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1
Huber, John Anthony. "Exploring the Possibility of Photosynthetic Plasticity in Agave sensu lato." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6403.
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) provides desert plants with distinct advantages over the C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways in harsh climates where water is scarce. CAM is, however more metabolically costly than C3 or C4 photosynthesis, and some plants, such as Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, facultatively utilize CAM when water is abundant, and water conservation unnecessary. In such situations, these plants behave akin to a C3 plant when photosynthesizing. CAM is divided into four phases, with each phase displaying unique metabolic processes. Certain changes, including changes in the timing of CO2 fixation, stable carbon isotope ratios, and tissue malic acid content accumulation patterns can indicate that a plant has shifted from CAM to C3 photosynthesis. Such shifts have been observed to be regulated primarily by water availability and ontogenic development. While facultative CAM is well documented in species like Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, and it has not been studied extensively in Agave with the exception of Agave deserti, and Agave angustifolia. A better understanding of this phenomenon would apply to the agricultural growth of this genus. This study aimed to trigger C3 to CAM shifts in Agave sensu lato species, in order to expand upon the findings of previous studies, and better understand the prevalence of facultative CAM expression in the genus. Gas exchange and stable carbon isotope measurements were taken from 2-month-old, 10-month-old, and mature agaves grown in controlled ocnditions. Tissue acid content measurements were taken from mature plants. Despite the Agave sensu lato species in this study being subjected to moisture applications ranging from dry to saturated, we were unable to observe any distinct shifts from CAM to C3 photosynthesis in any of the species tested for both seedlings and mature plants. Diel net CO2 fixation rates also increased with age, and water applications for seedlings, and decreased with heavy irrigation in mature plants. Stable carbon isotope ratios revealed that some carbon in the plant tissues was fixed by rubisco, and that some species (Polianthes tuberosa, Prochnyanthes mexicana) had carbon isotope ratios of a C3 plant, but these ratios did not change with different irrigation treatments. Malic acid accumulation remained typical of CAM plants for the species tested as well, with one exception in Polianthes tuberosa. As such, we conclude that the Agave sensu stricto species tested in this study are obligate CAM plants, and that they perform poorly mature individuals are over-watered. Additionally, the Agave sensu lato species P. mexicana, and P. tuberosa appear to be C3 plants given the results of this study.
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Burgess, Tony L. "Agave Adaptation to Aridity." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554187.
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To show features of Agave taxa adapting to arid habitats, comparative studies at three taxonomic levels in the genus are presented. There is a brief review of Agave physiology and some aspects of recent evolution are discussed. Comparisons among species groups within the genus show several traits differentiating desert species from related taxa. Related taxa in the Deserticolae group are examined over a transect in Baja California, revealing patterns linking leaf shape to climate. In a comparison of leaves of A. desert] Engelm. along an elevational gradient, high intrapopulation variation obscures differences between the sites. Results are summarized as hypotheses to be tested.
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Starr, Greg. "Two Recent Agave Introductions." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554322.
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Dobyns, Henry F. "Piman Indian Historic Agave Cultivation." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/609107.
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The lands occupied by northern Piman Indians yet display remains of old ways of life, the hallmark being ruins of massive "casa grande" style architectural complexes within puddled adobe walled compounds. Vestiges of "rockpile" fields occur on desert bajadas that seem to have little potential for traditional hispanic or anglo agriculture. Evidence has accumulated that critical population pressures once exerted heavy demands on the food supply in this region, with resultant internecine strife and competition, the massive walled architectural complexes functioning as defensible storehouses for food that was harvested from the resource area controlled or exploitable by the inhabitants. The rockpile fields were used for agricultural production of the sweet foodplant Agave, using an innovative technology that made use of agriculturally marginal land (see Desert Plants Volume 7, pp. 107 -112, 100). The European encounter of Pimans occurred to the south long before it occurred to the north, at a time when ways of life were rapidly changing. A rare glimpse of southern Piman life about 1613 by Rev. Andrés Pérez de Ribas presents an historic picture of Agave cultivation by people living in houses with massive puddled adobe walls. This Piman way of life at that time in the southern region is altogether consistent with the vestiges of what seems to have been the same lifestyle in the north. Old World diseases brought a general collapse of Native American populations; the pressures that generated casa grande style architecture, earth defensive walls, and Agave cultivation in Piman territory diminished, a terminal date for the complex more likely to have been after A.D. 1613 than the traditional date of "Classic Hohokam" demise about A.D. 1450. Introduction of Old World cultivars high in sugar (melons, peaches, apricots, quinces, pears, apples, sugar cane) also reduced Piman demand for sweet pulp of Agave. Watermelons were already substituting as a functional equivalent of Agave by 1698 among northern Pimans. Both the casa grande style ruins and the rockpile fields were abandoned by the time European civilization reached the northern Pimans. Both have been classified as "Hohokam" by archaeologists, using the plural of the Piman language word meaning "all used up" or "defunct."
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Kelly, Jack, and Rob Grumbles. "Cactus, Agave, Yucca and Ocotillo." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144766.
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Cruz-Ramos, Carlos A., Roger Orellana, and Manuel L. Robert. "Agave Research Progress in Yucatan." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554189.
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The Center for Scientific Research of Yucatan carries out research aimed at solving some of the problems posed by the henequen industry in northern Yucatan. This paper briefly describes CICY's main research lines related to the hard fiber-producing agaves: a) taxonomic studies are being pursued to obtain a better understanding of the flora of the region; b) tissue culture techniques are used for the genetic improvement of agaves, and c) studies of composite materials and chemical substances derived from Henequen wastes are being carried out as possible alternatives to cordage production.
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Adams, Karen R., and Rex K. Adams. "How Does Our Agave Grow? Reproductive Biology of a Suspected Ancient Arizona Cultivar, Agave murpheyi Gibson." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554320.
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More than one species of Agave may have been cultivated by ancient farmers in Arizona. The arguments for this include apparent range extensions, burned Agave parts in archaeological roasting features, archaeological sites with in situ agaves thought to be relics of past human management, and limited molecular evidence. The reproductive biology of a single Agave murpheyi Gibson, one of the suspected cultivated species, is documented here in detail. After nine years of growth in a residential backyard in Tucson, Arizona, a flowering stalk rapidly elongated to 4.73 m (15.5 ft) during both daytime and nighttime hours from January through May. Daily records kept for much of that time revealed the stalk averaged 4.69 cm (1.85 in) of growth per day. Maximum growth spurts correlated with both high daily temperature and mean daily temperature. Lateral branches, eventually totaling twenty-two, began developing during March in the upper portion of the flowering stalk. Over a period of five weeks from late May to late June, these lateral branches flowered with normal-looking flowers, attracted a variety of potential pollinators, but produced no mature fruit. Instead, by the summer monsoon season of July and August, the mother plant had produced 359 miniature agaves or bulbils in these upper side branches. The bulbils appeared to arise from enlargements of tissue in the vicinity of the former flowers. Without releasing on their own, these bulbils became water-stressed and had to be forcibly removed a year later. By this time they were quite variable in fresh weight and size. Once planted, they rehydrated and immediately began to grow. This single plant shares aspects of bulbil production with three Agave murpheyi plants observed by others.
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Johnson, Roxane Jeannette. "Effects of fire on Agave palmeri." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291511.
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I investigated the effects of prescribed fire on Agave palmeri , an important seasonal food source of the federally Endangered bat, Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae. Three different treatments were randomly assigned to plots containing agaves within a burn unit: plots were burned with extant fuel, plots were left unburned, and plots were burned with an augmentation of fuel. Agaves were surveyed before the fires, immediately after the fires, and one and two years after the fires. Mortality and survivorship with the fuel load, agave size and the type of clusters in which the agaves grew. Agaves near mesquite and acacia trees or dead, dried agaves experienced higher mortality than agaves growing elsewhere. Agaves in plots with added fine fuels also had higher rates of mortality. One year post-fire, mortality was low in all treatments and recruitment was higher on augmented and burned plots than on unburned plots. Two years post-fire, mortality of small Agave palmeri was associated more strongly with rainfall than with fire treatment, while mortality of larger height classes of agaves exhibited a delayed response to fires.
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McDaniel, Robert G. "Field Evaluations of Agave in Arizona." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554208.
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Four agave species (Agave americana L., A. murpheyi E Gibson, A. palmeri Engelm., and A. parryi Engelm.) have been evaluated in a four-year study conducted at four Arizona field locations. Survival data, growth rates, approximate water requirements, and insect predation have been analyzed under Arizona field conditions. All species showed good survival at the Marana location, with Agave americana exhibiting the most rapid growth increment, averaging fresh weight gains of 70 to 110 kg per plant in the four-year period, with minimal supplemental irrigation. Analysis of carbohydrates in these plants showed an average 50% sugars on a dry weight basis. Projected growth parameters and biomass accumulation data are presented.
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Pinkava, Donald J., and Mark A. Baker. "Chromosome and Hybridization Studies of Agave." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554212.
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Interspecific hybridization, paleopolyploidy, secondary polyploidy, and vegetative reproduction appear to play significant roles in the evolution of Agave and certain related genera. First chromosome counts are reported for Hesperaloe funifera and 10 taxa of Agave including two triploid and one diploid putative hybrids. All of our counts for Yucca, Hesperaloe, and Agave are in agreement with the base number, x = 30, which comprises a complement of five very large chromosomes and 25 medium to small chromosomes. All published chromosome counts of Agave have been tabulated and the roles of hybridization and polyploidy are assessed. Secondary polyploidy occurs in 26 of 48 (54.2 %) reported taxa of Agave; as yet only one-fourth of the total taxa are chromosomally known.
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Ketchum, Lynn G. "After 1,000 Years...Agave Farmin Is Back." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295372.
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Reyes-Sanchez, Jose 1958. "Biophysical modeling of Agave pacifica under controlled environments." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282475.
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Biophysical models were developed for biomass accumulation, transpiration and carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation of Agave pacifica as functions of air CO₂ concentration, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and irrigation interval. Parameter estimation and validation were performed for the Gompertz's equation for biomass accumulation and for the Penman-Monteith equation for transpiration. A new biophysical model for CO₂ assimilation is proposed consisting of four components: stomatal opening and CO₂ fixation; malic acid accumulation; malic acid depletion; and photosynthetic carbon assimilation. The main and interactive effects of air CO₂ concentration, PPF and irrigation interval on biomass accumulation, transpiration and CO₂ assimilation of Agave pacifica were also determined.
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Bergsten, Steven J. "Certain Agave Species Exhibit the Capability to be Moderately Productive Under Conditions of High Salt and Drought Stress." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3818.
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Water availability and arable lands are increasingly limiting resources in many parts of the U.S., particularly in semi-arid and arid regions. As a means of addressing food and fuel demands associated with burgeoning population growth, highly productive and water-use efficient crops need to be identified. One potential crop, Agave, merits consideration and evaluation due to its putative capability to provide sustenance and energy despite growing in water-limited regions and on marginal soils. However, little is known regarding the productivity these succulent plants will have under growing conditions of the Southwest, where high concentrated saline soils are abundant, and water is often limited. The objectives of these studies were to determine the effects of high levels of salinity and different volumetric water content levels (VWC) on plant growth, biomass accumulation, and nutrient uptake. I used a hydroponic study to compare the effects of four salinity treatments (0.5, 3, 6, and 9 dS m-1) on productivity of four Agave species (Agave parryi, Agave utahensis ssp. kaibabensis, Agave utahensis ssp. utahensis, and Agave weberi). In a second study, an automated irrigation system was established to examine four pre-determined VWC threshold set-points and simulated a gradient of well-watered to drought conditions, to evaluate how A. weberi would respond to varying levels of water availability. Salinity concentrations did not significantly affect root and plant dry weight accumulation in A. weberi, but all other agave plants experienced less biomass accumulation under high saline conditions (>6 dS m-1). Seedlings of A. utahensis were two times more likely to die in the two highest saline treatments (6 and 9 dS m-1) than the two lower treatments (0.5 dS m-1 and 3 dS m-1). Calcium, Mg, S, Mn levels decreased in both A. parryi and A. weberi at higher salinity levels. Agave weberi was able to tolerate salinity, but it also experienced lower biomass production ≤3 dS m-1. In the water-stress study, Agave weberi plants experienced a decrease of 2.11 g as compared to plants in the highest treatment. Plants in the intermediate VWC treatments had similar dry mass values as those in the highest treatment, which suggests that this species could have moderately high yields under limited water conditions, and consequently should be evaluated as a potential bioenergy crop for semi-arid regions, such as the U.S. Southwest. Agave shows considerable potential to be grown in arid and semi-arid regions that are moderately high in salinity and have limited water availability. Indeed, the cultivation of Agave as a crop appears to be a viable option for many areas of the Southwest. While some of the Agave species evaluated were quite productive under moderate salt and water stress, it is uncertain if growth will be significantly reduced if under these stress conditions for periods longer than 3 months.
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Cerqueira, Gilberto Santos. "Efeitos farmacológicos e possíveis mecanismos de ação da hecogenina em modelos animais de lesão gástricas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/15727.
