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1
Van Houwelingen, F., and A. Carstens. "'Nederlandismes' in HAT." Literator 19, no. 2 (1998): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v19i2.518.
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Dutch influence in HAT (1994) Although there is consensus among linguists that Afrikaans and Dutch are related languages, and that Afrikaans originated from 17th century Dutch, the differences between present-day varieties of Afrikaans and Dutch serve as proof that we are dealing with two separate languages. These differences should be clearly visible in descriptive as well as normative sources of the two languages. However, the third edition of Verklarende Handewoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT), one of the leading Afrikaans standard monolingual dictionaries, contains headwords as well as microstructural information that do not agree with the reality of the Afrikaans of today. An empirical investigation conducted among Afrikaans-speaking dictionary users has proven that a significant Dutch influence is still prominent - in the micro- as well as the macrostructure of the dictionary. It is believed that the Dutch "thread" of many Afrikaans dictionaries has indirectly contributed towards the creation of a super-standard norm, which is partially responsible for the estrangement between the cultural language and the vernacular.
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Dangor, Suleman Essop. "Arabic-Afrikaans Literature at the Cape." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 45, no. 1 (2018): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.45i1.4483.
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Tuan Guru – the first official imam at the Cape – used Malayu as the medium of instruction in the Dorp Street madrasah (Muslim religious school) which he established at the end of the 18th century. This changed in the middle of the 19th century when Cape Dutch was adopted as the language of instruction. While the children were familiar with this language they could not read the Latin script since they were barred from attending the public schools. Cape Muslims could, however, read the Arabic script which they had to learn for liturgical purposes - though they could not speak Arabic. To overcome this conundrum, numerous scholars and teachers began to translate Arabic texts into Cape Dutch and then transcribing these in the Latin script. These “readers” came to serve as official textbooks in the madrasahs at the Cape. This article traces the development of this genre of literature which came to be known as Arabic-Afrikaans, comments on manuscripts that were identified by Adrianus van Selms, Achmat Davids and Hans Kähler and highlights the daunting challenge of transcribing Afrikaans phonetically in the Arabic script.
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Ponelis, F. "Hesseling: ’n eeu later." Literator 20, no. 1 (1999): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v20i1.441.
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Hesseling: a century laterThe Dutch linguist D.C. Hesseling was a pioneer of creole studies. The first evidence of Hesseling's interest in language contact and creole languages was his publications on Afrikaans. Hesseling formulated the core of his approach to the origin of Afrikaans in an 1897 article and greatly elaborated his ideas on the subject in the book Het Afrikaansch, published in 1899. This was the first truly scientific study of Afrikaans.Hesseling placed emergent Afrikaans within the colonial Dutch contact situation. In his wide-ranging and penetrating sociohistórical analysis of the seventeenth-century language contact situation at the Cape, Hesseling discounted the impact of either Koi or French and German on emergent Afrikaans. He singled out the creole Portuguese introduced by slaves as the main factor in the formation of Afrikaans from colloquial seventeenthcentury Dutch. Some of the issues raised by Hesseling have been hotly disputed, but his approach has remained at the centre of the discourse on Afrikaans historical linguistics.Hesseling's involvement in the diachrony of early Afrikaans was partly stimulated by his passionate interest in the language politics of the emergent Afrikaans standard language. He was the very first linguist of stature to argue for the standardisation of Afrikaans. Moreover, his ideas on the viability of Afrikaans as a local standard language in competition with both English and Dutch have been borne out, though they had been discounted within contemporary Afrikaner Nationalist discourse.
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Bosman, Nerina. "Eenders en anders: Die leksikons van Afrikaans en Nederlands in die een-en-twintigste eeu —’n loodsstudie." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 50, no. 3 (2018): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tl.v50i3.5117.
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Early research into the Afrikaans vocabulary was mainly diachronic and comparative (Dutch being the “mother” language from which Afrikaans developed) and the relationship between the lexicons of the two languages was not explored in any great detail towards the end of the twentieth century. This state of affairs changed with the publication of Groot Woordeboek Afrikaans en Nederlands (“Great Dictionary Afrikaans and Dutch”) in 2011, a dictionary with an amalgamated lemma list. One of the outcomes of the lexicographic project was the realisation that less than fifty percent of the lemmas in the dictionary were absolute cognates, words which are similar in both form and meaning. This finding prompted a synchronic comparison of word forming processes in Afrikaans and Dutch, using two small newspaper corpora from 2009 as well a selection of neologisms. Analysis of the data shows that although Afrikaans and Dutch differ in the way in which loan words are incorporated—Dutch speakers prefer to take over the words as they are, whereas Afrikaans speakers make use of calques— the morphosemantic process of compounding is still the most productive way for adding words to the lexicon. The two languages do not make use of each others’ coinages, one indication that their lexicons are increasingly growing apart.
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Wissing, D. "Regressiewe stemassimilasie in Afrikaans en Nederlands." Literator 12, no. 2 (1991): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v12i2.764.
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The phonological process of assimilation of voice is a distinct feature of both Dutch and Afrikaans. However, there seem to be some prominent differences between these two related languages, especially with regard to the phenomenon of regressive assimilation of voice. Regressive assimilation in Dutch is, according to the literature on this subject, much more restricted than in Afrikaans with regard to the types of segment that are conditioning this sound change. In Afrikaans, assimilation of voice can be triggered by any voiced segment; in Dutch it is stated that only voiced explosives are responsible for such change. In this article it will be demonstrated that this is an unnecessary restriction, and indeed incorrect. This faulty description is due to the fact that the ‘w’ sound in Dutch (as in "water") is typified in a variety of ways in the Dutch literature. It will be shown that ‘w’ is a voiced fricative, and is, together with the voiced explosives, involved in regressive assimilation of voice in much the same way as it is in Afrikaans.
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Van der Elst, J. "Regional and current problems in South Africa and their impact on literature with remarks on the evaluation of the Afrikaans Novel." Literator 6, no. 1 (1985): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v6i1.893.
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My paper centres round a specific situation and its impact on literature in South Africa with special reference to the modern novel in the Afrikaans language and the literary evaluation of the novel. This does not mean that I exclude references to the other genres, poetry and dram a and to literatures in other languages within the South African context. Many of you might know but to clarify I would like to point out that I refer to Afrikaans as the Germanic language originating from the 17th century Dutch mother tongue of approximately 3 ½ million South Africans.
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den Besten, Hans. "KHOEKHOE SYNTAX AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR L2 ACQUISITION OF DUTCH AND AFRIKAANS." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 14, no. 1 (2002): 3–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542702046020.
