Relevant bibliographies by topics / Age of trees

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Age of trees'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Age of trees"

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Sellin, Arne. "Sapwood–heartwood proportion related to tree diameter, age, and growth rate in Piceaabies." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 1022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-133.

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The relationships of sapwood radial width and transverse area to tree diameter, age, and growth rate were investigated in Piceaabies (L.) Karst. A total of 125 trees growing with (suppressed trees) and without (dominant trees) competition for light were sampled. Both sapwood and heartwood amounts showed an increase with diameter at the stem base, with the heartwood portion increasing more rapidly. In young trees sapwood prevails both in terms of diameter and transverse area. After trees have reached a certain age, the width of the sapwood band remains more or less constant (on average 7.8 cm for dominant and 2.0 cm for suppressed trees), and the heartwood amount exceeds that of sapwood. The percentage of heartwood in suppressed trees is substantially greater than in dominant trees of the same age. Sapwood amount is closely correlated with the tree diameter, but not with age. Tree age controls the number of rings in sapwood, while the sapwood width depends on the tree's radial growth rate as well.
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Medhurst, J. L., C. L. Beadle, and W. A. Neilsen. "Early-age and later-age thinning affects growth, dominance, and intraspecific competition in Eucalyptus nitens plantations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-163.

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High-intensity thinning treatments were applied to young Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden plantations aged 6 (early-age thinning), 8, and 9 years (later-age thinning). Thinning treatments were an unthinned control plus final density levels that ranged from 100 to 600 trees/ha, representing between 14 and 72% of pretreatment stand basal area. Initial planting densities were between 1143 and 1430 trees/ha. Cumulative basal area increment was significantly reduced after both early- and later-age thinning if more than 50% of the standing basal area was removed. When select groups of trees in the thinning treatments were compared with the equivalent groups of trees in the unthinned control, there was a significant response to early-age thinning in the best 100-400 trees/ha and to later-age thinning for the best 100-600 trees/ha. Height increment was not affected by thinning. However, mean live crown ratio increased with time in thinned treatments. Dominant and codominant trees showed the greatest growth response to thinning. From the data presented in this study, a final density in the range of 200-300 trees/ha is recommended. This density would improve the growth of individual trees during a rotation length of 20 to 25 years without seriously under utilizing site resources.
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Zaffou, Madiha, and Benjamin Campbell. "Willingness to Pay for Retail Location and Product Origin of Christmas Trees." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 46, no. 3 (July 31, 2017): 464–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2017.5.

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Christmas tree sales are considerable throughout the United States. Understanding the drivers of purchase for Christmas trees is critical for producers and stakeholders within states with tree production. Using data from a choice experiment in combination with latent class modeling, we find that tree height is important, but tree species is less important. Further, we show that local labeling does not influence all consumers. With respect to retail location, we show that nursery/greenhouse and choose-and-cut retail outlets are preferred by a majority of consumers but not by all consumers. Recommendations for the varying retail outlets are provided.
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Lyon, Merritt R., and Hosam M. Mahmoud. "Trees grown under young-age preferential attachment." Journal of Applied Probability 57, no. 3 (September 2020): 911–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpr.2020.49.

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AbstractWe introduce a class of non-uniform random recursive trees grown with an attachment preference for young age. Via the Chen–Stein method of Poisson approximation, we find that the outdegree of a node is characterized in the limit by ‘perturbed’ Poisson laws, and the perturbation diminishes as the node index increases. As the perturbation is attenuated, a pure Poisson limit ultimately emerges in later phases. Moreover, we derive asymptotics for the proportion of leaves and show that the limiting fraction is less than one half. Finally, we study the insertion depth in a random tree in this class. For the insertion depth, we find the exact probability distribution, involving Stirling numbers, and consequently we find the exact and asymptotic mean and variance. Under appropriate normalization, we derive a concentration law and a limiting normal distribution. Some of these results contrast with their counterparts in the uniform attachment model, and some are similar.
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Vichrová, G., H. Vavrčík, V. Gryc, and L. Menšík. "Preliminary study on phloemogenesis in Norway spruce: influence of age and selected environmental factors." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 5 (May 16, 2011): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1836-jfs.

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The process of phloem formation in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) was analysed during the growing season 2009 in Rájec-Němčice locality (Czech Republic). The research series consisted of research plots with 34 and 105 years old spruce monocultures. The formation of phloem cells was determined by the examination of small increment cores taken once a week. Cross-sections of tissues were studied under a light microscope. Cambium activation was observed on 9 April both in young and old trees. On the same date the first newly formed cells of early phloem were observed in old trees but in young trees one week later. Although the time of early phloem formation was 14 days longer in old trees, there were no large differences in the numbers of formed cells. The beginning of the longitudinal axial parenchyma formation was determined in young trees on May 14. In old trees this activity was seen a week later. The influence of air temperature and soil moisture was also analysed in relation to phloemogenesis.
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Alekseychenko, N. А., and M. А. Podolhova. "Age-old Trees of Ukrainian Polissya's Dendrological Parks." Scientific Bulletin of UNFU 26, no. 4 (June 30, 2016): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/40260403.

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Kärenlampi, Petri P. "Age distribution of trees in stationary forest system." Journal of Theoretical Biology 270, no. 1 (February 2011): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.11.019.

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Quinn, Eadaoin M., and Sean C. Thomas. "Age-related Crown Thinning in Tropical Forest Trees." Biotropica 47, no. 3 (April 8, 2015): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12218.

