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1
Patil, Parag Ramchandra. "Age related effects of SSRIs." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442260.
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Mair, Ali. "Effects of age on autobiographical memory." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17395/.
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Six experiments investigate the effects of healthy ageing on autobiographical memory (AM). Previous work in this area has shown that older adults exhibit a deficit in recall of specific episodes from their personal past, yet there is evidence in the literature of exceptions to this rule. As yet, there have been few replications and little systematic exploration of the factors and processes that contribute to age effects in AM. Chapter 1 begins with an examination of age differences in memory for prospectively sampled recent everyday events – an area which, despite the growing interest in AM research, has remained largely unstudied. The results showed similar event memory for younger and older adults, and demonstrated both replicability and dissociation from more typical measures of AM (Experiment 2). Subsequent investigations focused on ways of cueing AM by manipulating the need for generative retrieval processing (Chapter 3), and the effect of increasing experimental control and measuring memory for the same staged event (Chapter 4). On all other tasks older adults performed more poorly than younger adults. However, a reanalysis of the data suggested that younger adults exhibit an elderly-like deficit on measures of memory for mundane, everyday events. Moreover, analysis of semantic memory within autobiographical narratives suggested that older adults recall more temporally abstracted information than younger adults (Chapter 5). The findings are interpreted within a framework which suggests that accumulating experience drives a shift from specific episodic memory representation towards a more abstracted schematic form. A parallel line of research investigated the effect of a wearable camera, SenseCam (SC), on memory for recently experienced events (Experiments 1, 4 and 5). SC use provided a general retrieval benefit, but the effect was the same for both younger and older adults, which supports the notion that poor memory performance in older adults is related to altered memory representation rather than deficient retrieval processes.
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Earles, Julie Lynn. "The effects of environmental context on memory : an examination of age differences." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28634.
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Keyes, Laura Marie. "Age Friendly Cities: The Bureaucratic Responsiveness Effects on Age Friendly Policy Adoption." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984140/.
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Challenging a long-held attachment to the medical model, this research develops a cultural model placing local governments at the center of policy making and refocusing policy attention on mobility, housing, the built environment and services. To examine the phenomenon of age friendly policy adoption by cities and the magnitude of adoption, a 21-question web-based survey was administered to a sample of 1,050 cities from the U.S. Census having a population over 10,000 and having at least 14% of their population aged 65 years and over. The goal of the questionnaire was to help identify what kind of policy objectives cities establish to facilitate the opportunity for older adults to live healthy and independent lives in their communities as they age. Multiple linear and ordinal regression models examined the likelihood of policy action by cities and provide evidence as to why some cities support more age friendly policy actions than others. Evidence illustrates theoretical advancement providing support for a cultural model of aging. The cultural model includes multiple factors including bureaucratic responsiveness reflected in the management values of the administration. Findings show variation in the integration of a cultural awareness of aging in the municipality's needs assessment, strategic goals, citizen engagement strategies, and budgetary principles. Cities with a cultural awareness of aging are more likely to adopt age friendly policies. Findings also provide support for the argument that the public administrator is not the driving sole factor in decision making. A shared spaced with mobilized citizen need of individuals 65 and over is identified.
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Eriksson, Martina. "Relative Age Effects among Physically Active Adolescents." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31061.
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Background: Studies have shown that children and adolescents who are relatively older than their younger peers have advantages in sports, partly because they are more biologically mature, a relative age effect (RAE). However the occurrence of RAE in physical performance is still somewhat unclear and more knowledge is needed. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if there were any RAEs on anthropometric measures and physical performance in adolescents who are 13 years old and active in sports. Methods: 128 subjects (78 boys, 50 girls) from Malmö idrottsakademi, a school with a sports profile, were included in this study. Measurements of height and weight were taken and the physical performance was tested for grip strength, sprint and countermovement jump (CMJ). To analyse RAEs the subjects were divided into three groups (teriles) according to their month of birth. Subjects born in Tertile 1 (Jan-Apr) and Tertile 3 (Sep-Dec) were compared together as well as within and between the sexes with independent t-tests. Results: RAEs were present in height (p=0.01), weight (p=0.01), and grip strength (0.03) where higher values were found in the relatively older subjects. Additionally, if weight was accounted for, RAE was present in CMJ where the relatively younger subjects performed better (p=0.03). Further, when sexes was analysed separately the older boys were taller (p=0.01), heavier (p=0.02), and stronger (p=0.05) compared with the younger boys. The older girls were heavier (p=0.01) compared with the younger girls whereas the younger girls got a higher CMJ weight ratio (p=0.05). Conclusion: RAEs were found on anthropometric measures, but were less clear in physical performance. This indicates that although relatively older adolescents are taller and heavier, they are not always in advantage over their younger peers regarding physical performance.
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Haines, Simon J. "Explaining complex age-effects on prospective memory." Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2019. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/4dd53ad08db175e096e25c40d1e7750c905a9c59fd2b663e23c9b1f8048b5c1d/3032541/Haines_2019_Explaining_complex_age-effects_on_prospective.pdf.
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The general aim of this thesis was to investigate complex age-related differences in prospective memory (PM). An extensive review of PM and cognitive ageing (an accepted peer reviewed article for Oxford Research Encyclopedias) was the starting point for identifying key areas of further research in the age-PM field. Specifically, two areas of further research were identified and then investigated empirically in the present research project. First, the need to use conceptually parallel PM task types across settings to illuminate mechanisms of the age-PM paradox was identified. The paradox refers to the general finding that young outperform older adults in the laboratory, but vice versa in naturalistic-settings; and young-old outperform old-old in laboratory but show equivalent levels of performance in naturalistic-setting studies. A second area identified as requiring further empirical investigation was the role of executive functions in mediating age-effects across a wide range of PM tasks. The current research project made a significant contribution to the age-PM literature by undertaking a series of empirical investigations into both of these areas.