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A provisional typological comparison demonstrates that Khoekhoe, Dutch, and Afrikaans are highly similar with respect to a couple of minor features. Therefore, Cape Dutch Pidgin (CDP), which came about as a relexified and pidginized version of Khoekhoe, could often develop compromises between Dutch and Khoekhoe syntax. Exceptions were the use of SOV without V2 and (possibly) the use of certain postpositions. Furthermore, there is evidence showing that CDP and Orange River Afrikaans (ORA) are diachronically related. An investigation of the sentential structure of Khoekhoe, however, shows that the second position (P2) phenomenon differs considerably from V2 in Dutch: P2 is symmetric and is applied in all clause types. Yet, except for a temporary pro-drop phenomenon in wh-clauses, P2 did not really affect the pidgin. Once finite verbs were acquired, the picture changed, and new (optional) subordinate V2 and V1 patterns could be introduced into Cape Dutch and Afrikaans under the influence of Khoekhoe Dutch/Afrikaans.
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Wissing, D. "Die klempatrone van Afrikaanse en Nederlandse simplekse - ’n vergelyking." Literator 10, no. 2 (1989): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v10i2.830.
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The stress patterns of Afrikaans and Dutch simplex words correspond to a large extent. However, a small percentage of words differ with regard to the placing of the main stress. The theoretical descriptions of this phenomenon in Afrikaans and Dutch are compared and the conclusion is reached that the Afrikaans description has a higher degree of descriptive and explanatory adequacy than its Dutch counterpart. This can be ascribed to a number of factors, some of which are dealt with in the article. It is furthermore demonstrated that the majority of shifts in stress patterns from Dutch to Afrikaans take place according to the main stress rule. This article indicates how these shifts provide strong support for the main stress rule for simplex words which forms the basis of the argument.
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Breed, Adri, Frank Brisard, and Ben Verhoeven. "Periphrastic Progressive Constructions in Dutch and Afrikaans: A Contrastive Analysis." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 29, no. 4 (2017): 305–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542717000022.
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Given the common ancestry of Dutch and Afrikaans, it is not surprising that they use similar periphrastic constructions to express progressive meaning:aan het(Dutch) andaan die/’t(Afrikaans) lit. ‘at the’;bezig met/(om)te(Dutch) lit. ‘busy with/to’ andbesig om telit. ‘busy to’ (Afrikaans); and so-called cardinal posture verb constructions (zitten/sit‘sit’,staan‘stand’,liggen/lê‘lie’ andlopen/loop‘walk’), CPVte(‘to’ Dutch) and CPVen(‘and’ Afrikaans). However, these cognate constructions have grammaticalized to different extents. To assess the exact nature of these differences, we analyzed the constructions with respect to overall frequency, collocational range, and transitivity (compatibility with transitive predicates and passivizability). We used two corpora that are equal in size (both about 57 million words) and contain roughly the same types of written text. It turns out that the use of periphrastic progressives is generally more widespread in Afrikaans than in Dutch. As far as grammaticalization is concerned, we found that the Afrikaansaan die- and CPV-constructions, as well as the Dutchbezig- and CPV-constructions, are semantically restricted. In addition, only the Afrikaansbesig- and CPVen-constructions allow passivization, which is remarkable for such periphrastic expressions.*
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Stell, Gerald, Xavier Luffin, and Muttaqin Rakiep. "Religious and secular Cape Malay Afrikaans: Literary varieties used by Shaykh Hanif Edwards (1906-1958)." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 163, no. 2-3 (2008): 289–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003687.
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In the context of the White and Christian-dominated Afrikaans language movements, followed by apartheid, little attention has been paid to an Afrikaans literary variety used among Muslim Cape Coloureds, a group often referred to as ‘Cape Malays’. Descending mainly from Asian slaves brought by the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC, Dutch East India Company), and bearing the marks of cohabitation with non-Asian populations at the Cape, the Cape Malays at an early stage developed a distinct religious culture through their adherence to Islam, as well as a distinct Cape Dutch linguistic identity through their connections with the Dutch East Indies and the Islamic world. These cultural idiosyncrasies found expression in a local literature, religious and (more rarely) secular, using as a medium a variety of Cape Dutch/Afrikaans written either in the Arabic alphabet or in the Roman alphabet.
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Augustinus, Liesbeth, and Cora Cavirani-Pots. "Give it a try!" Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 136, no. 2 (2020): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tntl2020.2.001.augu.
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Abstract This paper compares the different possibilities of verbal complementation of the Dutch verb proberen ‘try’ and its Afrikaans cognate probeer ‘try’. In Dutch, proberencan take three complement types: an om te infinitive, a te infinitive and a bare infinitive. In Afrikaans, probeer can only take two complements: an om te infinitive and a bare infinitive. There are no semantic differences among the complemen-tation patterns. We conducted a corpus study for both languages to investigate which factors influence the choice of the complement. In Dutch there is a clear influence of region (Netherlandic Dutch versus Belgian Dutch). Furthermore, the length of the object and the type of clause (main or embedded) have a significant influence on the choice of the complement. In the Afrikaans data the presence of the object as well as its length significantly influence the choice between an om te and a bare infinitive.
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Grebe, H. P. "Oosgrensafrikaans as teoretiese konstruk onder die loep." Literator 20, no. 2 (1999): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v20i2.466.
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Eastern Cape Afrikaans (Oosgrensafrikaans) theoretically evaluatedBased upon linguistic and geographical considerations the historiography of Afrikaans distinguishes between three early historic varieties. Apart from the two contact varieties, Cape Afrikaans (Kaapse Afrikaans) and Orange River Afrikaans (Oranjerivierafrikaans), Eastern Cape Afrikaans is considered to be primarily a continuous development of seventeenth-century Dutch and constitutes the dialectic basis of Standard Afrikaans. As such, Eastern Cape Afrikaans has acquired a central position as theoretical concept within the historiography of Afrikaans.The use of such a term presupposes the existence of a fairly homogeneous historic variety which systematically differed from other varieties of Afrikaans. In this article it will be argued that positing Eastern Cape Afrikaans as a separate historic variety has severe theoretical constraints and that such a claim can not - beyond doubt - be established empirically.
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Du Plessis, H. "Brontaal- of ontvangtaalagensie in Oranjerivierafrikaans en die ontstaan van Afrikaans." Literator 15, no. 3 (1994): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v15i3.679.
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In this article the Orange River variety of modern Afrikaans is investigated in terms of Van Coetsems types of language interference: borrowing and imposition. It is argued that the initial contact between Dutch and Khoi resulted in the imposition of Khoi forms on seventeenth-century Dutch. These two forms of interference can still be traced in modern Orange River Afrikaans. A modern variety of a language can thus be studied in order to shed some light on the history of that language.
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Steenberg, D. H. "Negentiende-eeuse Realisme: Hildebrand, Conscience, Cachet." Literator 11, no. 3 (1990): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v11i3.815.
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To date literary historians have not reported extensively on the connection between Dutch and early Afrikaans prose texts of the nineteenth century. This paper endeavours to verify definite intertextual links between an Afrikaans prose text, “Die geldduiwel” (1882-1889) by Jan Lion Cachet and two comparable Flemish and Dutch texts, namely De geldduivel (1856) by Hendrik Conscience, and “De familie Kegge” (1839) by Hildebrand. The most important characteristics of nineteenth century Realism serve as basis for comparison. The resemblances extend far beyond the common themes exhibited by these texts and also include the tendency of artistic texts to approximate reality by representing a total and objective view of particular the bourgeois-centered orientation of the prose in general and the representation of a specific society in particular. The paper opens up a perspective on the mode of representation in prose during the period dominated by Realism, and also illustrates and defines the close relationship that existed between nineteenth century Dutch, Flemish and Afrikaans prose art.