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CERQUEIRA, Gilberto Santos. Efeitos farmacológicos e possíveis mecanismos de ação da hecogenina em modelos animais de lesão gástricas. 2012. 193 f. Tese (Doutorado em Farmacologia) – Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2012.Submitted by denise santos (denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2016-03-23T12:15:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_gscerqueira.pdf: 7195209 bytes, checksum: c4b1f8c6b85edde8c0203e4a270b8624 (MD5)
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This study investigates the gastroprotective effects of hecogenin, a steroid saponin isolated from Agave sisalana, on experimental models of gastric ulcer. Male Swiss mice were used in the models of ethanol- and indometacin-induced gastriculcer. To clarify the hecogenin mechanism of action, the roles of nitric oxide (NO), sulfhydryls (GSH), K+ATP channels and prostaglandins were also investigated, and measurements of lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay) and nitrite levels in the stomach of hecogenin-treated and untreated animals were performed. Furthermore, the effects of hecogenin on myeloperoxidase (MPO) release from human neutrophils were assessed in vitro. Our results showed that hecogenin (3.1, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 mg/kg, p.o.) acutely administered, before ethanol or indomethacin, exhibited a potent gastroprotective effect. Although the pretreatments with L-NAME, an iNOS inhibitor, and capsazepine, a TRPV1 receptor agonist, were not able to reverse the hecogenineffect, this was reversed by glibenclamide, a K+ATP blocker, and indomethacin in the model of ethanol-induced gastric lesions. The hecogenin pretreatment normalized GSH levels and significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels in the stomach, as evaluated by the ethanol-induced gastric lesion model. The drug alone increased COX-2 expression and this effect was further enhanced in the presence of ethanol. It also decreased MPO release and significantly protected the gastric mucosa. In conclusion, we showed that hecogenin presents a significant gastroprotective effect that seems to be mediated by K+ATP channels opening and the COX-2/PG pathway. In addition, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may play a role in the gastroprotective drug effect.
Este estudo investiga os efeitos gastroprotetores da hecogenina, uma saponina esteróide, isolada de Agave sisalana, em modelos experimentais de úlcera gástrica. Camundongos Swiss machos foram utilizados nos modelos de úlcera gástrica induzida pelo etanol e indometacina. Para identificarmos os mecanismos de ação da hecogenina, os papéis de óxido nítrico (NO), do grupos sulfidrilicos não protéicos (GSH), dos canais de K+ ATP e das prostaglandinas foram também investigados assim como determinações da peroxidação lipídica (TBARS) e dos níveis de nitrito no estômago de animais tratados com hecogenina e de grupos controle foram realizadas. Além disso, foi avaliado o efeito da hecogenina sobre a contagem de mastócitos, bem como sobre a liberação da mieloperoxidase (MPO), um biomarcador de inflamação foram estudados em neutrófilos humanos in vitro. Foram avaliados a atividade antimicrobina para o Helicobacter pylori e a expressão de COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, óxido nítrico sintase induzida (iNOS), NF-kB-p50 NLS (sequência de localização nuclear) através da técnica de imunohistoquímica em modelo de úlcera gástrica agudo e crônico. Os nossos resultados mostraram que a hecogenina (15, 30,60 e 90 mg/ kg, p.o.) administrada de forma aguda, antes do etanol ou indometacina, exibiu um potente efeito gastroprotetor, bem como reduziu o número de mastócitos. Embora os pré-tratamentos com L-NAME, um inibidor de iNOS, e capsazepina, um agonista do receptor TRPV1, não foram capazes de reverter o efeio da hecogenina, este foi revertido por glibenclamida, um bloqueador de K+ATP e por indometacina no modelo de úlcera induzida por etanol. O pré-tratamento com hecogenina reduziu de modo significativo os níveis de GSH, peroxidação lipídica e nitrito no modelo de lesão gástrica induzida por etanol. A droga por si só aumentou a expressão de COX-2, e este efeito foi ainda melhor na presença de etanol tendo diminuido também a liberação de MPO. A hecogenina não demonstrou efeitos significativos sobre o modelo de ligadura do piloro e trânsito intestinal em camundongos. No modelo crônico, o tratamento com a hecogenina foi capaz de melhorar a cicatrização de úlceras gástricas induzidas pelo ácido acético promovendo significativa regeneração da mucosa gástrica. Ademais, hecogenina 90 mg/Kg diminuiu a marcação imunohistoquímica para TNF-α, NOSi, IL-1β, NF-kB-p50 NLS na mucosa gástrica tanto em experimento agudo como no crônico. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos indicam que a hecogenina possui atividade gastroprotetora em modelos agudo e crônico e capacidade de promover cicatrização de úlcera da mucosa gástrica. Além disso, demonstramos que a hecogenina apresenta um efeito gastroprotetor significativo que parece ser mediado pela abertura de canais de K+ATP pela via COX- 2/PG. Além disso, as propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias podem desempenhar um papel no efeito gastroprotetor da droga. Constata-se também que o efeito anti-úlcera pode ser devido às suas propriedades de aumentar o mecanismo de defesa da mucosas e através da supressão da inflamação mediada por TNF-α, NOSi, IL-1β, NF-kB.
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KEAN, GALENO TANIA. "ESTABLECIMIENTO DE UN BANCO DE GERMOPLASMA DE AGAVE SPP." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67329.
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En México, los Agaves tienen una gran importancia económica y cultural (Colunga- García, et al., 2009), además de ser plantas fundamentales en los ecosistemas áridos que habitan (Nobel,1994; García- Mendoza, 2007). El aprovechamiento de la diversidad es un factor clave para la sustentabilidad de la industria de los agaves. Actualmente se buscan distintas aplicaciones para explotar este recurso sin comprometer su perseverancia en el ambiente, sin embargo, su uso se ve condicionado por la información disponible (Colunga-García, et al., 2007), por lo que en el presente trabajo se contribuye ampliando la información de las especies involucradas, y conservándolas a largo plazo, para facilitar la accesibilidad del germoplasma vegetal a los fitomejoradores, investigadores y otros usuarios.
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer un banco de germoplasma ex-situ e in-vitro de las especies del género Agave L. distribuidas en el Estado de México, generar un mapa de distribución del género para el Estado de México y generar la huella genética de los materiales resguardados en el banco de germoplasma,
Para obtener el material vegetal que se establecería en el banco de germoplasma, así como la distribución del género Agave L. en el Estado de México se realizó una búsqueda en MEXU (Herbario Nacional de México) y en registros de la CONABIO (Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad). Además de 14 colectas que cubrieron 15 municipios del Estado de México, realizadas del 03/03/2015 al 14/05/2016. Los ejemplares colectados se identificaron usando los datos tomados en campo, antecedentes de las zonas y mediante el uso de las claves de Gentry (1982), e Irish e Irish (2000), una vez identificados y etiquetados se procesaron para su establecimiento en el banco de germoplasma. Con la
III
información obtenida se elaboró el mapa de distribución mediante los programas de ArcGis 10.1 y Google earth 7.2.
Para generar la huella genética de las 15 especies colectadas, se extrajo el ADN de un ejemplar de cada especie mediante el método CTAB (bromuro hexadeciltrimetilamonio) (Zhou et al., 1999) y se amplifico (Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa, PCR) usando cinco iniciadores RAPD (Los Polimorfismos de ADN Amplificados al Azar) y cinco SSR (Secuencias Simples Repetidas).
Con los patrones de bandeo obtenidos se generaron matrices binarias, que se analizaron mediante el programa POPGENE (versión 1.32; Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre, University of Alberta and Center for Internacional Forestry Research, AB, Edmonton, Canadá) usando el algoritmo más elemental para la matriz de distancia o UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method Arithmetic Average). La diferenciación genética se estimó a través de los valores de distancia genética, se obtuvieron los dendrogramas correspondientes para cada tipo iniciador además de uno integral que considero ambos iniciadores.
Como resultado de las colectas se obtuvo 35 ejemplares, de 15 especies del género Agave L. así como frutos y semillas de cinco especies, en conjunto con la investigación en herbarios se consideran 17 las especies del genero Agave L. distribuidas en el Estado de México las cuales son: Agave angustifolia, A. americana, A. angustiarum, A. angustifolia, A. applanata, A. attenuata, A. dasylirioides, A. filifera, A.ghiesbreghtii, A. horrida, A. inaequidens, A. lecheguilla, A. mapisaga, A. salmiana, A. tequilana A. xylonacantha, A. Atrovirens y A. deserti (de las primeras 15 se obtuvo ejemplares durante las colectas, de las ultimas 2 no fue posible).
La distribución del genero Agave L. dentro del Estado de México se vio conglomerada en lo zona noreste (en la sierra de Guadalupe) y a la zona sureste.
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El banco de germoplasma planteado se elaboró in-vitro a partir de semillas de cinco especies las cuales fueron Agave salmiana, A. horrida, A. angustifolia, A.inaequidens y A. attenuata y ex-situ a partir de las 15 especies colectadas, es decir el banco de germoplasma elaborado comprende el 88.2% de la diversidad de especies del genero Agave L. distribuidas en el Estado de México.
Como resultado del análisis molecular se obtuvo que los iniciadores RAPD e SSR anclados, mostraron polimorfismo entre las 15 especies del género Agave L. analizadas, y permitieron la caracterización de cada una de ellas mediante su huella genética. Los dendrogramas de los iniciadores RAPD y SSR, así como del análisis integral (RAPD + SSR), mostraron grupos constantes de especies y en algunos casos fue posible relacionar genéticamente a las especies según su morfología.El género Agave L. representa plantas de importancia económica y cultural para México, considerado como su centro de origen y diversificación. Actualmente se buscan distintas aplicaciones industriales para explotar este recurso, sin comprometer su sustentabilidad y perseverancia en el ambiente. Sin embargo, su uso se ve condicionado por la información disponible (García-Mendoza, 2002; Colunga-García, et al., 2007), por lo que en el presente trabajo se presenta un estudio sobre la distribución de las especies de Agave en el Estado de México y su huella genética, así mismo se plantea el establecimiento de un banco de germoplasma de Agave ssp. pertenecientes al Estado de México ex-situ e in-vitro, con el fin de contribuir con la conservación a largo plazo y la accesibilidad del germoplasma vegetal para los fitomejoradores, investigadores y otros usuarios.
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Kelly, Jack, and Mary W. Olsen. "Problems and Pests of Agave, Aloe, Cactus and Yucca." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144789.
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12 pp.plant disease bulletins; July 2006 original publishing date, rev. 10/08
Cacti, agaves and yuccas are classified as succulents, plants that have highly specialized anatomical features such as thick waxy cuticles, fleshy or minimal leaves, modified leaves (spines), and roots with extra storage capabilities for food and water. These modifications allow them to survive and thrive in harsh desert environments. They survive long periods of drought in areas of sparse rainfall and intense heat. During stressful periods, many succulents cease to grow, drop unnecessary leaves, dehydrate and become dormant until conditions for growth return. Despite their adaptations, succulents suffer from diseases, insect pests and cultural problems. Some of the more common problems that occur in cacti, agave and yuccas in Arizona are discussed in this bulletin.
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Hawks, Michelle Macy 1972. "The status of Palmer's agave at Coronado National Memorial." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291823.
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The status of the Palmer's agave (Agave palmeri) population at Coronado National Memorial was determined by studying recruitment, herbivory and flowering. Data was collected during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Baseline information was found that will aide in comparisons about the population in the future. The population structure was found to have a large number of younger individuals with a high mortality rate. The older age classes had a much lower mortality rate. The affect of grazing was examined as one of the possible impacts to this specific population. There were no significant differences in recruitment, flowering or herbivory between areas exposed to grazing versus areas not exposed to grazing. Palmer's agave is a long-lived species that will require several years of monitoring its population to get a better understanding of the factors that determine its population dynamics.
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Freeman, C. Edward, and William H. Reid. "Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Agave lechuguilla Torr." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554210.
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Agave lechuguilla Torr. is a small, widespread century plant characteristic of the Chihuahuan Desert growing from central Mexico to southern New Mexico. Most reproduction is vegetative. Flowering occurs primarily in May and June. The inflorescence shaft grows as rapidly as 2 dm/day, and reaches full height (about 2.6 m) in three to four weeks. Energy for flowering is stored almost entirely in the leaves. Flowers open in late afternoon, and last for approximately 96 hours. Anthers dehisce 24 hours after a flower opens and the stigma becomes receptive at approximately 66 hours. Nectar is produced during the second and third nights. The anatomy of the flower is of interest in that the pollen tubes do not penetrate tissue but have an unobstructed path to the ovules. The species is capable of self-pollination, but not apomixis.
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Pavliscak, Laura. "Restoring Agave palmeri Populations: Critical Factors for Seeding and Transplanting in Disturbed Landscapes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193456.
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Agave palmeri (Palmer's agave) is a semelparous, perennial succulent thought to provide critical forage for the endangered species, Leptonycteris curasoae (lesser long-nosed bat). Preserving intact agave populations and mitigating loss of habitat may be critical to L. curasoae recovery. Two methods for restoring A. palmeri in disturbed habitats were evaluated: seeding and translocation. In a greenhouse, the emergence and establishment of 2700 seeds was tested across four environmental variables: irrigation level, shade, surface mulch, and soil type. The overall emergence of seedlings was low, particularly in low irrigation, unshaded, unmulched treatments--conditions that might be commonly expected in disturbed habitats. In the field, growth responses of 277 wild transplants were assessed in relation to size class, initial water availability, and storage method. Transplants of all sizes responded positively when replanting coincided with seasonal rainfall, suggesting that salvaging and replanting A. palmeri plants may be a promising restoration strategy.
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HERNÁNDEZ, TEXOCOTITLA DIANA ILSE. "MIEL DE AGAVE COMO EDULCORANTE EN EL BIZCOCHO RED VELVET." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/94616.
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La repostería es una de las partes importantes de la gastronomía, tanto a nivel gastronómico, cultural, tradicional, económico, turístico, entre muchas otras, la cual se ha ido perfeccionando con el tiempo, un ejemplo de ello son las técnicas de; emulsión, batido y horneado; que dan como resultado suaves y sedosos bizcochos, deliciosas mezclas para pasteles redondos, cuadrados y rectangulares, de diferentes niveles.
El valor de la repostería actual es tal que se buscan productos que brinden beneficios y cuidados en la salud. Los edulcorantes juegan un papel extraordinario dentro del lado dulce, ya que son los responsables del dulzor. Por lo que la búsqueda constante de mejorar los productos derivados, es transcendente para cubrir necesidades nuevas. Como es el caso de alimentos y postres funcionales.
