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1
Huang, Xing, Bo Wang, Jingen Xi, Yajie Zhang, Chunping He, Jinlong Zheng, Jianming Gao, et al. "Transcriptome Comparison Reveals Distinct Selection Patterns in Domesticated and Wild Agave Species, the Important CAM Plants." International Journal of Genomics 2018 (November 22, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5716518.
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Agave species are an important family of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants with remarkable tolerance to heat and drought stresses (Agave deserti) in arid regions and multiple agricultural applications, such as spirit (Agave tequilana) and fiber (Agave sisalana) production. The agave genomes are commonly too large to sequence, which has significantly restricted our understanding to the molecular basis of stress tolerance and economic traits in agaves. In this study, we collected three transcriptome databases for comparison to reveal the phylogenic relationships and evolution patterns of the three agave species. The results indicated the close but distinctly domesticated relations between A. tequilana and A. sisalana. Natural abiotic and biotic selections are very important factors that have contributed to distinct economic traits in agave domestication together with artificial selection. Besides, a series of candidate unigenes regulating fructan, fiber, and stress response-related traits were identified in A. tequilana, A. sisalana, and A. deserti, respectively. This study represents the first transcriptome comparison within domesticated and wild agaves, which would serve as a guidance for further studies on agave evolution, environmental adaptation, and improvement of economically important traits.
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Castorena-Sánchez, I., R. M. Escobedo, and A. Quiroz. "New cytotaxonomical determinants recognized in six taxa of Agave in the sections Rigidae and Sisalanae." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-163.
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New cytotaxonomical determinants are presented for the following taxa of Agave: (I) section Rigidae: Agave fourcroydes Lemaire (5x = 150), first karyotype; Agave angustifolia Haworth (sensu Gentry), new count (6x = 180), first karyotype; Agave angustifolia Haworth var. marginata Hort. (2x = 60); and Agave tequilana Weber, new count (2x = 60), first karyotype; (II) section Sisalanae: Agave sisalana Perrine (5x = 150), first karyotype; and (III) intersectional hybrid: Agave hybrid 11 648 new count (2x = 60), first karyotype. Chromosomes are classified and arm number, chromatin length, and variability are discussed. These results suggest (i) a speciation process via limited rearrangements and point mutations in the small chromosomes of the complement, within the euploidy level rather than karyotype diversification and (ii) a reconsideration to assign them to the 2C level of Stebbins karyotype classification. Key words: fiber agaves, karyotype analysis.
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José-Jacinto, Rocío, and Edmundo García-Moya. "Remoción cuticular ("Mixiote") y desarrollo foliar en los agaves pulqueros (Agave salmiana y A. mapisaga)." Botanical Sciences, no. 66 (May 27, 2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1613.
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The pulque agaves are important cultives in the Valley of Mexico agroecosystems, some management practices have reduction of the sowing density and the farming agave areas. The purpose of this work consisted of knowing the utilization conditions of pulque agaves and evaluate agricultural practices that favor or limit the development of new leaves in Agave salinia.na. Otto ex Salm-Dyck, and Agave mapisaga. Trel., in six localities of the Valley of Mexico, during two sampling years. The results indicate that illegal practice, removing of the cuticle (« mixiote ») affects negatively the development of leaves in agaves, in contrast designated practices: «picado» and «despunte» result beneficial since they do not present meaningful changes on the number of leaves developed with respect to intact plants of the study species.
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García Martínez, Ledia Itzel, Saúl Sánchez-Mendoza, and Angélica Bautista-Cruz. "Combinación de hongos micorrízicos y fertilización fosforada en el crecimiento de dos agaves silvestres." REVISTA TERRA LATINOAMERICANA 38, no. 4 (October 11, 2020): 771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.28940/terra.v38i4.702.
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Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares pueden contribuir signif icativamente en la nutrición vegetal, en especial en la asimilación de fósforo (P). Los agaves silvestres son sobreexplotados debido a la producción intensiva de mezcal, ocasionando la disminución de sus poblaciones naturales. Se evaluó el efecto de la inoculación con hongos micorrízicos arbusculares comerciales y la aplicación de diferentes dosis de P sobre el crecimiento y contenido de sólidos solubles totales (SST) de dos agaves silvestres: agave tobalá (Agave potatorum Zucc) y agave coyote (Agave spp.) en condiciones protegidas. Los productos micorrízicos comerciales utilizados fueron Glomus cubense (M1) y Glumix (M2) y cuatro dosis de P: 0, 14.4, 29 y 43.5 mg kg-1. El ensayo se estableció en un experimento bifactorial 3 × 4 en un diseño completamente al azar. Las variables respuesta fueron altura de planta (AP), número de hojas (NH), diámetro de tallo (DT), volumen radicular (VR), densidad de raíces (DR), peso fresco de hoja (PFH), peso fresco de tallo (PFT), peso fresco de raíz (PFR) y SST. Con referencia al control, M2 incrementó 18.2% el NH, 53.5% el PFH, 38.1% el PFT y 36% el DT en agave tobalá; mientras en agave coyote, la AP aumentó 12% y el SST 21.3%. En agave tobalá la dosis de 43.5 mg kg-1 de P mejoró 13.2% la AP, 34.9% el PFH, 36.1% el PFT, 21.5% el DT y 20.4% el VR. En agave coyote la dosis de 29 mg kg-1 de P aumentó 16.4% la AP, 44.4% el PFT y 18.6% el DT; el SST incrementó 40% con 43.5 mg kg-1 de P y el PFH 51% con 14.4 mg kg-1 de P. En agave tobalá, M2 + 43.5 mg kg-1 de P favoreció el PFH, PFT y DT. En agave coyote, M2 + 14.4 mg kg-1 de P, M2 + 29 mg kg-1 de P y M2 + 43.5 mg kg-1 de P promovieron la AP, DT y SST. La promoción en el crecimiento de ambos agaves se debió a la aplicación individual de micorrizas y P más que a la interacción de ambos factores.
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RODRÍGUEZ, WILLIAM DAVID, JOSÉ LUIS NAVARRETE-HEREDIA, MIGUEL VÁSQUEZ-BOLAÑOS, RAMÓN RODRÍGUEZ-MACÍAS, GUILLERMO ARIEL BRICEÑO-FÉLIX, JUANA MARÍA CORONADO BLANCO, and ENRIQUE RUÍZ-CANCINO. "Insects associated with the genus Agave spp. (Asparagaceae) in Mexico." Zootaxa 4612, no. 4 (May 31, 2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4612.4.1.
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We present a synthesis of the insects reported associated with plants of the genus Agave L. (Asparagaceae) in Mexico, through a detailed review of published records. This work includes two checklists: the first include the species of insects collected in Agave, name of their hosts, their geographical distribution, notes on their biology and, references. Natural enemies of the insects associated with agaves are included in the second checklist with their geographical distribution, insect species host and, references. We found 273 species of insects collected in different Agave species. These species belong to 63 families and 7 orders. The orders of insects with the highest number of species are Coleoptera with 118 species and, Hemiptera with 65. The natural enemies of insects collected in agaves were 98 species from 18 families and 6 orders. The genera Aphytis and Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) grouped the largest number of natural enemies of insects that were recorded in Agave with 15 and 10 species, respectively. Insects were collected from 42 species of Agave, of which 25 are endemic to Mexico. This study provides biological information on Mexican insects captured in Agave and, their natural enemies. The need for the conservation of these plants and associated insects is highlighted.
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Figueredo-Urbina, Carmen Julia, Gonzalo D. Álvarez-Ríos, Mario Adolfo García-Montes, and Pablo Octavio-Aguilar. "Morphological and genetic diversity of traditional varieties of agave in Hidalgo State, Mexico." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): e0254376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254376.