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Prinsloo, P. J. J. "Die rol van die Saamwerk-Unie in die beslaggewing van Afrikaanse taaleksamens in Natal, 1917-1928." Literator 16, no. 2 (1995): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v16i2.632.
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The role of the Co-operative Union in establishing Afrikaans language examinations in Natal, 1917-1928This article deals with the role of Afrikaner Nationalists who had striven to develop the selfassertiveness of their compatriots by means of promoting Afrikaans. Their attempt was aimed at obtaining an equal position to the deeply-rooted British tradition in Natal. The Co-operative Union (“Saamwerk-Unie") consequently had taken up position in the midst of the language problems. The Union made a deliberate attempt at promoting the development of Afrikaans by means of establishing the first language examinations in Afrikaans. This examination system evoked greater interest with every passing year and resulted in a clash between the Co-operative Union and the South African Language Union. The Language Union, with its Dutch language examinations, was the embodiment of the Dutch influence, while the Co-operative Union promoted Afrikaans at grass roots level. A compromise between the two organisations thus had to be made. A joint Examination Commission was therefore established in 1928. Consequently, the new cultural pattern which had been launched by the Co-operative Union was acknowledged in the ranks of the Afrikaner.
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Drwal, Malgorzata. "Discourses of transnational feminism in Marie du Toit’s Vrou en feminist (1921)." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 57, no. 2 (2020): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tl.v57i2.7765.
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In this article I investigate transtextuality in Vrou en feminist (Woman and Feminist, 1921) by Marie du Toit in order to demonstrate how she grafted first-wave transnational feminism onto the Afrikaans context. Du Toit’s book is approached as a space of contact between progressive European and North American thought and a South African, particularly Afrikaner, mindset. Du Toit relied on a multiplicity of late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries discourses to support her argument that Afrikaner women become part of the feminist movement. Due to the numerous quotations from scientific papers and literary fiction, mostly English but also Dutch, her book can be described as a heteroglot text. Utilizing the histoire croisée approach, I discuss Du Toit’s text on the macro and micro scale: I locate it in a historical perspective as a literary document and focus on the ways in which diverse voices intersect and converse with one another. I argue that the book was an unsuccessful attempt at inviting the Afrikaans reader into a transnational imagined community of suffragettes because of prejudice against the English language and culture. English sources, which Du Toit extensively quoted, deterred potential Afrikaans supporters, and consequently prevented transfer of feminist thought. Even though she also supported her views with some texts in Dutch in wanting to appeal to her reader’s associations with a more familiar Dutch culture, this tactic was insufficient to tip the balance.
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Van Olmen, Daniël, and Adri Breed. "Human impersonal pronouns in West Germanic." Studies in Language 42, no. 4 (2018): 798–846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.18036.van.
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Abstract In this article, we examine and compare the main human impersonal pronouns in Afrikaans, Dutch and English. The second person singular, the third person plural and the ‘man’- and ‘one’-pronouns are studied by means of an acceptability judgment questionnaire and a completion questionnaire. The combination of the two methods reveals interesting descriptive facts about the three West Germanic languages. They include, among other things, the ‘man’-prominence of Afrikaans versus the ‘you’-prominence of Dutch and English for expressing the universal meaning ‘anyone’ and the more prominent position of ‘they’ in Dutch than in the other languages for conveying the existential meaning ‘someone, some people’. Our findings have a number of more theoretical implications too. The two existing semantic maps for human impersonal pronouns make different distinctions in the existential domain, based on type/level of (un)knownness on the one hand and number on the other. Our study tests both sets of distinctions and shows that the two dimensions interact with each other in Afrikaans, Dutch and English. The results thus support a recent proposal in the literature for a combined semantic map. The data from the completion questionnaire, finally, also indicates that existential uses prefer alternative forms of impersonalization to human impersonal pronouns in all three languages.
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Wissing, D. P. "Die Afrikaanse en Nederlandse verkleiningsisteme - 'n vergelyking in metries-fonologiese kader." Literator 9, no. 3 (1988): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v9i3.855.
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A comparison of certain aspects of the Afrikaans and Dutch morphological systems may throw some light on the legitimacy and force of competing phonological theories. Trommelen (1982) makes an interesting and very forceful claim within the context of a non-linear metrical-phonolocial (MP-) framework by regarding as irrelevant the role played by factors such as vowel length, type of final consonants and especially accent - which are usually considered as important elements in the (linear) transformational-generative (TG) description of diminutive formation. She is of the opinion that, instead of the abovementioned elements, only the rhyme structure of the final syllable has any relevance. This claim, which has been formulated on the ground of Dutch data, is tested in the present article by referring to diminutive formation in Afrikaans. The plural in Afrikaans is used for purposes of independent evidence. The intuition of Afrikaans speakers is tested by means of a questionnaire. The extent of success achieved by the MP- and the TG-approaches is compared by referring to the results of this present investigation. It is concluded that the MP-claim does not hold fast.
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Glorie, I. "Sterke vrouwen! De institutionele positie van de eerste Afrikaanse schrijfsters." Literator 26, no. 2 (2005): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v26i2.227.
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Strong women! The institutional position of the first women writers in Afrikaans In the early 1990s several Afrikaans literary scholars suggested that the work of the first Afrikaans women writers had been marginalised, because it supposedly went against the hegemonic Afrikaner-nationalist discourse. Since then research in the field of social history has indicated that during the first half of the 20th century, Afrikaner women were not as powerless as has often been assumed. In this article, the biographical details of women writers from 1902-1930 are provided, with special reference to their involvement in Afrikaans women’s organisations. The short story “Prente” (“Pictures”) by Mabel Jansen is used to illustrate the interrelatedness of literature and social work within the framework of this type of organisations. In the concluding paragraph an attempt is made to explain the marginalisation of these women writers’ work from an international perspective, with special reference to the interference between the Dutch and the Afrikaans literary systems.
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Stell, Gerald. "Cape Malay Dutch: The Missing Link Between Cape Dutch Pidgin and Afrikaans?" Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 91, no. 3 (2013): 763–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rbph.2013.8467.
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Steyn, J. C. "Afrikaans as universiteitstaal: Onlangse ontwikkelinge in historiese en internasionale perspektief." Literator 15, no. 1 (1994): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v15i1.650.
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A study of the history of South African universities from 1918 to 1948 showed that six factors influenced the use of a particular language as a language medium at a university, namely economic and political power, as well as the number of people in the language community (which determines matters such as the official status of the language and the availability of money for universities), lecturers' and students ’ knowledge of the language, its position as scholarly language, language loyalty and attitudes toward other languages and the support enjoyed by language and related ideologies. Whereas these factors were reasonably favourable for Afrikaans universities in the past, they currently pose a threat to the survival of Afrikaans-medium universities. The standpoint is defended that retaining Afrikaans as educational and scholarly language should be an important factor when making decisions on universities. The tension between internationalisation and retention of the own language and culture is also topical in Europe, and steps have been taken to try to protect the retention of Dutch as language medium at Dutch and Flemish universities.