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Rumyantsev, Denis Evgenyevich, and Andrey Vasilyevich Cherakshev. "Methodological approaches for determining the age of trees." Principles of the Ecology 38, no. 4 (December 2020): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j1.art.2020.10142.

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Yu, Zhongdong, Hongru Ding, Kuocheng Shen, Fangfang Bu, George Newcombe, and Huixiang Liu. "Foliar endophytes in trees varying greatly in age." European Journal of Plant Pathology 160, no. 2 (March 4, 2021): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02250-7.

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AbstractTemple trees, including the gymnosperm Platycladus orientalis and the angiosperm Styphnolobium japonicum, have been planted in China for thousands of years. Tree age thus varies widely from young to ancient trees. Foliar endophytes of P. orientalis and S. japonicum were surveyed in this exploratory study that was based on isolation into culture and sequencing of fungi from trees varying in age from 10 to 5000 years (P. orientalis) and from 10 to 1700 years (S. japonicum). Sequenced endophytes of P. orientalis and S. japonicum belonged to 24 and 16 fungal genera, respectively. Principal components analysis showed that 14 components were necessary to explain 90% of the variance in endophyte community structure in P. orientalis. In S. japonicum eight components were needed for 90%. It is against that backdrop of complex etiology in community structuring, that the relative frequencies (abundances) of 17 of the 24 endophytes from P. orientalis and 9 of the 16 from S. japonicum were significantly correlated with tree age. There were two major trends. Abundant fungal genera [Fusarium + Alternaria = 74.57% (P. orientalis) and 81.24% (S. japonicum)] tended to decline linearly with tree age. Most of the rare fungal genera, in contrast, increased in relative abundance linearly with tree age. Diversity (H′) and richness (Margalef) of endophyte communities in foliage thus increased as the trees aged. Relative abundances of pathogenic endophytes, or latent pathogens, (Pestalotiopsis funerea and Amyloporia subxantha in P. orientalis; Collectotrichum gloeosporioides and Botryosphaeria dothidea in S. japonicum) also increased linearly as the trees aged.Since leaf age does not vary with tree age in the deciduous S. japonicum, nor in the evergreen P. orientalis, ‘tree age’ currently lacks a mechanistic explanation for its apparent importance among common foliar endophytes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Age of trees"

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Baker, Patrick John. "Age structure and stand dynamics of a seasonal tropical forest in western Thailand /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5558.

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Korakaki, Evangelia. "The role of size and age in the physiological ecology of Scots pine and poplar trees." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12105.

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The main objective of the present thesis is to investigate the mechanisms underlying the age- and size-related decline observed in growth efficiency and in relative above ground mass growth rates in both Scots pine and poplar (clonal) chronosequences. Hence, I compared differentially aged Scots pine stands and trees growing at the same site, in contrast to most previous studies, isolating leaf- from stand-level responses. In addition, I used poplar clonal material to compare growth and morphological parameters of genetically identical cuttings taken from young, middle-age and old plants belonging to four clones and I carried out investigations both in the field on the original donor trees (trees of identical meristematic ages and different sizes) and on rooted cuttings (identical meristematic ages and same size). Scots pine study: Our results partially supported the hydraulic limitation hypothesis, but at the same time suggested that additional factors were also involved in the decline in growth efficiency with age. Such factors may involve decreased soil nutrient availability, increased below-ground allocation and reduced turgor pressure in tall trees. Poplar study: The observed decline in growth and carbon uptake in poplar donor trees in the field was related to the increases in tree size, the increased path length and possibly the architectural complexity, or in some cases to decreased nutrient availability in the soil but not to cellular senescence per se.
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Chavana-Bryant, Cecilia. "Impacts of leaf age on the spectral and physiochemical traits of trees in Amazonian forest canopies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:381dec4e-387a-4a10-b645-5a11d0c90b51.