The first key empirical investigation is related to illuminating the mechanisms of the age-PM paradox. A paper reporting two empirical experiments is presented (which have been submitted to the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General). In Experiment 1, young (19–30 years; n = 40) and older adults (65–86 years; n = 53) were tested on conceptually parallel PM tasks in the laboratory (using the Virtual Week paradigm that simulates naturalistic PM tasks and routine daily activities) and in a naturalistic-setting using a recently developed novel smartphone paradigm, the MEMO. PM tasks were conceptually parallel in terms of the type of cue and inherent level of environmental support afforded by three PM task types: event-based, time-of-day, and time-interval. The latter two time-based tasks were hypothesised to largely account for the age-PM paradox, in particular by not being sufficiently distinguished and investigated separately in previous studies of the age-PM association in performance across settings. In Experiment 1, participants completed two simulated days of Virtual Week with the three PM tasks types embedded, and two separate blocks of three days for the event-based PM (a photo task when particular events were encountered) and two time-based PM tasks (scheduled and “pop up” quizzes, e.g., come back in 10 minutes to open app on phone to complete a quiz). It was found that young adults outperformed older adults in the laboratory, however, in the naturalistic-setting older adults only outperformed younger adults on time-of-day tasks (i.e., appointment like tasks; in this case completing a scheduled quiz), while similar levels of performance were revealed on event-based tasks (relatively high performance) and time-interval tasks (relatively low performance). In Experiment 2 young-old (60–74 years; n = 64) and old-old (75–87 years; n = 40) adults were compared on the same two PM task types. However, this time the naturalistic-setting paradigm, MEMO, was made more challenging, and conceptually closer to Virtual Week, by combining all PM task types over the same three day period. Participants were also permitted to use external aids. The results showed that young-old outperformed old-old in the laboratory, with both age groups showing better performance on event-based than the time-interval tasks (involving monitoring a stop clock in Virtual Week). Together, these experiments show that the age-PM paradox is only apparent when comparing different types of time-based tasks across settings, and that older adults are vulnerable to forgetting delayed intentions over short intervals with relatively few time cues in a naturalistic-setting. However, when permitted to use external aids older adults can compensate for this cognitive vulnerability, and show similar high levels of performance to their own performance on event-based and time-of-day tasks.
The second key empirical investigation is related to the generally hypothesised mediating role of facets of executive functioning on age-effects on PM, particularly for putatively high demand tasks. In a very novel study in the age-PM field, for the first time four different PM measures were combined in a single study to investigate individual differences in facets of executive functioning mediating age-effects on PM. The study used a large sample of older adults (n = 104; range 60–87 years) who performed the laboratory paradigm Virtual Week, two clinical measures, the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMT), and the Memory for Intentions Test (MIST), and the MEMO. The results showed that there were age-effects for the PM measures that presumably had the highest cognitive demands in so far as they do not permit external aids, that is Virtual Week and the MIST (external aids are allowed in the CAMPROMT and in the present study’s use of the MEMO paradigm). Contrary to previous studies using abstract PM paradigms in the laboratory, older adults’ performance on these relatively naturalistic (even familiar) PM task types showed some relationship to retrospective memory processes, processing speed, and age, but virtually no relationship to separable facets of executive functioning. The models tested included both parallel mediation models, in which both executive and non-executive cognitive processes were measured, and a serial mediation model with processing speed hypothesised to impact executive processes which in turn influence PM task performance. The lack of evidence for both these models suggest that PM is a relatively independent functional construct that is affected by age in some circumstances, regardless of individual differences in executive functioning, and is also sometimes independent of both age and executive functioning processes. The present thesis thus indicates potential boundary conditions for both the manifestation of the age-PM paradox and the mediating role of executive functions on age-related changes in PM.
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Manuel, Rhoda. "Effects of target age and participant age on attitude inferences and their accuracy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0005/MQ42411.pdf.
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Reich, Kerstin. "Exploring age and generation effects in cultural differences." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420758.
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Watson, F. L. "Word age-of acquisition effects in lexical processing." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333077.
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Ristuccia, Robert C. "Age differences in ethanol effects sensitivity and reward /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Akin, Faith W., Courtney D. Hall, Owen D. Murnane, and Kristal M. Riska. "Effects of Age on Vestibular and Balance Systems." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2427.
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Whiting, Wythe L. IV. "Effects of elaboration on age differences in memory performance." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28757.
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Morrison, Hayli. "Analysis of age-related differences in political message framing effects." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32607.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Journalism and Mass Communications
Louise Benjamin
This experimental research builds upon the health communications study completed by Rustam Haydarov in 2010, with a similar approach to ascertain how an individual’s age might influence their reaction to political messages. Using a typology of frames by Levin, Schneider and Gaeth (1998), the study utilizes an older demographic (ages 55-70) and a younger comparison group (ages 18-33) to determine a) if both groups find positive advertising messages more favorable than negative advertising messages and b) if the older demographic is more wary than younger counterparts when discussing current events and the future of America. The study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to determine reactions to goal-oriented and loss-oriented message framing in four mock print political campaign advertisements focusing on the topics of healthcare and college education financing. There was greater prevalence of strongly negative and strongly positive reactions among the younger demographic, except in the case of the loss-framed healthcare ad. The older group reacted more strongly to that particular ad, concerning an issue which had great relevance to them. Of the two age groups, the older demographic registered a more even-keeled reaction across the four ads. Overall, this study has focused on how message frame, topic and age of the message receiver combine to affect message resonance in the context of political communications.
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Carol, Rolando N. "Age trends and suggestibility : the effects of social influence." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2051.
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The present study explored how the source of suggestive information affected children's memory for a witnessed event as a function of age. Children and adolescents ranging from 7 to 17 years of age watched a 10-minute video and were then interviewed twice about the witnessed event: once immediately after watching the video and again 1 week later. During the second interview the source of social influence (peer vs. adult) and suggestive information accuracy (correct-leading vs. incorrect-leading) were manipulated. Findings indicate that adults were the most influential source and peers were the least influential source, regardless of age. The data also suggest an age trend in suggestibility such that younger children are more influenced by incorrect information attributed to an adult source than older children.
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Anderson-MacKenzie, Janet Melanie. "Avian articular cartilage : effects of age, genotype and disease." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26116.