Hablar de edulcorantes naturales es poder retomar el uso de la miel de agave como edulcorante orgánico, ya que este es 1.4 veces más dulce que el azúcar pero tiene un índice glucémico más bajo (Martínez, s/f), es por eso la importancia de hacer uso de esta alternativa como sustituto del azúcar, además de los diversos beneficios que tiene hacia la salud ya que refuerza el sistema inmunológico, restaura el sistema digestivo, ayuda a la regeneración de células, reduce el colesterol, ayuda a perder peso; gracias a la cantidad de fibra y antioxidantes, además de tener un bajo índice glucémico más bajo (I.G. 17) que el azúcar común (I.G. 68), como otros beneficios; con un consumo moderado del producto. (Amidor, 2012)
Por lo que el presente trabajo de investigación se encargó de realizar el bizcocho Red Velvet utilizando la miel de agave como edulcorante natural, logrando así la textura y el sabor base del bizcocho.
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Nunes, Fabíola da Cruz. "Estudo da atividade larvicida da Agave sisalana contra Aedes Aegypti." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9693.
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Dengue is a viral systemic disease caused by an arboviral of Flaviviridae family, affecting about a 100 million cases per year in Brazil. It is endemic in tropical regions such as Southeast Asia, South Pacific, East Africa, Caribbean and Latin America. The disease is transmitted by Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), a mosquito that is the main target for the disease control through strategies ranging from the larval to the adult combat. The larvicides commonly used to combat the vector, besides being toxic, present drop in larvicide efficacy since the A. aegypti larvae has developed resistance to these products. Thus, the search for new active principles that are effective in combating the mosquito is required. In this sense, Agave sisalana is a plant that is produced in several states in the Brazilian northeast region, which is used in the sisal industry. Only 5% of the plant is recovered, and its residual liquid completely wasted. In this way, the aim of this research project was to investigate the larvicidal action of the juice of Agave sisalana against larvae of A. aegypti. In larvicidal activity assays, fourth stage A. aegypti larvae were used, exposed to different concentrations of A. sisalana liquid waste during 24 hours. After the larvicidal activity assays, it was possible to determine the LC50 that was 5.9 mg / mL. Next we explored the cytotoxic activity of A. sisalana in hemocytes of A. aegypti larvae through the flow cytometry. The experiments showed an increase of cellular necrosis after 12 hours of exposure of the larvae to submaximal concentrations of sisal liquid waste (7.4% in control group vs. 28.5% in the experimental group after 12 hours; 6.2% in the control group vs. 22.7% in the experimental group after 24 hours). The histological alterations were confirmed by histopathological analysis, which showed lyses of the mesentery epithelial cells of larvae as well as peritrophic membrane destruction. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) production by hemocytes, an important defense strategy of mosquitoes, was checked after 3, 6 and 24 hours of larvae exposure to the A. sisalana liquid waste. There was a reduction in NO levels of approximately 76.6% after 3 hours, 83% after 6 hours and 83.8% after 24 hours of exposure. In this way, the A. sisalana liquid waste constitutes an effective alternative and economically feasible for the dengue vector combat. The outcomes of our research resulted in the patent application for an insecticide against A. aegypti larvae.
A dengue é uma doença viral sistêmica, causada por um arbovírus da família Flaviviridae, acometendo cerca de 700 mil casos por ano no Brasil. É endêmica de regiões tropicais como o sudeste asiático, sul do Pacífico, África Oriental, Caribe e América Latina. A dengue é transmitida pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), que é o principal alvo de combate para controle da doença, por meio de estratégias que vão desde o combate às formas larvares até o mosquito adulto. Os larvicidas comumente utilizados no combate do vetor, além de serem tóxicos, vêm apresentando queda na capacidade larvicida já que as larvas do A. aegypti tem desenvolvido resistência a esses produtos. Sendo assim, a busca por novos princípios ativos que sejam eficientes no combate do mosquito se faz necessária. Nesse sentido, a Agave sisalana é uma planta que é produzida em vários estados do nordeste brasileiro, a qual é utilizada na indústria sisaleira. Apenas 5% da planta é aproveitada, sendo o seu resíduo líquido completamente desperdiçado. Dessa forma, este projeto de pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a ação larvicida do suco de Agave sisalana contra larvas de A. aegypti. Nos ensaios de atividade larvicida, utilizou-se larvas de quarto estágio de A. aegypti, testando-se diferentes concentrações de suco de A. sisalana durante 24 horas. Após os ensaios de atividade larvicida foi possível determinar a CL50, que foi de 5,9 mg/mL. A pesquisa também explorou a atividade citotóxica da A. sisalana em hemócitos de larvas de A. aegypti, através da citometria de fluxo. Verificou-se um aumento no percentual de necrose celular a partir de 12 horas de exposição das larvas a concentrações submáximas de suco de sisal (7,4% no grupo controle vs. 28,5% no grupo experimental após 12 horas; 6,2% no grupo controle vs.22,7% no grupo experimental após 24 horas). As alterações histológicas foram confirmadas em exames histopatológicos, que mostraram lise celular de células epiteliais do mesentério das larvas e destruição da membrana peritrófica. A produção de óxido nítrico (NO) pelos hemócitos, uma importante estratégia de defesa dos mosquitos, foi verificada após 3,6 e 24 horas de exposição das larvas ao suco de A. sisalana. Observou-se uma diminuição dos níveis de NO da ordem de 76,6% após 3 horas de exposição, 83 % após 6 horas de exposição, e 83,8 % após 24 horas de exposição. Sendo assim, o suco de A. sisalana pode se constituir numa alternativa efetiva e economicamente viável para o combate ao vetor da Dengue. Essa pesquisa resultou no pedido de patente de um inseticida formulação a base de A. sisalana para combate às larvas de A. aegypti.
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Al, Baijan Dalal B. A. S. "Exploiting the potential of Agave for bioenergy in marginal lands." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2970.
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Drylands cover approximately 40% of the global land area, with minimum rainfall levels, high temperatures in the summer months, and they are prone to degradation and desertification. Drought is one of the prime abiotic stresses limiting crop production. Agave plants are known to be well adapted to dry, arid conditions, producing comparable amounts of biomass to the most water-use efficient C3 and C4 crops but only require 20% of water for cultivation, making them good candidates for bioenergy production from marginal lands. Agave plants have high sugar contents, along with high biomass yield. More importantly, Agave is an extremely water-use efficient (WUE) plant due to its use of Crassulacean acid metabolism. Most of the research conducted on Agave has centered on A. tequilana due to its economic importance in the tequila production industry. However, there are other species of Agave that display higher biomass yields compared to A. tequilana. These include A. mapisaga and A. salmiana and A. fourcroydes Lem has been reported to possess high fructan content making it a promising plant for biofuel feedstock. Also, fructans act as osmo-protectants by stabilizing membranes during drought and other abiotic stress. This project set out to examine several hypotheses. In the first experimental chapter (Chapter 2), the central aim was to start identifying traits for the improvement of Agave species for biomass production on arid lands by first examining if the capacity of CAM, and fructan accumulation are linked traits. To address this question 3 species of Agave varying in succulence were compared under different water regimes. Measurements were made of leaf, gas exchange and titratable acidities as markers of CAM and of soluble sugar and fructan content using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). High leaf succulence is associated with increased magnitude of CAM, manifested as higher H+ and nocturnal CO2 uptake and fructan accumulation also increased with leaf succulence in Agave. Sucrose provided most, if not all of the substrate required for dark CO2 uptake. At the leaf level, highest CAM activity was found in the tip region whilst most fructan accumulation occurred in the base of the leaf. These results indicate that CAM and fructan accumulation are subject to contrasting anatomical and physiological control processes. v In Chapter 3, the aim was to test 4 hypotheses relating to succulence and biochemical capacity for C3 and C4 carboxylation in Agave. The first hypothesis tested the abundance of PEPC and its variation between species in relation to leaf succulence and age and will vary along the leaf, in line with differences in CAM activity. The second hypothesis looked into the abundance of Rubisco and Rubisco activase and its variation between species in relation to leaf succulence and age and will vary along the leaf, in line with differences in CAM activity. The third hypothesis the more succulent Agave species, drought will have less impact on the abundance of PEPC, Rubisco and Rubisco activase compared to the less succulent species. And the abundance of Rubisco activase will vary over the diel cycle, particularly in leaves of more succulent species of Agave. Results showed that leaf succulence influenced the abundance of PEPC. Thus, the optimal anatomy for nocturnal malic acid accumulation is accompanied by high PEPC abundance in leaves with higher vacuolar storage capacity. In contrast, the abundances of Rubisco and Rubisco activase showed an inverse relationship to succulence and CAM activity. The aim of Chapter 4, was to identify other species of Agave that could be exploited as sources of biofuel from semi-arid marginal lands. Some 14 different species of Agave that showed varying levels of succulence were compared, evaluating the capacity for CAM, fructan content, carbohydrate composition, osmotic pressure and the relationship with succulence. Results demonstrated that Inter-specific variations in the magnitude of expression of CAM in Agave are dependent on leaf succulence. Also, Agave displays flexibility in the use of carbohydrate source pools to sustain dark CO2 uptake. Some species appear to use fructans and others sucrose as substrate for dark CO2 uptake. The final experimental Chapter’s aim was to develop a method to identify vacuolar sugar transporters in Agave related to sucrose turnover and fructan accumulation. First, identifying the tonoplast by testing activity of ATPase and PPiase of leaf vesicles of Agave Americana marginata, and its sensitivity to inhibition by known ATPase inhibitors. Second, was to use a proteomics approach, analysing of the purified tonoplast involved fractionation of the proteins by SDS-PAGE and analysis by LC-MS/MS, to identify vacuolar sugar transporter proteins which are hypothesized to play a key regulatory role in determining sucrose turnover for CAM and fructan accumulation and as such, vi could represent future targets for genetic engineering of increased sugar content for plants grown for bioenergy. The capacity of the vacuole as a sink for carbohydrate maybe an important determinant of CAM expression and has important implications for plant growth and productivity. Combining tonoplast proteomics with the interrogation of diel transcriptome data is a potentially powerful approach to identify candidate vacuolar sugar transporters in Agave.
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ARAÚJO, Rodrigo Barbosa de. "Biomimética e artefatos para ambientes aquáticos: estratégias de leveza e resistência inspiradas na estrutura celular do agave." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18470.
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A biomimética visa o estudo das estratégias da natureza, tendo-a como princípio e inspiração para solução de problemas de design e outras áreas. Esta pesquisa é uma abordagem alternativa para processos de geração de soluções no design de estruturas de pranchas de surf. Atualmente os materiais e processos produtivos destes artefatos ainda estão distantes dos aspectos ecológicos e de um ciclo de vida de produto sustentável. Existem algumas alternativas, onde as pranchas são fabricadas com materiais orgânicos, como por exemplo, o Agave, porém ainda com processos ultrapassados, contrários às estratégias da natureza, que atuam num optimum de economia de matéria e energia, dentro de um ciclo de vida sustentável bem definido. Com base na metodologia DesignLens (Biomimicry Institute 3.8), os ensinamentos da natureza aliados à tecnologia representam potencial de inovação em design e sustentabilidade. Quando processos de design paramétrico foram incorporados à fabricação digital, se permitiu atingir um nível de materialização muito próximo das estratégias da natureza. Verificou-se que a aplicação de tecnologias digitais tem grande relevância para o futuro das áreas de projeto, principalmente quando alinhadas aos princípios de sistemas biológicos. Esta pesquisa obteve parte da validação através da impressão 3D de uma secção de uma prancha de surf como exemplo de aplicação, dentre muitas alternativas para as estratégias do Agave em estruturas.
Biomimetics aims study of the strategies of nature, having it as a principle and inspiration for design and troubleshooting other áreas. This research is an alternative approach to the processes of generation of solutions in the surfboards design. Currently the materials and production processes of these artifacts are still distant from ecological aspects and a sustainable product life cycle. There are some alternatives, where the boards are made with organic materials, as for example, Agave, but with outdated processes, contrary to nature, strategies that work in an optimum of economy of matter and energy, within a sustainable life cycle. Based on the DesignLens methodology (Biomimicry Institute 3.8), the teachings of nature coupled with technology represent potential for innovation in design and sustainability. When parametric design processes have been incorporated into the digital fabrication, if allowed to reach a level of materialization very close of the strategies of nature. The application of digital technologies has great relevance to the future of the project areas, especially when aligned to the principles of biological systems. This research obtained part of the validation through the 3D printing of a section of a surfboard as an example of application, among many alternatives for the strategies of Agave in structures.
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Burgess, Tony Lambard. "The relationship between climate and leaf shape in the Agave cerulata complex." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184567.
