controls as important measures of fraud detection and prevention. Only 10 per cent of respondents, however, made provision in their budgets for combating fraud. It is recommended that SMME owners/managers gain more knowledge on inexpensive yet effective fraud detection and prevention measures.Key words and phrases: Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs), causes of fraud, fraud detection, fraud prevention, internal controls, ethics programmes.

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Bułkowska, Małgorzata. "The Development of Polish Foreign Trade in Agri-Food Products with African, Middle East and Asian Countries." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse Rynki Finansowe Ubezpieczenia 81 (2016): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2016.81-04.

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Løngreen, Hanne. "Kulturimperialismens nye ansigt. Mediestrømmen i den 3. verden." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 3, no. 5 (1987): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v3i5.734.

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I denne artikel diskuterer Hanne Løngreen hvorvidt man kan anvende de gængse medie- og kulturimperialisme teorier på mediekulturer og medieforhold i den 3. verden. Undersøgelser over medieforhold i Asien og Afrika viser nem- lig at den amerikansk dominerede globale mediestrøm møder modstand fra nationale mediekulturer eller fra en national medie- og kulturpolitik, der prioriterer programtyper af ikke-underholdende karakter.

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Mosweu, Olefhile, and Donald Rakemane. "The role of records management in ensuring good governance in Africa." Journal of the South African Society of Archivists 53 (December 16, 2020): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsasa.v53i1.8.

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Proper records management is central to the promotion of good governance. Africa is a continent which has generally been riddled with poor governance. Principles of good governance such as accountability, transparency and the rule of law are ascertained with available records. Poor records management practices promote bad economic practices such as corruption and fraud. An assessment of the performance of government can thus be realised through proper records management and access to information. Good records management practices therefore lead to good governance and vice versa; thus, the role of records management in promoting good governance cannot be overemphasised. However, there are some likely impediments that may hinder the promotion of good governance through records management in the African context. This paper explored the role played by records management in ensuring good governance in Africa. It then suggests strategies to promote good governance through proper records management practices. The paper contends that outdated archival laws, backlog of unprocessed records and absence of access to information laws in some African countries are the major impediments to the promotion of good governance. The paper recommends an amendment of outdated laws and the promulgation of access to information legislation as major initiatives, among others, which put records management in the forefront of promoting good governance in the continent.

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Bombińska, Elżbieta. "Foreign Direct Investment of Developing Countries in Africa." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse Rynki Finansowe Ubezpieczenia 81 (2016): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2016.81-03.

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Sonneville, A. "NORTH AFRICA: Algeria's Hard Times Fray Scientific Bonds." Science 294, no. 5550 (2001): 2283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.294.5550.2283.

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Hem, Erlend. "Ammeråd fra mødre fører til mer fullamming i Afrika." Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening 131, no. 22 (2011): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.11.1033.

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Ambukita, Eric. "FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT INFLOWS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF COUNTRIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse Rynki Finansowe Ubezpieczenia 89 (2017): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2017.89/1-23.

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Bonsu, Osei-Assibey Mandella, Li Kao Dui, Zou Muyun, Evans Kwabena Asare, and Isaac Adu Amankwaa. "Corporate Fraud: Causes, Effects, and Deterrence on Financial Institutions in Ghana." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 28 (2018): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n28p315.

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This paper focuses on finding the causes, effects, and deterrence and prevention of corporate fraud in the financial institution of Ghana. In particular, we examine the effects of fraud on a firm’s financial performance. A cross sectional model was used to find the effects of financial institutions fraud on financial performance. It was revealed that fraud has a significant negative effects on financial performance i.e. Return on Assets of financial institutions in Ghana. However, structured questionnaires were also used to find out the perception of Accountants, Auditors, and management on the main causes of banking fraud and deterrence and prevention methods in curbing the menace. It was revealed that weaker internal control, inadequate training and fraud policies, failed documents, and proper remuneration are the strong arsenal that causes fraud in financial institutions of Ghana. Moreover, organizational use of password protection, good remuneration, employee’s background checks, and adequate fraud training were perceived as the most deterrence and prevention method in fighting fraud in financial institutions. Our results have practical implication for management, accountants, auditors, and all stakeholders in financial institutions on the effects of fraud on firms financial performance and in mounting fool proof methods in curbing this canker and reducing it to its bearest minimum. The study contributes deterrence and prevention methods aimed at improving its effectiveness in reducing fraud in Ghana and West Africa.