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Van Coller, H. P. "'n Boer in beton: "Hierdie huis" deur Kleinboer." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 55, no. 2 (2018): 148–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.55i2.4766.
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This review article is an attempt to interpret and evaluate the novel Hierdie huis within a specific context, namely that of urban writing. This is done first and foremost with reference to Afrikaans literature, but also in a wider context with reference to English South African literature (e.g. Ivan Vladislavic) and to relevant theories like that of the city dweller (flâneur) in the critical writings of Walter Benjamin. In recent Dutch literature several novels have been published (amongst others by Marc Reugebrink and Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer) that share certain motifs and strategies with Kleinboer’s trilogy and they are discussed in greater detail. In this article the focus is on this third novel in what ostensibly is a coherent trilogy or prose cycle and not primarily a rejection of the traditional Afrikaans farm novel as often is asserted by literary critics; in actual fact it is a creative renewal of this genre, although often in a parodical fashion. In conclusion this novel is described as typical of “metamodernism” in its quest for meaningful moral and philosophical “master” narratives, rejected in postmodernism. In this novel the main character recognizes The Other as a fellow human-being and his etymological quests stresses hybridity which implies that linguistic (or racial) purity is a farce. Postcolonial métissage is central in this novel and the conclusion is that the forming of new identities has seldom (or never) been described in Afrikaans literature as in this trilogy.
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Mesthrie, Rajend. "FOREWORD." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 14, no. 1 (2002): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542702046019.
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The papers in the special focus issues of the Journal of Germanic Linguistics (13.4 and 14.1) testify to the continuing significance of Afrikaans sociohistorical linguistics. Even before its official “birth,” recognition, and christening, Afrikaans had been the subject of debate, discussion, dissension, and adulation. Within linguistics, it has excited attention from Hesseling onward on account of the transformation of Dutch grammar evident in some facets of its structure and lexicon. The extent of the transformation and the participation of indigenous and enslaved people in the process have proved what my co-editor, Paul Roberge (1995:72), once called an “enduring crux ” in sociohistorical linguistics. With the promotion (and consequent further politicization) of Afrikaans in the apartheid era (1948–1994), the issue of origins became an ideologically polarized one. It seemed to me in the 1980s and 1990s that linguists in South Africa, with a few exceptions, weren't keeping pace with developments in creolistics; and, conversely, scholars versed in creolistics weren't always paying attention to the full span of the data on the transformation of Dutch in South Africa. With the academic boycott of apartheid South Africa, there seemed little opportunity for full, free, and frank scholarly exchange.
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Van Zyl, D. "Afstand en vereenselwiging: Perspektiewe op die veranderende betekenisse van boer en Boer in die Afrikaanse poësie." Literator 21, no. 3 (2000): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v21i3.492.
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Distance and identification: Perspectives on the changing connotations of boer and Boer in Afrikaans poetry A comparison of various lemmas on boer/Boer in a number of dictionaries, as well as research on the application of these terms in a variety of poetic (and other) texts written during the 19th and 20th century, reveals interesting similarities and dissimilarities regarding both the definition and the utilization of the terms in Afrikaans and Dutch texts. In Afrikaans and in Afrikaans poetry, where Boer (and sometimes boer, under influence of the values attributed to Boer) is often used as an ethnonym, different meanings of the term correspond with the historical, sociological and ideological context. Alternatively, both terms are employed negatively, suggesting a perspective of distance, and positively, implying proximity and identification. The option selected depends on the specific intent and the context, but the terms are often used ambiguously, reflecting a multiplicity of meaning(s).
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Viljoen, H. "Nederland(s) en sy (Suid-) Afrikaanse metafore." Literator 15, no. 3 (1994): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v15i3.674.
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Afrikaans metaphors for Dutch and the NetherlandsThere seems to be an irrepressible urge to metaphorize the relation between the Netherlands and South Africa in the Afrikaans popular imagination, perhaps in order to bridge the growing separation between the two countries. Four complexes of such metaphors, window, family relations, root and landscape, are briefly analysed, with most emphasis on the last category. From a handful of Afrikaans poems since 1950, and especially from poems by Elizabeth Eybers, Lina Spies and Marlene van Niekerk, it seems possible to reconstruct a descriptive system that underlies poems contrasting the Netherlands (represented by Amsterdam in particular) as a safe, protected space with the South African landscape as open and exposed. These poems also clearly show up the dialectic of abrogation and appropriation and the anxiety about land and identity so typical of postcolonial literatures.
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Van der Elst, J. "Die Anglo-Boereoorlog: ’n vertekende beeld vanuit die vreemde." Literator 20, no. 3 (1999): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v20i3.499.
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The Anglo-Boer War: A distorted image from abroadThis article deals with the Dutch author Louwrens Penning (1854-1927) who wrote 18 novels on the Boer War, even though he never visited the country until 1924, long after the Anglo-Boer War had ended One of his books, entitled De held van Spionkop, is discussed as example. Penning s images of the Boer warriors and their endeavors were highly idealised and embedded in a certain view of race relations a n d war. He created idols, like the courageous boy named Blikoortjie, which became widely known among his Dutch readers, especially the Dutch youth. He facilely ignored historic facts and rather idealized a n d fantasized. His works thus became a peculiar mixture off act and fiction. Though he was not a literary master, he succeeded in writing gripping stories which were - up to a point - reprinted time and again. Through his writings he succeeded in creating a positive image of the Afrikaner which persisted in spite of the negative outcome of apartheid. Though one cannot be sure, it may even be true that Dutch immigrants came to South Africa because of a consistently positive image of Afrikaans and Afrikaans heroes as created by Penning in his books.
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Du Plooy, H. "Elisabeth Eybers: die volgehoue 'edel spel'." Literator 12, no. 3 (1991): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v12i3.779.
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This article pays tribute to Elisabeth Eybers who was not only the first woman to publish a volume of poetry in Afrikaans, but who has also received numerous awards for her poetry over the years. She has recently been awarded the P.C. Hooftprijs, the most prestigious literary award in the Netherlands. The relevance of her work is indicated by a discussion of her unique position in the Afrikaans and Dutch literary worlds, and by proposing a new reading of a well-known poem to illustrate the point of view that good poetry can always be reread in relevant ways.
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Erasmus, M. "Literêre vertaling as kruiskulturele kommunikasie: Kortonnen dozen van Tom Lanoye in Afrikaans." Literator 19, no. 3 (1998): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v19i3.556.