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Agave adaptation to aridity is examined, comparing trends among phylads, clines in Deserticolae taxa of Baja California, and variation in A. deserti along an elevational gradient. Agave physiology is reviewed and recent evolutionary scenarios are discussed. Tentative hypotheses predict characteristics of Agave leaves and rosettes in arid climates. A study of bioclimatology in the Vizcaino Region of Baja California follows, aimed at defining aspects of a subtropical arid climate that are relevant to a plant. The Vizcaino Region is described in terms of its physiography, vegetation physiognomy and floristics. Ombrothermic diagrams and juxtaposed graphs relate temperature and rainfall at stations throughout the region. Temperature regimes are compared using the 5th, 25th, 75th, and 95th percentiles of their respective distributions of monthly means, and subregional groups with similar regimes are defined. Conditions when soil moisture is available are examined by segregating 'wet' months with rainfall totals of 5 mm or more. Thermal distributions of wet months are compared with respect to their shapes and to temperatures delimiting the central two-thirds of wet months. Patterns in mean annual precipitation are presented. Variables are derived to estimate stress imposed on plants by drought. Median annual precipitation deficit, defined as the difference between total annual potential evapotranspiration and total annual rainfall, expresses the stress typically experienced by plants. The 90th percentile of potential evapotranspiration of dry intervals estimates the severity of droughts that longer-lived perennials survive. Each derived climate variable shows a different geographic pattern. Variance in leaf measurements from collection sites throughout the range of Agave cerulata is studied with a principal components analysis. Leaf characters associated with the major components of variance together with leaf volume/surface ratios are used as dependent variables in multiple regression equations with climate variables, which are estimated for each collection site. As the precipitation deficit increases, leaf size generally decreases, but where the longest droughts are most stressful, leaves tend to be larger. Leaf volume/surface is coupled with leaf size. When size variables are included in regressions, higher volume/surface is associated with more extreme cold, cooler summers, and warmer winters. Warmer summers, higher precipitation deficits, and more warm-season storms are correlated with higher length/width ratios. Larger basal surfaces occur in conjunction with higher precipitation deficits, warmer temperatures, and less warm-season rainfall.
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Oyarzabal, Ivan Saldana. "Carbohydrate metabolism in the leaves of the Agave tequilana (Weber) plant." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443993.
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Khaliq, Ishtiaq. "Isolation, characterisation and expression of Ty1-copia retrotransposons in Agave tequilana." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/2336/.
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Agave tequilana is native to Mexico and famous for its use in the production of alcoholic beverage tequila. Due to the growing demands of tequila it has been intensively cultivated through asexual means resulting in a narrow genetic variability. The crop is extremely prone to insects and diseases and a breeding programme for selection and conservation of the crop is required. However poorly understood classification of agave and limited availability of molecular data is a big hurdle in establishing a useful breeding programme. Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that can replicate through a copy and paste mechanism occupying large proportions of genomes in short periods of time. They can play a vital role in the organisation and evolution of plant genomes and retrotransposon based molecular markers can be used as powerful molecular tools. Retrotransposons can play a key role in understanding Agave tequilana genetics as well as its relationship with other agave species and cultivars. In the work described here Ty1-copia retrotransposon have been isolated and characterised, retrotransposon based molecular markers have been used to evaluate the asexual genetic diversity in different vegitatively propagated mother and daughter plants. The phylogenetic relationship of these sequences revealed that Ty1-copia retrotransposons are heterogeneous in nature and they might have been actively replicating in recent past. The copy number of Ty1- copia retreotransposon was also evaluated and it was found that a large proportion of agave genome is occupied by these elements. Ty1-copia retrotransposons were also found to be polymorphic in agave tissue culture lines suggesting that they might be activated under the effect of stressed conditions. The findings of this study will help in understanding the genetics of Agave tequilana, and will provide a basis for further research on retrotransposon mediated asexual genetic variability in agave and other clonally propagated plants in general. It will also help us understand the activity of retrotransposons in the genome of agave in unusual environmental conditions.
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Dunder, Ricardo Jose 1982. "Avaliação das atividades analgesica e antiinflamatoria da fração hexanica Agave sisalana." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/318112.
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Orientador: Alba Regina Monteiro Souza BritoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A dor é definida como uma sensação complexa e indefinida envolvendo múltiplos fatores como estilo de vida, ambiente. Muitas vezes a dor é produto de um processo inflamatório. As inflamações são uma resposta do sistema imune a diferentes estímulos, microorganismos, danos teciduais, estímulos miogênicos ou até traumas cirúrgicos que liberam mediadores endógenos. Ao receber o estímulo, diferentes enzimas como fosfolipases e ciclooxigenases originam mediadores inflamatórios (prostaglandinas, citocinas, leucotrienos) dando continuidade à cascata inflamatória muitas vezes de maneira exacerbada, que é caracterizada pelos cinco sinais cardinais da inflamação: calor, rubor, tumor, dor e perda de função. Para o tratamento das inflamações as drogas de primeira escolha são os antiinflamatórios não esteroidais (DAINES), que atuam na inibição da ciclooxigenase (COX-2), contudo, o uso das DAINES pode provocar o advento de úlceras pépticas, ou até mesmo falência renal e problemas cardíacos no caso dos inibidores seletivos da COX. Em inflamações crônicas utilizam-se os Glicocorticóides (GC), que são potentes antiinflamatórios, mas provocam efeitos colaterais sistêmicos como hipoglicemia, ação no sistema nervoso central e uma deficiência no sistema imune. A utilização de princípios ativos vegetais é uma alternativa para o controle das inflamações, entre elas destacam-se plantas da família Agavaceae, principalmente do gênero Agave, com destaque para Agave sisalana rica em saponinas esteroidais. As saponinas são uma classe de metabólitos secundários que apresentam diferentes funções terapêuticas, de grande interesse comercial e farmacológico. Esses compostos apresentam um núcleo esteroidal envolto por cadeias de açúcares denominado aglicona ou sapogenina. A partir das folhas da Agave sisalana obteve-se a fração hexânica de Agave sisalana (FHAS), que teve seu potencial terapêutico avaliado em diferentes testes de inflamação, algesia e toxicidade. A FHAS apresentou uma redução significativa (p<0,05) edema nos modelos agudos de inflamação; edema de orelha por Xilol e edema de pata induzido por carragenina. A FHAS também apresentou diminuições significativas no modelo crônico de inflamação Granuloma cotton pellet, que avalia a infiltração celular. Os valores obtidos no cotton pellet foram corroborados pelo modelo de pleurisia, em que também houve redução do infiltrado celular. A FHAS demonstrou um potencial antinociceptivo nos modelos de analgesia, porém com uma ação bem menor do que os fármacos padrão, o que indica que o mecanismo de ação parece não envolver atuação com receptores opióides em modelos de analgesia. Com relação à toxicidade a FHAS não apresentou aumento significativo (p<0,05) de proteínas plasmáticas. Na avaliação do peso animais nenhuma das doses da FHAS apresentou efeito significativo sobre a evolução ponderal de peso dos animais, como foi o caso do controle positivo GC, o que indica ausência de efeitos colaterais graves, semelhantes aos GC. Através da análise dos dados, indicam que ação antiinflamatória e analgésica encontrada deve-se a presença das sapogeninas esteroidais na FHAS, principalmente a hecogenina. Devido a esses resultados, novas avaliações serão feitas para elucidar o mecanismo de ação antiinflamatório apresenta ação semelhante aos GC, trazendo assim perspectivas de uso medicinal da Agave sisalana.
Abstract: Pain is defined as complex and vague sensation that involves several factors such as life style and environment. Many times pain is a result of an inflammatory process. The inflammation an imune system response to different kind of stimulus, microorganisms, tissue injuries, miogenic stimulus or even cirurgic traumas, which release several endogens mediators. Receiving the stimulus, diferents enzymes as phospholipase and ciclogenasis, lead to inflammatory mediators (prostaglandins, citocins and leukotrienes) which continuity the inflammatory cascade, many times in an exarcebate manner, described by the five cardinals signs: Heat, redness, swelling, pain and loss of function. Inflammation Treatment the first choice in medicine are non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) that acts in inhibition of COX-2. However, the use of NSAIDS can bring peptic ulcers or kidney failure and cardiac problems in selective COX inhibitors. Chronic inflammation uses Glucocorticoids therapy that are powerfull drugs, but they provoque systemics side effects: as hypoglicemy, nervous system activity and immune system depression. The use of active compounds present in plants is a way to inflammatory controll, among them there are plants of Agavaceae family mainly Agave genus, such as Agave sisalana which is rich in steroidals saponins. Saponins are a secundary metabolic class that present several therapeutic functions, with a large comercial and pharmacological interest. These compounds present steroidal nucleus involved by sugar chains called algycone or sapogenins. From the Agave sisalana was taken Agave sisalana hexanic fraction (FHAS) that had its therapeutic potential evaluated in differents inflammatory, algesic and toxicity tests. FHAS showed significative responses for acute inflammatory models with antiedematogenic activity as xylene ear edema and carrageenan hind paw edema. FHAS also presents significative results chronic models like granuloma cotton pellet, which evaluate cell infiltration. The values gotten on cotton pellet were confirmed with pleurisy model, where there were reduction of cellular infiltrate. FHAS showed antinociceptive potential in algesic tests, with a smaller action than standard medicine, which indicates that the action mechanisms does not acts on opioid receptors in analgesic models. In connection to toxicity, FHAS does not present increase of plasmatics proteins, and animal weight evaluation none of FHAS doses showed significative effects considering weight up of animals. In case of positive control GC that indicates absence of side effects such GC. Throughout data analyses, the antiinflammatory and analgesic action founded is tempted by sapogenins presence on FHAS. These results need new evaluation to explain the antiinflammatory action mechanisms bringing new perspectives of Agave sisalana medical use.
Mestrado
Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
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Imwer, Serge Mapan. "Adsorption of perfluorinated water contaminants on Agave sisalana activated carbon fibre." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/867.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Magister Technologiae: Chemical Engineering
in the Faculty of Engineering
at the
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014An awareness campaign on the harmful effects of Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), especially Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been conducted to inform the general public about the impact of these organic compounds on hu-mans and biota. These compounds have been shown to be potential carcinogens, as indi-cated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development . A major concern about these chemicals is that they have been widely used in consumer products and have been detected in food and drinking water. They have been determined to be resistant to biological degradation, owing to their unique chemical and physical properties (fluorine atoms that have substituted hydrogen atoms in their chemical structure). Owing to their characteristics of being highly soluble in water, they cannot be removed from water using ordinary purification processes. Studies have been conducted to evaluate the removal of PFOA and PFOS from water using different methods. Among these methods, it has been proved that adsorption is a suitable method with the best adsorbent identified as activated carbon (AC). AC can be found in many forms, including as a fibre. The use of AC for the removal of PCFs can be augmented with sonica-tion and electro-chemical methods for rapid absorption of these compounds. The aim of this study was to remove these contaminants using a microporous AC fibre (ACF) made from an indigenous plant, Agave sisalana, which is widely available across sub-Saharan Africa, by using electro-physico-chemical methods. ACF has the following advantages when compared with granulated and/or powdered AC: it has a slightly larger reactive surface area; small quantities can be used; it is easily handled; it retains its shape under stress, thus does not require additional filtration to remove particulate residue; and can be regenerated easily. The manufacturing process of the ACF was done in several steps: 1) harvesting of the A. sisalana leaves, stripping them to obtain wet fibre by scrapping using traditional meth-ods, 2) chemical activation using NaOH, KOH, ZnCl2 and H3PO4, employing a spraying method instead of soaking, which was followed by drying, and 3) carbonisation in a furnace at the required temperature. The use of activation reagents involved the determination of an appropriate concentration, with optimum concentrations determined as 0.54M, 0.625M, 1.59M and 0.73M for NaOH, KOH, ZnCl2 and H3PO4, respectively. Apart from the fibre acti-vation, temperature and activation time were also important parameters that were optimised. A response surface methodology was used to design a set of experiments that provided the optimum temperature and activation time. From the input variables, the Expert design soft- ware generated experimental runs (n = 13) for each fibre activation reagent used with a tem-perature range of 450°C to 933°C being assessed for carbonisation time of between 17 to 208 minutes. ACF activated with KOH (0.54 M) and characterised by micropores with the highest surface area achieved being 1285.8 m2/g in comparison with Granular activated car-bon (Ounas et al., 2009) with an average surface area range of 1000 to 1100 m2/g. This sur-face area was measured using Dubinin-Astakhov isotherm with CO2 at 273 K. The physical characteristics of the ACF were analysed using a Scanning Electron Microscope to ascertain the integrity of the fibres. PFOA and PFOS were analysed using a solid phase extraction (SPE) method fol-lowed by analysis using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (SPE-LC/MS/MS). The water sample volume used for extraction was 60 mL. The instrument used was an HPLC - Ultimate 3000 Dionex HPLC system and MS model - Amazon SL Ion Trap, with the following MS/MS operational conditions and ion mode: MS Interface → ESI; dry temp → 350C; nebulising pressure → 60 psi; dry gas flow → 10 L/min; ionisation mode → negative; capillary voltage → +4500V; end plate offset → −500V, while the separation col-umn was a Waters Sunfire C18, 5 μm, 4.6 × 150 mm column (supplier: Waters, Dublin, Ire-land), with an operational temperature of 30C. Initially, adsorption studies (n = 48) using sonication (20 kHz) in batch systems indi-cated efficient removal of PFOA and PFOS within 120 min, with numerous samples (n = 14) achieving complete removal for both PFOA and PFOS. The minimum removal rates ob-served were 65.55% for PFOA and 95.92% for PFOS. From the ACF samples in which high-est removal rates were achieved, a number (n = 3) of the ACF samples were selected for surface characterisation. Based on the sonication in the previous experiments, an electro-physico-chemical adsorption regime was designed, to facilitate the rapid adsorption of PFOS and PFOA from contaminated drinking water in an electrolytic cell. In these experiments, si-multaneous sonication and electrolysis were used. A comparison was made between ACF produced in this study and the commercial activated carbon. The result revealed that adsorp-tion of PFOA and PFOS on ACF was a monolayer adsorption type phenomenon and had the best fit using a Freundlich isotherm compared with the Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption of PFOA and PFOS on the commercial AC presented a multilayer adsorption type of isotherm fit with the Langmuir isotherm having the best fit compared with the Freundlich isotherm.
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Crosswhite, F. S. "Agave and the Pre-Cortés Religion of the Mexican Altiplano Centrál." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554216.
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Kelly, Jack. "How to Propagate Agaves and Cacti from Cuttings and Seed." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144810.