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This doctoral research presents the first comprehensive analysis of the morphological, biochemical and spectral leaf traits of canopy and emergent tropical trees during natural (in situ) leaf ageing. It adopts an interdisciplinary approach and combines multiple scales of analysis to generate insights into the effects of natural leaf ageing on our current understanding of tropical leaf trait variation, chemometric models used to spectrally predict leaf traits, and together with other leaf phenological processes, on remotely-sensed vegetation indices (VIs) commonly used to monitor canopy dynamics in tropical evergreen forests. The first research paper of this thesis (Chapter 4) examines the effects of leaf age on morphological and biochemical leaf traits and demonstrates that leaf age is a significant driver of leaf trait variation in Amazonian canopy trees and that leaf age differences could potentially account for a significant fraction of what we currently understand as intra- and interspecific leaf trait variation. It also highlights that age-related trait variation within and between individual trees could play a significant role in shaping community composition and structure of tropical canopies. The leaf traits examined in Chapter 4, among others, have been shown to directly influence the spectral reflectance behaviour of leaves. Therefore, Chapter 5 investigates the effects of leaf age on leaf spectral properties within and across a tropical canopy tree community. This study reveals that trees with diverse leaf properties age in a similar manner in terms of spectral properties. This is one of the most important findings of this thesis and lead to the development of a novel chemometric partial least square regression (PLSR) model to predict leaf age from hyperspectral data. This model extends the utility of current spectroscopic methods and introduces a simple and efficient approach for predicting and monitoring leaf age in lowland tropical forests with important implications for remote sensing. Additionally, this study is the first to provide evidence of age-related reflectance changes in leaves that have significant impacts on vegetation indices commonly used to monitor productivity and canopy dynamics in tropical evergreen forests. Considering the findings of the previous two research chapters, Chapter 6 investigates if chemometric PLSR models used to spectrally predict some of the important leaf traits for plant physiology and economy (leaf mass per area, LMA; water content, LWC; phosphorous, P; nitrogen, N; and carbon, C content) investigated in the previous two research chapters could be significantly biased by variation in leaf age. This is particularly relevant as the current standard protocol is to use only "fully expanded mature leaves" to calibrate these models. This study demonstrates that PLSR models developed using the current standard protocol display age/temporal sensitivity, which has important implications for forest canopy communities with both synchronised and unsynchronised leaf phenology. The final research chapter of this thesis, Chapter 7, demonstrates that the phenological age-related changes in leaf spectral properties reported in Chapter 5 are also expressed at the canopy scale but influenced by both canopy leaf area (CLA) and the leaf phenological behaviour of individual trees. This study also reveals that the seasonality of greenness VIs such as NDVI and EVI2 are more strongly correlated to phenological changes in CLA then changes in leaf reflectance and proposes that NDWI (water content VI) which was found to be strongly correlated to age-related changes in leaf reflectance should complement greenness VIs in phenological studies. Furthermore, by combing leaf, canopy and community scale phenological observations, this study shows that complex and diverse leaf phenological behaviours exhibited by tropical canopy trees, at both the individual and community scale, challenge our current ability to remotely sense tropical canopy dynamics. Finally, this chapter highlights the need for more widespread phenological studies that examine the interaction, covariation, asynchrony and unique behaviours of tropical phenological processes at different scales. Such studies would enable the development of a significant mechanistic understanding of what creates and drives different phenological mosaics identified by remote sensing studies across tropical forests and in modelling their effects on water and carbon fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems.
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McDaniel, Virginia. "Density and Age Distributions of Trees in Upland and Lowland Oldfields 60 Years After Abandonment: The Role of Dispersal." TopSCHOLAR®, 2000. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/727.

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I attempted to determine whether the patterns of seedling establishment described in the literature for forests and recently abandoned oldfields are maintained in fields sixty years after abandonment. To determine this distribution pattern, as well as to compare patterns of age and density distribution in upland and lowland oldfields, I conducted research at Mammoth Cave National Park. I studied three species, the seeds of which are dispersed by three different modes: Juniperus virginiana, a predominantly bird-dispersed species; Acer rubrum, a predominantly winddispersed species; and Fagus grandifolia, a predominantly mammal-dispersed species. The establishment patterns observed by others in recently abandoned oldfields were not maintained in the sixty-year-old fields analyzed in this study. Age of Juniperus virginiana individuals did not decrease as distance from the edge increased in either uplands or lowlands. Age of Acer rubrum individuals decreased marginally as distance from the edge increased in the upland sites, but slope of the regression was not significant in the lowlands. Ages of Fagus grandifolia individuals decreased significantly as distance from the edge increased in both uplands and lowlands. Migration rate, however, was more rapid than predicted in the literature. Density distribution of stems of each species was even across all oldfields. Rare, long-distance dispersal events are a possible explanation for the establishment patterns observed in these sixty-year-old fields.
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Cao, Xiaoou. "Growth of Galton-Watson trees with lifetimes, immigrations and mutations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:beaa9fe1-d60c-4487-9520-e8f004b53e6f.

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In this work, we are interested in Growth of Galton-Watson trees under two different models: (1) Galton-Watson (GW) forests with lifetimes and/or immigrants, and (2) Galton-Watson forests with mutation, which we call Galton-Watson-Clone-Mutant forests, or GWCMforests. Under each model, we study certain consistent families (Fλ)λ≥0 of GW/GWCM forests and associated decompositions that include backbone decomposition as studied by many authors. Specifically, consistency here refers to the property that for each μ ≤ λ, the forest Fμ has the same distribution as the subforest of Fλ spanned by the blue leaves in a Bernoulli leaf colouring, where each leaf of Fλ is coloured in blue independently with probability μ/λ. In the first model, the case of exponentially distributed lifetimes and no immigration was studied by Duquesne and Winkel and related to the genealogy of Markovian continuous-state branching processes (CSBP). We characterise here such families in the framework of arbitrary lifetime distributions and immigration according to a renewal process, and show convergence to Sagitov’s (non-Markovian) generalisation of continuous-state branching renewal processes, and related processes with immigration. In the second model, we characterise such families in terms of certain bivariate CSBP with branching mechanisms studied previously by Watanabe and show associated convergence results. This is related to, but more general than Bertoin’s study of GWCM trees, and also ties in with work by Abraham and Delmas, who study directly some of the limiting processes.
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Middleton, Jemima. ""Ah, what an age it is, when to speak of trees is almost a crime" : national landscapes and identities in the fiction of Nadine Gordimer." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20684.

