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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Age–related changes in bone structures

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Academic literature on the topic 'Age–related changes in bone structures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Age–related changes in bone structures"

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Orel, A. M., and O. K. Semenova. "Age-related trend of spine changes." Russian Osteopathic Journal, no. 3 (September 26, 2022): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32885/2220-0975-2022-3-33-44.

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Introduction. The increase in the number of elderly and senile people is recognized as a global problem, therefore, the development of new indicators that objectively reﬂect the aging of the human body is an urgent and signiﬁcant task. However, the available quantitative indicators and methods used in the ﬁeld of aging, according to WHO estimates, are limited and do not provide a deep understanding of the key aspects of healthy aging. This article offers information about the possibilities of studying the panoramic X-ray image of the entire spine for developing some new indicators and evaluati

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CHITTENDEN, MICHAEL, AHMAD RAEISI NAJAFI, JUN LI, and IWONA JASIUK. "NANOINDENTATION AND ASH CONTENT STUDY OF AGE DEPENDENT CHANGES IN PORCINE CORTICAL BONE." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 15, no. 05 (2015): 1550074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519415500748.

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Composition-structure-property relations of bone provide fundamental understanding of bone quality. The objective of this paper was to investigate age dependent changes in the composition, structure and mechanical properties of porcine femoral cortical bone at mid-diaphysis region from six age groups (1, 3.5, 6, 12, 30, 48 months). This study was motivated by the fact that limited data is available in the literature on young porcine cortical bone. Nanoindentation technique with Berkovich fluid cell tip was employed to measure the elastic modulus and hardness. Individual lamellae were indented

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JIANG, Rui, Guo-min LIU, Hao-tian BAI, et al. "Age-related differences in the biological parameters of vertebral cancellous bone from Chinese women." Chinese Medical Journal 126, no. 20 (2013): 3828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131464.

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Background With aging, the human fracture risk gradually increase. This is mainly due to the corresponding changes of the biomechanical parameters of human bone presents with aging. We measured the microstructural parameters of lumbar bone from women in several age groups by micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. We observed changes in lumbar cancellous bone mineral density and in biomechanical parameters with aging to elucidate the relationship between age and risk of fracture. We provide theoretical support for human pathology, fracture risk increased with age and the in

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Eksriwong, Teerapat, and Udom Thongudomporn. "Alveolar bone response to maxillary incisor retraction using stable skeletal structures as a reference." Angle Orthodontist 91, no. 1 (2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/022920-146.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate alveolar bone change in relation to root position change after maxillary incisor retraction via cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using stable skeletal structures as a reference. Materials and Methods A total of 17 subjects (age 24.7 ± 4.4 years) who required retraction of the maxillary incisors were included. Labial and palatal alveolar bone changes and root change were assessed from preretraction and 3 months postretraction CBCT images. The reference planes were based on stable skeletal structures. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were

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Teplyuk, N. P., and Serafima V. Lebedeva. "Age-related changes in the lower third of the face considering anatomical and physiological aspects and morphotypes of skin aging." Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases 23, no. 4 (2020): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/dv48920.

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All areas and tissues of the face will go through age-related changes; however, aging occurs at a faster rate in the lower third of the face than in other areas. This study presents the anatomical and physiological aspects of age-related changes in all areas and tissues of the face, mainly in the lower third, such as the skin, subcutaneous fat, muscular-aponeurotic system, deep layers of adipose tissue, and bone structures of the face. Involutional changes were differentiated by taking into account the constitutional and architectonic features of the face. Heterochronous and heterotopic charac

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Willems, Nop M. B. K., Lars Mulder, Geerling E. J. Langenbach, Thorsten Grünheid, Andrej Zentner, and Theo M. G. J. van Eijden. "Age-related changes in microarchitecture and mineralization of cancellous bone in the porcine mandibular condyle." Journal of Structural Biology 158, no. 3 (2007): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2006.12.011.

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Gaivoronsky, Ivan V., Marina V. Markeeva, Olga Yu Aleshkina, Natalia V. Tarasova, Alexey I. Gaivoronsky, and Tatyana G. Berlinskaya. "Age-related features of the ethmoid bone in children and their clinical value." Курский научно-практический вестник «Человек и его здоровье», no. 3 (September 2020): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21626/vestnik/2020-3/08.