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The agaves are plants of cultural importance which have been used by humans for about 10,000 years and about 40 specific uses. The most culturally and economically important of those uses are for the production of fermented (pulque) and distilled beverages (mescal). Pulque continues to be produced in nearly all of Mexico, and the agaves used for this purpose have shown domestication syndrome. We carry out an ethnobotanical, morphological, and genetic analysis of the traditional varieties of pulque agave used in the production of aguamiel (agave sap) and pulque in the state of Hidalgo. We did semi-structured interviews, free listings, and tours with 11 agave managers. We analyzed morphology and studied genetic diversity and structure using nuclear microsatellites. We found wild-collected, tolerated, transplanted, and cultivated varieties of agave. This comprised 19 traditional varieties of pulque agave, 12 of them in production during the study, which corresponded to the species Agave americana, A. salmiana y A. mapisaga and five intraspecific entities. The varieties were grouped morphologically according to a management gradient; the wild-collected varieties were the smallest, with more lateral teeth and a larger terminal spine. The cultivated varieties clearly exhibited domestication syndrome, with larger plants and smaller dentition. The expected heterozygosity (He) of the varieties ranged from 0.204 to 0.721. Bayesian clustering suggested the existence of three genetic groups, both at the level of traditional varieties of pulque agaves and for management categories, a result that matches multivariate clustering. Pulque producers in the studied localities maintain high agrobiodiversity. The cultivated varieties exhibit domestication syndrome, as has been reported for other species of the genus with the same selection purposes. Our results support the hypothesis of a decrease in genetic diversity in crops compared to wild-growing agaves, which seems to be due to vegetative propagation, among other factors.
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María de Jesús, Ramírez-Ramírez, N. Alejandra Mancilla-Margalli, Meza-Álvarez Lucía, Turincio-Tadeo Ramón, Pena Doralinda Guzmán-de, and Avila-Miranda Martin Eduardo. "Epidemiology of Fusarium agave wilt in Agave tequilana Weber var. azul." Plant Protection Science 53, No. 3 (May 28, 2017): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/142/2016-pps.
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Fusarium oxysporum is reported as the principal causal agent limiting production of Agave tequilana Weber var. azul, but frequent isolation of F. solani, and symptoms typical of F. solani as a pathogen like severe reddish coloured root rot and loss of soil anchorage are frequently associated with diseased agaves. Inoculations of agave plantlets with F. solani induced typical agave root rot symptoms in greenhouse trials. The incidence of both pathogens was determined molecularly with specific primers in the ITS2 sequence. Dispersion patterns of agave wilt, determined in plantations of different age, indicated a tendency to produce aggregated patterns over time as the disease spread from the initial symptomatic plant to adjacent plants. Although both fungi were isolated from agave diseased plants, and in spite of the higher percentage of detection and root rot symptoms, it is concluded that F. solani may have a greater impact in agave wilt.
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Maué, Hermann, and Hilke Steinecke. "Historische Darstellungen blühender Agaven." Der Palmengarten 80, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/palmengarten.326.
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Die Amerikanische Agave (Agave americana) war in vorlinnéscher Zeit unter dem Namen Aloe americana bekannt. Wenn Agaven in herrschaftlichen Gärten zur Blüte kamen, war das eine große Attraktion. Blühende Exemplare der sog. Aloe americana wurden auf Gemälden, Kupferstichen und Medaillen abgebildet. Einige Beispiele hierfür werden vorgestellt.
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Hackman, Dana A., Nicole Giese, John S. Markowitz, Adam McLean, Steven G. Ottariano, Chris Tonelli, Wendy Weissner, Shannon Welch, and Catherine Ulbricht. "Agave (Agave americana)." Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 6, no. 2 (January 2006): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j157v06n02_09.
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Hackman, Dana, Nicole Giese, John Markowitz, Adam McLean, Steven Ottariano, Chris Tonelli, Wendy Weissner, Shannon Welch, and Catherine Ulbricht. "Agave (Agave americana)." Journal Of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 6, no. 2 (November 20, 2006): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j157v06n02_09.
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Steinecke, Hilke. "Sieben auf einen Streich – Agave blüht mit mehrstängeligem Blütenstand in einem Privatgarten." Der Palmengarten 80, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/palmengarten.325.
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Amerikanische Agaven (Agave americana) sind bei uns nicht winterhart. Mit entsprechendem Schutz können sie auch draußen ausgepflanzt überleben. Eine rund 50 Jahre alte, im Garten ausgepflanzte und mit Winterschutz versehene Agave americana blühte im Sommer 2015 in einem Privatgarten in Bruchköbel bei Hanau. Aufgrund einer vermutlich früh aufgetretenen Verletzung hatte sich die Haupt-Blütenstandsachse geteilt. Dicht gedrängt erschienen sieben Stängel mit insgesamt rund 5000 Blüten.
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Álvarez-Chávez, Jimena, Mar Villamiel, Liliana Santos-Zea, and Aurea K. Ramírez-Jiménez. "Agave By-Products: An Overview of Their Nutraceutical Value, Current Applications, and Processing Methods." Polysaccharides 2, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 720–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides2030044.
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Agave, commonly known as “maguey” is an important part of the Mexican tradition and economy, and is mainly used for the production of alcoholic beverages, such as tequila. Industrial exploitation generates by-products, including leaves, bagasse, and fibers, that can be re-valorized. Agave is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, fructans, and pectin, as well as simple carbohydrates. Regarding functional properties, fructans content makes agave a potential source of prebiotics with the capability to lower blood glucose and enhance lipid homeostasis when it is incorporated as a prebiotic ingredient in cookies and granola bars. Agave also has phytochemicals, such as saponins and flavonoids, conferring anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, among other benefits. Agave fibers are used for polymer-based composite reinforcement and elaboration, due to their thermo-mechanical properties. Agave bagasse is considered a promising biofuel feedstock, attributed to its high-water efficiency and biomass productivity, as well as its high carbohydrate content. The optimization of physical and chemical pretreatments, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation are key for biofuel production. Emerging technologies, such as ultrasound, can provide an alternative to current pretreatment processes. In conclusion, agaves are a rich source of by-products with a wide range of potential industrial applications, therefore novel processing methods are being explored for a sustainable re-valorization of these residues.
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Cruz-Jardón, Laura Fabiola, Pedro Figueroa-Castro, Víctor López-Martínez, and Martín Pérez-Figueroa. "Semiochemicals-baited traps for detecting and estimating the population density of Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Dryopthoridae), in agaves, in Tlaquiltenango, Morelos." ACTA ZOOLÓGICA MEXICANA (N.S.) 34, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/azm.2018.3412163.
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Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) is an important pest in agaves, and is the main pest of agaves in Morelos, also this is the first time that the population density of this weevil was sampled in agave plantations in Morelos state using pheromone-baited traps.
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Mandujano Bueno, Andrés, José Luis Pons Hernández, Roberto Paredes Melesio, and Paul García Meza. "Diversidad genética de maguey (Agave spp.) en las sierras y llanuras del norte de Guanajuato." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 9, no. 3 (May 15, 2018): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v9i3.1212.
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Los agaves, especies endémicas de América con centro de origen en México son plantas de ambientes semiáridos como el de las Sierras y llanuras del norte de Guanajuato. En esta subprovincia se ubican los dos municipios de Guanajuato con denominación de origen mezcal (DOM), que igual que el tequila es bebida destilada de agave con creciente popularidad dentro y fuera del país demandando más materia prima e industrialización de procesos incluyendo el monocultivo de especies nativas o introducidas de agave, lo cual reduce su variabilidad genética, poniendo en riesgo su diversidad en la región. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar las especies de agave mezcalero y su diversidad genética en las sierras y llanuras del norte de Guanajuato, para generar información base para implementar proyectos de divulgación, conservación, protección y aprovechamiento racional del agave, así como para revalorar este valioso recurso, sobre todo en los municipios de San Felipe y San Luis de la Paz donde se cuenta con DOM. De 2014 a 2015, en campo se identificaron, caracterizaron taxonómicamente y colectaron muestras de especies de agave distribuidas en la región. Posteriormente en laboratorio, se analizaron empleando marcadores ISTR de ADN, se calculó la diversidad génica de Nei. La caracterización taxonómica permitió identificar nueve especies de agave y el análisis de diversidad determinó que las poblaciones de agave de las sierras y llanuras del norte de Guanajuato están poco diferenciadas. 19% de la variación detectada pertenece a diferencias entre especies, el resto 81% representa diversidad genética dentro de las especies estudiadas.
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Marone, Marina Püpke, Maria Fernanda Zaneli Campanari, Fabio Trigo Raya, Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira, and Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle. "Fungal communities represent the majority of root-specific transcripts in the transcriptomes of Agave plants grown in semiarid regions." PeerJ 10 (May 2, 2022): e13252. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13252.