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Literary translation as cross-cultural communication: Kartonnen dozen by Tom Lanoye in Afrikaans Literary texts are more frequently translated from Afrikaans into Dutch than vice versa. The translation of the popular Flemish writer Tom Lanoye's short novel Kartonnen dozen by Daniel Hugo is indeed one of the very few examples of the latter. In this article I explore, inter alia, the politics of translation which may underlie this imbalance; literary translation as a way of "opening up" a foreign culture; the ideology of translatability. To establish whether Hugo's translation may be seen as adequate, and thus as functioning effectively within the Afrikaans (target) literary system, a comparative analysis is made of the two texts (i.e. Kartonnen dozen and Kartondose) in respect of certain textemes which I regard as imperative for the target text to convey the intention of the source text. In conclusion, I voice my opinion on a literary translation such as Kartondose and its role in the endeavour of decolonisation to resist globalisation.
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Kamsteeg, Frans, and Harry Wels. "Breaking white silences in South African-Dutch collaboration in higher education." Journal of Organizational Ethnography 6, no. 1 (2017): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joe-01-2017-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show the complex positionality and the complexity that comes with the study of whiteness in South African higher education by Dutch, white academics. This complexity stems from the long-standing relationship between Dutch universities, the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VUA) in particular, with their South African counterparts, which predominantly supported apartheid with reference to a shared religious (Protestant) background. Design/methodology/approach The paper rests upon a literature review of the development of South African higher education, and an assessment of the prominent role played by the Dutch Vrije Universiteit in support of the all-white, Afrikaans Potchefstroom University (presently North-West University). The authors, who are both involved in the institutional cooperation between Vrije Universiteit and South African universities, reflect on the complexity of this relationship by providing auto-ethnographic evidence from their own (religious) biography. Findings The paper reflects the ambiguous historical as well as contemporary contexts and ties that bind Vrije Universiteit to South African universities, especially formerly Afrikaans-speaking ones. The ambiguity is about the comfort of sharing an identity with formerly Afrikaans-speaking universities, on the one hand, and the discomfort of historical and political complicities in a (still) segregated South African society on the other hand. Originality/value This auto-ethnographic paper breathes an atmosphere of a “coming out” that is not very common in academic writing. It is a reflection and testimony of a lifelong immersion in VUA-South African academic research relations in which historical, institutional, and personal contexts intermingle and lead to a unique positionality leading to “breaking silences” around these complex relations.
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Deudney-Theron, E. "Metapoëtiese raakpunte in die poësie van Gerrit Kouwenaar en Breyten Breytenbach." Literator 12, no. 2 (1991): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v12i2.758.
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Prompted by the poem "brief in een fles voor breyten" in which a certain poetic relationship between the Dutch poet Gerrit Kouwenaar and the Afrikaans poet Breyten Breytenbach is implied, the author of this article traces the outlines of a meta-poetics common to both poets and through which their poetry has intertextual links with the poetics of among others Poe, Mallarme and Wallace Stevens. The following common denominators are found in Kouwenaars’s body of works and Breytenbach’s ("yk") and Lewendood: the proliferation of the subject, the ‘killing’ of life in language, the extended metaphor of food, eating and excretion and the living poem as a present absence.
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Deumert, Ana. "Praatjies and boerenbrieven." Creole Language in Creole Literatures 20, no. 1 (2005): 15–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.20.1.04deu.
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From the 1820s humorous representations of the local vernacular began to appear in the periodical press of the Cape Colony. These popular texts developed into a highly productive genre and influenced the formation of an early Afrikaans written norm by shaping expectations of social, linguistic and local authenticity. Whereas the early vernacular representations fall largely into the category of racist parodies or ‘mock language’ (Hill 1995), later texts were intended as projections of the colonists' own ‘voice’. Using LePage's concept of linguistic focusing (cf. LePage & Tabouret-Keller 1985), Coupland's (2001) notion of stylization, and Gal and Irvine's (2000) semiotic principles of iconization and erasure, this paper argues that linguistic forms which were propagated as ‘authentic’ representations of local speech in the popular literature came to be used as conventionalized ideological resources in non-literary texts and contributed to the gradual formation and diffusion of a written norm at the Cape. The data basis for the analysis includes early literary texts (1828–1889), theCorpus of Cape Dutch Correspondence(1880–1922, cf. Deumert, 2001, 2004) as well as a small, pragmatically cohesive corpus of application letters for the position of a nanny in the house of Colin Steyn (1923/1924).
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Van der Merwe, R., and J. Grobler. "Dagboeke as oorlogsdokumentasie: Johanna van Warmelo se dagboek en haar belewing van die Anglo-Boereoorlog." Literator 20, no. 3 (1999): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v20i3.490.
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Diaries as historical documentation: Jotianna van Warmelo’s diary and her experience of the Anglo-Boer WarJohanna van Warmelo resided in Sunnyside, Pretoria, with her mother virtually throughout the Anglo-Boer War. She was 23 years old when the war broke out. Her fiancé, whom she later married, lived in Holland. Johanna started a diary immediately after the outbreak of the war In this she not only wrote down factual reports, but also her perceptions of the war and the belligerents. The diary grew into seven volumes of more than a thousand pages. After serving as a nurse in the Irene Concentration Camp, Johanna in 1901 became involved in the spying activities of the Secret Service Commission of the Boers in Pretoria. Through assisting the famous scout J.J. Naude, she and her mother formed a crucial link between the Boer commanders in the field and President Kruger in Europe. She later related those experiences in The Petticoat Commando. It was published in both English and Dutch and eventually also in Afrikaans and became one of the classic factual tales of adventure of the Anglo- Boer War. In this article her diary is analysed as a source on the war
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Joyson, Roshni, and Dr Cynthia Catherine Michael. "Racial Identity in Post-Apartheid South Africa: J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 3 (2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i3.10943.
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J.M. Coetzee is a South African novelist, critic and an active translator of Dutch and Afrikaans literature. His novels are conspicuous for their well- crafted composition, pregnant dialogues and analytical brilliance. Coetzee’s earlier novels question the apartheid regime, while his later works offer an apocalyptic vision of post- apartheid South Africa. His major works include Disgrace, Waiting for the Barbarians, Life and Times of Michael K, Boyhood, Age of Iron and The Childhood of Jesus. In 1999, Coetzee has been the recipient of numerous awards throughout his career, although he has a reputation for avoiding award ceremonies. Coetzee became the first author to be twice awarded the Booker Prize, winning it as second time for Disgrace which portrays the post-apartheid society. Coetzee went on to win the Nobel Prize for literature in 2003 for his entire body of works. During the years of apartheid, he was at the forefront of the anti-apartheid movement among writers. Scholar Isadore Dalia labelled J.M Coetzee as one of the most distinguished white writers with an anti-apartheid sentiment. Coetzee’s earlier novels question the apartheid regime, while his later works offer an apocalyptic vision of post- apartheid South Africa. Disgrace can be analyzed as a representative work of the new south Africa where the social problems relating binary oppositions such as black- white, white- immigrant, powerless- powerful, are stressed. This paper attempts to show through the protagonist, David Lurie, that the way to adapt to the changes in the country is to make a fresh start, a way to adapt to the new times, where no ideas of the old are retained. Frantz Fanon’s concepts within the field of post colonialism which he articulated in Black Skin, White Masks (1967) and The Wretched of the Earth (1963) have much relevance in Disgrace. The objective of this paper is to stretch his new ideas in a new direction by applying his theories on nation and culture onto a white subject Lurie, a white native South African. In the light of Fanon’s text, The Wretched of the Earth it can be argued that following the revolutionary political changes in South Africa in 1994, the former colonizer can be seen in the same way as the colonized usually is: a powerless native, regardless of racial identity.