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The degradation of articular cartilage, causing degenerative joint disease (DJD), is a documented cause of lameness in broiler strain fowl, which is a major welfare problem. Broiler strain fowl are both heavier and more susceptible to DJD than laying strain fowl. In this thesis the biochemical and morphological basis for this susceptibility has been investigated, particular attention has been paid to the effects of body weight and genotype on avian articular cartilage. Articular cartilage from three distinct sites was analysed. Samples from mature broiler strain females, susceptible to DJD, had higher hydration and uronic acid content than age matched, non-susceptible, laying strain fowl. In addition to these biochemical features (also seen in mammalian DJD), broiler strain fowl exhibited DJD histopathology including cartilage thinning and chondrocyte cluster formation. In general, both strains at one day old showed no significant biochemical differences between the articular cartilage sites sampled. However the cartilage from the broiler strain distal tibiotarsus (DTT) at one day old appeared to be biochemically and morphologically distinct from the cartilage of the layer strain DTT and from the other broiler strain joint surface of the same age. Production of an infectious arthritis by inoculation of mycoplasma into the tibiotarsal joint of broiler strain fowl resulted in variable biochemistry of articular cartilage form this joint. However, in the non-injected, contralateral joint, sampled from the DTT, there was an increase in hydration and uronic acid content which is dependent upon the degree of lameness. This indicates the importance of in vivo loading in the biochemical composition of avian articular cartilage. Broiler strain birds fed ad libitum, feed restricted and J-line (wild type) were surveyed over the course of one year. Only the ad libitum fed birds developed overt DJD, which suggests that the mass of bird, and not an overriding genetic element, is the major cause of the susceptibility of broiler strain fowl to DJD. The joint surface which presented the first and most severe signs indicative of early cartilage degeneration was the DTT. The biochemical results obtained from articular cartilage samples of the three groups include hydration, uronic acid, DNA and hydroxyproline content.
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McIntyre, Grant S. "Maternal age effects on offspring quality in house flies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0008/NQ59633.pdf.
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Riediger, Susan. "Age-related effects on balance recovery during perturbed locomotion." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0004/MQ41765.pdf.
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Boak, James Christopher. "Effects of age related degeneration on cervical spine mechanics." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43302.
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The average age of people suffering spinal cord injuries (SCIs) is shifting toward an older population, frequently occurring in the spondylotic (degenerated) cervical spine, due to low energy impacts. Since canal stenosis (narrowing) is a common feature of a spondylotic cervical spine, flexion or extension of such a spine can compress the spinal cord. This thesis involves two studies investigating the effects of spondylosis on the kinematics of the cervical spine and on compression of the spinal cord during spine motion.
The first study developed and evaluated an image analysis technique that measures a new combination of degenerative and kinematic continuous, quantitative variables in cervical spine sagittal plane flexion-extension image pairs. This technique, evaluated using plane X-ray, effectively quantified angular range of motion, anterior-posterior (AP) translation, intervertebral disc height, pincer spinal canal diameter, and osteophyte length. The angular accuracy and linear precision were found to be ±1.3° and approximately ±0.6mm, respectively. This compared well to previous studies and is adequate for potential clinical applications.
The second study quantified the effect of increasing anterior canal stenosis on spinal cord compression during spine motion. This study used a whole porcine cadaveric cervical spine, a radio-opaque surrogate spinal cord, and an artificial osteophyte. The spine was imaged by sagittal plane X-ray during quasistatic pure moment flexion-extension bending. This study demonstrated that the cadaveric model could simulate the typical spondylotic SCI mechanisms in both flexion (bowstring stretching) and extension (pincer). Spinal cord AP diameter could be measured accurately within ±0.25mm and cord diameter differences could be measured within ±0.5mm. Cord compression due to the artificial osteophyte increased with increased canal stenosis, but never exceeded 1mm.
The image analysis techniques developed in the first study and results of future studies based on these techniques may be used to improve cadaveric modelling of SCI due to low energy impacts in the presence of age-related spine degeneration. Improved understanding of injury mechanisms may aid clinical intervention to both prevent and treat SCI in the presence of age-related spine degeneration.
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McKenzie, Nicole C., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Obstacle negotiation kinematics: age-dependent effects of postural threat." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2002, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/192.
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The effects of postural threat and the potential consequences of obstacle contact on the obstacle contact on the obstacle negotiation kinematics among younger and older adults were examined. Seventeen older (OA;7males, 10 females; mean age, 68.94 + 4.85) and fifteen younger adults (YA; 5males, 10 females; mean age, 22.53 + 2.77) negotiated virtual and real obstacles while walking at a self-determined velocity along a 7.2m walkway under 4 different conditions of postural threat. Postural threat was manipulated by varying the width (0.60m)) of the walkway. Postural threat altered crossing kinematics for all subjects. Specifically, age-related differences emerged with increasing postural threat, however the changes observed among older adults were considerably different from those of younger adults. Additionally, there was no effect for the potential consequences of obstacle contact, however, no age-related differences emerged. These results revealed an effect for postural threat and obstacle characteristics on the negotiation strategies of younger and older adults. Both postural threat and obstacle characteristics elicit conservative crossing kinematics in younger and older adults. Specifically, these findings illustrate age-dependent differences in obstacle negotiation strategies and that postural threat affects older adults differently than younger adults whereas the potential consequences of obstacle contact affects younger and older adults equally.xii, 79 leaves ; 28 cm.
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Hickson, Stacey. "Effects of age & blood pressure on vascular function." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604033.
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In the first study, cine phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) was validated as a total to measure pulse wave velocity (PWV). PC-MRI was then utilised to investigate the regional differences in the age-related rise in aortic pulse wave velocity. Age-related increases in arterial stiffness were greatest in the abdominal aorta, whereas the greatest increase in aortic diameter occurred in the ascending aorta. Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), a disease of accelerated vascular ageing, may be related to a reduced aortic diameter. The third study measured compliance, distensibility, systolic and diastolic aortic diameters in the aortic root and around the aortic arch, using MRI. ISH was associated with greater diameter and reduced compliance and distensibility in the aortic arch, but not in the aortic root. The marked increase in aortic stiffness with age, with little change in peripheral stiffness can result in a reversal of the arterial stiffness gradient. This may cause impedance matching, and reduced proximal wave reflection by shifting reflection sites distally. The final study compared wave reflection amplitude (Aix) and reflection site distance between subjects with a normal and a reversed arterial stiffness gradient. A reversed stiffness gradient was associated with increased Aix and reflection site distance. These findings reject the hypothesis that preferential stiffening of the central arteries causes attenuation in the rise of Aix with age by shifting the site of wave reflection distally. This thesis demonstrated regional age-related changes in the large arteries. Specifically, aortic stiffening occurs preferentially in the abdominal region, and the smallest change occurs in the aortic arch. Aortic arch dilatation, but not aortic root dilatation, also occurs with advancing age, and to a higher degree in individuals with isolated systolic hypertension.