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Du Preez, Hanneke, and Jacqueline Stoman. "An analysis of current tax revolt factors in South Africa." Meditari Accountancy Research 28, no. 3 (2019): 455–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-04-2018-0327.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether the factors once identified through literature and compared to the current situation in South Africa could predict the possibility of a tax revolt in South Africa. South Africans are experiencing frequent increases in taxes on already overburdened taxpayers, corruption, a lack of service delivery by the government and high unemployment rates. South Africa has seen an increased amount of protests relating to taxes, corruption and a lack of basic services. Design/methodology/approach In total, 12,000 Twitter feeds were collected from 14 February 2017 to 1 March 2017, the period before, during and after the South African National Budget Speech on 22 February 2017. The feeds were analysed using a thematic analysis. The emerging themes were identified as factors present in South Africa that may predict a possible tax revolt. Findings The factors found to be present in South Africa are: F1-failure of government to address the imminent collapse, F2-significant number of people with substantial debt, F3-onerous tax systems, including many different types of taxes, F4-high number of unemployed people, F5-education frustration, F6-increase in tax rates on citizens already overburdened by current taxes, F7-poor quality of governors, and performance of the country’s leaders and administration, including fraud and F8-wastefulness. Originality/value The value of the study is, first to contribute to the existing academic literature examining the factors that are likely to indicate a tax revolts. Second, the study uses an innovative data source, namely, tweets, to examine the climate for a possible tax revolt in South Africa.

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Beek, Jan. "CYBERCRIME, POLICE WORK AND STORYTELLING IN WEST AFRICA." Africa 86, no. 2 (2016): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972016000061.

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ABSTRACTIn West Africa, both cyber fraud and cyber policing are mainly about storytelling. Based on fieldwork in the Ghanaian police, this article explores criminal investigations of email scams; it shows how actors rely on, make use of, lose faith in and reinvent stories. Each cyber fraud case can be understood as a series of connected tales, and all involved try to change the direction of the narrative. While the first tale takes place in virtual spaces between continents, the later ones are located in Ghana and are about police work there. The actors' stories both tap into and create social imaginaries, and the involved actors thereby craft conflicting notions of order and disorder. However, not only the fraudsters' stories but also the police officers' and victims' stories are often factually inaccurate and are partly fictional. Ultimately, all actor groups struggle to create believable stories under current conditions.

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van Ruth, Saskia M., and Onno Nillesen. "Which Company Characteristics Make a Food Business at Risk for Food Fraud?" Foods 10, no. 4 (2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040842.

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Fraud can happen to any food business, but some sectors show more historical evidence of food fraud than others. This may be due to particular company characteristics that affect a company’s level of vulnerability. In the current study, we examined the relevance of the industry segment, business size, and location of food businesses on their food fraud vulnerabilities. Over 8000 food fraud vulnerability self-assessments conducted by food businesses active in 20 industry segments located in five continents were collected and the data analyzed. Results revealed that a company’s industry segment (chain and tier) affects its fraud vulnerability greatly and to a larger extent than the size of the business. The effect of industry segment on fraud vulnerability appears fairly similar across continents, whereas the effect of business size exhibits large geographical variation. The results demonstrate that those involved in animal product supply chains and end of chain nodes (catering, retail) are most vulnerable, and so are larger businesses, and businesses located in Africa and Asia. Current results imply that company characteristics are important determinants of the level of fraud vulnerability, and they may be used reversely in the future, i.e., as predictors of vulnerability.

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van Ham, Carolien, and Staffan I. Lindberg. "From Sticks to Carrots: Electoral Manipulation in Africa, 1986–2012." Government and Opposition 50, no. 3 (2015): 521–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2015.6.