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Agave plants present drought resistance mechanisms, commercial applications, and potential for bioenergy production. Currently, Agave species are used to produce alcoholic beverages and sisal fibers in semi-arid regions, mainly in Mexico and Brazil. Because of their high productivities, low lignin content, and high shoot-to-root ratio, agaves show potential as biomass feedstock to bioenergy production in marginal areas. Plants host many microorganisms and understanding their metabolism can inform biotechnological purposes. Here, we identify and characterize fungal transcripts found in three fiber-producing agave cultivars (Agave fourcroydes, A. sisalana, and hybrid 11648). We used leaf, stem, and root samples collected from the agave germplasm bank located in the state of Paraiba, in the Brazilian semiarid region, which has faced irregular precipitation periods. We used data from a de novo assembled transcriptome assembly (all tissues together). Regardless of the cultivar, around 10% of the transcripts mapped to fungi. Surprisingly, most root-specific transcripts were fungal (58%); of these around 64% were identified as Ascomycota and 28% as Basidiomycota in the three communities. Transcripts that code for heat shock proteins (HSPs) and enzymes involved in transport across the membrane in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, abounded in libraries generated from the three cultivars. Indeed, among the most expressed transcripts, many were annotated as HSPs, which appear involved in abiotic stress resistance. Most HSPs expressed by Ascomycota are small HSPs, highly related to dealing with temperature stresses. Also, some KEGG pathways suggest interaction with the roots, related to transport to outside the cell, such as exosome (present in the three Ascomycota communities) and membrane trafficking, which were further investigated. We also found chitinases among secreted CAZymes, that can be related to pathogen control. We anticipate that our results can provide a starting point to the study of the potential uses of agaves’ fungi as biotechnological tools.
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Vega-Ramos, Karla L., Marco A. Gutierrez-Coronado, and Juan F. Gómez-Leyva. "MARCADORES MOLECULARES ISSR PARA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE HIJUELOS DE AGAVES." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 45, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2022.1.75.
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México cuenta con una gran diversidad de especies de Agave, lo que ha permitido el aprovechamiento de sus azúcares fermentables para la elaboración de bebidas alcohólicas como el tequila y el mezcal. Ambos productos están protegidos con una denominación de origen, pero elaborados a partir de agaves distintos. Cuando el mezcal puede elaborarse a partir de más de 14 especies de Agave, el tequila sólo se produce a partir del Agave tequilana Weber cv azul. En años recientes, se han incorporado nuevos productores de mezcal que no cuentan con la habilidad en la identificación de material para propagar, siendo la caracterización morfológica de los hijuelos una alternativa, lo cual resulta una tarea demandante y en ocasiones poco precisa, debido a la falta de experiencia. Con la finalidad de contar con una herramienta rápida y confiable en la identificación de especies de Agave, se evaluaron marcadores ISSR (Inter Secuencias Simples Repetidas) para detectar polimorfismos entre especies de Agave tequilana, A. angustifolia, A. potatorum y A. karwinskii, estos tres últimos utilizados en la producción de mezcal. Empleando hijuelos de cada especie, se evaluaron seis iniciadores ISSR, presentando un patrón de amplificación diferencial y consistente. A partir de nueve parámetros morfológicos se determinó por medio de análisis de componentes principales (ACP) que los primeros tres componentes representan el 70 % de la variación, con lo que se logra identificar las especies de agaves evaluadas, lo que coincide en el agrupamiento de éstas con el obtenido a partir de los marcadores ISSR. Se considera que los seis iniciadores evaluados son una herramienta rápida y efectiva para la diferenciación genética entre las especies y que puede apoyar a las organizaciones regulatorias al cumplimiento de las normativas para asegurar la calidad del mezcal y el tequila, así mismo a las grandes destilerías o palenques que tienen la necesidad de comprar a terceros su materia prima.
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Jiménez Muñoz, Edith, Francisco Prieto-García, Judith Prieto Méndez, Otilio Arturo Acevedo Sandoval, and Rodrigo Rodríguez Laguna. "Caracterización fisicoquímica de cuatro especies de agaves con potencialidad en la obtención de pulpa de celulosa para elaboración de papel." DYNA 83, no. 197 (June 30, 2016): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n197.52243.
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<p>El objetivo general de este trabajo fue encontrar un nuevo valor agregado a las hojas de las agaváceas, desecho de la agroindustria. Se estudiaron cuatro especies de agaves de tres estados de la república mexicana: Agave angustifolia (Oacaxa), Agave tequilana (Jalisco), Agave salmiana y Agave lechuguilla (Hidalgo). Luego de una clasificación taxonómica, fenológica, ecológica y etnobotánica (basados en morfología comparada), se sometieron a diversos análisis físicos (humedad, molienda, tamizaje, granulometría y características foliares, MEB) y químicos (cenizas grasas y aceites, proteínas, análisis TGA y DTGA, así como FTIR). Las especies de A. angustifolia y A. tequilana son las que presentan un óptimo tamaño de fibra para la elaboración de papel. Corresponde también a los mayores porcentajes de celulosa (44.3% y 36.8%) por DTGA. Del análisis proximal, se evidencia que las dos especies definidas como mejores para la obtención de pulpa de celulosa, presentan pequeñas diferencias significativas en contenidos de grasas, proteínas, material solubilizable en agua caliente (AT) como en solución moderadamente alcalina y/o alcohólica.</p>
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Vega-García, Mirna Alejandra, Gonzalo D. Álvarez-Ríos, and Carmen Julia Figueredo-Urbina. "Sistemas de manejo de agaves pulqueros en el estado de Hidalgo." Pädi Boletín Científico de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías del ICBI 10, no. 20 (January 5, 2023): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/icbi.v10i20.9598.
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Los agaves son plantas de importancia biocultural para los pueblos de México, actualmente poseen múltiples usos, entre ellos, la extracción de savia para elaborar pulque. El estado de Hidalgo es uno de los principales productores de maguey y pulque del país, sin embargo, no existe una caracterización detallada de los sistemas dedicados a este propósito. Se caracterizaron tres sistemas de manejo de agave pulquero en Hidalgo: bordos, jardín de traspatio y metepantles, evaluando la intensidad de manejo de estos a través de las especies contenidas, las prácticas, las variedades tradicionales de agave y la producción. Se registraron cinco especies y 20 variedades tradicionales de agaves pulqueros, siendo el jardín de traspatio el más diverso, con cinco especies y 10 variedades, mientras que los metepantles resultaron el más intenso, produciendo 270 litros de pulque al día. Estos sistemas conservan una amplia agrobiodiversidad de agaves y otras especies útiles, siendo espacios productivos fundamentales para la manutención de familias en contextos rurales.
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Villegas-Camas, Jorge, Karina Verdel-Aranda, Joel Lara-Reyna, and Aída Martínez-Hernández. "Caracterización in silico y análisis de la expresión expresión génica de proteínas abundantes en la embriogénesis tardía de Agave tequilana Weber var. azul." Botanical Sciences 100, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2861.
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Conocimiento previo/especie: Agave tequilana Weber var. azul es un importante cultivo en México, utilizado para la producción de tequila. Muchas especies de Agave son tolerantes a condiciones áridas. Sin embargo, las bases moleculares de los mecanismos seleccionados en los agaves para confrontar el estrés abiótico, no han sido descritas.
Hipótesis: Las proteínas abundantes en la embriogénesis tardía (LEAPs), una superfamilia asociada a las respuestas ante el estrés abiótico en plantas, son un elemento clave en las respuestas de los agaves ante ambientes áridos.
Métodos: Datos transcriptómicos de A. tequilana fueron utilizados para realizar análisis in silico e identificar genes que codifican Agave LEAPs. Comparamos sus características estructurales y su similitud/divergencia con LEAPs de otras plantas, utilizando bioinformática. La abundancia de los transcritos de AteqLEAP en órganos vegetativos y en respuesta a altas temperaturas fue determinada mediante qRT-PCR.