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Humphries, Courtney (Courtney Elizabeth). "Side effects : the new age of AIDS in America." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39435.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Humanities, Program in Writing and Humanistic Studies, 2004.Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 29-32).
When the cocktail of AIDS drugs called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was introduced in 1997, it radically changed the picture of HIV and AIDS in the U.S. Deaths from AIDS plummeted by two-thirds. Now, far fewer people are progressing along the once-inevitable path to illness and death. The impact of new therapy has been both dramatic and double-edged: it has spared tens of thousands from death, but has complicated their lives in countless ways. This newspaper series in five parts examines the new landscape of AIDS in the aftermath of success - a success that is still incomplete as there is still no cure. The new therapies carry literal side effects - the toxicities of drugs that infected individuals must take everyday for the rest of their lives. But the drugs have also created social and political side effects as AIDS is transformed to an increasingly chronic disease. The series relays the stories of HIV-infected individuals, clinicians, social workers, and AIDS service and prevention workers in Boston and examines how their lives and work have changed now that AIDS is no longer seen as a "crisis" in the U.S.
by Courtney Humphries.
S.M.
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Izura, Cristina. "Age of acquisition effects in first and second languages." Thesis, University of York, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9847/.
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Chantler, Paul David. "Age-and-exercise-related effects on cardiac power output." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2004. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5640/.
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Ageing is an inevitable process characterised by a progressive deterioration in the function of a number of organs and systems, ultimately reducing the individual's quality of life. Despite its obvious importance, our understanding of the basic age-related changes in cardiac function remains poor. In part because past studies, describing the changes in cardiac function with age, have not always adequately controlled for different lifestyles or superimposed diseases, while using less than complete measures of overall cardiac function and appropriate scaling models. The aim of this thesis was to determine the changes in overall cardiac function associated with healthy ageing, using the comprehensive, non-invasive method of cardiac power output (CPO). After identifying that CPO was not affected by circadian rhythms, 149 sedentary men and women (19-75 years) and 60 active men were investigated. All were free from cardiovascular diseases and medications. The findings indicated that healthy ageing, in all subject populations, was associated with an ~17% decline in CPOrest, ~15% in CPOmax, and ~14% in CR. Age for age, sedentary men had greater CPO values than women, both at rest (~19%) and at maximal exercise (~25%). In addition, cardiac function was greater in the active men, compared with age-matched, sedentary controls, with values ranging from 11-30% greater. It was also found that body composition had a significant impact on the interpretation of CPO data. For example, when scaled allometrically for fat free mass (FFMb), absolute sex-related differences in CPO disappeared, as did the age-related decline in CPOrest. Also, in women no age-related changes in CPOmax were found once normalised to FFMb even though in men, CPOmax and CR still declined with age. Clearly, how these data are normalised relative to body composition is crucial to the interpretation of the effects of ageing or an active lifestyle. These are novel findings and indicate that healthy ageing is associated with reductions in overall cardiac function, as represented by significant declines in CPOmax and CR in men, but not women. In addition, endurance training improved aerobic capacity while attenuating the changes in cardiac function.
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Defayette, D. Nicole, and L. Lee Glenn. "Marginal Effects of Patient Age on Human Papillomavirus Knowledge." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7486.
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Reynolds, Tamara. "Transgenerational effects of maternal age on fertility of offspring." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492115742061456.
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Penney, Jonathon Walter. "Chilling effects in the internet age : three case studies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:71d0f9a9-8f89-4a78-9364-a99c61c35105.
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This thesis is an empirical legal investigation into regulatory chilling effects in online contexts. Internet censorship is on the rise globally and state surveillance and cyber-policing capabilities are rapidly evolving. Understanding regulatory "chilling effects" - the idea that laws, regulations, or state surveillance can deter people from exercising their freedoms or engaging in legal activities - has thus today taken on greater urgency and public importance. Yet, the notion is not uncontroversial; many commentators have questioned the existence and impact of regulatory chilling effects, particularly in online contexts. It does not help that previous studies on regulatory chilling effects are generally narrow in methodological and theoretical approach and concern traditional media contexts, shedding little light on how chilling effects may work online. Drawing on a theoretical framework that synthesizes traditional chilling effects theory - forged largely by legal theorists Frank Schauer and Daniel Solove - and informed by insights from both online privacy and computer mediated communications (CMC) research, this thesis addresses this gap in the literature with an innovative research design that explores regulatory chilling effects online, with case studies exploring its comparative, regulatory, and surveillance-related dimensions. In concrete terms, this thesis provides empirical and theoretical foundations not only for the notion of regulatory chilling effects online but also factors that influence them. The first case study, a first-of-its-kind online survey with over 1200 respondents, provides general empirical support for the existence of regulatory chilling effects in online contexts, including comparative insights, that is, how some forms of regulation or surveillance may have more significant regulatory chilling effects than others, and why. The second case study examines whether widely covered revelations in June 2013 concerning NSA/PRISM online surveillance has had a chilling effect on Wikipedia users. The third case study is an investigation of the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)'s controversial notice and takedown copyright enforcement system, a scheme often criticized for creating chilling effects online. This DMCA study is carried with a sample of 500 Google Blogs and 500 Twitter accounts and offers insights into how regulatory chilling effects work in practice, along with insights and implications of automated or "robotized" legal enforcement and the DMCA's international impact. Ultimately, this thesis addresses substantial gaps in existing research and literature concerning the existence, scope, impact, and permanence of regulatory chilling effects, and factors that influence them, while helping lay the foundation for a theory of regulatory chilling effects for online contexts. It also has substantial methodological contributions, offering unique and innovative methods for measuring and exploring regulatory chilling effects that can be re-deployed or built upon in future research.
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Lo, David. "Effects of combination therapies on age-related macular degeneration." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/21209.
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Thesis (M.A.) PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of vision loss in America for people over the age of 60. Due to damage to the retina, symptoms normally include blurred central vision, difficulty reading, and seeing shadows. While there is no cure for the disease, there are treatments that slow its progression and can restore vision. The treatments explored in this paper are: anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and steroids. All three require invasive eye procedures that carry their own risks. The possibility of more effective treatments by combining these therapies is being tested through clinical trials. Studies of combined PDT and anti-VEGF, combined PDT and steroids, and anti-VEGF monotherapy were reviewed, comparing changes in average visual acuity, foveal thickness, and number of injections administered. PDT and anti-VEGF was concluded to be the most efficient of the three, requiring fewer injections while showing an increase in visual acuity similar to anti-VEGF monotherapy.