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4 pp.How to transplant a cactus (az1376) Problems and pests of aloes,agaves,cacti and yuccas (az1399) Cactus, Agave,Yucca,and Ocotillo (az1225)
Propagation of agaves and cacti from seed and cuttings is an easy-to-accomplish process. Cuttings and seed sown during the appropriate time of year using the methods discussed will produce numerous progeny.
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Waring, Gwendolyn Lee 1952. "THE NATURAL HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF AN AGAVE WEEVIL, SCYPHOPHORUS ACUPUNCTATUS GYLLENHAL, AND OTHER ANIMALS ASSOCIATED WITH WILD AND CULTIVATED AGAVES IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291296.
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Vidales, Carrillo Hiram. "Métodos de extracción de Nanocelulosa a partir de residuos de Agave spp." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Tecnológica Del Valle de Toluca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/106081.
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Uno de los materiales que ha tomado importancia en el último siglo es la nanocelulosa, debido a sus propiedades únicas puede ser capaz de remplazar a todos aquellos materiales que generan problemas actualmente, más aún es uno de los compuestos más abundantes de la superficie de la tierra, este material se puede extraer de todas las plantas siendo el agave y todas su morfología un buen candidato para la obtención de nanocelulosa; e incluso también su extracción es posible de animales y bacterias; debido a esto hace que su obtención sea más sencilla que el acero o algún otro metal. Al igual que otros materiales, la nanocelulosa necesita una serie de procesos para llegar a obtenerla de manera pura y con ello la obtención de otros compuestos que tienen un impacto ambiental.
La eliminación de lignina contenida en las fibras lignocelulósicas es el primer paso en la obtención de celulosa y luego con ello obtener nanocelulosa. Industrialmente, la pulpa de celulosa se obtiene mediante dos etapas: pulpado y blanqueado. El método más comúnmente usado es el proceso Kraft, que proporciona altos rendimientos de pulpa, pero puede generar derivados de sulfuro que pueden estar vinculados a la celulosa y representar un problema ambiental durante la eliminación. En este sentido, en las últimas décadas han surgido procesos de fabricación de pasta respetuosos con el medio ambiente, como los métodos de Organosolv (OT). Además, el proceso de Organosolv es un método libre de azufre, basado en la extracción de lignina por su disolución en disolventes orgánicos a alta temperatura y presión, la baja viscosidad de los licores blancos de Organosolv favorece la penetración en las fibras, permitiendo que una alta cantidad de lignina sea fraccionada y de esta manera pueda ser disuelta. Además, después de la etapa de fabricación de pasta, el disolvente podría recuperarse por destilación.
Después de la pulpa, parte de la lignina residual permanece en las fibras y generalmente se elimina en reacciones de blanqueo oxidativo. Durante muchos años, las principales reacciones de blanqueo han involucrado reactivos clorados ( ), pero hoy en día se evita el cloro en la mayoría de los tipos de
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pasta debido a sus efectos ambientales negativos. Las secuencias de blanqueo actuales incluyen el uso de dióxido de cloro en secuencias libres de cloro elemental (ECF). La otra familia de secuencias de blanqueo es el blanqueo sin cloro total (TCF, por sus siglas en inglés), que evita la liberación de derivados de cloro en las corrientes de desechos o en la atmósfera. La degradación residual de la lignina con peróxido de hidrógeno se basa en la acción de los radicales producidos durante las transferencias de un solo electrón entre el peróxido de hidrógeno y los catalizadores o como resultado de la escisión térmica del enlace oxígeno-oxígeno. Se han hecho algunos enfoques para ensamblar la fabricación de pulpa de base orgánica con secuencias de blanqueo de TCF para desarrollar procesos de extracción de celulosa más ecológicos, sin embargo, hasta ahora, los investigadores han incluido el uso de productos químicos (ácido acético, HCl, antraquinona, metanol, entre otros.) que pueden encajar en los procesos de Organosolv (solvente orgánico) pero no en los procesos respetuosos con el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, para obtener una pulpa de celulosa totalmente verde se considera cambiar los procesos de extracción de celulosa para evitar el uso de sustancias nocivas al ambiente y obtener de esta manera nanocelulosa amigable con el medio ambiente.En México la producción de tequila y mezcal se ve incrementado por la demanda que existe a escala nacional e internacional de estas dos bebidas alcohólicas y en menos escala lo que es la producción de pulque; al obtener el tequila, mezcal y el pulque se generan ciertos residuos durante y después de la producción. Conforme lo registrado por el Consejo Regulador de Tequila (CRT) y el Consejo Regulador del Mezcal (CRM) en el 2018, la producción fue en total de 309,100,000 L de tequila y 5,100,000 L de mezcal; y debido a esto la demanda del cultivo de agaves se acrecentó, siendo de 1,138,800,000 ton de Agave tequilana var azul para producción de tequila y 76,500,000 ton de Agave spp. Basado en estos datos se estimó que la industria tequilera y mezcalera produjo aproximadamente 766,371,000 ton de bagazo, un residuo generado de la extracción del jugo de la piña del agave. Estas industrias tratan de reutilizar el bagazo producido para darle diversos usos como: materiales de construcción que pueden ser aglomerados, tejas, láminas, entre otros. También se ha realizado la incorporación del bagazo para elaborar cartón, papel, corcho, que les permita reutilizar el bagazo y evitar que se vaya a los basureros o que termine abandonado en los campos. Por otra parte, el pulque también es una bebida importante en México, sin embargo su consumo se limita a ser nacional; el Servicio de Información Agroalimentación y Pesquera (SIAP) reportó que en el 2018 la producción de pulque fue de 186,300,000 L en el país, para esta cantidad de producción se requiere de 9,315,000 kg de agave, lo que a su vez produce residuos que sólo son empleados como composta pero la mayoría son abandonados sin manejo alguno. 1 1.2. Justificación Uno de los materiales que ha tomado importancia en el último siglo es la nanocelulosa, debido a sus propiedades únicas puede ser capaz de remplazar a todos aquellos materiales que generan problemas actualmente, más aún es uno de los compuestos más abundantes de la superficie de la tierra, este material se puede extraer de todas las plantas siendo el agave y todas su morfología un buen candidato para la obtención de nanocelulosa; e incluso también su extracción es posible de animales y bacterias; debido a esto hace que su obtención sea más sencilla que el acero o algún otro metal. Al igual que otros materiales, la nanocelulosa necesita una serie de procesos para llegar a obtenerla de manera pura y con ello la obtención de otros compuestos que tienen un impacto ambiental. La eliminación de lignina contenida en las fibras lignocelulósicas es el primer paso en la obtención de celulosa y luego con ello obtener nanocelulosa. Industrialmente, la pulpa de celulosa se obtiene mediante dos etapas: pulpado y blanqueado. El método más comúnmente usado es el proceso Kraft, que proporciona altos rendimientos de pulpa, pero puede generar derivados de sulfuro que pueden estar vinculados a la celulosa y representar un problema ambiental durante la eliminación. En este sentido, en las últimas décadas han surgido procesos de fabricación de pasta respetuosos con el medio ambiente, como los métodos de Organosolv (OT). Además, el proceso de Organosolv es un método libre de azufre, basado en la extracción de lignina por su disolución en disolventes orgánicos a alta temperatura y presión, la baja viscosidad de los licores blancos de Organosolv favorece la penetración en las fibras, permitiendo que una alta cantidad de lignina sea fraccionada y de esta manera pueda ser disuelta. Además, después de la etapa de fabricación de pasta, el disolvente podría recuperarse por destilación. Después de la pulpa, parte de la lignina residual permanece en las fibras y generalmente se elimina en reacciones de blanqueo oxidativo. Durante muchos años, las principales reacciones de blanqueo han involucrado reactivos clorados ( ), pero hoy en día se evita el cloro en la mayoría de los tipos de pasta debido a sus efectos ambientales negativos. Las secuencias de blanqueo actuales incluyen el uso de dióxido de cloro en secuencias libres de cloro elemental (ECF). La otra familia de secuencias de blanqueo es el blanqueo sin cloro total (TCF, por sus siglas en inglés), que evita la liberación de derivados de cloro en las corrientes de desechos o en la atmósfera. La degradación residual de la lignina con peróxido de hidrógeno se basa en la acción de los radicales producidos durante las transferencias de un solo electrón entre el peróxido de hidrógeno y los catalizadores o como resultado de la escisión térmica del enlace oxígeno-oxígeno. Se han hecho algunos enfoques para ensamblar la fabricación de pulpa de base orgánica con secuencias de blanqueo de TCF para desarrollar procesos de extracción de celulosa más ecológicos, sin embargo, hasta ahora, los investigadores han incluido el uso de productos químicos (ácido acético, HCl, antraquinona, metanol, entre otros.) que pueden encajar en los procesos de Organosolv (solvente orgánico) pero no en los procesos respetuosos con el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, para obtener una pulpa de celulosa totalmente verde se considera cambiar los procesos de extracción de celulosa para evitar el uso de sustancias nocivas al ambiente y obtener de esta manera nanocelulosa amigable con el medio ambiente.
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Neira, Dorivalda Santos Medeiros. "Fibras de sisal (Agave sisalana) como isolante t?rmico de tubula??es." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2005. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15545.
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Previous issue date: 2005-12-16Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
In the last decades there was a significant increasing of the numbers of researchers that joint efforts to find alternatives to improve the development of low environmental impact technology. Materials based on renewable resources have enormous potentials of applications and are seen as alternatives for the sustainable development. Within other parameters, the sustainability depends on the energetic efficiency, which depends on the thermal insulation. Alternative materials, including vegetal fibers, can be applied to thermal insulation, where its first goal is to minimize the loss of energy. In the present research, it was experimentally analyzed the thermal behavior of fiber blankets of sisal (Agave sisalana) with and without surface treatment with oxide hidroxide (NaOH). Blankets with two densities (1100/1200 and 1300/1400 g/m2) were submitted to three rates of heat transfer (22.5 W, 40 W and 62.5 W). The analysis of the results allowed comparing the blankets treated and untreated in each situation. Others experiments were carried out to obtain the thermal conductivity (k), heat capacity (C) and the thermal diffusivity (α) of the blankets. Thermo gravimetric analyses were made to the verification of the thermal stability. Based on the results it was possible to relate qualitatively the effect of the heat transfer through the sisal blankets subjected to three heat transfer rates, corresponding to three temperature values (77 ?C, 112 ?C e 155 ?C). To the first and second values of temperature it was verified a considerable reduction on the rate of heat transfer; nevertheless, to the third value of temperature, the surface of the blankets (treated and untreated) in contact with the heated surface of the tube were carbonized. It was also verified, through the analyses of the results of the measurements of k, C e α, that the blankets treated and untreated have values near to the conventional isolating materials, as glass wool and rock wool. It could be concluded that is technically possible the use of sisal blankets as constitutive material of thermal isolation systems in applications where the temperature do not reach values greater than 112 ?C
Nas ?ltimas d?cadas, t?m sido grandes os esfor?os dos pesquisadores na busca por alternativas sustent?veis e conhecimentos sobre como se poder? continuar promovendo o desenvolvimento sem que isso ocorra de forma agressiva ao ambiente. Materiais oriundos de fontes renov?veis possuem grande potencial de aplicabilidade e s?o vistos como alternativas para um desenvolvimento sustent?vel. Dentre outros par?metros, a sustentabilidade depende da efici?ncia energ?tica e essa, por sua vez, depende de isolantes t?rmicos. Materiais alternativos, entre eles as fibras vegetais, podem ser aplicadas para fins de isolamento t?rmico, cujo principal objetivo ? minimizar as perdas de energia. Na presente pesquisa, analisou-se experimentalmente a aplicabilidade de mantas de fibras de sisal (Agave sisalana), in natura e com tratamento superficial com hidr?xido de s?dio (NaOH), ? isola??o t?rmica. Foram utilizadas mantas de duas gramaturas (1100/1200 e 1300/1400 g/m2) submetidas a tr?s taxas de transfer?ncia de calor (22,5 W, 40 W e 62,5 W). A an?lise dos resultados obtidos permitiu comparar a capacidade de isola??o das mantas tratada e in natura em cada situa??o. Ensaios foram realizados para determina??o da condutividade t?rmica (k), capacidade calor?fica (C) e a difusividade t?rmica (α) das mantas; a estabilidade t?rmica foi verificada por meio de an?lise termogravim?trica (TGA). Com base nos resultados, foi poss?vel relacionar qualitativamente o efeito da transfer?ncia de calor atrav?s das mantas de sisal submetidas a tr?s condi??es de aquecimento, correspondentes a tr?s valores de temperatura (77 ?C, 112 ?C e 155 ?C). Nas duas condi??es iniciais, verificou-se que as mantas de sisal proporcionaram uma significativa redu??o da taxa de transfer?ncia de calor. Na terceira condi??o (155 ?C), contudo, as superf?cies das mantas (tratadas e in natura) em contato com a superf?cie aquecida do tubo ficaram carbonizadas. Por meio das an?lises dos resultados das medi??es de k, C e α, constatou-se que as mantas tratadas e in natura apresentaram valores bem pr?ximos aos de materiais isolantes comerciais (l? de vidro e l? de rocha). P?de-se concluir que mantas de sisal podem ser empregadas como material constituinte de sistemas de isola??o t?rmica para aplica??es em que a temperatura n?o ultrapasse 112 ?C
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Hara, Yuto 1959. "Physical and chemical soil properties affecting the growth habits of agave species." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278200.