Resultados: Identificamos tres AteqLEAPs estructuralmente diferentes. Las AteqLEA_5Bs muestran similitud (relativamente baja) con LEAPs conocidas como “atípicas” (LEA_3) y exhiben, inesperadamente, altos niveles de expresión constitutiva en hojas. Los transcritos de AteqLEA_5C (LEA_2) mostraron baja expresión en todos los órganos analizados. Dos isoformas de AteqDHN tipo SK3 muestran el típico desorden estructural e hidrofilicidad de las dehidrinas y son altamente expresadas en hojas no desarrolladas, meristemo vegetativo y tallo (piña).
Conclusiones: Las AteqLEAP_5B parecen tener un papel protector preventivo en las hojas fotosintéticas plenamente funcionales; mientras que las AteqDHNs parecen proteger tejidos en proceso de diferenciación como meristemos y hojas en desarrollo; así como tejidos de almacenamiento, como el tallo del agave.
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Gómez-Ruiz, Emma P., Thomas E. Lacher Jr, Antonio Moreno-Talamantes, and José Juan Flores Maldonado. "Impacts of land cover change on the plant resources of an endangered pollinator." PeerJ 9 (October 5, 2021): e11990. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11990.
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One of the key drivers of pollinator declines is land cover change. We documented for the first time the impacts of over three decades of land cover change in Mexico on the plant resources of an endangered migratory pollinator, the Mexican long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris nivalis. This species is considered endangered under national and international criteria due to population declines over 50% in the past 10 years. Pregnant females of this bat species migrate every year following the blooms of Agave spp. from central Mexico to the southern United States; moving pollen over its 1,200 km long migratory corridor and pollinating distant populations of Agave spp. Increases in human populations density and agricultural expansion may be reducing agave habitat over time. The objective of our study is to understand the land cover change trends in the northern range of the bat and identify potential fragmentation patterns in the region. We analyzed changes that occurred in three vegetation types where agaves are found in five time periods 1985, 1993, 2002, 2007 and 2011. The area of the three vegetation types selected was reduced by using only the overlap with potential agave habitat created with ecological niche modeling algorithms to obtain the available agave habitat. We then calculated fragmentation metrics for each period. We found a significant portion of habitat lost mainly due to expansion in agriculture. The total number of patches increased after 1985. Only 9% of the available agave habitat in 2011 is inside the limits of protected areas. We recommend restoring agave populations in depleted areas to help prevent soil erosion and provide multiple socio-economic benefits for the region in the short term, and, in the long-term maintaining foraging resources for nectar-feeding bats.
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Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo Armando, Dinah Linette Aguado-Rodríguez, Blanca Moreno-Gómez, Diego Arroyo-González, Daniel Centeno-Jamaica, César Aguirre-Mancilla, and Edmundo García-Moya. "ENDOMICROBIOTA BACTERIANA DE AGAVE PULQUERO (Agave salmiana). I. AISLAMIENTO, FRECUENCIA E IDENTIFICACIÓN MOLECULAR." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 45, no. 2 (June 13, 2022): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2022.2.243.
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Las tendencias actuales de practicar la agricultura apuntan hacia el uso de microorganismos para incidir en la sanidad, producción y calidad de las cosechas; estudios previos en agave han logrado el aislamiento de diferentes microorganismos, pero la identificación de bacterias endófitas es un área que se ha abordado poco a pesar de su importancia económica. En el presente estudio se llevó a cabo un análisis de la endomicrobiota presente en cinco tipos de agave pulquero (Agave salmiana): Manso, Chalqueño, Ayoteco, Púa Larga y Carricillo. Pencas de estas plantas fueron colectadas en el poblado de Nanacamilpa de Mariano Arista, Tlaxcala y procesadas para el aislamiento de microorganismos endófitos en medios selectivos para bacterias diazotróficas, bacilos y Pseudomonas fluorescentes. Los microorganismos aislados fueron identificados molecularmente por la amplificación de fragmentos de la subunidad ribosomal 16S. Se identificaron 35 bacterias endófitas a partir de los cinco tipos de agave pulquero. El número de aislamientos obtenidos correspondió a 7, 11, 3, 5 y 9 a partir de Ayoteco, Carricillo, Chalqueño, Manso y Púa Larga, respectivamente. La endomicrobiota bacteriana de Carricillo fue la más diversificada (nueve especies), mientras que Chalqueño presentó la menor riqueza bacteriana (tres especies); Ayoteco, Manso y Púa Larga presentaron cinco especies bacterianas únicas. En forma global, los géneros de bacterias con mayor representación en los cinco tipos de agave fueron Bacillus con 12 entradas, y Enterobacter y Leclercia con siete entradas cada uno. Bacillus subtilis y Leclercia sp. fueron las especies mayormente representadas en los agaves al encontrarse en tres de los cinco tipos analizados.
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José-Jacinto, Rocío, and Edmundo García-Moya. "Fijación de CO2, en Agave angustifolia Haw." Botanical Sciences, no. 57 (April 26, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1471.
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The anatomical-morphological and physiological adaptations present in CAM plants like agaves make them more water use efficient and able to growth and produce under restrictive environmental conditions. We report on a field trial C02 uptake by Agave angustifolia Haw. of four and eight years of age, undertaken in Matatlán, Tlacolula, Oaxaca. The maximum and minimum estimated C02 uptakes rates were 30, 29; 1, 2 μmol m-2 s-1 and occurred in October and November of 1993, for the four and eight years plants; 30 and 29 μmol m-2 s-1 can be considered high when compared with estimated figures for other agave species studied previously.
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Lu, May Ling, and Charles E. Wyman. "Elucidation of native California Agave americana and Agave deserti biofuel potential: Compositional analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0252201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252201.
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Because biofuels have the unique potential to be rapidly deployed in existing transportation fuel infrastructures, they should play a major role in helping California quickly meet its aggressive goals to substantially reduce greenhouse gas contributions by this major sector. Furthermore, energy crops are vital to significantly impact the State’s large and burgeoning need for sustainable fuels. Among crops amenable to be grown in California to support fuel production, agave pose a particularly promising prospect, given their drought tolerance and high productivity on marginal land in a State prone to drought and limited water resources. This study focuses on measuring compositional profiles of wild A. deserti and cultivated A. americana, two agaves native to California, to elucidate their potential for biological conversion to fuels that can help meet the huge State need for low-carbon transportation. Results from this study indicate that these two California agave species can be rich in fructans, ranging from 96–314 g/L of equivalent fructose and glucose in their leaf bases. In addition, structural and water-soluble sugar contents exceeding 63 wt.% show that these plants are amenable to fermentation to ethanol and other biofuels. Moreover, because the low K-lignin content of agave leaf bases bagasse of only about 12–18 wt.% suggests low recalcitrance and the negligible acid insoluble ash content should facilitate pretreatment prior to fermentations, the agave species native to the State hold considerable promise as potential biofuel feedstocks.
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Klimova, Anastasia, Karen Y. Ruiz Mondragón, Francisco Molina Freaner, Erika Aguirre-Planter, and Luis E. Eguiarte. "Genomic Analyses of Wild and Cultivated Bacanora Agave (Agave angustifolia var. pacifica) Reveal Inbreeding, Few Signs of Cultivation History and Shallow Population Structure." Plants 11, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111426.
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Due to the recent increase in demand for agave-based beverages, many wild agave populations have experienced rapid decline and fragmentation, whereas cultivated plants are now managed at monocultural plantations, in some cases involving clonal propagation. We examined the relative effect of migration, genetic drift, natural selection and human activities on the genetic repertoire of Agave angustifolia var. pacifica, an agave used for bacanora (an alcoholic spirit similar to tequila) production in northwestern Mexico. We sampled 34 wild and cultivated sites and used over eleven thousand genome-wide SNPs. We found shallow genetic structure among wild samples, although we detected differentiation between coastal and inland sites. Surprisingly, no differentiation was found between cultivated and wild populations. Moreover, we detected moderate inbreeding (FIS ~ 0.13) and similar levels of genomic diversity in wild and cultivated agaves. Nevertheless, the cultivated plants had almost no private alleles and presented evidence of clonality. The overall low genetic structure in A. angustifolia var. pacifica is apparently the result of high dispersibility promoted by pollinators and the possibility of clonal reproduction. Incipient cultivation history and reliance on wild seeds and plants are probably responsible for the observed patterns of high genetic connectivity and considerable diversity in cultivated samples.