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Vermeulen, Julien. "De Afrikaanse Roman en de Westerse Lezer. Probleemschets en Gevalstudie." Afrika Focus 2, no. 1 (1986): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-00201002.
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African literature, like any other literature remote in space or time, can be approached in two different ways. We can read it from our own point of view and try to appreciate it with our own literary standards. We can also try to read it as it was experienced and appreciated by its immediate audience, which means by the African public at the time of publication. Reactions given by a group of Dutch-speaking readers on a novel by E. Dongala clearly illustrate that the second approach is hardly achievable, however attractive it may seem. So we have to accept that every reading of an African literary work implies a serious degree of creative treason.
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Laureys, Tom. "Intellectuele toe-eigening en discursief geweld in Focquenbrochs Afrikaense Thalia (1678)." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 57, no. 2 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/tl.v57i2.6513.
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In 1668, the Dutch medic and poet Willem Godschalck van Focquenbroch left Amsterdam for the African Gold Coast to become “fiscaal” (a kind of public prosecutor) on behalf of the Dutch West India Company (WIC) at Elmina Castle in Guinea, which was a bulwark of the Dutch transatlantic slave trade. In his posthumously published Afrikaense Thalia (African Thalia, 1678), a collection of poems and letters containing the well-known Afrikaense Brieven (African Letters), Focquenbroch testifies to his life and work in Elmina Castle through his alter ego “Focq”. In this article, I use Stephen Greenblatt’s notions of “wonder” and “possession” to demonstrate that Focq’s descriptions in the Afrikaense Brieven can be read as an expression of his initial wonder for, and subsequent appropriation of Guinea and its inhabitants. I argue that Focq’s literary-intellectual appropriation of the African Other, which at first sight seems rather innocent compared to the brutal physical appropriation of African people by the Dutch colonists, can nevertheless be considered violent at a discursive level. Focq’s conviction that he is superior to the Guineans because he possesses written language enables him to frame his writing in a discourse which stresses the superiority of the own culture and the culturelessness of the African Other. As such, Focq degrades and instrumentalizes the African Other in order to glorify and preserve the Self.
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Pordzik, Ralph. "Streifzüge Durch, Hunter’s Paradiseʽ – Douglas Livingstones Phänomenologie Afrikas in Sjambok and other Poems from Africa". Poetica 30, № 1-2 (1998): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890530-0300102009.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 160, no. 2 (2004): 363–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003732.
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-Timothy P. Barnard, Cynthia Chou, Indonesian sea nomads; Money, magic, and fear of the Orang Suku Laut. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003, xii + 159 pp. -R.H. Barnes, Toos van Dijk, Gouden eiland in de Bandazee; Socio-kosmische ideeën op Marsela, Maluku Tenggara, Indonesië. Leiden: Onderzoekschool voor Aziatische, Afrikaanse en Amerindische studies (CNWS), Universiteit Leiden, 2000, 458 pp. [CNWS Publications 94.] -Andrew Beatty, Peter G. Riddell, Islam and the Malay-Indonesian world; Transmission and responses. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2001, xvii + 349 pp. -Peter Boomgaard, Richard H. Grove ,El Niño - history and crisis; Studies from the Asia-Pacific region. Cambridge: White Horse Press, 2000, 230 pp., John Chappell (eds) -Bernardita Reyes Churchill, Florentino Rodao, Franco y el imperio japonés; Imágenes y propaganda en tiempos de guerra. Barcelona: Plaza and Janés, 2002, 669 pp. -Matthew Cohen, Stuart Robson, The Kraton; Selected essays on Javanese courts. Translated by Rosemary Robson-McKillop. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2003, xxvi + 397 pp. [Translation series 28.] -Serge Dunis, Ben Finney, Sailing in the wake of the ancestors; Reviving Polynesian voyaging. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 2003, 176 pp. [Legacy of excellence.] -Heleen Gall, Jan A. Somers, De VOC als volkenrechtelijke actor. Deventer: Gouda Quint, Rotterdam: Sanders Instituut, 2001, x + 350 pp. -David Henley, Harold Brookfield, Exploring agrodiversity. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001, xix + 348 pp. -David Hicks, Ernst van Veen ,A guide to the sources of the history of Dutch-Portuguese relations in Asia (1594-1797). With a foreword by Leonard Blussé. Leiden: Institute for the history of European expansion, 2001, iv + 378 pp. [Intercontinenta 24.], Daniël Klijn (eds) -Nico Kaptein, Donald J. Porter, Managing politics and Islam in Indonesia. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, xxi + 264 pp. -Victor T. King, Monica Janowski, The forest, source of life; The Kelabit of Sarawak. London: British Museum Press, 2003, vi + 154 pp. [Occasional paper 143.] -Dick van der Meij, Andrée Jaunay, Exploration dans la presqu île malaise par Jacques de Morgan 1884. Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2003, xiv + 268 pp. Avec les contributions de Christine Lorre, Antonio Guerreiro et Antoine Verney. -Toon van Meijl, Richard Eves, The magical body; Power, fame and meaning in a Melanesian society. Amsterdam: Harwood academic, 1998, xxii + 302 pp. [Studies in Anthropology and History 23.] -Otto van den Muijzenberg, Florentino Rodao ,The Philippine revolution of 1896; Ordinary lives in extraordinary times. Quezon city: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2001, xx + 303 pp., Felice Noelle Rodriguez (eds) -Frank Okker, Kees Snoek, Manhafte heren en rijke erfdochters; Het voorgeslacht van E. du Perron op Java. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 2003, 103 pp. [Boekerij 'Oost en West'.] (met medewerking van Tim Timmers) -Oona Thommes Paredes, Greg Bankoff, Cultures of disaster; Society and natural hazard in the Philippines, 2003, xviii + 232 pp. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003, xviii + 232 pp. -Angela Pashia, Lake' Baling, The old Kayan religion and the Bungan religious reform. Translated and annotated by Jérôme Rousseau. Kota Samarahan: Unit Penerbitan Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 2002, xviii + 124 pp. [Dayak studies monographs, Oral literature series 4.] -Anton Ploeg, Susan Meiselas, Encounters with the Dani; Stories from the Baliem Valley. New York: International center of photography, Göttingen: Steidl, 2003, 196 pp. -Nathan Porath, Robert W. Hefner, The politics of multiculturalism; Pluralism and citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2001, ix + 319 pp. -Jan van der Putten, Timothy P. Barnard, Multiple centres of authority; Society and environment in Siak and eastern Sumatra, 1674-1827. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2003, xvi + 206 pp. [Verhandelingen 210.] -Jan Piet Puype, David van Duuren, Krisses; A critical bibliography. Wijk en Aalburg: Pictures Publishers, 2002, 192 pp. -Thomas H. Slone, Gertrudis A.M. Offenberg ,Amoko - in the beginning; Myths and legends of the Asmat and Mimika Papuans. Adelaide: Crawford House, 2002, xxviii + 276 pp., Jan Pouwer (eds) -Fridus Steijlen, Kwa Chong Guan ,Oral history in Southeast Asia; Theory and method. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 2000, xii + 172 pp., James H. Morrison, Patricia Lim Pui Huen (eds) -Fridus Steijlen, P. Lim Pui Huen ,War and memory in Malaysia and Singapore. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 2000, vii + 193 pp., Diana Wong (eds) -Jaap Timmer, Andrew Lattas, Cultures of secrecy; Reinventing race in Bush Kaliai cargo cults. Madison/London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998, xliv + 360 pp. -Edwin Wieringa, Kartika Setyawati ,Katalog naskah Merapi-Merbabu; Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Penerbitan Universitas Sanata Dharma, Leiden: Opleiding Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, 2002, ix + 278 pp. [Semaian 23.], I. Kuntara Wiryamartana, Willem van der Molen (eds) -Julian Millie, Jakob Sumardjo, Simbol-simbol artefak budaya Sunda; Tafsir-tafsir pantun Sunda. Bandung: Kelir, 2003, xxvi + 364 pp. -Julian Millie, T. Christomy, Wawacan Sama'un; Edisi teks dan analisis struktur Jakarta: Djambatan (in cooperation with the Ford Foundation), 2003, viii + 404 pp. -Julian Millie, Dadan Wildan, Sunan Gunung Jati (antara fiksi dan fakta); Pembumian Islam dengan pendekatan struktural dan kultural. Bandung: Humaniora Utama Press, 2002, xx + 372 pp.