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Nine physically and chemically different soil samples from five study sites in which agaves grew, or were grown, were investigated to evaluate the effects of soil physical and chemical properties on the growth habits of agaves. In five Arizona study sites, biomass data of seven agave species has been recorded for the past ten years. Agaves were grown experimentally in the greenhouse using two widely different soil types from the five sites to evaluate growth under controlled conditions. Influence of edaphic factors on agave growth for the study sites and greenhouse experiment was evaluated. The results show that the determinant primary factors were water availability and temperature. Soil texture, soil pH, soil CO2 concentration, nitrogen, and soluble salt concentration were placed as influential secondary factors for the growth of agave. The degree of influence of these soil factors depends highly upon the genetic characteristics of agave species.
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Fox, Andrew J. "Physiological Response of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in Agave Americana to Water and Nitrogen." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1559122951997819.
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Ortiz, Cano Hector Genaro. "Pre-Columbian Cultivation of Agave Species Through Rock Mulching: Potential for Modern Applications." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9174.
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As global temperatures rise, cultivation of C3 and C4 crops in arid and semi-arid regions will face major challenges in producing biomass for billions of people. Conventional agricultural techniques that require copious irrigation will need to be complemented with dryland-farming techniques and drought-tolerant crops, such as those from the Agave genus, which use CAM photosynthesis. In the past and present, humans from arid and semi-arid regions of America have maintained a symbiotic relationship using and cultivating Agave (Agavoideae, Asparagaceae). In pre-Columbian times, Native Americans from arid regions relied on Agave cultivation as a subsistence crop to produce food, medicine, and fiber. The Hohokam in the Sonoran Desert cultivated Agave plants using rock mulching, also known as rock piles. This technique enabled the Hohokam to extensively cultivate Agave despite the limited rainwater available in the harsh Sonoran Desert. Although there are several decades of archaeological research for documenting the history of rock piles and Agave in the region beginning in the late 1970s, few studies have addressed the modern application of rock piles to cultivate Agave. Our research employed a multidisciplinary approach to bridge the historic use of rock piles to cultivate Agave with the potential application of rock piles for modern cultivation. In addition to summarizing what is known about the archaeology of Hohokam rock piles, we compiled an extensive review of the literature available on the agroecology, physiology, and natural history of Agave. We described key aspects associated with the hydrology and physical properties of Hohokam rock piles that can bolster Agave CAM photosynthesis in dry regions. We found that the use of rock piles is a feasible means of cultivating Agave under hot and dry conditions in arid regions. In addition, we used an ecological niche modeling approach and field data from Hohokam rock-pile sites and current Agave fields to assess the potential environments where rock piles could be used to cultivate Agave plants in Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. We also combined an experimental archaeology approach with experimental plant physiology where we surveyed Hohokam rock-pile fields at archaeological sites to collect information about the composition of rock piles. We then created a rock-pile field where we evaluated and observed the effects of rock piles on Agave CAM utilization, mainly nocturnal CO2 uptake of Agave. Our results indicated that rock piles provide direct insulation to root systems, which indirectly benefited Agave carbon uptake and reduced temperature and drought stress. Although more agronomic research about rock pile use is needed, our research suggests that rock piles can be applied to cultivate Agave because of the physiological benefits provided such as increasing nocturnal total CO2 uptake. In addition, the suitability of rock piles in the U.S borderlands indicates that rock piles can be applied beyond the regions where they were used by the Hohokam in pre-historic times.
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Ffolliott, Peter F., Gerald J. Gottfried, and Steven R. Woods. "Occurrence and Production of Agave on the Cascabel Watersheds Following Three Burning Events." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296704.
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RAMOS, Lamonier Chaves. "Análise citogenética comparada em sisal (entre o híbrido 11648 e Agave sisalana Perrine)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5569.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The genus Agave L. is extensively cultivated in many countries for present utilities in various sectors of the economy. The species Agave sisalana Perrine and the hybrid 11648 are the most important economically genotypes for Brazil, which is the largest producer and exporter of the extracted fiber from its leaves, known as “sisal”. Studies of their karyotypes have been limited so far the conventional staining techniques, which have been presented as insufficient, which have proven insufficient due to the small size and similarity of their chromosomes, so there is a need for more detailed analysis. This study aimed to analyze the karyotypes of the species Agave sisalana and hybrid 11648, by means of conventional staining techniques, the double staining CMA / DAPI and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), in order to provide information that might be useful in breeding programs. The research was conducted at the Laboratório de Citogenética Vegetal, on the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (Botany Departament, UFRPE). The data of the conventional staining revealed that the hybrid 11648 is a diploid with 2n = 60, with a bimodal karyotype composed by five large chromosomes pairs and 25 small pairs. On the other hand, the species A. sisalana presented a pentaploid karyotype with 5n = 147 chromosomes, of which 25 were large and 122 were small. The pattern of CMA + band observed revealed that there is presence of constitutive heterochromatin rich in CG and that probably it remains conserved in both genotypes, with four bands observed in the hybrid and eight in the A. sisalana. In the hybrid sisal, FISH revealed two sites of 5S rDNA in a small chromosomes pair and two sites of 45S rDNA in a large chromosomes pair. In the species A. sisalana, 45S rDNA probes revealed five NOR, two of which are fully distended, forming secondary constrictions and the other three remain condensed and inactive throughout the cell cycle. This study provides new insights on the sisal karyotype, which can be useful for purposes of characterization and conservation of hits on germplasm banks as well as for use in breeding programs.
O gênero Agave L. representa uma cultura extensivamente cultivada em vários países por apresentar utilidades em diversos setores da economia. A espécie Agave sisalana Perrine e o híbrido 11648 são os genótipos de maior importância econômica para o Brasil, que é o maior produtor e exportador da fibra extraída de suas folhas, conhecida como sisal. Os estudos de seus cariótipos têm sido limitados, até então, as técnicas de coloração convencional, que têm se mostrado insuficientes devido ao pequeno tamanho e similaridade dos seus cromossomos, havendo assim a necessidade de análises mais detalhadas. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar os cariótipos da espécie Agave sisalana e do híbrido 11648, por meio das técnicas de coloração convencional, da dupla coloração CMA/DAPI e da hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH), com a finalidade de fornecer informações que possam ser úteis em programas de melhoramento. A pesquisa foi conduzida no Laboratório de Citogenética Vegetal, da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (Departamento de Botânica, UFRPE). Os dados da coloração convencional revelaram que o híbrido 11648 é um diplóide com 2n = 60, com um cariótipo bimodal, composto de cinco pares cromossômicos grandes e 25 pares pequenos. Já a espécie A. sisalana apresentou um cariótipo pentaplóide com 5n = 147 cromossomos, dos quais 25 foram grandes e 122 foram pequenos. O padrão de banda CMA+ observado revelou que há presença de heterocromatina constitutiva rica em CG e que, provavelmente, esta se mantém conservada em ambos os genótipos, sendo observadas quatro bandas no híbrido e oito na A. sisalana. No sisal híbrido, a FISH revelou dois sítios de DNAr 5S em um par de cromossomos pequenos e dois sítios de DNAr 45S em um par de cromossomos grandes. Na espécie A. sisalana, as sondas de DNAr 45S revelaram cinco RONs, sendo que duas delas são completamente distendidas, formando constrições secundárias, e as outras três se mantêm condensadas e inativas ao longo do ciclo celular. O presente estudo traz novas contribuições sobre o cariótipo de sisal que podem ser úteis para fins de caracterização e conservação de acessos em bancos de germoplasma bem como para uso em programas de melhoramento genético.
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Bautista, Cruz Nelson. "Estudio químico-bromatológico y elaboración de néctar de aguamiel de Agave americana L. (maguey) procedente de Ayacucho." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2335.
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En el presente trabajo se realizó la determinación químico bromatológico del “aguamiel” de Agave americana L., de la muestra procedente de la provincia de Vilcashuamán, departamento de Ayacucho. Así mismo se realizó la elaboración de néctar de aguamiel, con materia prima proveniente de la misma provincia. En la evaluación químico bromatológico, se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados expresados en g % de muestra fresca: 87.38 de humedad, 0.30 de proteína, 0.01 de grasa, 12.03 de carbohidratos, 0.23 de cenizas, 0.05 de fibra cruda, 0.97 de azúcares reductores, 9.08 de azucares reductores totales (Expresado estos dos últimos en g% de glucosa). Y minerales expresados en mg%: 16.92 de sodio, 21.56 de potasio, 7.41 de magnesio, 9.51 de calcio, 4.20 de fósforo, 0.06 de fierro, 0.07 de zinc y 0.02 de cobre. Vitamina C 14.82 mg%. Se preparó néctar con conservante y néctar sin conservante. De los ensayos preliminares de elaboración de néctar a diferentes valores de pH y grados Brix, tanto con conservante y sin conservante, se eligió la formulación de pH 4.50 y Grados Brix 15.50 por ser la de mayor aceptación en la evaluación sensorial. De la determinación del tiempo de vida útil de néctar mediante la evaluación de los parámetros químicos y sensoriales, durante tres meses; almacenadas a 4°C, temperatura ambiental (aprox. 20 a 22 °C) y 37 °C, se ha obtenido que las temperaturas en las que mejor se conservan ambas formulaciones es a 4 °C y a temperatura ambiente. El néctar con conservante se conserva ligeramente mayor tiempo a comparación de néctar sin conservante.Presently work was carried out the chemical bromatology study about the aguamiel of Agave americana L, the sample coming from the province Vilcashuaman, department of Ayacucho (Perú). In this work it was also carried out preparation nectar of aguamiel with matter prime coming of the same province. In the chemist bromatology determination, the following results obtained expressed en g% of fresh sample: 87.38 of humidity, 0.30 of totals proteins, 0.01 of fats, 12.03 of carbohydrates, 0.23 of ash, 0.05 of raw fibre, 0.97 of sugars directes reducers (g% glucose), 9.08 of sugars totals reducers (g% glucose). And minerals expressed in mg%: 0.79 of sodium, 14.24 potassium, 7.41 of magnesium, 9.51of calcium, 4.20 of phosphorum, 0.06 of iron, 0.07 of zinc and 0.02 of cupper. Also 14.82 mg% of vitamin C. In this case the nectar prepared with preservative and without preservative. According to the experiments preliminaries of elaboration of nectar to differents values of pH and Brix degrees, with preservative and without preservative, it was selected the formulation of pH 4.50 and Brix degrees 15.50, it was because, it had the best acceptation in the sensorial evaluation. About the time determination of the useful like of the nectar, by means of the evaluation of parameter sensorial and chemical, during three months kept to 4 °C, ambient temperature (approximately 20 to 22 °C) and 37 °C, it has been obtained than the temperatures in which better can conserve both formulations are the 4 °C and ambient temperature. The nectar with preservative it can conserve lightly better than nectar without preservative.
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López, Velarde Santos Mónica [Verfasser]. "Use of organic wastes of Agave processing for bioenergy production / Mónica López Velarde Santos." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190047403/34.
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Abreu, Rita Neuma Dantas Cavalcante de. "Efeitos comportamentais, neuroquÃmicos e antioxidante da hecogenina obtida de Agave sisalana Perrine em Camundongos." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11238.