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Acosta-Salazar, Efraín, Rocío Fonseca-Aguiñaga, Walter M. Warren-Vega, Ana I. Zárate-Guzmán, Marco A. Zárate-Navarro, Luis A. Romero-Cano, and Armando Campos-Rodríguez. "Effect of Age of Agave tequilana Weber Blue Variety on Quality and Authenticity Parameters for the Tequila 100% Agave Silver Class: Evaluation at the Industrial Scale Level." Foods 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 3103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10123103.
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Due to the oversupply and scarcity cycles of the Agave tequilana Weber blue variety, the effect of agave age (harvested in 4, 5, and 6 years) as raw material for the tequila 100% agave silver class was studied for each stage in a full-scale (industrial) process. Harvested plants showed differences in their morphological characteristics that affected the amount of juice; this had an impact in the fermentation stage since must composition was modified in the nitrogen content and juice/exudate ratio. This was noticed due to an increase in the production of higher alcohols attributed to the odd-chain fatty of the exudate, which affects n-propanol production. The characterization of the final product showed the feasibility to use agaves (less than 7 years) to produce the Tequila 100% agave silver class and to comply with the quality criteria. Furthermore, the final product was analyzed with the gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass-spectrometry technique to determine its authenticity. The δ13CVPDB isotopic parameter (−13.40‰ in average) values show the type of plant used as a raw material for ethanol production, while the δ18OVSMOW (20.52‰ in average) isotopic parameter can be helpful in corroborating and ensuring the traceability of the product and the geographical location of the beverage production.
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Pineda-Tapia, Francisco Javier, Angélica Villarruel-López, and Luz Elena Iñiguez-Muñoz. "Efectos de los fructanos del Agave mexicano como potencial prebiótico y su importancia en la microbiota humana." Acta de Ciencia en Salud 6, no. 16 (January 1, 2022): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/acs.v0i16.105.
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Las plantas han sido utilizadas a lo largo del tiempo para obtener alimentos, fármacos, aromas, suplementos alimenticios, entre otros. El Agave es una de estas plantas, debido a su valor comercial. El Agave tequilana Weber var. azul es uno de los principales agaves cultivados en México, ya que a partir de la fermentación alcohólica de su mosto se obtiene el tequila, bebida emblemática del país. Adicionalmente, el Agave es una importante fuente de fructanos, los cuales son polímeros de fructosa que sirven como almacenamiento de energía en plantas y tienen aplicación industrial. Los fructanos más estudiados son los que provienen de la achicoria (Cichorium intybus). Cuando una persona consume fructanos de Agave, éstos suelen atravesar la mayor parte del tracto digestivo. Es en el cólon donde los fructanos empiezan a sufrir cambios que traen beneficios importantes para el cuerpo. En el intestino grueso, las bacterias comienzan a degradarlos en grandes porciones y al metabolizarlos producen ácidos de cadena corta, dióxido de carbono, hidrógeno y metano. Los fructanos se pueden llamar fibra soluble debido a que estimulan el crecimiento de la microbiota intestinal. En el presente trabajo se recopilan varias obras que demuestran la efectividad de los fructanos como potencial prebiótico y los efectos que traen a la salud intestinal.
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Заманова, Азада Паша. "Growth and Development of Perrine in the Old Oil Production Zones of the Apsheron Peninsula." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/81/03.
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Боковые побеги растения агава ( Agave sisalana Perrine) были посажены на экспериментальной площадке на выбранном участке старой нефтепромысловой зоны в поселке Кала. Контрольные побеги для сравнительного анализа одновременно были посажены в экологически чистой территории Института дендрологии НАН Азербайджана. Выбор агавы на старых нефтепромысловых зонах был обусловлен следующими особенностями: растение комфортно чувствует себя в пустынных, засушливых районах; имеет мощную корневую систему и способность доставать влагу практически из любых источников (дождь, роса, конденсат); агава очень живучее растение и в отличие от большинства декоративных видов хорошо приспособлена к стрессу; за агавой не требуется особого ухода, она отлично развивается без постоянного контроля; хорошее освещение является одним из важнейших факторов для роста. Агава лучше всего растет под яркими прямыми лучами; прекрасно развивается самостоятельно; стойкое растение к болезням и вредителям. Из болезней самом страшным считается грибок, которое возникает при неправильном поливе. Через 5 месяцев после посадки был проведен сравнительный анализ на предмет роста и развития между побегами растения агавы в контрольном и экспериментальном варианте. Средний максимальной рост посаженных побегов на экспериментальной площадке составил 72% от среднего максимального роста в контрольном варианте. А зеленная масса экспериментального варианта (масса, набранная в процессе вегетативного развития) составила 64% от контрольного варианта. Отмечено отставание в росте и развитии побегов Agave sisalana, посаженных на старых нефтепромысловых зонах. Lateral shoots of the Agave plant ( Agave sisalana Perrine) were planted in the experimental site selected at the old oil fields in the village of Kala. Control shoots for comparative analysis were simultaneously planted in the ecologically clean territory of the Institute of Dendrology of Azerbaijan NAS. The choice of the Agave plant in the old oil fields of the Apsheron Peninsula is due to the following considerations: the plant feels comfortable in desert, arid areas; agaves as a plant can differ significantly from each other, but almost all species have a powerful root system and the ability to get moisture from almost any source (rain, dew, condensate); agave is a very tenacious plant and, unlike most ornamental species, is well adapted to stress; Agave does not require special care, it develops well without constant monitoring; -good lighting is one of the most important factors for growth. Agave grows best under bright direct rays; agave does not need abundant watering; the plant does not really need to be fed; it develops perfectly on its own; agave is considered a resistant plant to diseases and pests. Of the diseases, the most terrible is the fungus, which occurs when improper watering; 5 months after planting, a comparative analysis was carried out for growth and development between the shoots of the Agave plant in the control and experimental variant. The results of the comparative analysis showed that the average maximum growth of planted shoots on the experimental site was 72% of the average maximum growth in the control variant. And the green mass in the experimental variant (the mass gained in the process of vegetative development) was 64% of the green mass in the control variant. Noticeable inhibition in the growth and development of shoots of the Agave plant ( Agave sisalana ) planted in old oil fields.
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Bermúdez-Bazán, Misael, Gustavo Adolfo Castillo-Herrera, Judith Esmeralda Urias-Silvas, Antonio Escobedo-Reyes, and Mirna Estarrón-Espinosa. "Hunting Bioactive Molecules from the Agave Genus: An Update on Extraction and Biological Potential." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 6789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226789.
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Agaves are plants used in the production of alcoholic beverages and fibers. Ever since ancient times, pre-Hispanic cultures in Mexico have used them in traditional medicine to cure different ailments. Over the years, studies of the active principles responsible for the therapeutic benefits of agaves have increased. Leaves and fibers are the main agro-wastes generated in tequila and mezcal production, while fibers are the main waste product in the textile sector. Different investigations have referred to the agro-waste from agave processing as a source of bioactive molecules called secondary metabolites (SM). Among them, phenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, and saponins have been extracted, identified, and isolated from these plants. The role of these molecules in pest control and the prospect of metabolites with the biological potential to develop novel drugs for chronic and acute diseases represent new opportunities to add value to these agro-wastes. This review aims to update the biological activities and recent applications of the secondary metabolites of the genus Agave.
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PORRAS-RAMÃREZ, Elà Secundino, YazmÃn SOSA-MARCOS, Felipe PALMA-CRUZ, and Aroldo CISNEROS. "Phenotyping the Genetic Diversity of Wild Agave Species that Coexist in the Same Spatial Region." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 44, no. 2 (December 14, 2016): 640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha44210586.