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In this study, I will explore the ways in which Nadine Gordimer engages with the natural world in three of her novels: The Conservationist (1974), July's People (1981), and No Time Like the Present (2012). I argue for the importance of the relationship in her work, between the natural landscapes of South Africa and the responsibility of the author in 'meaning-making:' this is a literary study that brings elements of postcolonial ecocriticism into play. In particular, I will explore how and why she chooses to "speak of trees" at all. Gordimer demonstrates that there is a definitive agency in the non!human world that presses against the reductive binary of 'human' versus 'natural' environments. Her fiction highlights the fact that flattening the natural world into a series of symbols is overly simplistic and does not engage sufficiently with the political: a responsibility that she takes upon herself. In this study I will be arguing that Gordimer achieves a profound political meditation by creating meaning from a variety of natural landscapes, making use of images rather than symbols. I am particularly intrigued by the ways in which Gordimer imagines the landscape as a series of sign systems, whose various shifts and changes reflect and illustrate wider systemic shifts in South Africa. In the novels that I will examine, Gordimer demonstrates, by way of physical, visceral engagement with various landscapes, that historical and contemporary systemic shifts must be taken into account in order truly to understand the complexity of national identities in her country. The image of the trees ties poetry, politics and the environment together, in particular to witness a distinctive shift in political sign systems, and the identity crises that occur as a result. In The Conservationist, Gordimer takes issue with misplaced obsessions with autochthony and heritage, whilst simultaneously investing in the lexical field of botanical names and a fine delineation of literary ecology: the novel both takes apart and preserves a sense of how the landscape can be entwined in a cultivation of identity. In my examination of July's People, I will consider the matter and poetics of the interregnum via the question of "the bush": the environment, landscape and ecosystem contained or in fact uncontained by this term are at the heart of the shift in sign systems that plays out in the novel. The bush in July's People is a heterotopia: an 'other' place that signifies many different meanings, but simultaneously signifies, in the novel, a shift in an entire system of signs. In my final chapter, on No Time Like the Present, I will be continuing to examine the 'language' of trees in Gordimer's work! particularly noting the terminology of trees and plants to signify, and add value to the study of identity and the indigenous versus the alien
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Ottati, Angelo Luiz Tadeu [UNESP]. "Aspectos bioecológicos do pulgão-gigante-do-pinus, Cinara atlantica (Wilson, 1919) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), em Pinus spp. (Pinaceae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105428.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ottati_alt_dr_botfca.pdf: 651467 bytes, checksum: a1b92614d7fbcfa2a73dbf3cf0eb427b (MD5)
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Os afídeos são um dos grupos de pragas amplamente distribuídos, causando perdas consideráveis em sistemas agrícolas e florestais. O pulgão-gigante-do-pinus, Cinara atlantica, é atualmente a espécie de pulgão mais disseminada nos plantios de Pinus no Brasil. Devido à sua importância econômica, esse trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas e da espécie hospedeira no desenvolvimento de ninfas e na longevidade e capacidade reprodutiva de adultos de C. atlantica, sob condições de laboratório, e determinar a flutuação populacional, a estrutura etária e a caracterização da estrutura espacial do afídeo em áreas florestadas com Pinus taeda e P. caribaea var. caribaea. A determinação do efeito de diferentes temperaturas (18o C, 22o C, 26o C e 30o C) e de hospedeiros (P. taeda e P. caribaea var. hondurensis) no desenvolvimento de C. atlantica foi conduzida sob fotofase de 12 h e umidade relativa do ar de 70 10%. Utilizaram-se 20 insetos (repetições) para cada combinação dos fatores temperatura e hospedeiro e obtiveram-se resultados para variáveis nos estágios ninfal e adulto e ciclo de vida. A determinação da flutuação populacional e da caracterização espacial (50 árvores/avaliação) e da estrutura etária (cinco colônias/avaliação) de C. atlantica foi realizada em áreas de 1 ha com P. taeda e P. caribaea var. caribaea nos municípios de Buri e Nova Campina/SP em 21 avaliações entre julho de 2001 e agosto de 2002. Concluiu-se que o desenvolvimento de ninfas e a longevidade e potencial reprodutivo dos adultos de C. atlantica não foram influenciados pelos hospedeiros P. taeda e P. caribaea var. hondurensis. Entretanto, as temperaturas constantes de 18o C e 22o C conferem as melhores condições, enquanto a de 30o C as piores condições de desenvolvimento aos insetos mantidos em P. taeda e P. caribaea var. hondurensis. C. atlantica... .
Aphids are one of the most widespread groups of pests, causing severe damages on agricultural and forestry systems. Nowadays, the giant conifer aphid, C. atlantica, is widely distributed on pine forests in Brazil. Due to its economic importance, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different constant temperatures and host plants on the development of nymphs and adults and reproductive capacity in adult of C. atlantica in laboratory, monitoring the populational fluctuation, the age structure and to characterize spatial pattern of C. atlantica in Pinus taeda and P. caribaea var. caribaea plantations. The effect of constant temperatures (18o C, 22o C, 26o C e 30o C) and host plants (P. taeda and P. caribaea var. hondurensis) on the development of C. atlantica was carried out at 12 h of photophase (12 h) and 70 + 10% relative humidity. Twenty nymphs (replications) were tested for each treatment (temperature x host plant) to estimated biological variables of nymph and adult stages and life span. The study of the populational fluctuation, the spatial characterization (50 trees sampled per sampling date) and the age structure (5 aphid colonies per sampling date) of C. atlantica was carried out on P. taeda and P. caribaea var. caribaea plantations in 1 ha area in Buri and Nova Campina municipalities (SP, Brazil), between July 2001 and August 2002 (21 sampling dates). This research indicated that nymph and adult development and reproductive capacity of C. atlantica were not affected by host plants. However, temperatures of 18o C and 22o C provided better conditions for aphid development than 30o C when reared on P. taeda and P. caribaea var. hondurensis. In the field, C. atlantica had highest peaks of abundance in the winter and spring and lowest during the summer. The age structure study can give support to predict population peaks and the occurrence of stable populations indicates a low... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
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Esler, William Kevin. "On the development and application of indirect site indexes based on edaphoclimatic variables for commercial forestry in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20145.