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Objective. To determine the variability of morphometric parameters of ethmoid bone structures in childhood and to identify the most significant of them to optimize surgical interventions. Materials and methods. Craniometry of 87 native samples of children's skulls aged 1-21 years without gender identity, and 85 computer tomograms (CT) scans of children of the same age were carried out. Measurements on skulls were made with caliper gage, metal ruler. The CT scan was performed on «Toshiba» 4-slice computer scanner «Asteion-S4» with a 0.5-1.0 mm increment. To assess the validity of the difference

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Ferrario, V. F., C. Sforza, C. Dellavia, et al. "Facial Changes in Adult Uremic Patients on Chronic Dialysis: Possible Role of Hyperparathyroidism." International Journal of Artificial Organs 28, no. 8 (2005): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880502800805.

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Background Uremic patients on regular dialytic treatment (RDT) are often affected by a complex metabolic syndrome leading to osteodystrophy. Bone changes are primarily due to high bone turn over, often combined with a mineralization defect leading to increased bone fractures and bone deformities. Although rarely considered, the craniofacial skeleton represents one of the peculiar targets of this complex metabolic disease whose more dramatic pattern is a form of leontiasis ossea. This complication, although described, has never been evaluated in depth nor quantitatively assessed. In order to as

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Cha, Sa, Sueng-Min Lee, Jiangyue Wang, Qing Zhao, and Ding Bai. "Enhanced Circadian Clock in MSCs-Based Cytotherapy Ameliorates Age-Related Temporomandibular Joint Condyle Degeneration." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (2021): 10632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910632.

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Aging has been proven to be one of the major causes of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disability and pain in older people. Peripheral circadian rhythms play a crucial role in endochondral ossification and chondrogenesis. However, the age-related alterations of circadian clock in TMJ structures are seldom reported. In the current study, TMJ condyles were extracted from young (4-month-old), middle-aged (10-month-old), and old-aged (20-month-old) adults to detect the morphology and circadian oscillation changes in TMJ condyles with aging. The transcriptome profile of Bmal1-deleted bone-marrow mese

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Trofimova, S. A., O. V. Kytko, A. S. Kuznetsova, et al. "X-ray anatomical characteristics of age-related changes in the human craniofacial region using the zygomatico-orbital complex as an example." Russian Journal of Operative Surgery and Clinical Anatomy 9, no. 2 (2025): 104. https://doi.org/10.17116/operhirurg20259022104.

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Background. Age-related changes significantly affect the anatomical parameters of the orbits and facial skeleton. Transformation of the facial skeleton and orbital region structures is a complex process caused by biomechanical, hormonal and cellular-molecular factors. In this study, we will consider biomechanical changes in the orbit. Objective. To determine the relationship between age-related changes in the bony edges of the orbit and its numerical indicators. Material and methods. The study sample (N=285) consisted of anonymized data from computed tomography scans obtained from people aged

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Age–related changes in bone structures"

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Pomchote, Porrawee. "Age-related changes in bone morphometry, densitometry and osteoarthritis in macaques." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199154.

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Razi, Hajar [Verfasser], Manfred W. [Akademischer Betreuer] Zehn, and Georg N. [Akademischer Betreuer] Duda. "An in silicio study of age-related changes in the mechanical regulation of bone adaption / Hajar Razi. Gutachter: Manfred W. Zehn ; Georg N. Duda. Betreuer: Manfred W. Zehn ; Georg N. Duda." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1075807395/34.

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Sontha, Sainikhil. "Citrullination of the matrix: a potential link to age related changes in bone tissue." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/36615.

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There is a strong correlation between aging and risk of fractures that is independent of changes in bone quantity. Although the underlying processes that dysregulate the structural health and integrity of bone tissue without affecting bone-quantity with aging are unknown, one hypothesis is that changes affecting extra-cellular components of bone, particularly components of the mineralized matrix, may contribute to the decline in bone quality with aging. Citrullination is a post-translational modification where a peptidyl arginine is enzymatically modified to a peptidyl Citrulline by enzymes kn

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Vidal, Martin Andreas. "Age-related changes in mechanical and geometrical properties of bone measured with invasive and noninvasive methods." 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/35109923.html.

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Books on the topic "Age–related changes in bone structures"

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Simmons, Edward Donald. Studies on age-related changes in human cortical bone. 1986.

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Skiba, Grzegorz. Fizjologiczne, żywieniowe i genetyczne uwarunkowania właściwości kości rosnących świń. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_gs_2020.

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Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones a

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Grassi, Walter, Tadashi Okano, and Emilio Filippucci. Ultrasound in osteoarthritis and crystal-related arthropathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0017.