2031-01-01
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Carlton, Alan. "Effects of age and stimulus frequency on gap discrimination." Scholar Commons, 2004. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/981.
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Objective: Deficits in temporal resolution may be one element underlying the speech understanding difficulties experienced by older listeners in degraded acoustic environments. In real listening environments, important temporal cues are surrounded by stimuli of varying frequencies. This study was designed to assess temporal resolution as a function of frequency region, frequency-disparity, and age in listeners with normal hearing.
Design: Gap duration difference limens (GDDLs) were measured using leading and trailing markers that were fixed at the same frequency (fixed-frequency) or at frequencies one-half octave apart (frequency-disparate) for two groups of listeners with normal hearing: (1) 18-22 years and (2) 55-66 years. Two distinct frequency regions were represented, 500 Hz and 4000 Hz.
Results: The results indicated significant effects of age, frequency region, and frequency disparity on GDDLs. Poorer overall performance was observed for the older listeners, the lower frequency region, and the frequency-disparate condition.
Conclusions: Gap discrimination is negatively affected by advanced age, lower marker frequencies, and larger marker frequency disparities.
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Gambrell, James Lamar. "Effects of age and schooling on 22 ability and achievement tests." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2498.
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Although much educational research has investigated the relative effectiveness of different educational interventions and policies, little is known about the absolute net benefits of K-12 schooling independent of growth due to chronological age and out-of-school experience. The nearly universal policy of age tracking in schools makes this a difficult topic to investigate. However, a quasi-experimental regression discontinuity design can be used to separate observed test score differences between grades into independent age and schooling components, yielding an estimate of the net effects of school exposure at each grade level. In this study, a multilevel version of this design was applied to scores on 22 common ability and achievement tests from two major standardized test batteries. The ability battery contained 9 measures of Verbal, Quantitative, and Figural reasoning. The achievement battery contained 13 measures in the areas of Language, Mathematics, Reading, Social Studies, Science, and Sources of Information. The analysis was based on sample of over 20,000 students selected from a longitudinal database collected by a large U.S. parochial school system.
The theory of fluid (Gf) and crystallized (Gc) intelligence predicts that these tests will show systematically different levels of sensitivity to schooling. Indeed, the achievement (Gc) tests were found to be three times more sensitive to schooling than they were to aging (one-year effect sizes of .41 versus .15), whereas the ability (Gf) tests were equally influenced by age (.18) and schooling (.19). Nonetheless, the schooling effect on most Gf tests was substantial, especially when the compounding over a typical school career is considered. This replicates the results of previous investigations of age and schooling using regression discontinuity methods and once again contradicts common interpretations of fluid ability.
Different measures of a construct often exhibited varying levels of school sensitivity. Those tests that were less sensitive to schooling generally required reading, reasoning, transfer, synthesis, or translation; posed a wider range of questions; and/or presented problems in an unfamiliar format. Quantitative reasoning tests showed more sensitivity to schooling than figural reasoning tests, while verbal reasoning tests occupied a middle ground between the two. Schooling had the most impact on basic arithmetic skills and mathematical concepts, and a significantly weaker impact on the solution of math word problems. School-related gains on isolated language skills were much larger than gains on solving grammar problems in context. The weakest schooling impact overall was on reading comprehension where effects were no larger than those on verbal ability measures.
An interesting dichotomy was found between spelling and paper folding (a measure of figural and spatial reasoning). Spelling skills showed robust schooling effects but a consistently negative age slope, a puzzling result which indicates that younger students in each group outperformed older students. Paper folding showed the opposite pattern, a large age effect and a small but consistently negative schooling effect.
Results serve to rebut skepticism about both the impact of schooling on test scores and the validity of distinctions between ability and achievement. It is argued that the regression discontinuity design has great potential in the measurement of school effectiveness, while also offering a source of validity evidence for test developers and test users. Implications for theories of cognitive ability and future research on schooling effects are discussed.
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Millard, Marcus J. "Effects of Lithium Nitrate Admixture on Early Age Concrete Behavior." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11615.
Full textAbstract:
Alkali silica reaction (ASR), a reaction which occurs between reactive siliceous mineral components in the aggregate and the alkaline pore solution in concrete, is responsible for substantial damage to concrete structures in the U. S. and across the world. Lithium admixtures, including lithium nitrate (LiNO3), have been demonstrated to mitigate ASR damage, and are of particular interest for use in concrete airfield pavement construction, where ASR damage has been recently linked to the use of certain de-icing chemicals. Although the effectiveness of lithium admixtures at ASR-mitigation is well-researched, relatively less is known regarding the potential effects, including negative effects, on overall concrete behavior. The goal of this research is to better understand the influence of LiNO3 admixture on early age concrete behavior, and to determine if a maximum dosage rate for its use exists.
Isothermal calorimetry, rheology and bleed water testing, time of setting, chemical shrinkage, autogenous shrinkage, free and restrained concrete shrinkage, and compressive and flexural strength were measured for pastes and concretes prepared with a range of LiNO3 dosages (i.e., 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400% of the recommended dosage). In addition, the interaction of LiNO3 with cement was evaluated by comparing results obtained with six cements of varying alkali and tricalcium aluminate (C3A) contents. Additionally, one of these cements, was examined alone and with 20% by weight Class F fly ash replacement.