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Over 90 per cent of the world’s states currently select their national leaders through multiparty elections. However, in Africa the quality of elections still varies widely, ranging from elections plagued by violence and fraud to elections that are relatively ‘free and fair’. Yet, little is known about trade-offs between different strategies of electoral manipulation and the differences between incumbent and opposition actors’ strategies. We theorize that choices for specific types of manipulation are driven by available resources and cost considerations for both incumbents and opposition actors, and are mutually responsive. We also suggest that costs of manipulative strategies are shaped by the level of democratization. We test our hypotheses on a time series, cross-sectional data set with observations for 286 African elections from 1986 to 2012. We find that democratization makes ‘cheap’ forms of electoral manipulation available to incumbents such as intimidation and manipulating electoral administration less viable, thus leading to increases in vote buying. The future of democracy in Africa thus promises elections where the administration of elections becomes better and better but at the same time vote buying will increase. Not all things go together, at least not all the time. The future of democracy in Africa will mean more money in politics, more patronage and more clientelistic offers thrown around, at least in the short to medium term.

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Wu, Qing, Xiangxue Xiao, and Yingke Xu. "Performance of FRAX in Predicting Fractures in US Postmenopausal Women with Varied Race and Genetic Profiles." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 1 (2020): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9010285.

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Background: Whether the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) performed differently in estimating the 10-year fracture probability in women of different genetic profiling and race remained unclear. Methods: The genomic data in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study was analyzed (n = 23,981). The genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated from 14 fracture-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for each participant. FRAX without bone mineral density (BMD) was used to estimate fracture probability. Results: FRAX significantly overestimated the risk of major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) in the WHI study. The most significant overestimation was observed in women with low GRS (predicted/observed ratio (POR): 1.61, 95% CI: 1.45–1.79) specifically Asian women (POR: 3.5, 95% CI 2.48–4.81) and in African American women (POR: 2.59, 95% CI: 2.33–2.87). Compared to the low GRS group, the 10-year probability of MOF adjusted for the FRAX score was 21% and 30% higher in the median GRS group and high GRS group, respectively. Asian, African American, and Hispanic women respectively had a 78%, 76%, and 56% lower hazard than Caucasian women after the FRAX score was adjusted. The results were similar for hip fractures. Conclusions: Our study suggested the FRAX performance varies significantly by both genetic profile and race in postmenopausal women.

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Burlingham, Kate. "“Into the Thick of the Fray”." Social Sciences and Missions 28, no. 3-4 (2015): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-02803014.

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This article considers American foreign relations with Angola by exploring the application of so-called adaptive education. Beginning in 1919, black American missionaries at the Congregational Galangue mission station instituted systems of schooling originally developed among freedmen and women in the American South after the Civil War. These pedagogies were specifically designed to educate black Americans without upsetting dominant white structures. When transferred to Angola, these same teachings helped to empower Angolans economically and, ultimately, politically. And yet, they carried with them the unresolved legacy of American slavery. The success of Southern-inspired mission schools among Angolans opens up new questions about the legacies of slavery in US foreign relations with Angola and Africa.

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Rorwana, Amelia, Robertson Tengeh, and Tichaona Musikavanhu. "A fraud prevention policy: Its relevance and implication at a university of technology in South Africa." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 3 (2015): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i3_c2_p3.

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Using research grants administrators and their clients (academic researchers) as the lens, this paper investigated the relevance and implication of a fraud prevention policy at a University of Technology (UoT) in South Africa. The paper adopted a quantitative approach in which closed-ended questions were complemented by open-ended questions in the survey questionnaire in the attempt to capture the perceptions of both research grants administrators and their clients on the relevance and implications of a fraud and irregularity prevention policy. The results indicate that both research grants administrators (71.4 %), and their clients (73%) do not know if UoTx has a fraud and irregularity policy. While only 36% of research grants administrators indicated that they would feel safe reporting deceitful activities, a slight majority (59%) of the clients reported same. With regards to the steps to follow to report fraudulent activity, it was noted that while all (100%) the research grants administrators noted that they were clueless, ironically an overwhelming majority of their clients indicated otherwise. Notwithstanding, both research grants administrators and their clients (93% and 95% respectively) concurred that a fraud prevention policy was necessary for UoTx. The implication is that having phenomenal controls that are not effectively publicized, monitored or worse still overridden by someone are useless.

