Academic literature on the topic 'Afzelia africana'

Afzelia africana and Newbouldia laevis have recognizable potential as important locally available forage resources but yet to be explored and exploited for ruminants in the tropics. This study was therefore investigated to determine the effect of supplementing varying ratios of Afzelia africana and Newbouldia laevis with Panicum maximum on growth performance and nitrogen utilization of West African dwarf goats. Twenty female West African dwarf goats, aged between 5 and 7monhs old with an average weight of 6.62 ± 0.41kg were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with four goats per treatment in a completely randomized design. The treatment diets included T (100% Panicum maximum), T (25% Afzelia africana and 75% Panicum maximum), T (50% Afzelia africana and 50% Panicum maximum), T (25% Newbouldia laevis and 75% Panicum maximum) and T (50% Newbouldia laevis and 50% Panicum maximum). A metabolism trial was conducted at the end of the feeding trial to assess the effects of the diets on nitrogen utilization after the growth study on the goats. Results obtained showed that goats on diets T were significantly (P<0.05) higher in terms of final live weight (9.95kg), metabolic weights (6.20LW ), total weight gain (3.15kg) and growth rate (35.50g.d ) at (P < 0.01) while nitrogen intake (7.86g/d ), metabolic nitrogen intake (1.76g.kg LW ), nitrogen balance (6.81g.d ) were higher (P < 0.001) than goats on other diets. Urinary nitrogen output (6.81g.d ) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in goats on T compared with goats on other diets. No significant (P> 0.05) effect in treatment diets with regards to initial and average live weights, faecal nitrogen output, and total nitrogen output with nitrogen retention. It was concluded that goats fed 50% Afzelia Africana and 50% Panicum maximum had better nitrogen utilization for growth performance.

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Afzelia africana (Mahogany) seed meal on the haematology and serumbiochemistry of broiler finisher. One hundred and twenty (120) four weeks old broilers were assigned to four treatment groups, T (control),T ,T and T at a level of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% respectively, each treatment group was replicated into 3 of 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Feed and water was given ad- libitum for the period of the experiment (35 days). The result of the study shows reduced level of cholesterol and Total protein as the level of Afzelia africana increases from150gm/100mlto100gm/100 mls and 7.00 to 4.5% respectively, and increase in the levels of the following as the level of Afzelia africana increases, Bicarbonate (HCO3), ALT and ASTfrom 18.5mmol/L to 19.1mmol/L, 16iu/L to 22.1iu/L and 10 to 17.6 iµ/L respectively. Haematological report indicate reduction in the following with increase in Afzelia Africana seed meal, WBC from 4,700x10 /dlto3,500x10 /dl,HBfrom8.9-7.0g/dl, PCV% from 29% to 22%, MCH 18–14 and platelets count from 207, 066 to 13, 300. While there were no changes in the Neutrophil lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Basophils and MCHCP. With the above result, the blood chemistry thus indicate evidence of anaemia, this could be as a result of the processing method (toasting only) of Afzelia Africana seed. Afzelia africana, though used by human without negative effect should not be used in birds unless further studies are carried out on the detoxification of the toxic phytochemical components.

Benue State is endowed with numerous varieties of useful plants whose fruits, seeds, roots, stems and leaves serve important roles in nutrition but unfortunately many of these plants have not been put to maximum use. The neglect of these forest food plants is attributed to inadequate information on their nutritional potential to serve as food. The broad objective of the study was to examine the nutritional composition of Vitellaria paradoxa fruits, Cissus populnea stem, Afzelia africana seeds, Parkia biglobosa seeds and Prosopis africana seeds. Carbohudrate content was found to be the most abundant nutrient in all the plant species studied when compared with other nutrients. The highest carbohydrate content (58.22±0.2%) was found in Cissus populnea stem followed by carbohydrate content in Afzelia africana seeds (51.36±0.01%). The least carbohydrate content of 35.68±0.06% was found in the fruits of Vitellaria paradoxa. There were significant variations in the concentrations of nutrients screened from the 5 selected plants at p>0.05 level. Proximate analysis showed that Vitellaria paradoxa fruits, Cissus populnea stem, Afzelia africana seeds, Parkia biglobosa seeds and Prosopis africana seeds were good sources of minerals such as Calcium,Magnesium, Potassium, iron and Chlorine. Potassium had the highest concentration in all the plant species when compared with other nutrients. The highest Potassium content (32.92±0.59%) was found in Vitellaria paradoxa fruits followed by Potassium content of 25.15±0.07% in Afzelia africana seeds. However, Potassium content between Prosopis africana seeds (15.77±0.81%) and Cissus populnea stem (15.77±0.61%) were not significantly different. The least concentration of Potassium was found in Parkia biglobosa seeds (8.03±0.11%). The mean quantities of minerals found in the plant species that were screened differ significantly at P<0.05 level. It was concluded that Vitellaria paradoxa fruits, Cissus populnea stem, Afzelia africana seeds, Parkia biglobosa seeds and Prosopis africana seeds were good sources of nutrients and major minerals like calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron and chlorine. Diabetic persons need to be careful about the consumption of these plant species. It was recommended that efforts should be made to conserve and protect these plant species through domestication as they are rich sources of nutrients.