Results indicate that the hydration of the tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate components of cement are accelerated by the use of LiNO3, and that low alkali cements (typically specified to avoid damage by ASR) may be particularly susceptible to this acceleration. However, inclusion of Class F fly ash at 20% by weight replacement of cement (also common in applications where ASR is a concern) appears to diminish these possibly negative effects of LiNO3 on early age hydration acceleration and heat generation. Dosages higher than the current standard dosage of LiNO3 may have minor effects on fresh concrete workability, causing slight decreases in Bingham yield stress, corresponding to slightly higher slump. Fresh concrete viscosity may also be affected, though more research is necessary to confirm this effect. LiNO3 had no effect on quantity of bleed water in the mixes tested. Generally, LiNO3 had no effect on initial and final setting times, although increasing dosages caused faster set times in the lowest alkali (Na2Oeq = 0.295%) cement examined. In shrinkage testing, higher LiNO3 dosages appeared to cause initial expansion in some sealed paste specimens, but in all cases the highest dosage led to greater autogenous shrinkage after 40 days. In concrete specimens, however, the restraining effect of aggregates diminished shrinkage, and no effect of the LiNO3 was apparent. In no cases, with any dosage of lithium tested, with or without fly ash replacement, did restrained shrinkage specimens show any cracking. Strength testing produced mixed results, with laboratory specimens increasing in 28-day compressive strength, but companion specimens cast in the field and tested by an outside laboratory, exhibited lower 28-day compressive strength, with increasing lithium dosages. Flexural specimens, also cast in the field and tested by an outside laboratory, appeared to show an increase in 28-day flexural strength with increasing lithium dosages. However, because of the conflicting results when comparing the various strength data, further research is necessary for conclusive evidence of LiNO3 effects on concrete strength.
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Lavelle, Barbara M., and barbara lavelle@deakin edu au. "complexity, age and motor competence effects on fine motor kinematics." Deakin University. School of Health Sciences, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061207.122512.
Full textAbstract:
Prehension is a fundamental skill usually performed as part of a complex action sequence in everyday tasks. Using an information processing framework, these studies examined the effects of task complexity, defined by the number of component movement elements (MEs), on performance of prehension tasks. Of interest was how motor control and organisation might be influenced by age and/or motor competence. Three studies and two longitudinal case studies examined kinematic characteristics of prehension tasks involving one-, two- and three-MEs: reach and grasp (low-complexity); reach, grasp and object placement (moderate-complexity); and reach, grasp and double placement of object (high-complexity).
A pilot study established the suitability of tasks and procedures for children aged 5-, 8- and 11-years and showed that responses to task complexity and object size manipulations were sensitive to developmental changes, with increasing age associated with faster movements. Study 2 explored complexity and age effects further for children aged 6- and 11-years and adults. Increasing age was associated with shorter and less variable movement times (MTs) and proportional deceleration phases (%DTs) across all MEs. Task complexity had no effect on simple reaction time (SRT), suggesting that there may be little preprogramming of movements beyond the first ME. In addition, MT was longer and more on-line corrections were evident for the high- compared to the moderate-complexity task for ME1. Task complexity had a greater influence on movements in ME2 and ME3 than ME1. Adults, but not children, showed task specific adaptations in ME2.
Study 3 examined performance of children with different levels of motor competence aged between 5- and 10-years. Increasing age was associated with shorter SRTs, and MTs for ME1 only. A decrease in motor competence was associated with greater difficulty in planning and controlling movements as indicated by longer SRTs, higher %DTs and more on-line corrections, especially in ME2. Task complexity affected movements in all MEs, with a greater influence on ME1 compared to Study 2. Findings also indicated that performance in MEs following prehension may be especially sensitive to motor competence effects on movement characteristics. Case studies for two children at risk of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) revealed two different patterns of performance change over a 16-17 month period, highlighting the heterogeneous nature of DCD. Overall, findings highlighted age-related differences, and the role of motor competence, in the ability to adapt movements to task specific requirements. Results are useful in guiding movement education programmes for children with both age-appropriate and lower levels of motor competence.
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Wong, Julia. "Effects of age on the arterial system and the heart." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24766.pdf.
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Barton, Kasey Elisabeth. "Seedling defense strategies: Effects of plant age, herbivory and competition." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256440.
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Tsang, Clinton Yin Hang. "The effects of age and visual stimuli on narrative production." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/21726.
Full textAbstract:
Narrative production has been used as a tool for assessing and treating individuals
with acquired language disorders as well as cognitive-linguistic deficits. Because individuals
who sustained these conditions tend to be older adults, it is important to distinguish between
the effects of normal aging versus the effects of these conditions on narrative production.
Research has also suggested that both aging and the use of different visual materials may
influence performance on narrative production tasks. This study was designed to investigate
the effects of aging and the use of different visual stimuli, namely, picture sequence versus
video, in narrative production by normal healthy adults.
Twenty younger and twenty older adults with no cognitive or language deficits
participated in this study. Each participant produced two different narratives, one based on a
picture sequence stimulus and the other based on a video stimulus. Lexical diversity, verbnoun
ratio, cohesion, coherence and content richness of each narrative were measured and
compared across age groups and task conditions. Results of the study showed that age did not
have an effect on any of the dependent measures. Narratives elicited from the picture
sequence condition appeared to have a higher lexical diversity than those elicited from the
video condition, which was found to be due to the lower total number of words in narratives
of the picture sequence condition. Task did not have an effect on verb-noun ratio, cohesion,
coherence and content richness. Unexpectedly, a main effect of task was found on total
number of words and the percentage of core propositions produced. Limitations and clinical
implication of the current study, as well as future direction for research, are discussed.
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Mayhew, Paul Martin. "Fragility of the proximal femur : effects of age and osteoporosis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614879.
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Chambers, Nicole Elaine. "The Effects of Age and Task on Visual Emotion Processing." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1475.
Full textAbstract:
Younger adults’ perception of and attention to facial stimuli are enhanced by positive and negative emotional expressions, with negativity leading to a greater benefit than positivity. Conversely, older adults demonstrate a positivity bias, devoting more attention to positive stimuli and less to negative. It is unclear if age differences in these attentional preferences emerge due to differences in how their perceptual systems respond to positive and negative stimuli. Emotional facial expressions elicit enhanced P1 and N170 components of visually-evoked event-related potentials (ERP) over posterior scalp regions associated with vision. The current study examined the extent to which angry and happy facial expressions evoked differential patterns of P1 and N170 enhancements in younger (n = 21, ages 18-30) and older (n = 20, ages 60-76) adults. Participants were presented with happy, angry, and neutral faces under four instructional conditions: passively view, passively view but consider emotion, categorize emotion, and categorize gender. ERPs were recorded from the posterior scalp electrodes of a 128- channel high density electrode array and were time-locked to the onset of facial stimuli. The recordings were segmented and averaged based on the instructional condition and emotional expression of the stimulus. Analyses of the average P1 and N170 latencies revealed no age differences. Overall, participants displayed larger amplitude P1 and N170 to all stimuli when asked to categorize gender or emotionality. Contrary to expectations, both younger and older adults displayed larger N170 amplitudes for angry
and happy expressions relative to neutral ones. Although older adults display a positivity bias in allocating attention to emotional stimuli, in the current study, younger and older adults both displayed an enhanced N170 for emotional faces relative to neutral faces, suggesting that the perceptual systems of younger and older adults are similarly engaged in processing positive and negative facial expressions at early time points.