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Ultrasonography (US) is a safe and cheap imaging technique which in experienced hands allows for a multiplanar and multisite high-resolution assessment of both morphological and structural features of bone, cartilage, and intra- or periarticular soft tissues. This chapter describes the main applications of US in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and crystal-related arthropathies. Imaging plays a key role for diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up in patients with OA. Although conventional radiography is still the gold standard imaging technique in daily clinical practice, US has been revealed to

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Hayashi, Daichi, Ali Guermazi, and Frank W. Roemer. Radiography and computed tomography imaging of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0016.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disorder in the elderly worldwide and there is still no effective treatment, other than joint arthroplasty for end-stage OA, despite ongoing research efforts. Imaging is essential for assessing structural joint damage and disease progression. Radiography is the most widely used first-line imaging modality for structural OA evaluation. Its inherent limitations should be noted including lack of ability to directly visualize most OA-related pathological features in and around the joint, lack of sensitivity to longitudinal change and missing specific

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Amenorrhea or Absence of Menstruation: Education for Patients and the Public. Exon Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36255/amenorrhea-absence-of-menstruation-patient-public-education.

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Amenorrhea, also known as absence of menstruation, is a condition where menstrual periods stop unexpectedly or do not begin at the expected age. This article explains the two main types of amenorrhea—primary and secondary—and outlines the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments. Covering a wide range of contributing factors, the article discusses hormonal imbalances, lifestyle habits like excessive exercise or stress, and medical conditions such as PCOS or thyroid disorders. It also explores common situations like pregnancy, birth control use, and menopause-related changes. Readers will fi

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Gould, JS, WL McCaw, NP Cheney, PF Ellis, IK Knight, and AL Sullivan. Project Vesta: Fire in Dry Eucalypt Forest. CSIRO Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101296.

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Project Vesta was a comprehensive research project to investigate the behaviour and spread of high-intensity bushfires in dry eucalypt forests with different fuel ages and understorey vegetation structures. The project was designed to quantify age-related changes in fuel attributes and fire behaviour in dry eucalypt forests typical of southern Australia. The four main scientific aims of Project Vesta were: To quantify the changes in the behaviour of fire in dry eucalypt forest as fuel develops with age (i.e. time since fire); To characterise wind speed profiles in forest with different o

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Book chapters on the topic "Age–related changes in bone structures"

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Silva, Matthew J., and Karl J. Jepsen. "Age-Related Changes in Whole-Bone Structure and Strength." In Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/8415_2012_137.

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Pasco, Julie A. "Age-Related Changes in Muscle and Bone." In Osteosarcopenia: Bone, Muscle and Fat Interactions. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25890-0_3.

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Rispler, David, and Susan M. Day. "Age-Related Changes in Bone and Soft Tissue." In Principles and Practice of Geriatric Surgery. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6999-6_90.

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Hayes, W. C., and C. B. Ruff. "Biomechanical Compensatory Mechanisms for Age-Related Changes in Cortical Bone." In Current Concepts of Bone Fragility. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70709-4_32.

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Griffith, James F. "Age-Related Physiological Changes of the Bone Marrow and Immune System." In Geriatric Imaging. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35579-0_34.

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Yang, Seoung-Oh, and Jeongmi Park. "Age-Related Pathological Changes of the Bone Marrow and Immune System." In Geriatric Imaging. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35579-0_35.

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Ashley, Martin. "A Mouth Through Time: Age-Related Changes to the Oral Tissues and Related Structures." In BDJ Clinician’s Guides. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10224-0_2.

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D’Ippolito, Gianluca, Paul C. Schiller, Camillo Ricordi, Bernard A. Roos, and Guy A. Howard. "Age-Related Changes and Hormonal Regulation of Mesenchymal Stromal Stem Cells from Human Vertebral Bone Marrow." In Biology of Menopause. Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21628-7_12.

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Tsuchida, Katsuhiko, and Hidekazu Yamada. "Age-Related Morphometric Changes of Inner Structures of the Skin Assessed by In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy." In Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47398-6_119.

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Tsuchida, Katsuhiko, and Hidekazu Yamada. "Age-Related Morphometric Changes of Inner Structures of the Skin Assessed by In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy." In Textbook of Aging Skin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27814-3_119-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Age–related changes in bone structures"

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Feng, Liang, Rohit Bhargava, and Iwona Jasiuk. "Age-Related Changes in Structure, Composition and Mechanical Properties of Swine Cortical Bone." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206820.