The effects of fermentation on proximate and anti-nutrient compositions of Afzelia africana seed were investigated. Two methods of fermentation were employed; the traditional fermentation (TF) and gut-filtrate treated fermentation (GFTF). Anti-nutrients tested for were; alkaloids, phytate, tannins, saponins and flavonoids. All proximate contents varied significantly (P<0.05), except for ash. Afzelia africana fermented with cow gut filtrate poised the highest protein (19.35%), ash (4.20%) and lipid (32.13%) contents. The effects of cow gut filtrate fermentation on the nutritional status of A. Africana seed was only apparently (P>0.05) more pronounced than those of the natural fermentation. Fermentation significantly (P<0.05) increased the proximate nutrients except for nitrogen free extracts; which it reduced significantly. Fermentation also increased all anti-nutrients composition of the seeds except for phytate content. Fermentation significantly (P<0.05) enhanced crude protein by 30.45% for NF, 39.31% for GFTF and crude lipid by 77.64% for TF and 99.56% for GTFT. Thus fermenting Afzelia africana seed for aquaculture purpose is advocated for owing to its ability to enhance crude protein and crude lipid, not forgetting its medicinal potential due to its enhanced phytochemical levels.

Afzelia africana is a plant used by traditional healers in the treatment of several inflammatory pathologies, in particular edema, rheumatism, lumbago. The effectiveness of its barks in treating inflammation is well established. Ethnobotanical data led researchers to formulate a stable topical hydrogel based on bark extract, the tolerance and effectiveness of which in animals have been found to be satisfactory. As excessive use of the bark may impair the survival of the plant, further leaf studies have been performed and the anti-inflammatory effect has been confirmed in rats. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of a topical gel based on the hydro-ethanolic extract of these leaves in patients with inflammatory symptoms, compared to a diclofenac gel. Using hydroxyethyl cellulose and glycerol a stable gel was produced and used for the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of the leaves of the plant. The dry extract obtained from the leaves was rich in flavonoids (57.26 mg quercetin equivalent per gram), phenols, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinones and steroids. We carried out a randomized pilot study on 52 patients who came for consultation at the « Cliniques Universitaires des Montagnes » and at the Bangangté District Hospital for inflammatory symptoms between June 1 and July 17, 2020; pregnant women were excluded from the study. Topical administration on 15 inflammatory pathologies revealed that the Afzelia africana leaf extract gel exhibits a better onset of action (4.29 ± 1.89 min) than the diclofenac gel (16.96 ± 4, 73 min). The decrease in pain visual analogue scale (VAS): values ​​for Afzelia africana gel was greater than for diclofenac gel, with P < 0.05 on day 2 and P < 0.001 from day 3 to day 7. The difference in First Hour Sedimentation Rate was significant between the two gels (P < 0.05); but this difference was no longer statistically significant after the second hour (P ˃ 0.05). In addition, Afzelia africana leaf extract gel reduced swelling (P = 0.001) and stiffness (P < 0.001) better than diclofenac gel. These results clarify the effectiveness of Afzelia africana leaf extract gel in the management of inflammatory pathologies and / or symptoms.