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P. Krüger, Louis. "Macro-environments of South Africa: time to stop the rot, deterioration, distrust and dysfunctionality." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (2018): 361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.35.

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Since the introduction of black economic empowerment (BEE) in South Africa by the African National Congress (ANC) in 2003, the impact of the legislation and its accompanying policies on the six major “PESTIS” (political, economic, social, technological, institutional and structural-physical) macro-environments in which businesses in the private sector and government in the public sector operate, has largely gone unnoticed or has been ignored. In an exploratory study using the “5 Star” research methodology, and with the aid of specially developed qualitative research adjudication matrix (QRAM), the impact of the ANC’s BEE policies on these macro-environments was investigated. Unfortunately, it appears that these policies have negatively affected South Africa’s political, economic, social/cultural and institutional macro-environments. Allegations of state capture and nefarious influences on government and ministerial appointments, poor economic performance and possible further credit downgrade to “junk” status by the international ratings agencies, increased prevalence of racism, hate speech and discrimination, and violation of the Constitution of South Africa and international treaties by the ANC government, paint a dismal picture. In addition, the coun¬try is facing unseen high levels of corruption, graft, fraud, looting, bribery, nepotism and self-enrichment in government, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and businesses. BEE can be regarded as the ANC’s “Achilles heel” in South Africa, and the political party should rather abandon this policy in order to stop the rot, and further deterioration, distrust and decay in the country’s most important macro-environments.

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Widner, Jennifer. "Courts and Democracy in Postconflict Transitions: A Social Scientist’s Perspective on the African Case." American Journal of International Law 95, no. 1 (2001): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2642037.

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A “second liberation” swept the African continent beginning in 1989. In many places, multiparty elections and a measured optimism gained ground. Yet during the 1990s, the spirit of moderation and tolerance typical of the early independence movements began to fray. The recent armed conflicts of Central and West Africa and the columns of refugees crossing borders have served as a blunt reminder of the fragility of many of the continent’s democratic experiments.In this new era, law plays a central, visible, yet delicate role in many peace settlements and democratic transitions, from South Africa to Ghana. Africa’s courts have been challenged to provide the kinds of basic dispute resolution that lie at the core of what it means to be a “government.” At the same time, Africanjudges are mindful of Learned Hand’s caution in The Spirit of Liberty, taped above a secretary’s desk in Uganda. “Liberty lies in the hearts of men and women,” Hand wrote. “[W]hen it dies there, no constitution, no law, no court can save it; no constitution, no law, no court can even do much to help it.” The success of a postconflict transition will depend, in part, on the role of courts in sustaining a spirit of liberty and tolerance in their societies.

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Bang, Anne K. "Tore Linné Eriksen: Afrika. Fra de første mennesker til i dag." Historisk tidsskrift 100, no. 01 (2021): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-2944-2021-01-09.

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Gjersø, Jonas Fossli. "Tore Linné Eriksen: Afrika: Fra de første mennesker til i dag." Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning 62, no. 01 (2021): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-291x-2021-01-12.

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Swanepoel, Andries P., and Jacolize Meiring. "Adequacy of law enforcement and prosecution of economic crimes in South Africa." Journal of Financial Crime 25, no. 2 (2018): 450–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-12-2016-0081.

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Purpose Economic crime is a serious challenge to business leaders, government officials and private individuals in South Africa. Given the important role of law enforcement, prosecution and sentencing in deterring economic crimes, the purpose of this paper is to determine if law enforcement, prosecution and sentencing practices are deemed to be adequate in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach Primary data from Web-based and manual questionnaires were used to empirically analyse the perceptions of sentenced economic crime offenders and role-players regarding the statement that law enforcement and prosecution practices of economic crimes relating to fraud, corruption or tax evasion in South Africa are not adequate. The final realised sample included a total of 345 from the various populations of key role-players and a total of 82 economic crime offenders from a Gauteng-based correctional institution. Mann–Whitney U tests were used to test for significant differences between the views of role-players and economic crime offenders. Findings The majority of both groups of respondents is of the opinion that law enforcement, prosecution and sentencing practices in South Africa are not adequate with regard to economic crime offences, although statistically significant differences exist in the degree of agreement. The challenge is therefore to prosecute more economic crime offenders by improving law enforcement, prosecution and sentencing practices. The study also revealed that people have a reluctance to speak out about fraud, corruption or tax evasion or to report such offences for various reasons. Originality/value The research assisted in identifying the challenges economic crime presents and the shortcomings in current law enforcement, prosecution and sentencing practices in South Africa.