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Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Site Index is used extensively in modern commercial forestry both as an indicator of current and future site potential, but also as a means of site comparison. The concept is deeply embedded into current forest planning processes, and without it empirical growth and yield modelling would not function in its present form. Most commercial forestry companies in South Africa currently spend hundreds of thousands of Rand annually collecting growth stock data via inventory, but spend little or no money on the default compartment data (specifically Site Index) which is used to estimate over 90% of the product volumes in their long term plans. A need exists to construct reliable methods to determine Site Index for sites which have not been physically measured (the socalled "default", or indirect Site Index). Most previous attempts to model Site Index have used multiple linear regression as the model, alternative methods have been explored in this thesis: Regression tree analysis, random forest analysis, hybrid or model trees, multiple linear regression, and multiple linear regression using regression trees to identify the variables. Regression tree analysis proves to be ideally suited to this type of data, and a generic model with only three site variables was able to capture 49.44 % of the variation in Site Index. Further localisation of the model could prove to be commercially useful. One of the key assumptions associated with Site Index, that it is unaffected by initial planting density, was tested using linear mixed effects modelling. The results show that there may well be role played by initial stocking in some species (notably E. dunnii and E. nitens), and that further work may be warranted. It was also shown that early measurement of dominant height results in poor estimates of Site Index, which will have a direct impact on inventory policies and on data to be included in Site Index modelling studies. This thesis is divided into six chapters: Chapter 1 contains a description of the concept of Site Index and it's origins, as well as, how the concept is used within the current forest planning processes. Chapter 2 contains an analysis on the influence of initial planted density on the estimate of Site Index. Chapter 3 explores the question of whether the age at which dominant height is measured has any effect on the quality of Site Index estimates. Chapter 4 looks at various modelling methodologies and compares the resultant models. Chapter 5 contains conclusions and recommendations for further study, and finally Chapter 6 discusses how any new Site Index model will effect the current planning protocol.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hedendaagse kommersiële bosbou gebruik groeiplek indeks (Site Index) as 'n aanduiding van huidige en toekomstige groeiplek moontlikhede, asook 'n metode om groeiplekke te vergelyk. Hierdie beginsel is diep gewortel in bestaande beplanningsprosesse en daarsonder kan empiriese groeien opbrengsmodelle nie in hul huidige vorm funksioneer nie. SuidAfrikaanse bosboumaatskappye bestee jaarliks groot bedrae geld aan die versameling van groeivoorraad data deur middel van opnames, maar weinig of geen geld word aangewend vir die insameling van ongemete vak data (veral groeiplek indeks) nie. Ongemete vak data word gebuik om meer as 90% van die produksie volume te beraam in langtermyn beplaning. 'n Behoefte bestaan om betroubare metodes te ontwikkel om groeiplek indeks te bereken vir groeiplekke wat nog nie opgemeet is nie. Die meeste vorige pogings om groeiplek indeks te beraam het meervoudige linêre regressie as model gebruik. Alternatiewe metodes is ondersoek; naamlik regressieboom analise, ewekansige woud analise, hibriedeof modelbome, meervoudige linêre regressie en meervoudige linêre regressie waarin die veranderlike faktore bepaal is deur regressiebome. Regressieboom analise blyk geskik te wees vir hierdie tipe data en 'n veralgemeende model met slegs drie groeiplek veranderlikes dek 49.44 % van die variasie in groeiplek indeks. Verdere lokalisering van die model kan dus van kommersiële waarde wees. 'n Sleutel aanname is gemaak dat aanvanklike plantdigtheid nie 'n invloed op groeiplek indeks het nie. Hierdie aanname is getoets deur linêre gemengde uitwerkings modelle. Die toetsuitslag dui op 'n moontlikheid dat plantdigtheid wel 'n invloed het op sommige spesies (vernaamlik E. dunnii en E. nitens) en verdere navorsing kan daarom geregverdig word. Dit is ook bewys dat metings van jonger bome vir dominante hoogtes gee aanleiding tot swak beramings van groeiplek indekse. Gevolglik sal hierdie toestsuitslag groeivoorraad opname beleid, asook die data wat vir groeiplek indeks modellering gebruik word, beïnvloed. Hierdie tesis word in ses hoofstukke onderverdeel. Hoofstuk een bevat 'n beskrywing van die beginsel van groeiplek indeks, die oorsprong daarvan, asook hoe die beginsel tans in huidige bosbou beplannings prosesse toegepas word. Hoofstuk twee bestaan uit ń ontleding van die invloed van aanvanklike plantdigtheid op die beraming van groeplek indeks. In hoofstuk drie word ondersoek wat die moontlike invloed is van die ouderdom waarop metings vir dominante hoogte geneem word, op die kwaliteit van groeplek indeks beramings het. Hoofstuk vier verken verskeie modelle metodologieë en vergelyk die uitslaggewende modelle. Hoofstuk vyf bevat gevolgtrekkings en voorstelle vir verdere studies. Afsluitend, is hoofstuk ses ń bespreking van hoe enige nuwe groeiplek indeks modelle die huidige beplannings protokol kan beïnvloed.
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Hůlová, Martina. "Porovnání cen okrasných rostlin zjištěných zjednodušeným a nákladovým způsobem s různou charakteristikou typu zeleně." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232711.