A sequence of ectomycorrhizal colonization was observed on lateral roots of Afzelia africana Sm. seedlings. Four ectomycorrhizal types were obtained by a baiting method. Among the four types, two were recognized as occurring first in the ectomycorrhizal colonization sequence and the others occurred later. This sequence of ectomycorrhizal colonization was interpreted as follows: initial ectomycorrhizal types were related to the presence of vegetative propagules in the soil (mycorrhizal root fragments, fragments of mycelial strands, and sclerotia) and to the ability of the hyphae from these propagules to grow and quickly colonize Afzelia root systems. The time required for mycorrhizal colonization from spores, however, would be much longer. The types of mycorrhizal symbionts that were established first did not affect subsequent mycorrhizal colonization. An ultrastructural study suggested that vegetative propagules could function either as structures for long-term survival of the fungus in the soil or as structures for immediate opportunistic root colonization. Key words: ectomycorrhizal colonization, baiting method, fungal propagules, early stage fungi, Afzelia africana.

The study was conducted to determine nutrient intake and digestibility of West African dwarf goats fed graded levels of Afzelia africana and New bouldia laevisas supplements to Panicum maximum. Twenty female West African dwarf goats aged between 5 and 7 months old with mean live weight of 6.62±0.41kg were allotted to five dietary treatments with two replicates of two goats per treatment in a completely randomised design. The compared diets were: T (100% Panicum maximum), T (25%Afzelia africana and 75% Panicum maximum), T (50% Afzelia africana and 50% Panicum maximum), T (25% New bouldia laevis and 75% Panicum maximum) and T (50% Newbouldia laevis and 50% Panicum maximum). A metabolism trial was conducted at the end of the feeding trial to assess the diets on nutrient digestibility after the nutrient intake study of the goats. Results obtained showed that total hemicelluloses intake (62.48g.day ) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T compared with other diets. Total crude protein intake(43.45g.d) and hemicelluloses digestibility(92.20%)were higher significantly (p<0.001) and (p<0.01) respectively in T . Total lignin intake (36.22g.d )and organic matter digestibility (77.70%) were significantly better (p<0.05) and (p<0.01) respectively in T . Digestibility of neutral and acid detergent fibre (55.71% and 49.79%) were significantly higher (p<0.05) and (p<0.001) while dry matter digestibility (83.49%) was significantly better (p<0.01) in T than other treatment diets. Total dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and cellulose intakes with digestibility of crude protein, lignin and cellulose were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by treatment diets. It was concluded that the combination of Panicum maximum based diet with Newbouldia laevis in a ratio of 50:50 had the potential to enhance nutrient digestibility in goats.

Afzelia africana is at the verge of extinction from continuous exploitation without replacement, thus propagation of this tree species is expedient. Vegetative propagation is a reliable means of propagation of tree species. This study therefore describes a protocol for the vegetative propagation of Afzelia africana by using stem cuttings from its mature tree (20 years old) and saplings (2 years old). Herbaceous (non - lignified portion of the stem) and semi – hard wood cuttings (lignified portion of the stem) (with and without leaves) were treated with high and low concentrations of Indole butyric acid (IBA) solution via the quick dip and the soaking method of application and planted on forest soil and river sand in a humidifier. Cuttings from mature tree planted on forest soil and river sand did not respond to any treatment. Also, no response was observed on cuttings collected from saplings and planted on forest soil; however, cuttings planted on river sand sprouted. The presence and absence of leaves and IBA treatment had an interaction effect on root number (0.02) and root length (0.0001). The response from herbaceous cuttings was significantly higher than from semi – hard wood cuttings with respect to root number (1.00) and root length (5.82 cm). Cutting type and IBA treatment also had an interaction effect on root number (0.05) and root length (0.0007). Herbaceous leafy stem cuttings of A. africana treated with 400 ppm IBA and planted on river sand is suitable for rooting stem cuttings of A. africana for raising seedlings for reforestation, afforestation and other conservation purposes. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Rooting, cuttings, Afzelia africana, hormone, humidifier

Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques généralistes réalisées de 2009 à 2014, dans 4 départements de la région de l’Ouest Cameroun, ont permis de collecter 561 plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle. L'évolution sur le terrain a été la méthode utilisée. 4 plantes ont été sélectionnées : Terminalia avicennioides, Crossopterix febrifuga, Vitellaria paradoxa et Afzelia africana. La préparation des extraits à partir des écorces du tronc a été réalisée en présence de solvants de polarité croissante (CH2Cl2, MeOH et MeOH/H2O). Une activité anti-inflammatoire in vitro a été observée pour les extraits MeOH/H2O et les décoctions de C. febrifuga, T. avicennioides et V. paradoxa avec une inhibition de la production de NO de plus de 60 % à 10µg/ml. Tous les extraits d’A. africana, ont montré une inhibition de la production de NO > 8O% mettant en évidence une activité anti-inflammatoire élevée. A partir de ces résultats et compte tenu du manque de données phytochimiques, A. africana est choisie pour la suite du travail. A partir de l’extrait méthanol d’A. africana, 13 composés ont été isolés et identifiés : 9 flavonoïdes et dérivés (dihydrokaempférol, kaempférol3-O-néohespéridoside-7-O-rhamnoside, 2R,3R-trans-aromadendrine-7-O-β-D glucopyranose-6″-(4 hydroxy-2‴-méthylènebutanoate), taxifoline-7-O-β-D-glucoside, sinensine, isosinensine, lutéoline, catéchine, dunnianoside D, glucoside phénolique) et 4 lignanes (lyoniside, nudiposide, ssioriside et alcool trans dihydrodéhydroconiférylique). Ces composés sont isolés pour la 1ère fois dans l’écorce du tronc d’A. africana. Du fait de l’activité anti-inflammatoire élevée de la décoction, un gel a été envisagé pour application par voie locale
Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out from 2009 to 2014, in four divisions located in the western region of Cameroon. One method was used to collect the data. The evolution on the ground. Finally 561 plants were collected. Among the plants listed, four were selected: Terminalia avicennioides, Crossopterix febrifuga, Vitellaria paradoxa and Afzelia africana. The extracts were prepared from the stem bark of selected plants in the presence of solvents of increasing polarity (CH2Cl2, MeOH and MeOH/H2O). Anti-inflammatory activity was observed for MeOH/H2O extracts and decoctions of C. febrifuga, T. avicennioides and V. paradoxa with inhibition of NO production more than 60% at 10 μg/ml. All extracts of A. africana showed significant inhibition of NO production > 80%, indicating a high anti-inflammatory activity. On the basis of these results and given the fact that few studies had been carried out, Afzelia africana was chosen for the further work. From the methanol extract of A. africana, 13 compounds have been isolated and identified: 9 flavonoids and derivatives ( dihydrokaempferol, kaempferol-neohesperidoside-7-O rhamnoside, 2R,3R-trans-aromadendrin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranose-6″-(4‴-hydroxy-2‴-méthylènebutanoate), taxifolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, sinensine, isosinensine, luteolin, catechin and dunnianoside D). 4 lignans ( lyoniside, nudiposide, ssiorisid and : trans -dihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol).All these compounds are isolated for the first time in the stem bark of Afzelia africana.Due to the high anti-inflammatory activity of the decoction an initial development of the decoction was considered with the development of an anti-inflammatory gel for local application