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Agave sisalana, popularmente conhecida como sisal, à uma planta originada do MÃxico, fazendo parte da famÃlia Agavaceae. No suco das folhas de Agave à encontrado hecogenina (HEC), uma sapogenina esteroidal. O objetivo foi estudar os efeitos comportamentais, neuroquÃmicos e antioxidante de HEC em camundongos. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss, machos, pesando de 25-35 g. Os efeitos comportamentais da administraÃÃo aguda da HEC (5, 10, 20 ou 40 mg/kg, via intraperitoneal - ip) ou em doses repetidas por sete dias (20 ou 40 mg/kg, ip) foram avaliados pelos testes: labirinto em cruz elevado, campo aberto, placa perfurada e suspensÃo de cauda. Nestes testes, determinou-se o mecanismo de aÃÃo da HEC com administraÃÃo aguda de Flumazenil 2,5 mg/kg (FLU) ou Reserpina 2 mg/kg (RES). ApÃs os testes comportamentais, as Ãreas cerebrais cÃrtex PrÃ-frontal (CPF), hipocampo (HC) e corpo estriado (CE) foram dissecadas. O teste de labirinto em cruz elevado mostrou que a HEC, administrada agudamente, nas doses de 10, 20 ou 40 mg/kg, causou aumento significativo no nÃmero de entradas nos braÃos abertos (NEBA) comparado ao controle. Efeito semelhante foi observado no tempo de permanÃncia nos braÃos abertos (TPBA) nas doses de 20 ou 40 mg/kg em relaÃÃo ao grupo controle. A administraÃÃo em doses repetidas da HEC (20 ou 40 mg/kg) tambÃm aumentou o NEBA. HEC (20 ou 40 mg/kg), administrada agudamente, aumentou o nÃmero de head dips comparado ao controle. Efeito semelhante foi observado apÃs o tratamento em doses repetidas com a HEC na dose de 40 mg/kg em relaÃÃo ao grupo controle. O FLU nÃo foi capaz de reverter os efeitos ansiolÃticos agudos da HEC no labirinto em cruz elevado e no teste de placa perfurada. Hecogenina reduziu o tempo de imobilidade no teste de suspensÃo de cauda apÃs o tratamento agudo ou em doses repetidas. A molÃcula em estudo (HEC) reverteu o efeito depressor da RES. Referente aos efeitos da administraÃÃo aguda da HEC sobre a peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica, observou-se uma diminuiÃÃo nas trÃs areas estudadas nas doses 5, 10, 20 ou 40 mg/kg, comparado com os grupos controles. Nas doses de 20 ou 40 mg/kg, HEC causou diminuiÃÃo dos nÃveis de nitrito no CPF, HC e CE comparado ao controle. No CPF, de camundongos tratados agudamente com HEC, o aminoÃcido excitatÃrio glutamato (GLU) aumentou nas doses de 10, 20 ou 40mg/kg. Enquanto os inibitÃrios Ãcido gamaaminobutÃrico (GABA) e Taurina (TAU) aumentaram nas doses de 20 ou 40mg/kg. No hipocampo, houve aumento de Aspartato (ASP), GLU, Glicina (GLI) e TAU apenas na maior dose de HEC. No corpo estriado, ocorreu o aumento do ASP, GLU e TAU apÃs as doses de 20 ou 40 mg/kg de HEC. As concentraÃÃes de GLI e GABA aumentaram na maior dose de HEC (40 mg/kg) nesta Ãrea cerebral. Os nÃveis de 5-HT e 5-HIAA foram aumentados apenas na dose de 40 mg/kg de HEC. Concluiu-se que HEC (20 ou
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40 mg/kg) apresentou efeitos ansiolÃticos e este efeito nÃo foi relacionado aos receptores benzodiazepÃnicos. A molÃcula nÃo causou estresse oxidativo ao SNC.Agave sisalana, popularly known as sisal, is a plant originaly from Mexico and belongs to the family Agavaceae. Hecogenin (HEC) is a steroidal sapogenin found in the juice from the leaves of Agave. The purpose was to study the behavioral, neurochemical and antioxidant effects of HEC in mice. We used swiss mice weighing 25-35 g. The behavioral effects of HEC‟s acute administration (5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally â i.p.) or in repeated doses for seven days (20 or 40 mg/kg, i.p.), were evaluated by tests: elevated plus maze, open field, hole board test and tail suspension. In these tests, we determined the mechanism of action of HEC with acute administration of Flumazenil 2.5 mg/kg (FLU) or Reserpine 2 mg/kg (RES). After the behavioral tests, the brain areas pre-frontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC) and striatum (CE) were dissected. The elevated plus-maze test showed that HEC, acutely administered, at doses of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg, caused a significant increase in the number of entries in the open arms (NEOA) compared to control. A similar effect was observed in the time spent in the open arms (TPOA) at doses of 20 or 40 mg/ kg compared to the control group. The administering repeated doses of HEC (20 or 40 mg/kg) increased the NEOA. HEC (20 or 40 mg/kg) administered acutely increased the number of head dips compared to control. A similar effect was observed after treatment with repeated doses of HEC at a dose of 40 mg/kg compared to the control group. The FLU was unable to reverse the acute anxiolytic effects of HEC in the elevated plus-maze test and in the hole board test. Hecogenin reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test after acute treatment or repeated doses. The molecule under study (HEC) reversed the depressant effect of RES. Related to the effects of acute administration of HEC on lipid peroxidation, we observed a decrease in the three studied areas at 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg doses, compared to control groups. At doses of 20 or 40 mg/kg, HEC caused decreased levels of nitrite in the PFC, HC and CE compared to control. In PFC‟s mice acutely treated with HEC, the excitatory amino acid glutamate (GLU) increased at doses of 10, 20 or 40mg/kg, while the inhibitory gamaaminobutiric acid (GABA) and taurine (TAU) increased at doses of 20 or 40mg/kg. In the mice‟s hippocampus treated with HEC, there was increased aspartate (ASP), GLU, glycine (GLY) and TAU only at the highest dose HEC. In the striatum, there was an increase of ASP, and GLU and TAU after doses of 20 or 40 mg/kg of HEC. Concentrations of GLY and GABA increased HEC at the highest dose (40 mg/kg) in this brain area. The 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were increased only in 40 mg/kg dose of HEC. We concluded that HEC (20 or 40 mg/kg) showed anxiolytic effects and this effect was not related to benzodiazepine receptors. The molecule did not cause oxidative stress to the CNS.
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Bautista, Cruz Nelson. "Fructooligosacáridos y obtención de azúcares totales cristalizado del aguamiel de Agave americana L. (maguey)." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11441.
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Realiza la cuantificación de fructooligosacáridos (FOS) y la obtención de azúcares totales cristalizado del aguamiel de Agave americana L. (maguey); para ambas etapas del estudio las muestras se recolectaron de la provincia de Vilcashuamán, departamento de Ayacucho (Perú). Para la cuantificación de fructooligosacáridos (FOS) se utilizó el método de Montañez (2011) con algunas modificaciones, la glucosa se determinó por método enzimático de glucosa 6-oxidasa y la fructosa por diferencia. Para la obtención de azúcares totales cristalizado se adaptó el método utilizado para la obtención de azúcar cristalizado de la caña; durante el proceso se estandarizaron las variables de cada etapa y en el producto obtenido se evaluaron las características organolépticas, sensoriales, fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas. El contenido de FOS en el aguamiel fue 10,89 ± 0,08%; glucosa 0,30 g%; fructosa 0,93%; azúcares reductores directos (ARD) 1,23 ± 0,06 g% y azúcares reductores totales (ART) 12,10 ± 0,10%. Del aguamiel de Agave americana L. (maguey) se obtuvo azúcares totales cristalizados con un rendimiento de 12,45 ± 0,21%; con buenas características organolépticas y la cantidad de FOS fue el 56,07 ± 0,09% de peso del azúcar cristalizado. Los azúcares totales cristalizado obtenido tuvieron formas cúbicas y amorfas; 701,67 ± 8,89 μm de tamaños; 0,09 g% de humedad; 0,38 ± 0,01 g% de sólidos insolubles; 0,42 g% de cenizas; 43,42 ± 0,02 g% de ARD; 99,30 ± 0,42 g% de ART. Los atributos sensoriales tuvieron una calificación de muy bueno a excelente y no presentó crecimiento microbiano en el control microbiológico.Tesis
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Bupphada, Phaitun. "Functional genomics of Crassulacean acid metabolism in the monocot biomass feedstock crop Agave sisalana." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2053199/.
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Certain Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) crops have been recognised as having great potential for the production of renewable biomass for bioenergy production from seasonally dry lands. The work described in this thesis sought to investigate the functional genomics of CAM development and light/ dark regulation in the obligate CAM species Agave sisalana. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis was employed to study the regulation of CAM genes in leaf tissues. The transcript levels of the CAM genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (AsPPC) and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (AsPPDK) were highest in the mature tip, lower in the young, expanding base, and very low to undetectable in the most basal white tissue of the youngest fully expanded leaf from ~3-month-old plants. The PEPC kinase gene (AsPPCK) did not show a clear pattern of differential regulation of its transcript level between the leaf tip and base. CO2 exchange measurements, immuno-blotting of known CAM proteins and malate measurements further confirmed CAM induction in the leaf tip. Furthermore, this is the first report of a circadian rhythm of CO2 fixation in a monocot CAM species. The phosphorylated form of PEPC was only detected in the leaf tip in the dark. Sucrose was highest in the leaf tip, and showed strong light/ dark regulation and clear evidence for circadian clock control. A putative sucrose metabolism-related gene, cell wall invertase (As_cwINV), exhibited strong light/ dark regulation and a robust circadian rhythm in the leaf tip. De novo transcriptome assembly using Illumina RNA-sequencing data totalling ~90 Gbp was generated from light and dark samples of the white basal, pale green basal, and dark green tip sections of the youngest fully expanded leaf sampled in the light (2 h before dusk) and dark (2 h before dawn). Differential expression analysis identified novel CAM-induced transcription factor genes AsNAC (c566713_g1), AsWRKY (c571790_g2), and AsPLATZ (c541787_g1), which exhibited a robust pattern of both light/ dark regulation and circadian clock control, which was established using Q-RT-PCR analysis. Overall, this study provides a high quality whole transcriptome assembly and quantitative analysis resource underpinning future functional genomics studies of CAM in A. sisalana. The CAM-induced and circadian clock controlled transcription factors identified in this study could also be investigated further through generating stable transgenic RNA interference lines or other approaches to determine their functions. This study has also proposed a novel CAM pathway showing leaf development and light/ dark regulation of CAM genes, including the fructan metabolism pathway, thereby providing a better understanding of how fructan might be synthesised and accumulated and turned over to supply part of the PEP required for nocturnal CO2 fixation, in addition to the utilisation of sucrose by CAM in the A. sisalana leaf.
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Nobel, Park S. "Water Relations and Carbon Dioxide Uptake of Agave deserti - Special Adaptations to Desert Climates." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554207.
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Agave deserti Engelm., a common agave of the Sonoran Desert, possesses Crassulacean acid metabolism. Thus, the main period for stomatal opening and net CO, uptake is at night, which leads to a high water -use efficiency. Seedling establishment occurs only when enough water -storage capacity can be generated following germination so that the young seedling can withstand the first drought. Agave deserti is only moderately tolerant of low tissue temperatures but extremely tolerant of high tissue temperatures, an important desert adaptation. Its rosette growth habit leads to a relatively uniform distribution of photosynthetically active radiation over the leaves, which contributes to its high productivity for a desert plant.
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Abreu, Rita Neuma Dantas Cavalcante de. "Efeitos comportamentais, neuroquímicos e antioxidante da hecogenina obtida de Agave sisalana Perrine em Camundongos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/14872.
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ABREU, R. N. D. C. Efeitos comportamentais, neuroquímicos e antioxidante da hecogenina obtida de Agave sisalana Perrine em Camundongos. 2013. 164 f. Tese (Doutorado em Biotecnologia) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013.Submitted by Daniel Eduardo Alencar da Silva (dealencar.silva@gmail.com) on 2015-01-26T19:57:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_rndcabreu.pdf: 4690389 bytes, checksum: e7a804bac7f7b01a438b851a2dbecdfe (MD5)
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Agave sisalana, popularly known as sisal, is a plant originaly from Mexico and belongs to the family Agavaceae. Hecogenin (HEC) is a steroidal sapogenin found in the juice from the leaves of Agave. The purpose was to study the behavioral, neurochemical and antioxidant effects of HEC in mice. We used swiss mice weighing 25-35 g. The behavioral effects of HEC‟s acute administration (5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally – i.p.) or in repeated doses for seven days (20 or 40 mg/kg, i.p.), were evaluated by tests: elevated plus maze, open field, hole board test and tail suspension. In these tests, we determined the mechanism of action of HEC with acute administration of Flumazenil 2.5 mg/kg (FLU) or Reserpine 2 mg/kg (RES). After the behavioral tests, the brain areas pre-frontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HC) and striatum (CE) were dissected. The elevated plus-maze test showed that HEC, acutely administered, at doses of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg, caused a significant increase in the number of entries in the open arms (NEOA) compared to control. A similar effect was observed in the time spent in the open arms (TPOA) at doses of 20 or 40 mg/ kg compared to the control group. The administering repeated doses of HEC (20 or 40 mg/kg) increased the NEOA. HEC (20 or 40 mg/kg) administered acutely increased the number of head dips compared to control. A similar effect was observed after treatment with repeated doses of HEC at a dose of 40 mg/kg compared to the control group. The FLU was unable to reverse the acute anxiolytic effects of HEC in the elevated plus-maze test and in the hole board test. Hecogenin reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test after acute treatment or repeated doses. The molecule under study (HEC) reversed the depressant effect of RES. Related to the effects of acute administration of HEC on lipid peroxidation, we observed a decrease in the three studied areas at 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg doses, compared to control groups. At doses of 20 or 40 mg/kg, HEC caused decreased levels of nitrite in the PFC, HC and CE compared to control. In PFC‟s mice acutely treated with HEC, the excitatory amino acid glutamate (GLU) increased at doses of 10, 20 or 40mg/kg, while the inhibitory gamaaminobutiric acid (GABA) and taurine (TAU) increased at doses of 20 or 40mg/kg. In the mice‟s hippocampus treated with HEC, there was increased aspartate (ASP), GLU, glycine (GLY) and TAU only at the highest dose HEC. In the striatum, there was an increase of ASP, and GLU and TAU after doses of 20 or 40 mg/kg of HEC. Concentrations of GLY and GABA increased HEC at the highest dose (40 mg/kg) in this brain area. The 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were increased only in 40 mg/kg dose of HEC. We concluded that HEC (20 or 40 mg/kg) showed anxiolytic effects and this effect was not related to benzodiazepine receptors. The molecule did not cause oxidative stress to the CNS.
Agave sisalana, popularmente conhecida como sisal, é uma planta originada do México, fazendo parte da família Agavaceae. No suco das folhas de Agave é encontrado hecogenina (HEC), uma sapogenina esteroidal. O objetivo foi estudar os efeitos comportamentais, neuroquímicos e antioxidante de HEC em camundongos. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss, machos, pesando de 25-35 g. Os efeitos comportamentais da administração aguda da HEC (5, 10, 20 ou 40 mg/kg, via intraperitoneal - ip) ou em doses repetidas por sete dias (20 ou 40 mg/kg, ip) foram avaliados pelos testes: labirinto em cruz elevado, campo aberto, placa perfurada e suspensão de cauda. Nestes testes, determinou-se o mecanismo de ação da HEC com administração aguda de Flumazenil 2,5 mg/kg (FLU) ou Reserpina 2 mg/kg (RES). Após os testes comportamentais, as áreas cerebrais córtex Pré-frontal (CPF), hipocampo (HC) e corpo estriado (CE) foram dissecadas. O teste de labirinto em cruz elevado mostrou que a HEC, administrada agudamente, nas doses de 10, 20 ou 40 mg/kg, causou aumento significativo no número de entradas nos braços abertos (NEBA) comparado ao controle. Efeito semelhante foi observado no tempo de permanência nos braços abertos (TPBA) nas doses de 20 ou 40 mg/kg em relação ao grupo controle. A administração em doses repetidas da HEC (20 ou 40 mg/kg) também aumentou o NEBA. HEC (20 ou 40 mg/kg), administrada agudamente, aumentou o número de head dips comparado ao controle. Efeito semelhante foi observado após o tratamento em doses repetidas com a HEC na dose de 40 mg/kg em relação ao grupo controle. O FLU não foi capaz de reverter os efeitos ansiolíticos agudos da HEC no labirinto em cruz elevado e no teste de placa perfurada. Hecogenina reduziu o tempo de imobilidade no teste de suspensão de cauda após o tratamento agudo ou em doses repetidas. A molécula em estudo (HEC) reverteu o efeito depressor da RES. Referente aos efeitos da administração aguda da HEC sobre a peroxidação lipídica, observou-se uma diminuição nas três areas estudadas nas doses 5, 10, 20 ou 40 mg/kg, comparado com os grupos controles. Nas doses de 20 ou 40 mg/kg, HEC causou diminuição dos níveis de nitrito no CPF, HC e CE comparado ao controle. No CPF, de camundongos tratados agudamente com HEC, o aminoácido excitatório glutamato (GLU) aumentou nas doses de 10, 20 ou 40mg/kg. Enquanto os inibitórios ácido gamaaminobutírico (GABA) e Taurina (TAU) aumentaram nas doses de 20 ou 40mg/kg. No hipocampo, houve aumento de Aspartato (ASP), GLU, Glicina (GLI) e TAU apenas na maior dose de HEC. No corpo estriado, ocorreu o aumento do ASP, GLU e TAU após as doses de 20 ou 40 mg/kg de HEC. As concentrações de GLI e GABA aumentaram na maior dose de HEC (40 mg/kg) nesta área cerebral. Os níveis de 5-HT e 5-HIAA foram aumentados apenas na dose de 40 mg/kg de HEC. Concluiu-se que HEC (20 ou 11 40 mg/kg) apresentou efeitos ansiolíticos e este efeito não foi relacionado aos receptores benzodiazepínicos. A molécula não causou estresse oxidativo ao SNC.