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The aim of this diploma thesis is to compare prices of ornamental plants founded by simplified and cost method of valuation. Comparison was made on a sample of garden situated in the functional unit with a terraced house and the land built over by this building. Based on the obtained results the influence of different location and age of the trees on their price is evaluated. The thesis also defines basic terms and explains issues which are closely related with valuation of ornamental plants.
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GIUSTI, ELISABETH. "L'utilisation des antidepresseurs chez le sujet tres age." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX20283.

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Books on the topic "Age of trees"

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Panaretos, A. Dendra gigantes tou topou mas. Leukōsia, Kypros: Hypourgeion Geōrgias kai Physikōn Porōn, 1985.

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Williams, Katie. The space between trees. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2010.

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Gołąbek, Elżbieta. Ocena wieku i stanu zdrowotnego drzew pomnikowych na obszarze chronionego krajobrazu Bory Niemodlińskie. Opole: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Opolskiego, 2004.

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The significance of trees: An archaeological perspective. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2012.

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Reeves-Stevens, Judith. Time: How old is it? Toronto: Gage, 1990.

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Williams, Katie. The space between trees. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2010.

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Under the lemon trees. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2009.

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Hart, Melissa. Accuracy of early stand exam age estimates in the Swan Valley of western Montana. Ogden, UT] (324 25th St., Ogden 84401): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1994.

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Kingsolver, Barbara. The Bean Trees. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.

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Kingsolver, Barbara. The bean trees. London: Virago, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Age of trees"

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Ng, Wilfred. "Maintaining Consistency of Integrated XML Trees." In Advances in Web-Age Information Management, 145–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45703-8_14.

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Rodríguez, R., L. Valledor, P. Sánchez, M. F. Fraga, M. Berdasco, R. Hasbún, J. L. Rodríguez, et al. "Propagation of Selected Pinus Genotypes Regardless of Age." In Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits, 137–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6352-7_13.

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Sun, Huanliang, Yubin Bao, Faxin Zhao, Ge Yu, and Daling Wang. "CD-Trees: An Efficient Index Structure for Outlier Detection." In Advances in Web-Age Information Management, 600–609. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27772-9_60.

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Perrizo, William, Qin Ding, Qiang Ding, and Amalendu Roy. "Deriving High Confidence Rules from Spatial Data Using Peano Count Trees." In Advances in Web-Age Information Management, 91–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-47714-4_9.

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Zhao, Wenbing, Shaohua Tan, Dongqing Yang, and Shiwei Tang. "Normalizing XML Element Trees as Well-Designed Document Structures for Data Integration." In Advances in Web-Age Information Management, 140–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45160-0_14.

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Perkinson, James W. "From Sycamore Trees to Human Destiny: Reading the Wild at the Crossroads of Globalization and Apocalypse." In Political Spirituality in an Age of Eco-Apocalypse, 17–32. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137489814_2.

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Spears, Colin Paul, and Marjorie Bicknell-Johnson. "Asymmetric Cell Division: Binomial Identities for Age Analysis of Mortal vs. Immortal Trees." In Applications of Fibonacci Numbers, 377–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5020-0_42.

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Perkinson, James W. "Wild Weeds and Imperial Trees: Reading a Messianic Parable at the Crossroads of Settlement and the Wild." In Political Spirituality in an Age of Eco-Apocalypse, 53–66. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137489814_4.

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Chaffey, Nigel. "Cambial Cell Biology Comes of Age." In Tree Physiology, 3–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9803-3_1.

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Engelhardt, Yuri, and Clive Richards. "A Universal Grammar for Specifying Visualization Types." In Diagrammatic Representation and Inference, 395–403. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86062-2_40.

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AbstractA ‘universal grammar’ for the full spectrum of visualization types is discussed. The grammar enables the analysis of any type of visualization regarding its syntactic constituents, such as the types of visual encodings and visual components that are used. Such an analysis of a type of visualization, describing its compositional syntax, can be represented as a specification tree. Colour coded tree branches between constituent types enforce the combination rules visually. We discuss how these specification trees differ from linguistic parse trees, and how visual statements differ from verbal statements. The grammar offers a basis for generating visualization options, and the potential for formalization and for machine-readable specifications. This may serve as a basis for a system providing computer-generated visualization advice.
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Conference papers on the topic "Age of trees"

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Jansone, Baiba, Edgars Dubrovskis, and Linards Sisenis. "INFLUENCE OF TREE SPECIES MIXTURE TO REDUCE WIND DAMAGES IN BIRCH STANDS." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/07.