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Phenotypic characteristics are important to identify species and provide valuable information for the uses in plant breeding. The aim of this study was to characterize through morphological traits the genetic diversity of the Agave genus under wild and semi-wild culture conditions in Maguey Largo region in Oaxaca, Mexico. Through field trips, eleven morphological characteristics of the Agave species were recorded. Principal component analysis (PCA), phylogenetic trees, and correlation analyses, were performed. Seven wild species were identified: Agave potatorum Zucc., A. seemanniana, A. nussaviorum subsp. nussaviorum, A. angustifolia Haw., A. marmorata Roezl., A. karwinskii Zucc. and A. americana var. Americana. Also, a semi-wild unclassified specie Agave sp. was found. The values of the first four principal components in the PCA explain more than 89% of the total morphological variance. The dendrogram of the agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) shown a high similarity between the species and divide them in two main cluster with one unassociated specie (A. karwinskii Miahuatlán shape). Following the different analyses done, we observed a very close relationship between A. potatorum and A. nussaviorum, and dissociated from A. seemanniana, which are belonging to the “Tobala†complex and never described before. The results obtained in this work suggest a great genetic diversity expressed in a wide morphological variety of agaves in Oaxaca; which can be used in futures molecular studies.
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Torres-García, Ignacio, Francisco Javier Rendón-Sandoval, José Blancas, Alejandro Casas, and Ana Isabel Moreno-Calles. "The genus Agave in agroforestry systems of Mexico." Botanical Sciences 97, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2202.
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<p><strong>Background:</strong> The genus <em>Agave</em> L. is recognized for its wide distribution in Mexican ecosystems. Species have been described as multipurpose as part of agroforestry systems (AFS). There has not been a systematized, detailed analysis about its richness in AFS nor their ecological, economic and cultural relevance.</p><p><strong>Questions</strong>: What is the <em>Agave</em> richness in Mexican AFS? What is their ecological, agronomical, economic and cultural relevance? What are the risks and perspectives for strengthening their role in AFS?</p><p><strong>Species studied</strong>: 31 <em>Agave</em> species in Mexican AFS.</p><p><strong>Study site and dates</strong>: AFS throughout Mexican territory. January to august 2018.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Systematization of published information, scientific reports, repositories, and our fieldwork, was performed. The data base “The genus <em>Agave</em> in AFS of Mexico” was created, containing information about <em>Agave</em> richness in AFS, ecological, economic and cultural relevance, as well as the current and future perspectives of the AFS they are included in.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: We recorded 31 species with 22 uses that were part of AFS practices (hedgerows, boundaries and live fences), in homegardens, terraces and agroforests in temperate, semiarid and sub-humid regions, managed by 12 cultural groups. The main benefits of agaves are soil retention, infiltration of water and satisfaction of socio-economic and cultural needs. The decrease of multipurpose species and functions was observed in relation with the commercialization of mezcal.</p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: There has been ample recognition of AFS as settings for conservation and use of <em>Agave,</em> as well as the importance of the knowledge and management practices associated to agave species in AFS.
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Tinto, W. F., J. L. Simmons-Boyce, S. McLean, and W. F. Reynolds. "Constituents of Agave americana and Agave barbadensis." Fitoterapia 76, no. 6 (September 2005): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2005.04.013.
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Rogelio, Paloma Barajas-Álvarez, Norma Morales-Hernández, Rosa María Camacho-Ruíz, and Hugo Espinosa-Andrews. "Physical Properties and Prebiotic Activities (Lactobacillus spp.) of Gelatine-Based Gels Formulated with Agave Fructans and Agave Syrups as Sucrose and Glucose Substitutes." Molecules 27, no. 15 (July 31, 2022): 4902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154902.
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This research developed model foods of gelatine-based gels, where carbohydrates from Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul (agave syrups or/and agave fructans) were incorporated into gel formulations as healthy sucrose and glucose substitutes. The sugars (sucrose and glucose) were substituted by agave carbohydrates (agave syrups and agave fructans), obtaining the subsequent gel formulations: 100% agave syrup (F2 gel), 100% agave fructan (F3 gel), and 50% agave syrup–50% agave fructan (F4 gel). The unsubstituted gel formulation was used as a control (F1 gel). The prebiotic activities, physical properties, thermal stability (HP-TLC), and texture of gelatine-based gels were evaluated. The gel formulations showed translucent appearances with approximately 36 g/100 g of water and water activities values between 0.823 and 0.929. The HP-TLC analysis validated that agave fructans did not hydrolyse during the thermal process of gels production. Gels produced with agave syrup and agave fructan (F2-F4 gels) provided higher hardness, gumminess, and springiness values (p < 0.05) than those produced with glucose and sucrose (F1 gel). Gelatine-based gel formulations displayed prebiotic activities correlated to the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus to use agave carbohydrates as carbon sources. Based on the prebiotic effect and physical and textural properties, the F2 and F4 gel formulations displayed the best techno-functional properties to produce gel soft candies.
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Villanueva Castillo, Dulce María, Vicente Arturo Velasco Velasco, Rodolfo Benigno De los Santos Romero, Judith Ruiz Luna, and Gerardo Rodríguez Ortíz. "Variación morfométrica en semillas de agaves silvestres de Oaxaca." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v12i1.2426.
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Los agaves son plantas que presentan adaptaciones en su morfología y proliferan en ambientes difíciles, pero en la actualidad la producción de ensambles de mezcal ha provocado una drástica disminución en las poblaciones silvestres. Las semillas tienen una función de gran importancia en el ciclo biológico de las plantas, por medio de ellas las poblaciones persisten, se dispersan y regeneran. La morfometría geométrica en las semillas de agave permite profundizar en características biológicas de las semillas como la forma y el tamaño, y si dicha variación puede estar provocando alguna característica de la localidad. El objetivo fue analizar a nivel poblacional la variación morfológica en semillas de agave, a nivel interespecífico e intaespecífico, para proponer estrategias de manejo sustentable y comercial. Entre diciembre de 2017 a julio de 2018 se colectaron capsulas de Agave angustifolia Haw (espadín), A. karwinskii Zucc (cirial o cuishe), A. rhodacantha Trel (mexicano) y A. potatorum Zuc (tobalá) en diferentes localidades de Oaxaca. Se fotografiaron las semillas (100 por cada especie) y fueron procesadas en los programas Makefan6, TpsUtil y TpsDig. Los datos se analizaron en el programa MorphoJ. Las diferencias encontradas (p< 0.05) fueron principalmente en tamaño, y en menor proporción en la forma. Se encontró mayor variación en la zona micropilar y la zona basal de las semillas. Las diferencias encontradas en la forma de las semillas independientemente de las localidades donde se desarrollen puede deberse a factores genéticos y presiones del habitat. Las semillas de agave presentaron estructura lacriforme.
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Márquez-López, Ruth E., Patricia Araceli Santiago-García, and Mercedes G. López. "Agave Fructans in Oaxaca’s Emblematic Specimens: Agave angustifolia Haw. and Agave potatorum Zucc." Plants 11, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11141834.
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Despite the recognition of Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul as raw material for producing tequila and obtaining prebiotics, there are other highly relevant Agave species in Mexico. Oaxaca contains a startlingly diverse range of Agave species; Agave angustifolia Haw. and Agave potatorum Zucc. are two classic specimens with great commercial potential. In this study, we examined the fructan fluctuation in these two species during their lifetime in the field (from 1 to 6 years old). First, we analyzed their morphological diversity based on vegetative characteristics. Subsequently, fructan extracts were analyzed by TLC, FT-IR, and HPAEC-PAD to identify carbohydrates. Multivariate analyses of the morphological parameters indicated a morphological divergence between the two species. Furthermore, we found that the concentration of simple carbohydrates and fructans, as well as the fructan DP, changed during plant development. Glucose, fructose, and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were more abundant in A. potatorum, while A. angustifolia showed a greater amount of sucrose and fructans with a high DP. Fructan DP heatmaps were constructed using HPAEC-PAD profiles—the heatmaps were very helpful for establishing an easy correlation between age and the carbohydrate types present in the fructan extracts. This study is an important contribution to the agave fructan knowledge of the Mexican agave diversity.
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Stortoni, Laura Anna. "The Agave." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 48, no. 1 (1994): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1347880.
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KEMBLE, BRIAN. "Agave guadalajarana." Cactus and Succulent Journal 78, no. 3 (May 2006): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2985/0007-9367(2006)78[126:ag]2.0.co;2.
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Parnidi Parnidi, Dwi Adi Sunarto, and Marjani Marjani. "Shoot Borers Beetle Pest of Coconut (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) Investment at Agave spp." BIOEDUSCIENCE 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22236/j.bes/616282.