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姚松炎 and Chung-yim Yiu. "The effects of age on housing prices in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576878.
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Rauscher, Franziska Georgia. "Central and Peripheral Visual Function : Effects of Age and Disease." Thesis, City University London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511813.
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Koutia, Adele Janette. "The Effects of Age on External Cue-Based Spatial Navigation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595047.
Full textAbstract:
As animals age, there are functional alterations in synaptic connectivity and plasticity within the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. These changes are associated with age-related spatial memory deficits. Importantly, there is evidence that at least in some experimental situations aged rats may rely on self-motion information more than external visual cues for navigation. In order to better understand differences in the degree to which old and young animals are able to utilize external cues to update their internal representations of space a novel behavioral apparatus was developed to allow for complete and immediate control of all visual cues in the environment. Both old and young rats were able to locate a goal location after all orienting cues in the apparatus were rotated instantaneously. Unexpectedly, aged animals tended to change their behavior to realign with the rotated cues more reliably than did young animals. Young rats tended to visit the area surrounding the goal location, but appeared to improve over time.
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Gudberg, Christel Alessandra. "Effects of age on sleep and consolidation of motor learning." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4537a396-3947-4afb-be46-92105d17000a.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Our ability to consolidate what we learn changes with age. However, little is known about the neurophysiological underpinnings of consolidation of motor learning in ageing. This is largely because studies have repeatedly demonstrated a deficit in sleep-dependent consolidation of motor learning in older adults. This thesis aims to reassess commonly held assumptions about consolidation in ageing, as well as to examine the neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms that support the learning and consolidation processes. Methods: Most of the studies in this thesis are based on the design of a novel whole-hand task for use in older adults, which reduces dependency on fine motor skill. This thesis adopts a number of converging measures to examine learning and memory including electroencephalograhy (EEG), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), actigraphy recordings, as well as behavioural and self-reported measures of sleep. Results: Findings show significant improvements in learning with the adapted motor task in older adults. Importantly, this task reveals significant sleep- dependent enhancements in older adults, which are comparable to those seen in younger controls. Functional changes in sleep architecture with ageing show overall decline in slow wave sleep. Sleep-dependent improvements were specifically associated with activity in stage 3 slow wave sleep and increased hemispheric differences regardless of age. Changes in GABA concentrations with learning on a visuomotor tracking task showed marked variability across participants, and no clear associations were found between GABA and consolidation. Conclusion: The evidence presented in this thesis highlight the complex dynamics underlying sleep consolidation, and challenges a commonly held assumption about consolidation in older adults. Specifically, the studies presented here show that observed declines in motor consolidation with ageing may be contaminated by age-related deficits fine motor skill. By removing such kinematic constraints, it was possible to detect marked improvements in motor performance also in older adults despite age-related changes in sleep architecture.
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Keskiväli-Bond, Piia. "Effects of acute early age statin treatment on rat vasculature." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/374917/.
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Stadthagen, Hans. "Age of acquisition and frequency effects in visual word recognition." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/e39428a9-67b4-4b1f-93f1-feee3b84b172.
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Hart, Alaina. "Effects of Biofilm Age and Composition on Oyster Larval Setting." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/14.
Full textAbstract:
The lack of success in restoring oyster, Crassostrea virginica, populations to Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries has raised many questions about why many restoration efforts have failed. A number of studies have focused on the larval stage of oysters and considered the variables that impact oyster setting behavior in an effort to understand why oyster populations have not recovered. Studies that have examined setting surfaces suggest that biofilms promote oyster larval settlement; however, similar studies with barnacle larvae have found an inhibitory relationship. The present study utilized field-produced biofilms of different ages to determine if natural biofilms inhibit or promote setting of larval oysters. Several aspects of the biofilms where analyzed including biomass, chlorophyll a concentration, percent organic matter, bacterial cell counts, and bacterial community composition. Larval setting was found to increase as biomass and age of biofilm increased. No effects of chlorophyll a concentration, percent organic matter, bacterial cell counts, or bacterial community composition were detected. The predator Stylochus elipticus was observed to have a profound effect on newly set larvae. A new method for enumerating bacterial cells was explored to promote high throughput analysis of biofilm specimens. This method involves applying bacterial suspensions to bio-adhesive slides with subsequent staining and was compared to the standard method of enumeration on filters. The bio-adhesive slide procedure allowed processing of ten times more specimens per slide, resulted in lower background fuorescence, and higher bacterial counts than the standard filter method. The method promoted high throughput while yielding more accurate counts than filters when compared to dilution curves and was found to be useful for direct enumeration of bacteria in laboratory cultures, wastewater, sediments, and biofilms.
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Goussakov, Roma, and Valde Stjernström. "Estimating Okun’s law in Sweden : Effects of gender and age." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65220.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether Okun’s law is valid within Sweden. Furthermore, we are also interested in studying how it varies with different genders and age groups. Quarterly data on GDP and unemployment between the years 1980 to 2015 is used. Three different models have been tested on their ability to estimate Okun’s law and the model with the highest explanatory power was chosen. The results show that unemployment among men are more affected by changes in GDP growth than women, which likely is because more men tend to work in the private sector and women in the public sector. Young workers are also affected to a greater degree than older workers, due to how the employment protection act (LAS) works in Sweden.Syftet med uppsatsen är främst att undersöka den så kallade Okuns lag i Sverige, och mer specifikt studera om sambandet varierar mellan kön och åldersgrupper. Kvartalsdata på BNP och arbetslöshet mellan åren 1980 till 2015 har använts. Tre olika modeller har testats på hur väl de kunde förklara Okuns lag i Sverige, varav den ena modellen hade högre förklaringsgrad. Resultaten visar att män påverkades till en högre grad av förändringar i ekonomins tillväxt än kvinnor. Detta beror sannolikt på att män i högre grad tenderar att jobba inom den privata sektorn och kvinnor inom offentliga sektorn, vilken inte är lika känslig för konjunktursvängningar. Vi fann även att yngre arbetare påverkas till en högre grad än äldre av förändringar i ekonomins tillväxt. Detta beror sannolikt på hur lagen om anställningsskydd (LAS) är uppbyggd i Sverige.