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Climate change is linked to increase in frequency and/or severity of different damages in forest stands. Birch (Betula spp.) stands can be significantly affected by wind and snow (freezing rain). Aim of our study was to assess, if admixture of other tree species reduces the proportion of damaged trees in birch stands. Data from total of 836 sample plots (size 500m2) in birch stands at the age of up to 81 year were analysed. Among the mixed sands (MS) and pure stands (PS >80% of single tree species), the mean proportion (± confidence interval) of damage was assessed from the total number (TN) and basal area (BA) of overstory (first layer) trees. MS were further assessed in two groups – one or more species in admixture (MS+1 and MS+2). The proportion of mixed birch stands was increasing with age: from average of 21% at the age of up to 20 years to 64% at the age of 61-70 years, most likely do to difference in historical management. In period between the 1950th and 1990th, birch was considered as undesirable species and the older stands formed mainly due to low survival of coniferous trees and natural ingrowth of birch, whereas starting from the 1990th birch was more widely recognized and used as target species. Proportion of undamaged birch trees (both, when assessed as TN or BA) was not significantly different between MS and PS. Also presence of second layer trees did not affect the proportion of damaged overstory trees significantly. There were significant differences among the groups of mixed stands: more wind or snow damaged trees were found in certain age groups in stands with more than one admixture species present. Creating a mixed birch stands in comparison to pure stands of the same tree species may not result in lower frequency of damaged trees, thus this approach cannot be automatically recommended as a tool for adaptation to climate change
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Leung, T. M., Irina Kukina, and Anna Yuryevna-Lipovka. "On the formulation of green open space planning parameters: A parametric tool." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6056.

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Greenery can affect spatial characteristics such as relationship between hard and soft surfaces and activities inside open spaces. Among different types of greenery, trees have influences on summer shading and winter solar access, and hence usage patterns in open spaces. However, the relationship between tree planting and open space characteristics such as typology, proportion and height-to-width ratio in terms of shading and solar access was rarely investigated. On the other hand, there has been an increasing number of studies on using parametric tools to design urban environment recently. Despite the success in urban fabric planning by parametric tools, the utilization of these tools to design open spaces with a relatively smaller scale has not been revealed. Even worse, parameters that should be included in a parametric design tool for open space planning are still unknown. Accordingly, the primary objective of this study is to, by investigating the design characteristics and concepts of different open spaces, identify parameters for a parametric tool to design green open spaces. Specifically, the possibility of using shaded areas projected by trees and surrounding buildings as one of the parameters will be revealed. The study also aims at examining how the height-to-width ratios, proportions and typologies of open spaces will affect tree planting positions when optimizing shading or solar access of the spaces in different climate zones. Results from this study will provide designers with an additional layer of information when designing open spaces.
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Khabibullina, Zulaykha. "Old Turkic And Modern Bashkir Names Of Trees And Their Parts." In Humanistic Practice in Education in a Postmodern Age. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.11.108.

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Weber, Felix. "GOAL TREES AS STRUCTURING ELEMENT IN A DIGITAL DATA-DRIVEN STUDY ASSISTANT." In International Conference Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age 2019. IADIS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33965/celda2019_201911c053.

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Jansone, Baiba, Linards Sisenis, Irina Pilvere, Marcis Vinters, and Karlis Bickovskis. "Influence of drainage reconstruction on radial increment of conifers: case study." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.006.

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Drainage ensures flow of water and access of oxygen to the roots of the trees. Therefore, melioration systems have been established in a third of the forest area of Latvia, and for the most part highly productive stands can be observed in these areas. Water flow in these systems is often stopped by beaver dams. The aim of our case study was to assess the impact of ditch reconstruction on the increment of the coniferous trees. Increment cores were collected from 169 trees at a distance up to 45 m from the ditch in the drainage system that was reconstructed 8 years prior. Drainage system reconstruction reversed the trend of declining radial increment for both Scots pine and Norway spruce; however, the influence of this measure over an 8 year period was statistically significant, notable (55%) and positive only for Norway spruce, growing closest to the edge of the ditch. Other growth limiting factors need to be considered and tackled to ensure the highest effect of the investment in drainage system reconstruction, including choice of the tree species, stand density, age, availability of nutrients.
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Xie, Junfang, and Binyi Liu. "Study on the Influence of Urban Roadside Trees Canopy on Mental Health of Different Age Groups." In Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Health and Education 2019 (SOHE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sohe-19.2019.24.

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MOZGERIS, Gintautas, Ina BIKUVIENĖ, and Donatas JONIKAVICIUS. "THE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF USING AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING FOR FOREST INVENTORIES IN LITHUANIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.023.

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The aim of this study was to test the usability of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data for stand-wise forest inventories in Lithuania based on operational approaches from Nordic countries, taking into account Lithuanian forest conditions and requirements for stand-wise inventories, such as more complex forests, unified requirements for inventory of all forests, i.e. no matter the ownership, availability of supporting material from previous inventories and high accuracy requirements for total volume estimation. Test area in central part of Lithuania (area 2674 ha) was scanned using target point density 1 m-2 followed by measurements of 440 circular field plots (area 100–500 m2). Detailed information on 22 final felling areas with all trees callipered (total area 42.7 ha) was made available to represent forest at mature age. Updated information from conventional stand-wise inventory was made available for the whole study area, too. A two phase sampling with nonparametric Most Similar Neighbor estimator was used to predict point-wise forest characteristics. Total volume of the stand per 1 ha was predicted with an root mean square error of 18.6 %, basal area – 17.7 %, mean diameter – 13.6 %, mean height – 7.9 % and number of tree – 42.8 % at plot-level with practically no significant bias. However, the relative root mean square errors increased 2–4 times when trying to predict forest characteristics by three major groups of tree species – pine, spruce and all deciduous trees taken together. Main conclusion of the study was that accuracy of predicting volume using ALS data decreased notably when targeting forest characteristics by three major groups of tree species.
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FREIMANE, Lāsma, and Mārtiņš AILTS. "RESPONSE REACTION OF SCOTS PINE PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. AFTER FOREST FIRE IN FOREST SITE TYPE HYLOCOMIOSA." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.072.