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Van Rensburg, Christo. "Toe die vierde Taalkommissie in sy spore gestuit is." Literator 39, no. 2 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v39i2.1488.
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When a language commission was stopped in its tracks. In the course of the standardisation of Afrikaans, the first two editions of the Afrikaanse woordelijs en spelreëls, published in 1917 and 1918, were heavily inundated with Dutch words. During that time Afrikaans was a well-known spoken language, and since 1860 it was sporadically written as well, without any uniformity, however. In the third edition of the Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls of 1921, the third spelling commission made some telling changes to the first editions, and a good part of the Dutch content was replaced with Afrikaans words, and spelling rules were altered for the spelling of Afrikaans as well. The fourth edition of this publication tried to follow suit, but contrary to expectations, was subjected to some changes by a conference chaired by the minister of education in 1930. This conference requested for the content of this edition to be Dutchified in some important ways, shortly before its publication in 1931. These changes didn’t satisfy the delegates of a second conference, held in 1932. An unheard-of decision was subsequently taken: corrections were published in 1932 to accompany the fourth Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls. This decision wasn’t very effective and resulted in much uncertainty about the spelling of Afrikaans until the publication of the next Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls, of 1937.
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Praamstra, Olf, and Eep Francken. "The resurrection of South African literature in Dutch? Some remarks on canonisation of minority literatures." Literator 33, no. 2 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v33i2.140.
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To gain entry into literary history and into the canon of literature may be quite difficult for a writer in general; for an author from a cultural periphery it is nearly impossible. For him there is only one road to canonisation: by way of a separate literary history of his peripheral area. Dutch (post)colonial literature is a case in point. Writers from the former Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), the Dutch Antilles and Surinam have been saved from oblivion because histories of their regional literatures have been published. In contrast, South African literature in Dutch (not to be confused with Afrikaans literature) in the course of the twentieth century dropped out of the picture. Although, strictly speaking, there is a need for more preliminary studies, a concise history of this specific body of literature is highly desirable as well.
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Steyn, Jaap. "Politieke strategieë van aktiviste vir die amptelike erkenning van Afrikaans." Literator 39, no. 2 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v39i2.1468.
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Political strategies of activists for the official recognition of Afrikaans. Five language activists followed different political strategies between 1875 and 1925 to ensure Afrikaans became one of the official languages of South Africa. S.J. du Toit tried to promote Afrikaans, but realised that in the nineteenth century Cape Colony, he could only do it by helping the Dutch advocates acquire several rights. Through the apt manoeuvrings at the National Convention in 1908, General J.B.M. Hertzog and President M.T. Steyn secured official status for Dutch and English in the Union of South Africa, as well as the equal treatment of these two languages. Without language equality, official recognition could easily exist only in name. By choosing a language design, they also ensured that the final recognition of Afrikaans was merely a formality. J.H.H. de Waal and C.J. Langenhoven were the only important activists who were outright anti-Dutch. Through their political actions, they established Afrikaans for certain functions, even before official recognition. Langenhoven also accelerated the standardisation of Afrikaans, thus facilitating official recognition.
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Van Rensburg, Christo. "A perspective on a period of contact between Khoi and Afrikaans." Literator 34, no. 2 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v34i2.413.
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In the search for the roots of Afrikaans, early linguists focused on similarities between Afrikaans and Dutch. The influence of non-European languages received little attention. In the course of time, the focus of this field of study changed. Closer attention was paid to language in contact situations in different regions where non-Dutch speakers, as well as Dutch speakers were involved. Data gained from these studies contributed to a better understanding of the origin and history of Afrikaans, and gave more answers to earlier unsolved questions. Discussed here are the details and importance of the contact and the interchange of languages among groups in the interior border area. Khoi-Afrikaans and stock farmers’ Afrikaans were both spoken in this region and gradually modified between 1700 and 1800. This could easily have been the most important phase in the history of Afrikaans, in which there were fundamental changes in the way the language was spoken. The circumstances under which contact took place and the change in social roles of these two languages are also discussed. Forms that were at first stigmatised as Khoi-Afrikaans, later became part of the general Afrikaans vocabulary and grammar. The central question is: How did this happen? The shifting of the norms regarding the spoken language in the interior border area can be understood when the sociohistorical situation in which these varieties of Afrikaans were used, is studied closely. One of the results of this contact and interchange between languages, and the gradual shifting in norms that followed, is discussed by way of illustration: the Khoi usage of ‘ons’ as subject and its integration into everyday Afrikaans.
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Taljaard-Gilson, Gerda H. "Meditations in a churchyard: An exploration of Afrikaans graveyard poets and graveyard poetry." Literator 38, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v38i1.1315.
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The term ‘kerkhofgedig’ (‘churchyard poem’) does not feature in academic discussions on Afrikaans poetry, neither does it appear in Cloete’s authoritative work of reference, Literêre terme en teorieë (1992). There are mainly three reasons for this omission in Afrikaans literature. In the first place the Afrikaans word ‘elegie’ (elegy) has become a superordinate for most poems dealing with grief or melancholy about a certain event or condition, for example, a lamentation, obituary poem, dirge, requiem, et cetera. Secondly, graveyard poetry is associated with (English) poems and poets from the 18th century, not with more contemporary Afrikaans poets. In the third place, the elegy and the churchyard poem are related poetic forms which share many characteristics, making it difficult to distinguish between the two genres. In Afrikaans literature the churchyard poem is therefore not regarded as an independent poetic form with unique features, as is the case with churchyard poetry in English, French, German and Dutch. Nevertheless, a number of Afrikaans poets have written churchyard poetry over the decades. In this article it will be determined whether Afrikaans graveyard poetry does in fact exist. This will be accomplished by providing a historical background to graveyard poetry and by comparing traditional graveyard poems to modern poems. Then churchyard poetry will be compared to the elegy. In conclusion a clear definition for graveyard poetry will be formulated. The following questions will consequently be answered: What is graveyard poetry and does it exist in Afrikaans?