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Gmitter, Christine. "Age-related effects on the Threshold Equalizing Noise (TEN) test." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8273.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Au.D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Hearing and Speech Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Yiu, Chung-yim. "The effects of age on housing prices in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42576878.
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Jiang, Baoyu. "Learner motivation and preference effects of culture, gender and age /." online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 1998. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9828185.
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Christensen, Ryan T. "Age Effects on Iron-Based Pipes in Water Distribution Systems." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/505.
Full textAbstract:
Pipes in water distribution systems may change as they age. The accumulation of corrosion byproducts and suspended particles on the inside wall of aged pipes can increase pipe roughness and reduce pipe diameter. To quantify the hydraulic effects of irregular accumulation on the pipe walls, eleven aged pipes ranging in diameter from 0.020-m (0.75-in) to 0.100-m (4-in) and with varying degrees of turberculation were located and subjected to laboratory testing. The laboratory test results were used to determine a relationship between pipe diameter reduction and Hazen-Williams C. This relationship, combined with a manipulation of the Hazen-Williams equation, provided a simple and direct method for correcting the diameters of aged pipes in distribution models. Using EPANET 2, the importance of correcting pipe diameters when modeling water distribution systems containing aged pipes was investigated. Correcting the pipe diameters in the sample network reduced the modeled water age by up to 10% and changed the pattern of fluctuating water age that occurred as waters with different sources moved through the pipe network. In addition, two of the aforementioned aged pipes with diameters of 0.025-m (1-in) and 0.050-m (2-in) were modeled using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence modeling. Flow was computed at Reynolds numbers ranging from 6700 to 31,000 using three turbulence models including a 4-equation v2-f model, and 2-equation realizable k-e; and k-ω models. In comparing the RANS results to the laboratory testing, the v2-f model was found to be most accurate, producing Darcy-Weisbach friction factors from 5% higher to 15% lower than laboratory-obtained values. The capability of RANS modeling to provide a detailed characterization of the flow in aged pipes was demonstrated. Large eddy simulation (LES) was also performed on a single 0.050-m (2-in) pipe at a Reynolds number of 6800. The Darcy-Weisbach friction factor calculated using LES was 20% less than obtained from experimental tests. Roughness elements smaller than the grid scale and deficiencies in the subgrid-scale model at modeling the complex three-dimensional flow structures due to the irregular pipe boundary were identified as likely sources of error. Even so, the utility of LES for describing complex flows was established.
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Krause, Timothy Allen. "Sound Effects: Age, Gender, and Sound Symbolism in American English." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2304.
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This mixed-method study investigated the correlation of sound symbolic associations with age and gender by analyzing data from a national survey of 292 American English speakers. Subjects used 10 semantic differential scales to rate six artificial brand names that targeted five phonemes. Subjects also described the potential products they imagined these artificial brand names to represent. Quantitative analysis alone provided insufficient evidence to conclude that age or gender affect sound symbolism in American English. While 26 out of 60 scales showed a monotonic shift among the means of the three age groups, only three were statistically significant. The evidence of differences between genders was similarly weak; only five scales out of 60 showed a statistically significant difference when comparing genders. Analysis of the qualitative data, however, suggested both monotonic generational shifts as well as generational blips in sound-symbolic associations. Of particular interest is the possible influence of pop culture, fashions, and fads, and society's shifting focus from broadcast to narrowcast media. The implications of this research are relevant for both theory (empirical evidence for iconicity in language) and application (e.g., devising brand names that communicate particular attributes to specific demographics).
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Leigh-Paffenroth, Elizabeth D., and Saravanan Elangovan. "Temporal Processing in Low-Frequency Channels: Effects of Age and Hearing Loss in Middle-Aged Listeners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1553.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Hearing loss and age interfere with the auditory system's ability to process temporal changes in the acoustic signal. A key unresolved question is whether high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (HFSNHL) affects temporal processing in the low-frequency region where hearing loss is minimal or nonexistent. A second unresolved question is whether changes in hearing occur in middle-aged subjects in the absence of HFSNHL.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the influence of HFSNHL and aging on the auditory temporal processing abilities of low-frequency auditory channels with normal hearing sensitivity and (2) to examine the relations among gap detection measures, self-assessment reports of understanding speech, and functional measures of speech perception in middle-aged individuals with and without HFSNHL.
Research Design: The subject groups were matched for either age (middle age) or pure-tone sensitivity (with or without hearing loss) to study the effects of age and HFSNHL on behavioral and functional measures of temporal processing and word recognition performance. These effects were analyzed by individual repeated-measures analyses of variance. Post hoc analyses were performed for each significant main effect and interaction. The relationships among the measures were analyzed with Pearson correlations.
Study Sample: Eleven normal-hearing young adults (YNH), eight normal-hearing middle-aged adults (MANH), and nine middle-aged adults with HFSNHL were recruited for this study. Normal hearing sensitivity was defined as pure-tone thresholds ≤25 dB HL for octave frequencies from 250 to 8000 Hz. HFSNHL was defined as pure-tone thresholds ≤25 dB HL from 250 to 2000 Hz and ≥35 dB HL from 3000 to 8000 Hz.
Data Collection and Analysis: Gap detection thresholds (GDTs) were measured under within-channel and between-channel conditions with the stimulus spectrum limited to regions of normal hearing sensitivity for the HFSNHL group (i.e., <2000 >Hz). Self-perceived hearing problems were measured by a questionnaire (Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit), and word recognition performance was assessed under four conditions: quiet and babble, with and without low-pass filtering (cutoff frequency = 2000 Hz).
Results: The effects of HFSNHL and age were found for gap detection, self-perceived hearing problems, and word recognition in noise. The presence of HFSNHL significantly increased GDTs for stimuli presented in regions of normal pure-tone sensitivity. In addition, middle-aged subjects with normal hearing sensitivity reported significantly more problems hearing in background noise than the young normal-hearing subjects. Significant relationships between self-report measures of hearing ability in background noise and word recognition in babble were found.
Conclusions: The conclusions from the present study are twofold: (1) HFSNHL may have an off-channel impact on auditory temporal processing, and (2) presenescent changes in the auditory system of MANH subjects increased self-perceived problems hearing in background noise and decreased functional performance in background noise compared with YNH subjects.