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Correia, Edvaldo Amaro Santos. "Compósitos de Matriz Geopolimérica Reforçados com Fibras Vegetais de Abacaxi e de Sisal." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5313.
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Previous issue date: 2011-09-20Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The use of vegetable fibers as a reinforcing agent in geopolymers, represents an alternative to the replacement of manufactured fibers as a reinforcing agent. The pineapple leaf, an abundant plant in the region and with easy cultivation and processing, which produces low modulus of good mechanical performance fibers, emerges as an ecologically viable and sustainable alternative. In this work, fiber ananas comosus and agave sisalana have been characterized by a process of selection, cleaning, washing, drying and cutting of fresh blankets for the production of composites based on geopolymer matrix. The good mechanical performance and the possibility of using industrial waste materials and the abundance of precursors materials of the region favor the use of geopolymer matrix in obtaining the bodies of proof used in this study. The use of vegetable fibers (ananas comosus and agave sisalana) as a reinforcing agent in geopolymer to obtain composites provided gain in quality to the mechanical properties of the matrix. We conclude that the ratio Si / Al is one of the main variables controlling the process of geopolymerization. However, a better relationship of the interface fiber / matrix produces accommodation and better performance with and absorption of considerable effort on the part of the composite. This behavior is influenced by variations in temperature, pressure and flow of geopolymer used as a matrix. During this study, thermal analysis techniques (TG, DTG, DTA), microscopy (MEV) and spectroscopy (XRF, DRX) as well as mechanical and chemical tests were used to characterize the materials used in this work. Also presented are the results of mechanical tests of composites with sisal and pineapple tree fibers, and micro-structural behavior, when it will be possible to compare the benefits of vegetable fiber added to the performance and resistance of bodies of proof.
O uso de fibras vegetais como agente de reforço em geopolímeros, representa uma alternativa na substituição de fibras manufaturadas como agente de reforço, a folha do abacaxizeiro, uma planta abundante na região e de fácil cultivo e processamento, que produz fibras de baixo módulo de ótimo desempenho mecânico, surge como alternativa ecologicamente viável e sustentável. Neste trabalho, fibras de ananas comosus e agave sisalana foram caracterizadas passaram por um processo de seleção, limpeza, lavagem, secagem e corte das mantas in natura para produção de compósitos a base de matriz geopolimérica. O bom desempenho mecânico aliado a possibilidade de utilização de resíduos industriais e a abundância de materiais precursores da região favorecem a utilização do geopolímero como matriz na obtenção dos corpos-de-prova usados nesse estudo. A utilização de fibras vegetais (ananas comosus e agave sisalana) como agente de reforço em geopolímero para obtenção de compósitos proporcionou ganho de qualidade às propriedades mecânicas da matriz. Concluímos que a razão Si/Al é uma das principais variáveis de controle do processo de geopolimerização, todavia uma melhor relação da interface fibra/matriz produz acomodação e melhor desempenho com absorção de esforço considerável por parte do compósito. Esse comportamento é influenciado por variações de temperatura, pressão e fluidez do geopolímero utilizado como matriz. Durante esse estudo, técnicas de análise térmica (TG, DTG, DTA), microscopia (MEV) e espectroscopia (XRF, DRX), bem como ensaios mecânicos e químicos, foram utilizadas para caracterizar os materiais utilizados nesse trabalho, também são apresentados os resultados de ensaios mecânicos dos compósitos com fibras de sisal e abacaxizeiro e seu comportamento micro-estrutural, quando será possível comparar os benefícios que as fibras vegetais acrescentaram ao desempenho e resistência dos corpos-de-prova.
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Bousios, Alexandros. "Characterization of the retrotransposon population in Agave tequilana and their use as molecular genetic markers." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494825.
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Agave tequilana Weber var. azul (blue agave) is the only variety used for the production of the famous beverage tequila. The asexual mode of propagation together with the intensive cultivation of the last decades has resulted in the narrowing of its genetic profile and dramatic losses due to diseases. A breeding programme is desperately needed for this crop but the genetic relationships between this variety, other agave germplasm and wild species is poorly understood. Retrotransposon-based molecular markers have proven to be highly informative in determining phylogenetic relationships in other crop plants. In the work presented here, two such systems, SSAP and IRAP, were developed in the blue agave genome to study the phylogenies and genetic diversity within Agave tequilana varieties and other agave species. SSAP and IRAP were more informative compared to previous DNA marker analysis in agave, showing high levels of polymorphism and the identification of two very closely related varieties to blue agave.
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Sá, Fefferson Oliveira de. "Controle biológico da podridão vermelha do Sisal (Agave sisalana Perrine) com Trichoderma ssp. E Actinobactérias." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFRB, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufrb.edu.br/handle/123456789/817.
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A podridão vermelha do sisal tem causado sérios prejuízos às lavouras sisaleiras no semiárido da Bahia. O sisal é uma cultura ainda muito pouco estudada e não existem métodos de controle eficientes, descritos para essa doença. O controle biológico deve ser estudado como um método viável, considerando que esta doença é causada por Aspergillus niger, um fungo habitante do solo e, consmopolita, de dificil controle. O sucesso de Trichoderma e de actinobactérias no controle de doenças tem sido observado em culturas de importância econômica. Porém, para o sisal estes estudos são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de Trichoderma spp. e actinobactérias no controle da podridão vermelha do sisal, avaliando-se formulações de Trichoderma e misturas entre formulações e actinobactérias. Foram avaliados 55 isolados de Trichoderma pertencentes a sete espécies e actinobactérias pré-selecionadas de uma coleção de 54 isolados. No presente estudo, os resultados em laboratório não se repetiram no campo, indicando a influência do ambiente na resposta dos micro-organismos no biocontrole. A eficiência de Trichoderma no controle da podridão vermelha do sisal variou com o isolado e as condições edafoclimáticas. Os isolados TCS76 (Trichoderma harzianum), TCS43 (T. Virens) e TCS09 (T. Viride) promoveram redução significativa da doença, nas duas condições avaliadas. Os experimentos realizados com solo e resíduo de sisal demonstraram que os isolados de Trichoderma e actinobactérias não são eficientes na redução da população de A. niger no solo e o resíduo de sisal não serve para multiplicação e/ou formulação de Trichoderma. As actinobactérias crescem no resíduo fresco de sisal, mas nao promoveram o controle de A. niger in vitro e nem da podridão vermelha em mudas de sisal. O uso combinado de isolados de Trichoderma e de actinobactérias ou a combinação de isolados de Trichoderma não potencializou o controle da podridão vermelha em mudas de sisal.Sisal stem red rot disease has been causing severe damage to sisal fields in the semiarid region of Brazil. There are very few research studies with this crop and disease control methods have not been described in the literature. Biological control strategies should be studied for control of this disease, which is caused by Aspergillus niger, a soil fungi, with worldwide distribution, and dificult to control. The success of Trichoderma and actinobacteria in biological control studies of plant diseases have been described for several crops of economic importance. However, these studies with sisal are rare. The present work aimed to evaluate the potential of Trichoderma spp. and actinobacteria for control of sisal stem red rot disease, with formulations of Trichoderma and combinations of these formulations and of actinobacteria strains. A total of 55 Trichoderma isolates belonging to seven species, and actinobacteria selected previously from a culture collection of 54 isolates were evaluated. In this study, laboratory results were very diferente from results obtained in field studies, indicating the environmental influence in the interaction plant-microbe-soil. The efficiency of Trichoderma in control of sisal stem red rot disease varied with the isolate and the environmental conditions. T. harzianum (isolate TCS76), T. virens (isolate TCS43), and T. viride (isolate TCS09) promoted a significative reduction in disease incidence and severity, in both environmental conditions. The experiments conducted in soil and sisal residue showed that Trichoderma and actinobacteria were not efficient in reducing A. niger population in soil. Sisal residue fro leaf decortication process, is not an adequate medium for growth and formulation of Trichoderma inoculum. Actinobacteria isolates grew in fresh sisal residue, but did not promote control of A. niger, under in vitro conditions, nor the control of stem red rot disease in field studies with sisal plants. The use of combined isolates of Trichoderma and of actinobacteria did not increase the potential for biocontrol of sisal stem red rot disease.
Tese de Doutorado submetida ao Colegiado de Curso do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, como requisito para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Ciências Agrárias.
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Vieira, Juliana Patrícia de Luna. "Avaliação das atividades antimicrobiana, antioxidante e de citotoxidades de produtos extraídos da Agave sisalana Perrine." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2308.
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Agave sisalana is a plant of Mexican origin that is characterized by providing the stiffest fiber in the world: the sisal. In Brazil, this plant is an important source of income for farmers in semi-arid regions mainly in the states of Bahia and Paraíba. The ability to create jobs is related to maintenance of the crops, harvesting, refining, processing fiber, industrialization and production of crafts. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity of Agave sisalana Perrine in wastes obtained from the leaves of defibrillation. Antibacterial activity was determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and against fungiCandida albicans. The antioxidant activity was performed with the method of DPPH. The cytotoxicity was detected in HeLa cells using the cell proliferation reagent WST-1. The antibacterial activity was found in RL0 (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) and EEB-1 (S. aureus). Activity against C. albicans was found in RL-0, EEB-0 and EEB-1. Ethanol extracts have antioxidant activity, this analysis was not performed with liquid waste because they do not solubilized in ethanol. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the RL-0 is toxic at concentrations that have antimicrobial activity. The RL-1, EEB-0 and EEB-1, above extracts showed cell viability of the positive control (cells + DMSO), when the concentrations of 5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml and 1 mg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that Agave sisalana can be a source of new therapeutic assets.
A Agave sisalana é uma planta de origem mexicana que se destaca por fornecer a fibra mais dura do mundo: o sisal. No Brasil, essa planta representa uma importante fonte de renda para agricultores de regiões semi-áridas principalmente dos estados da Bahia e Paraíba. A capacidade de gerar empregos está relacionada à manutenção das lavouras, colheita, desfibramento, beneficiamento da fibra,industrialização e confecção de artesanato. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar as atividades antimicrobiana, antioxidante e de citotoxicidade da Agave sisalana Perrine, em resíduos obtidos da desfibrilação das folhas. Foram utilizados os resíduos líquido (RL-0), líquido seco em spray drying (RL-1), extrato etanólico concentrado bruto do resíduo sólido (EEB-0) e extrato etanólico concentrado bruto seco em spray drier do resíduo sólido (EEB-1). A atividade antibacteriana foi determinada em cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosae a antifúngica em cepa de Candida albicans. A atividade antioxidante foi realizada com o método do 2,2-difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH). A citotoxicidade foi verificada em células HeLa utilizando o reagente de proliferação celular composto terrazólico (WST-1). A atividade antibacteriana foi encontrada no RL-0 (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) e no EEB-1 (S.aureus). A atividade contra C. albicans foi encontrada em RL-0, EEB-0 e EEB-1. Os extratos etanólicos apresentam atividade antioxidante. O ensaio de citotoxicidade demonstrou como esperado que o RL-0 é tóxico nas concentrações que apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana. Os extratos RL-1, EEB-0 e EEB-1, mostram viabilidade celular acima do controle positivo (células + DMSO) quando nas concentrações de 5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL e 1 mg/mL, respectivamente. Esses resultados demonstram que os resíduos de decorticação de Agave sisalana, que atualmente são desperdiçados, podem ser fonte de novos ativos terapêuticos.
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Martinez-Morales, Rafael, and Susan E. Meyer. "A Demographic Study of Maguey Verde (Agave salmiana ssp. Crassispina) Under Conditions of Intense Utilization." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554209.
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In western San Luis Potosi, Mexico, wild populations of Maguey Verde (Agave Salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck ssp. crassispina (Trel.) Gentry) are intensively utilized, especially as raw material for production of the distilled liquor mezcal. A demographic approach was used to investigate possible explanations for recent population decline. The effect of overgrazing on the survival of young plants (offsets) was found to be a major problem. Harvest of sexually mature plants for mezcal aggravates the problem by leaving both soil and offsets exposed. But, in itself, this harvest seems to constitute a reasonable long-term use for wild populations, even though seed production is halted.