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Breed, Adri. "The present is a thing of the past: Possible linguistic motivations for the ‘present tense writing tradition’ in Afrikaans prose." Literator 34, no. 2 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v34i2.425.
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There exists a long-standing tradition in Afrikaans creative writing to present narrative prose in the present tense, and not in the simple past as in English and Dutch. It is, however, difficult to prove the existence of such a tradition or to conduct a literature survey in order to determine the reasons for the origin and perpetuation of this tradition. This article firstly demonstrates from a creative writing perspective that the ‘present tense writing tradition’ does exist in Afrikaans. Secondly, two possible motivations for this tradition are proposed from a linguistic perspective. The goal of this article is not to question the validity of this tradition, but rather to open a discussion on the legitimacy of the tradition, as well as the implication it has for the writing, reading and interpretation of Afrikaans literary works.
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Odendaal, Bernardus J. "Unity-in-multiplicity as structural framework in the poetry of T.T. Cloete, with emphasis on volume construction." Literator 34, no. 1 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v34i1.398.
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Close-knitted coherence or iconic ‘co-communicativity’ is an outstanding characteristic of 20th–century poetry, and the oeuvre of Afrikaans poet T.T. Cloete. This characteristic, which has also become a dominant literary reading convention, is not only manifested on the micro- and intermediate textual levels, but also on the macrotextual (on the level of poetry volume construction). In Afrikaans, compared to what has happened in a language like Dutch, relatively vibrant and profound theorising on poetry volume construction has occurred. Raidt’s 1962 dissertation and Strydom’s 1976 thesis serve as two of the landmarks in the Afrikaans literary field in this regard. T.T. Cloete, apparently, has played a mediating role in this theorising process. In this article, an overview was given of the manifestation of ‘co-communicativity’ on the micro-, intermediate and macro-textual levels of Cloete’s own poetry oeuvre. It is viewed as a poetic iconisation of the way in which God makes himself known through the phenomenon of dynamic earthly and cosmic unityin- diversity (as perceived by Cloete). The focus was on characteristic ways of poetry volume construction by Cloete. It is concluded that his poetry oeuvre primarily takes on a series construction character, and that it is provisionally to be divided into three groups of three volumes each – but which, seen as a three-deckered whole, also showed a certain cyclic nature because of the ‘narrative’ it thereby embodies.
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Van Schalkwyk, Phil. "‘In the manner of Cavafy’: The example of the poet from Alexandria." Literator 35, no. 2 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v35i2.1147.
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The Greek poet C.P. Cavafy (1863–1933) is held in high esteem around the world by readers and authors alike. He had influenced not only some of the greatest authors of the twentieth century, but due to the fact that his work lends itself particularly well to translation, he is also a relatively strong presence in literatures other than Greek and English. For many – most notably gay readers, authors and artists – Cavafy holds an exemplary status both in terms of literature and life. W.H. Auden has argued that, what ultimately distinguishes Cavafy, is his tone of voice which reveals a person with a unique perspective on the world. Within the context of a research project on idiolectic author identity, this contribution attempts to review the distinguishing features of Cavafy’s work in terms of both form and content. This is done within the framework of the broad critical discourse on Cavafy, and with reference to some manifestations or examples of a Dutch and Afrikaans critical and creative perspective on his poetry, with the aim to shed specific light on the special kind of wisdom communicated in Cavafy’s work.
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Glorie, I. "Resensie: "Back to the Roots? Forming New Concepts of Women’s Identity in Contemporary Postcolonial Literature Written by Women in Dutch and Afrikaans."." Tydskrif vir letterkunde 50, no. 1 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tvl.v50i1.15.
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Stroeken, Koen. "Bestaat het Afrikaanse denken? Bestaat Afrika? Schets voor een publieke discussie." Afrika Focus 28, no. 1 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v28i1.4877.
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Thirty years after Said’s critique of orientalism, which was closely followed by Mudimbe’s deconstruction of Africa as a colonial invention, Africanists have yet to solve their identity problem. Do they form a discipline? Or does each Africanist primarily belong to one discipline (history, anthropology, linguistics, literature and political sciences, and so on) each with its own method and object, each making the scientific claim to universality, that is, of transcending regional and cultural differences? If this is the case, then why should there be a study program called ‘African studies’ at all? Is there actually anything African to study? Is ‘African thought’ not a figment of our European, exoticising imagination? Is the continent itself not artificially delimited? The issue of regionally defined disciplines, or ‘area studies’, has recently become more acute in academia as the dominance of the positivist methodology has been increasingly felt and the humanities find themselves (again) on the defensive. The following essay can be read as an open letter, inviting students to infuse the debate with some fresh insights unhampered by academic jargon. The occasion for the debate is a previously published interview with scholars on the idea of ‘African thought’. The idea is absurd, both geographically and genetically. Yet, this essay argues, one generation after the first postcolonial wave, we can think of at least two levels at which Africa does exist: the social(-political) and the cultural(-historical). Both meanings of Africa shift the burden of proof to those deconstructing the concept. The paper is in Dutch and addresses a Dutch-speaking audience. It begins and ends with some intricate connotations of ‘Black’ (zwart), ‘race’ (ras) and ‘African thought’ (Afrikaans denken) that are characteristic of the Dutch language and Flemish society in particular.
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Van Rooy, H. F. "Psalm 137 en die beryming van wraakpsalms." In die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi 43, no. 3 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ids.v43i3.238.
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Psalm 137 and metrical versions of imprecatory psalms This article discusses seven metrical versions of the im- precatory section of Psalm 137, two in Dutch (1773 and 1968), two in English (in the “Psalter hymnal” of the Christian Re- formed Church and in “Sing psalms” of the Free Church of Scotland) and three Afrikaans versions (J.D. du Toit, T.T. Cloete and Lina Spies), looking at the way in which these versions treated this section. This is done in the light of recent research on Psalm 137, and especially the imprecatory section. In the literature questions are asked about the singing of this kind of psalm in the church, but also about the omission or softening of this part of Psalm 137 in the versions of Cloete and Spies. The choice of melody, the number of strophes used and the division of the contents of the psalm in strophes play an important role in determining most of the omissions or alle- viations in the metrical versions. All seven the versions dis- cussed took the imprecatory section seriously. The problems raised against these versions can be ascribed to these choices, and not to a deliberate attempt to circumvent the problem of such an imprecatory section. The version of Spies is the only exception, with the omission of the last line of the psalm.