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Background: Agave is known as one of the natural fiber-producing plants that have many benefits. Agave plants can grow well on dry land, however, many organisms can damage agave crops in the field. One of the agave plant is Shoot Borers Beetle Pest of Coconut (Oryctes rhinoceros L). The purpose of this research is to get information about variation damage of agave germ plasma to Shoot Borers Beetle Pest of Coconut (Oryctes rhinoceros L). Methods: The research was conducted at the Agave balittas collection in the Experimental Garden Balittas Karangploso. Observation of shoot borers beetle pest of coconut (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) was carried out on 6 plants. Observations were made by calculating the number of holes that were found on the leaves. Results: The results showed that the investment of Shoot Borers Beetle Pest of Coconut (Oryctes rhinoceros L) causing damage to agave germplasm varies. The average percentage of damage to Agave angustifolia and Agave cantala in 2017 due to the investment in Shoot Borers Beetle Pest of Coconut (Oryctes rhinoceros L) is range from 66.7 to 100%. The average damage caused by Shoot Borers Beetle Pest of Coconut (Oryctes rhinoceros L) investment in Agave sisalana ranges from 0 to 16.7%. Conclusions: The investment of shoot borers beetle pest of coconut in agave plants has a big impact on decreasing crop production and fiber quality.
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Valenzuela-Zapata, Ana G. "La agroindustria del agave tequilero Agave tequilana Weber." Botanical Sciences, no. 57 (April 26, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1473.
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In Jalisco, the "mezcal azul" Agave tequilana Weber grciws in 43 000 hectares of non-irrigated farmland representing 153.6 mi Ilion plants belonging to 2 500 owners. The industry of tequila employs 23 202 persons in Jalisco and produces 70 million liters per year, exporting 90% in bulk to the United States and the remainder to more than 40 countries. The traditional cultivation system has barely been studied and has been changing in the last decade, especially to a monoculture with an excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, but the consequences of their use have not been evaluated. Some producers consider as an advantage the decrease by one to two years in the crop period, but the majority acknowledge productivity and environmental costs. Small growers are losing the agave market due to surplus agave production and their incipient social organization.
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Maggio, Matt. "Operation Agave Might!: Combating Eriophyoid mite of Agave." Cactus and Succulent Journal 84, no. 6 (November 2012): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2985/0007-9367-84.6.283.
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Ortiz Cano, Hector G., Robert Hadfield, Teresa Gomez, Kevin Hultine, Ricardo Mata Gonzalez, Steven L. Petersen, Neil C. Hansen, et al. "Ecological-niche modeling reveals current opportunities for Agave dryland farming in Sonora, Mexico and Arizona, USA." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): e0279877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279877.
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For centuries, humans occupying arid regions of North America have maintained an intricate relationship with Agave (Agavoideae, Asparagaceae). Today Agave cultivation, primarily for beverage production, provides an economic engine for rural communities throughout Mexico. Among known dryland-farming methods, the use of rock piles and cattle-grazed areas stand out as promising approaches for Agave cultivation. Identifying new cultivation areas to apply these approaches in Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico warrants a geographic assessment of areas outside the known ranges of rock piles and grasslands. The objective of this study was to predict areas for dryland-farming of Agave and develop models to identify potential areas for Agave cultivation. We used maximum entropy (MaxEnt) ecological-niche-modeling algorithms to predict suitable areas for Agave dryland farming. The model was parameterized using occurrence records of Hohokam rock piles in Arizona and grassland fields cultivated with Agave in Sonora. Ten environmental-predictor variables were used in the model, downloaded from the WorldClim 2 climate database. The model identified potential locations for using rock piles as dryland-farming methods from south-central Arizona to northwestern Sonora. The Agave-grassland model indicated that regions from central to southern Sonora have the highest potential for cultivation of Agave, particularly for the species Agave angustifolia. Results suggest that there are many suitable areas where rock piles can be used to cultivate Agave in the Sonoran Desert, particularly in the border of southeastern Arizona and northwest Sonora. Likewise, cattle-grazing grasslands provide a viable environment for cultivating Agave in southern Sonora, where the expanding bacanora-beverage industry continues to grow and where different Agave products (e.g., syrups, fructans, saponins, and medicinal compounds) can potentially strengthen local economies.
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Guillot Ortiz, Daniel, and Piet Van der Meer. "Agave desmetiana Jacobi, un nuevo taxón alóctono para la flora europea." Acta Botanica Malacitana 34 (December 1, 2009): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v34i0.6954.
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Herrera Pérez, Lusmila, Esteban Valtierra Pacheco, Ignacio Ocampo Fletes, Mario A. Tornero Campante, Jorge A. Hernández Plascencia, and Ramón Rodríguez Macías. "Esquemas de contratos agrícolas para la producción de Agave Tequilana Weber en la región de Tequila, Jalisco." Agricultura Sociedad y Desarrollo 15, no. 4 (February 1, 2019): 619–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22231/asyd.v15i4.903.
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La producción de Agave tequilana Weber var. azul sufre de crisis cíclicas derivadas de las fluctuaciones de los precios de agave y períodos de sobreoferta y escasez del producto en el mercado. El establecimiento de contratos de producción y compraventa entre agaveros e industrias tequileras ha sido una de las alternativas propuestas para reducir los efectos de estas crisis cíclicas y estabilizar el mercado del agave. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar los tipos de contratación para la producción y comercialización de Agave tequilana en la cadena productiva de agave-tequila del municipio de Tequila, Jalisco. Se encuestó a una muestra de 50 productores de agave seleccionados al azar, quienes producen agave bajo tres tipos de contratos: a)Arrendamiento; b) Aparcería; y c) Mediería. El contrato por arrendamiento es el más frecuente y ha desplazado a los esquemas informales de aparcería y mediería. Los arrendadores realizan las labores del agave principalmente en monocultivo y los aparceros y medieros en policultivo. El factor común entre la aparcería y la mediería es que los propietarios tienen acceso a sus predios y la diferencia principal radica en la forma de apropiación de la cosecha de agave.
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Herrera Pérez, Lusmila, Esteban Valtierra Pacheco, Ignacio Ocampo Fletes, Mario A. Tornero Campante, Jorge A. Hernández Plascencia, and Ramón Rodríguez Macías. "Esquemas de contratos agrícolas para la producción de Agave Tequilana Weber en la región de Tequila, Jalisco." Agricultura Sociedad y Desarrollo 15, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 619–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22231/asyd.v15i4.908.
Full textAbstract:
La producción de Agave tequilana Weber var. azul sufre de crisis cíclicas derivadas de las fluctuaciones de los precios de agave y períodos de sobreoferta y escasez del producto en el mercado. El establecimiento de contratos de producción y compraventa entre agaveros e industrias tequileras ha sido una de las alternativas propuestas para reducir los efectos de estas crisis cíclicas y estabilizar el mercado del agave. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar los tipos de contratación para la producción y comercialización de Agave tequilana en la cadena productiva de agave-tequila del municipio de Tequila, Jalisco. Se encuestó a una muestra de 50 productores de agave seleccionados al azar, quienes producen agave bajo tres tipos de contratos: a)Arrendamiento; b) Aparcería; y c) Mediería. El contrato por arrendamiento es el más frecuente y ha desplazado a los esquemas informales de aparcería y mediería. Los arrendadores realizan las labores del agave principalmente en monocultivo y los aparceros y medieros en policultivo. El factor común entre la aparcería y la mediería es que los propietarios tienen acceso a sus predios y la diferencia principal radica en la forma de apropiación de la cosecha de agave.
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Tan, Shibei, Yanqiong Liang, Yanlei Huang, Jingen Xi, Xing Huang, Xiaohan Yang, and Kexian Yi. "Phylogeny and Expression Atlas of the NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY in Agave." Plants 11, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111434.