Les huiles végétales non conventionnelles constituent une ressource potentielle et prometteuse utilisable dans la production des biodiesels, en raison de leurs coûts et de leurs faibles impacts environnementaux. Ainsi, cette étude porte sur la production et la caractérisation de biodiesels éthyliques ainsi que de leurs mélanges avec le diesel fossile en vue de leurs usages dans les moteurs. Pour ce faire, les huiles végétales non conventionnelles issues de trois espèces oléagineuses à savoir Ceiba pentandra (Cp), Afzelia africana (Aa) et Chrysophyllum albidum (Ca) ont été converties en esters éthyliques par l’éthanolyse en catalyse homogène combiné (acide et basique) dans des conditions opératoires optimales. Une partie des biodiesels a été utilisée pour préparer des mélanges à 5%, 10% et 20% en volume pour chacun des biodiesels avec le diesel pur. Enfin, la caractérisation des huiles végétales, des biodiesels et des mélanges biodiesel et diesel pur, a été faite à travers les propriétés physicochimiques et thermophysiques selon les normes ASTM D6751 et EN 14214. De l’analyse des résultats obtenus, il ressort que les graines de C. pentandra, d’A. africana et de C. albidum présentent un bon potentiel lipidique supérieur à 20% (m/m). Les indices de qualité, notamment les indices d’acide, de peroxyde, de saponification, d’esters et d’iode, obtenus confèrent une bonne qualité à ces huiles végétales. En effet, les indices de peroxyde qui caractérisent le niveau d’oxydation des huiles ont donné des valeurs comprises entre (2,16 et 10,46) méq O2/Kg-Huile. La composition en acide gras montre que les huiles végétales de C. pentandra, d’A. africana et de C. albidum sont riches en acides gras polyinsaturés. Les acides gras majoritaires sont les acides linoléiques et linoléniques (C. pendandra (C18 : 2): 38,10%, A. africana (C18 : 3): 29,99% et C. albidum (C : 18 : 3) : 36,88%). Les expériences d’éthanolyse ont permis d’identifier les conditions opératoires optimales pour atteindre le maximum de taux de conversion. Ainsi, des taux de conversion de 98,91 ; de 95,03 et de 96,20 % (m/m) en esters éthyliques ont été atteint à 333,15 K, respectivement, pour les huiles végétales de C. pentandra, d’A. africana et de C. albidum. Les conditions opératoires optimales retenues sont : C. pentandra (Rapport molaire (Rm) éthanol : huile (6 :1), cKOH= 1,1 % m/huile) ; A. africana (Rm éthanol : huile 8 :1 ; cKOH=1,5% m/huile) et C. albidum (Rm 6 :1 ; cKOH=1% m/huile). Les propriétés thermophysiques ont été évaluées pour les biodiesels éthyliques ainsi pour les mélanges biodiesel et diesel pur. Les valeurs de masse volumique et de viscosité cinématique des biodiesels ainsi que des mélanges biodiesel et diesel pur trouvées à 313,15 K, sont en accord avec celles recommandées par les normes ASTM D 6751 et EN 14214. L’estimation de la compressibilité isotherme a permis d’expliquer le comportement des biocarburants lors de leurs injections dans la chambre de combustion
Unconventional vegetable oils are a potential and promising resources that can be used in the production of biodiesels, due to their costs and low environmental impacts. Thus, this study is about the production and characterization of ethyl biodiesels as well as their mixture with the fossil diesel for their use in engines. To do this, unconventional vegetable oils from three oleaginous species namely Ceiba pentandra, Afzelia africana and Chrysophyllum albidum were converted into ethyl esters by ethanolysis in combined homogeneous catalysis (acid and basic) under optimal operating conditions. A part of each biodiesel was used to prepare mixtures at 5 %, 10 % and 20 % by volume with pure diesel. Finally, the characterization of the vegetable oils, the biodiesels and of the biodiesel and pure diesel mixture was carried out through the physicochemical and thermophysical properties according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. From the analysis of the results obtained, it appears that the seeds of C. pentandra, A. africana and C. albidum have a good lipid potential greater than 20 % (m / m). The quality indexes obtained, especially the acid, peroxide, saponification, ester and iodine indexes, confer a good quality on these vegetable oils. Indeed, the peroxide indexes that characterize the oxidation level of oils are between 2.16 and 10.46 meq O2 / Kg-Oil. The fatty acids composition shows that the vegetable oils of C. pentandra, A. africana and C. albidum are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acids are linoleic and linolenic acids (C. pendandra (C18: 2): 38.10 %, A. africana (C18: 3): 29.99 % and C. albidum (C 18: 3): 36.88 %). The ethanolysis experiments made it possible to identify the optimal operating conditions to achieve the maximum conversion rate. Thus, conversion rates of 98.91, 95.03 and 96.20 % (m / m) in ethyl esters were reached at 333.15 K, respectively for the vegetable oils of C. pentandra, A. africana and C. albidum. The optimum operating conditions adopted are: C. pentandra (molar Ratio (mR) ethanol: oil (6: 1), cKOH = 1.1 % m / oil); A. africana (mR ethanol: oil (8: 1); cKOH = 1.5 % m / oil) and C. albidum (mR 6: 1; cKOH = 1 % m / oil). The thermophysical properties were evaluated for the ethyl biodiesels as well as for the biodiesel and pure diesel mixtures. The density and kinematic viscosity values of biodiesels as well as of biodiesel and pure diesel mixtures, found at 313.15 K, agree with those recommended by ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 standards. The estimation of the isothermal compressibility made it possible to explain the behavior of biofuels during their injections into the combustion chamber