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Many factors explain the importance of the research: role of forest industry in Latvian national economy, predicted climate changes in future that foresee better conditions for forest fires, and the fact that until this moment in Latvia there is very little research about radial growth dynamic after forest fire. Object of the research is surface fire affected middle-age managed Scots pine stands in forest site type Hylocomiosa. The empirical material was collected in 500 m2 large circular sample plots in both fire affected and fire unaffected parts of forest stands. At sample plots, dendrometric parameters of trees were measured. After low to medium intensity surface fire forest stand radial growth dynamics is positive, but effect of forest fire impact is negligible – in six year period six cubic meters per hectare or in average one cubic meter per hectare per year. Forest fire significantly does not affect mortality of trees in middle-age Scots pine forest stand in forest site type Hylocomiosa, p = 0.19 > α= 0.05. Minimal financial loss as result of deadwood volume after forest fire is 2179.00 EUR ha-1.
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Vidal Climent, Ciro, Ivo Vidal Climent, and Maite Palomares-Figueres. "The virtual earth. The case study of the Rose garden in Alcoy." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5809.

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The Viaducte des Arts at the Coulée verte René-Dumont in Paris (1993) or the High Lane in New York (2009) have managed to increase the urban quality in large areas of their cities. In both cases, a costly infrastructure of disused highways was reused to generate a planted promenade or a linear park getting back a dynamic point of view at a height of about ten meters above the city.With the perspective of the time elapsed since its construction we must conclude that, although their structural singularity does not make them exportable to other cities, their simple constructive conception does. In them there is a common denominator that we can define as virtual earth. That concept is linked to the current technical capacity to generate green spaces over spaces of any other use. It is a new fertile land that allows the resolution of the complex problem produced by the accumulation of uses and requirements in the same place.In the present study case the objective is to recover an urban garden in Alcoy, known as la the Rose garden, without having to reduce the number of parking spaces of the garage that was built under it. At the same time, the project has to meet the surface requirements of earthen mantle necessary to consider restored the use of green zone. The solution solves in eighty centimeters of thickness a manufactured earth capable of assuming bulky trees that return to the city and to the Rose garden their lost atmosphere.
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Mačura, Peter, Anna Blahutová, Andrej Hubinák, Ján Koštial, Peter Krška, Nadežda Novotná, Jaromír Sedláček, and Mária Hulinková. "Basic motor competencies in the 1st and 2nd grade elementary school children in Slovakia." In 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-9.

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Anumber of youth movement activities, e.g. running, walking, jumping, climbing trees, throw-ing and catching a ball, has been on a decline in the current European cultural space. The results of this research contribute to broadening the knowledge about the level of basic motor competencies and qualifications of the 1st and 2nd grade elementary children in the Slovak Republic. The primary data on the basic motor competencies and qualifications of the examined group (n=307, age = 7.58 ± 0.69 years) were collected by means of the MOBAK 1‒2 test battery (Herrmann et al., 2018b). The significance of differences between boys (n=156, age 7.62 ± 0.69) and girls (n=151, age 7.55 ± 0.70) was evaluated by Student’s t-test in two independent groups. The boys in the first grade (n = 97) achieved a significantly better performance in basic motor competency object movements (x = 5.17 ± 1.79 points) than their female peers (n=88, x = 3.52 ± 1.78). The girls in the second grade did not achieve a statistically better performance in the movement qualifications in throwing, balancing and rolling than the first-graders of the same gender. Knowledge of the level of basic motor com-petencies and qualifications of the Slovak elementary school children allows the national and European educational and cultural authorities to design and improve the content of physical and sport education classes.
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Reports on the topic "Age of trees"

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Ferguson, Dennis E., and Clinton E. Carlson. Height-age relationships for regeneration-size trees in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rp-82.

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Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Arun Kumar Handa, Kishor Gaikwad, Nagendra Kumar Singh, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.

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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.
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D., Muller, Epprecht M., and Sunderlin W.D. Where are the poor and where are the trees?: targeting of poverty reduction and forest conservation in Vietnam. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/002026.

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Leak, William B., and William B. Leak. Relationships of tree age to diameter in old-growth northern hardwoods and spruce-fir. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rn-329.

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Leak, William B., and William B. Leak. Relationships of tree age to diameter in old-growth northern hardwoods and spruce-fir. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rn-329.

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Risbrudt, Christopher D., and Stephen E. McDonald. How effective are tree improvement programs in the 50 states? St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-rp-276.

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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge, and Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.

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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.
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8

Hoang, Minh Ha, Meine van Noordwijk, Jefferson Fox, David Thomas, Fergus Sinclair, Delia Catacutan, Ingrid Ö born, and Tony Simons. Are trees buffering ecosystems and livelihoods in agricultural landscapes of the Lower Mekong Basin? Consequences for climate-change adaptation. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp14047.pdf.

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9

Skojac, Daniel A. Jr, Andrew W. Ezell, James S. Meadows, and John D. Hodges. First-year growth and quality response of residual ahrdwood poletimber trees following thinning in an even-aged sawtimber stand. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rn-13.

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10

Skojac, Daniel A. Jr, Andrew W. Ezell, James S. Meadows, and John D. Hodges. First-year growth and quality response of residual ahrdwood poletimber trees following thinning in an even-aged sawtimber stand. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rn-13.

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