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Agave species are widely cultivated crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants for alcoholic beverages, food and fiber production. Among these, the Agave hybrid H11648 ((A. amaniensis × A. angustifolia) × A. amaniensis) is the main cultivar for sisal fiber in the tropical areas of Brazil, China, and African countries. The plants of Agave hybrid H11648 have a long life cycle and large leaves, which require a huge amount of nitrogen nutrient. However, the molecular basis of nitrogen transport and allocation has not been well understood in agave. In this study, we identified 19 NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY(NPF) genes (called AhNPFs) with full-length coding sequences in Agave hybrid H11648. Our analysis of gene expression in various types of tissues revealed the tissue-specific expression pattern of AhNPFs. We further examined their expression patterns at different leaf developmental stages, under abiotic/biotic stresses and nutrient deficiency. The results reveal several candidate regulators in the agave NPF family, including AhNPF4.3/5.2/7.1. We first characterized the NPF genes in agave based on published leaf transcriptome datasets and emphasized their potential functions. The study will benefit future studies related to nitrogen nutrient in agave.
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D. Álvarez-Ríos, Gonzalo, Carmen Julia Figueredo-Urbina, and Alejandro Casas. "Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Characteristics of Pulque: Management of a Fermented Beverage in Michoacán, Mexico." Foods 9, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030361.
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Pulque is a beverage that has been prepared in Mexico since pre-Hispanic times from the fermented sap of more than 30 species of wild and domesticated agaves. We conducted studies in two communities of the state of Michoacán, in central-western Mexico, where we documented its traditional preparation and analyzed the relationship between preparation conditions and the composition and dynamics of microbiological communities, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the beverage. In one of the communities, Santiago Undameo (SU), people boil the sap before inoculating it with pulque inoculum; this action causes this local pulque to be sweeter, less acidic, and poorer in bacteria and yeast diversity than in the other community, Tarimbaro (T), where the agave sap is not boiled and where the pulque has more diversity of microorganisms than in SU. Fermentation management, particularly boiling of the agave sap, influences the dynamics and diversity of microbial communities in the beverage.
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Giraldo-Cañas, Diego. "Primer registro de Agave sisalana (Agavaceae, Asparagales) para Colombia." Darwiniana, nueva serie 8, no. 2 (November 11, 2020): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2020.82.910.
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Agave sisalana Perrine, a native species from Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), is recorded for the first time for Colombia. It is morphologically related to Agave fourcroydes Lem. and Agave pax Giraldo-Cañas, but clearly differs from it in various vegetative and reproductive characteristics, which are given. Thus, a total of ten species of Agave are currently known in South America, seven are native and three are naturalized. A key for the South American species is included.
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Alducin-Martínez, Cecilia, Karen Y. Ruiz Mondragón, Ofelia Jiménez-Barrón, Erika Aguirre-Planter, Jaime Gasca-Pineda, Luis E. Eguiarte, and Rodrigo A. Medellin. "Uses, Knowledge and Extinction Risk Faced by Agave Species in Mexico." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010124.
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We compiled an updated database of all Agave species found in Mexico and analyzed it with specific criteria according to their biological parameters to evaluate the conservation and knowledge status of each species. Analyzing the present status of all Agave species not only provides crucial information for each species, but also helps determine which ones require special protection, especially those which are heavily used or cultivated for the production of distilled beverages. We conducted an extensive literature review search and compiled the conservation status of each species using mainstream criteria by IUCN. The information gaps in the database indicate a lack of knowledge and research regarding specific Agave species and it validates the need to conduct more studies on this genus. In total, 168 Agave species were included in our study, from which 89 are in the subgenus Agave and 79 in the subgenus Littaea. Agave lurida and A. nizandensis, in the subgenus Agave and Littaea, respectively, are severely endangered, due to their endemism, lack of knowledge about pollinators and floral visitors, and their endangered status according to the IUCN Red List. Some species are at risk due to the loss of genetic diversity resulting from production practices (i.e., Agave tequilana), and others because of excessive and unchecked overharvesting of wild plants, such as A. guadalajarana, A. victoriae-reginae, A. kristenii, and others. Given the huge economic and ecological importance of plants in the genus Agave, our review will be a milestone to ensure their future and continued provision of ecosystem services for humans, as well as encouraging further research in Agave species in an effort to enhance awareness of their conservation needs and sustainable use, and the implementation of eco-friendly practices in the species management.
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Huang, Xing, Mei Xiao, Jingen Xi, Chunping He, Jinlong Zheng, Helong Chen, Jianming Gao, et al. "De Novo Transcriptome Assembly of Agave H11648 by Illumina Sequencing and Identification of Cellulose Synthase Genes in Agave Species." Genes 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10020103.
Full textAbstract:
Agave plants are important crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants with multiple agricultural uses, such as being used in tequila and fiber production. Agave hybrid H11648 ((A. amaniensis Trel. and Nowell × A. angustifolia Haw.) × A. amaniensis) is the main cultivated Agave species for fiber production in large tropical areas around the world. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of A. H11648. About 49.25 million clean reads were obtained by Illumina paired-end sequencing. De novo assembly produced 148,046 unigenes with more than 40% annotated in public databases, or matched homologs in model plants. More homologous gene pairs were found in Asparagus genome than in Arabidopsis or rice, which indicated a close evolutionary relationship between Asparagus and A. H11648. CAM-related gene families were also characterized as previously reported in A. americana. We further identified 12 cellulose synthase genes (CesA) in Asparagus genome and 38 CesA sequences from A. H11648, A. americana, A. deserti and A. tequilana. The full-length CesA genes were used as references for the cloning and assembly of their homologs in other Agave species. As a result, we obtained CesA1/3/4/5/7 genes with full-length coding region in the four Agave species. Phylogenetic and expression analysis revealed a conserved evolutionary pattern, which could not explain the distinct fiber traits in different Agave species. We inferred that transcriptional regulation might be responsible for Agave fiber development. This study represents the transcriptome of A. H11648, which would expand the number of Agave genes and benefit relevant studies of Agave fiber development.
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Bergsten, Steven J., Andrew K. Koeser, and J. Ryan Stewart. "Evaluation of the Impacts of Salinity on Biomass and Nutrient Levels of Agave Species with Agricultural Potential in Semiarid Regions." HortScience 51, no. 1 (January 2016): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.1.30.
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Long used as a source of food, beverages, and fiber, Agave exhibits potential to be cultivated as a crop to produce alternative sweeteners, bioenergy, and a variety of other end uses. However, little is known regarding the productivity levels of Agave when grown in saline soils in semiarid regions. Hydroponic experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of salinity on biomass accumulation and nutrient levels of young plants of Agave parryi, Agave utahensis ssp. kaibabensis, Agave utahensis ssp. utahensis, and Agave weberi. Salinity treatments (0.6, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 dS·m−1) were imposed in each experiment. Both subspecies of A. utahensis were sensitive to salt treatments. In the higher salinity treatments, A. utahensis ssp. utahensis exhibited high mortality; both subspecies had lower plant dry weights. Agave parryi was more tolerant, but experienced a decrease in plant dry weight in the 9.0 dS·m−1 treatment. The biomass of A. weberi was unaffected by any level of salinity. Calcium, Mg, S, and Mn levels decreased in both A. parryi and A. weberi at higher salinity levels. Potassium and P levels in A. parryi decreased in the higher salt treatments. Decreases in nutrients were not severe enough to cause any apparent nutrient deficiencies in A. parryi and A. weberi. Agave parryi and A. weberi tolerated salinity at higher levels than expected, and may show promise for cultivation in saline soils.
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THIEDE, JOACHIM, and RAFAËL GOVAERTS. "New combinations in Agave (Asparagaceae): A. amica, A. nanchititlensis, and A. quilae." Phytotaxa 306, no. 3 (May 12, 2017): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.306.3.7.
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Phylogenetic studies of Agave Linnaeus (1753: 323) and related genera (Asparagaceae, Agavoideae) thus far published were based either on molecular (Bogler & Simpson 1996; Bogler et al. 2006; Good-Ávila et al. 2006; Scheinvar et al. 2017) or on morphological data (Hernández-Sandoval 1995; Tambutti in Eguiarte et al. 2006). Most studies showed that the genera Manfreda Salisbury (1866: 78), Polianthes Linnaeus (1753: 316) and Prochnyanthes Watson (1887: 457) are nested within the large genus Agave, thus rendering Agave as traditionally circumscribed (= Agave s.str.) paraphyletic. The sole study in which Manfreda, Polianthes and Prochnyanthes grouped separate from and not nested within Agave is the molecular AFLP study of Gil-Vega et al. (2007).