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Adekile, A. D. "Anthropology of the βSGene-Flow Frou West Africa to North Africa, the Mediterranean, and Southern Europe". Hemoglobin 16, № 1-2 (1992): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03630269209005685.

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Ambukita, Eric. "Foreign Direct Investment - Motives and Barriers to Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse Rynki Finansowe Ubezpieczenia 82 (2016): 865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2016.4.82/1-72.

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Yakobi, Khulekani, and Bethuel Sibongiseni Ngcamu. "An exploratory study on the impact of social media of selected commercial banks in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Banks and Bank Systems 11, no. 2 (2016): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.11(2).2016.09.

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The emergence of social media in financially high-risk institutions has had a negative impact on employees’ perceptions towards utilization of social media for team collaboration and communication. This study investigates social media impact in commercial banks and explores the contribution it has brought among teams, thus, ascertaining collaboration and effective communication within the banking industry. It adopted a quantitative research method whereby 194 questionnaires were distributed and 102 completed, thereby generating a response rate of 53%. The study findings revealed 60% of the research participants who agreed, 14% undecided, and 27% disagreed that social media present an opportunity for people to commit fraud and attracts hackers. This study will contribute to the body of knowledge in South Africa as there is a limited number of published studies on the impact of social media in financial institutions

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Zuberi, Omari, and Siasa Issa Mzenzi. "Analysis of employee and management fraud in Tanzania." Journal of Financial Crime 26, no. 2 (2019): 412–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-01-2018-0012.

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Purpose The study aims to explore specific motivations, rationalizations and opportunities that are involved in the occurrences of both employee and management fraud in the context of an emerging African country, Tanzania. It builds and extends from the fraud triangle theory. Design/methodology/approach A survey was developed and administered to 114 participants who had witnessed, had examined or had been involved in fraud resolutions. The participants included fraud examiners, business managers and owners, victims, auditors, lawyers, and law enforcement agents. The data collected were analysed using descriptive analysis, principal component analysis and correlation analysis. Findings The results revealed six motivation factors that incentivize employees and managers to engage in fraudulent behaviours. These are business financial strain, social incentives and pressure, greed, operating problems, internal pressures and malevolent work environment. In addition, fraudsters rationalized their behaviour through five significant neutralization techniques identified as social weighting, transferring of blame, denial of injury, attitude and prior fraud history. Lastly, victim organisations were identified to have three main fraud opportunities: poor control environment, inadequate control activities and circumstances that allowed collusive behaviour among fraudsters. Research limitations/implications While the study attempted to explore the motivations, opportunities and rationalizations from the perspectives of the fraud-fighting professionals and witnesses, their views and suggestions might be different from the actual known fraudsters or incarcerated individuals. Practical implications Business organisations, fraud-fighting professionals and general community must understand the factors behind fraud occurrences, so proper measures may be taken to limit the frequency and amount of fraud losses. Social implications Creation of public awareness and dialogue necessary for the prevention, fighting and deterrence against all forms of fraud. Originality/value Despite the occurrences of many scams in both public and private sectors, limited studies exist as to the triggers behind fraud occurrences in the context of the developing countries and whether these triggers are the same as in other contexts. This study is an attempt to fill this gap.

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Li, Kaodui, Osei-Assibey Mandella Bonsu, Kwabena Evans Asare, Beraud Jean-Jacques Dominique, and Boadi Johnson. "Accountants Perception on Effectiveness of Corporate Fraud Detection and Prevention Methods in Ghana." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 8, no. 3 (2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v8i3.13398.

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The purpose of the study is to find out the perceptions of Accountants and Auditors on effectiveness of corporate fraud detection and prevention methods among selected financial Institutions in Ghana. The population samples of the study comprising Accountants and Auditors in a selected financial Institutions in Ghana using a structured survey of questionnaires.It was revealed in the study that, organizational quite utilized data mining, digital analysis, internal Control and improvement and fraud prevention and detection training in combating fraud. However, the findings also shows that, organization use of password protection, Cash Review, Annual Auditing, Whistle blowing policy were less often utilized even though having the highest rating of effectiveness. Accountants, Auditors and management of Financial Organizations should considering using the most effective prevention and detection methods like Cash Review, Annual Auditing, whistle blowing and installation of Password protection on computers based on the findings.The study contributes to the literature on the effectiveness of fraud detection and prevention methods particularly for West African Countries and other emerging nations. The study may be terrific to Practitioners regarding the assessment of the contemporary level of fraud detection and prevention methods on financial Institutions in Ghana and beyond.

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Moloto, Mapula R., Anh Dao T. Phan, Jerry L. Shai, Yasmina Sultanbawa, and Dharini Sivakumar. "Comparison of Phenolic Compounds, Carotenoids, Amino Acid Composition, In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-Diabetic Activities in the Leaves of Seven Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Cultivars." Foods 9, no. 9 (2020): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091285.

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Cowpea is a well-known nutrition rich African leafy vegetable that has potential to sustain food and nutrition insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa. Consumption of cowpea legumes is associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the (i) variation in phenolic metabolites in seven cowpea cultivars (VOP1, VOP2, VOP3, VOP4, VOP5, VOP7, and VOP8 using UHPLC coupled with high resolution Q-TOF-MS technique, (ii) in vitro antioxidant activity using ferric reducing/antioxidant capacity (FRAP) assay (iii) in vitro anti-diabetic effects and (iv) composition of carotenoids and amino acids of theses cowpea cultivars. The results of this study demonstrated that gentisic acid 5-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-(2G-xylosylrutinoside) and Quercetin 3-glucosyl-(1->2)-galactoside were highest in VOP1 VOP4 and VOP5, respectively. High inhibition (>50%) of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities was shown by the leaf extracts (50 and 25 mg/mL) of VOP1 and VOP4. Cowpea cultivars VOP1 and VOP4 demonstrated the highest gene expression levels of regulation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, similar to insulin. A positive correlation exited between the phenolic components and the inhibitory effect of antidiabetic enzymes and FRAP activity. Cytotoxic effect was not detected in vitro in any cowpea cultivar. Lutein (124.6 mg/100 g) and all-trans-beta-carotene (92.6 mg/100 g) levels were highest in VOP2 and VOP1, respectively. Cowpea cultivars VOP3 and VOP4 showed potential to fulfil the daily requirements of essential amino acids. Thus, based on this information, cowpea (leaves) genotypes/cultivars can be selected and propagated for the further development of supplementary foods or functional food ingredients.

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Rubin, Joshua D., Susanna Fioratta, and Jeffrey W. Paller. "Ethnographies of emergence: everyday politics and their origins across Africa Introduction." Africa 89, no. 03 (2019): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972019000457.

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The articles that appear in this part issue focus on disparate topics, from rumours of electoral fraud to the production of art, and span the African continent from Guinea and Ghana in the west to Zimbabwe in the south. Despite their evident differences, the contributors see their pieces as united by a common theme: emergence. Elaborating on Simone's influential exploration of the intertwined concepts of emergence and emergency (2004), as well as prior research in Africa on informal economic practices (the exchange of goods and services unregulated by states) (Hart 1973; Piot 2010; Roitman 2004; Weiss 2009), we consider emergence to be the process by which new social formations become thinkable, repeatable, and even – at times – habitual. Although conditions of crisis or precarity or even revolutionary upheaval might be fertile ground for emergence, insofar as these social conditions represent ‘rupture[s] in the organization of the present’ (Simone 2004: 4), the articles here also show that new social practices do not emerge out of nowhere. Rather, these articles demonstrate that attention to quotidian encounters can illuminate how citizens mobilize previously existing norms and patterns of behaviour in response to social change or economic crisis.

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Van Staden, Martin. "Fraus Legis in Constitutional Law: The Case of Expropriation "Without" or for "Nil" Compensation." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 24 (June 28, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a10406.

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Fraus legis – defrauding or evading the application of law – is a phenomenon well-known to students of private law, but its application in public law, including constitutional law, remains largely unconsidered. To consider whether a transaction, or, it is submitted, an enactment, is an instance of fraus legis, an interpreter must have regard to the substance and not merely the form of an enactment. In 2018 Parliament resolved to amend section 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution) to allow government to expropriate property without being required to pay compensation. While the public and legal debate has since before that time been concerned with "expropriation without compensation", the draft Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Bill, 2019 provides instead for expropriation where "the amount of compensation is nil". By the admission of Parliament's legal services unit, this is a distinction without a difference. But compensation and expropriation are legally and conceptually married, and as a result, it would be impermissible to expropriate without compensation – instead, nil compensation will be "paid". How does this current legal affair comport with the substance over form principle, and is fraus legis at play? This article considers the application of the fraus legis phenomenon to public law, utilising the contemporary case study of the Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Bill.

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Khair, Tabish. "En mangfoldighed af spejle: Europa og modernitet i rejselitteratur fra Asien og Afrika." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 37, no. 108 (2009): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v37i108.21996.

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This paper explores some ways of understanding ‘Europe’ through a reading of selected travel texts written by non-Europeans. In particular, I focus on three texts written by Indians who travelled to Europe and England between 1750 and 1900, though there are also references to other travel accounts. The main argument of this paper is that such accounts complicate any given definition of ‘Europe’ as well as the values and assumptions of certain usages of terms like ‘Europeanness’, ‘modernity’ and ‘science’. The non-European travel texts show a consciousness of ‘difference’ and can at times contain elements of cultural essentialism, but they do not display a simplistic opposition to ‘Europe’ or the cultural products commonly associated, rightly or wrongly, with Europe.

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Hargarter, Antje, and Gary Van Vuuren. "Measuring conduct risk in South African banks." Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 11, no. 3 (2019): 282–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-03-2018-0027.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the problem of conduct-risk measurement for banks, using South Africa as an example of a developing market. Conduct risk is a new and complex phenomenon in global financial services and could negatively impact various stakeholders. There are concerns about new regulations and potential misconduct fines affecting profitability and sustainability for banks. While presenting a serious problem, especially in developing markets, with the added challenge of financial inclusion, conduct risk and its measurement have not been researched sufficiently. If the measurement problem could be solved, the management could be facilitated. Design/methodology/approach Based on a literature review, existing surveys and new interviews, a best-practice proposal for measuring conduct risk was developed. The approach was exploratory and inductive and added primary insights. Findings Measuring concepts like conduct is a global challenge. This aside, South African banking customers are concerned about fraud and safety and administrative service hassles, rather than conduct in the regulatory sense. Best-practice measurement must account for these findings by working with a scoring for behavioural, organisational/procedural and perception indicators and with suggestions for specific surveys. Research limitations/implications Analysing the data measured and deciding what action should be taken if conduct risk is detected could be considered for additional research. Practical implications South African banks are guided in measuring a difficult and unique concept at a time of regulatory change, stakeholder pressures and limited existing knowledge. Originality/value The authors believe this is the first study on a critical and new challenge in banking risk measurement in a developing market.

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Dörflinger, Annette, P. Kuhn, and E. Dreher. "Die Zirkumzision der Frau - (k)ein rein afrikanisches Problem - Female Circumcision - (Not) A Purely African Problem -." Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 60, no. 11 (2000): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8061.

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Wiegratz, Jörg. "‘They’re all in it together’: the social production of fraud in capitalist Africa." Review of African Political Economy 46, no. 161 (2019): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2019.1682297.

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Collier, Paul, and Pedro C. Vicente. "Violence, bribery, and fraud: the political economy of elections in Sub-Saharan Africa." Public Choice 153, no. 1-2 (2011): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9777-z.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Afrika / Frau'

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