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Bone has a complex hierarchical structure spanning from nanometer to macroscopic dimensions. We apply several experimental methods at different structural scales to study the three fundamental aspects of this material: the structure, composition and mechanical properties. As a biological material, bone is constantly under development. These biological processes such as remodeling and aging are known to increase the susceptibility of bone to fracture. The age-related changes in the fracture toughness and other mechanical properties are manifested by the alteration of the bone structure and chem

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Ortega, A. M., T. A. Bateman, E. W. Livingston, et al. "Spaceflight Related Changes in Structure and Strength of Mouse Trabecular and Cortical Bone From the STS-118 Space Shuttle Mission." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14785.

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Rapid bone loss during spaceflight is a well-established and continuing medical issue for astronauts. It has been reported that astronauts have displayed bone loss at rates of up to 2.7%/month in weight-bearing bones, or about 6 times that of post-menopausal women [1]. Rodent models have provided a means to further our understanding of the effects of microgravity on bone quality, both from studies in which rodents have flown aboard space missions and those in which weightlessness is simulated on earth through musculoskeletal unloading [2]. Such studies have the potential to not only further ou

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Wang, Xiaodu, Jeffry Nyman, and Michael Reyes. "Mode Changes in the Post-Yield Behavior of Bone." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175438.

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A number of factors across multiple length scales (Table 1) may contribute to the mechanical competence of bone (i.e., the resistance to fracture). This structural complexity hinders a complete mechanistic explanation (model) for elderly bone fragility. Although age-related loss of bone mass has been viewed as the reason for the rising incidence of bone fractures in the elderly,(2) bone quality is more meaningful to provide insights into why individuals with ‘normal’ bone mineral density (BMD) suffer fractures. Bone is a hierarchical and hydrated composite of mineral and collagen phases,(3, 4)

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Khosroshahi, Maryam, Fred Barez, Amer El-Hage, and James Kao. "Dependence of Elastic Properties of Human Femoral Cortical Bone on Porosity." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52318.

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Hip fracture is one of the most serious and common health problems among elderly which may lead to permanent disability or death. Hip fracture commonly occurs in the femoral bone, the major bone in the hip joint. Microscopic age-related changes in the structure of cortical bone is one of the factors that is considered to be partially responsible for the increase of fracture risk in elderly. It is of great interest to develop a predictable model of such fractures for the aging population in preparation of a suitable therapy. These micro structural changes influence mechanical properties and, th

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Ni, Qingwen, and Shuo Chen. "Assessing the Effect of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 on the Growth of Mice Teeth." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53708.

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Dentin and bone are formed when odontoblasts and osteoblasts synthesize and secrete collagen type I-rich extracellular matrix that mineralizes in a highly controlled manner. A wide spectrum of mouse and human disorders affecting tooth and bone biomineralization shows that dentin and bone formation are under strict genetic control. Although the controlling mechanisms of dentinogenesis and osteogenesis require further study, a large body of evidence points to the importance of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in a wide variety of extracellular matrix degradation. Detailed knowled

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Ni, Qingwen, and Shuo Chen. "The Characterization and Comparison of Human Cortical Bone and Teeth Structural Changes by Low Field NMR." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-205251.

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It is known that NMR proton spin-spin (T2) or spin-lattice (T1) relaxation time measurements and analytical processing techniques have been used to determine microstructural characteristics of various types of fluid filled porous materials with characteristic pore sizes ranging from sub-micron to sub-millimeter. Currently this method has been developed and applied to quantify the porosity, pore size distribution and microdamage in human cortical bone [1–3]. The observed proton NMR relaxation signals are a convolution of the relaxation of fluid in the pores throughout the observed system with t

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Ni, Qingwen, Juffry S. Nyman, Xiaodu Wang, and Daniel P. Nicolella. "The Characterization of Age-Related Human Cortical Bone Porosity, Water Distribution Changes by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176213.

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Previous studies have shown that bone fracture toughness is also significantly correlated to changes in porosity, microarchitecture, osteonal morphology, collagen integrity, microdamage, and the interactions of water with collagen and mineral phases, all of which are measures of bone quality. Currently, the influence of water removal on the strength and toughness of cortical bone has studied by Nyman et al [1]. The results have shown that loss of water in the collagen phase decreases the toughness of bone, whereas loss of water associated with the mineral phase decreases both bone strength and

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Akkus, Ozan, Fran Adar, and Mitchell B. Schaffler. "Increased Collagen Mineralization Affects the Yield Stress But Not the Yield Strain in Cortical Bone of Rats: Implications for Age-Related Tissue Embrittlement." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32599.

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It has been well documented that the fracture susceptibility of cortical bone increases significantly with age [1]. Although the age-related decline in the fracture resistance of the cortical bone is attributed to reduced bone quantity; a substantial overlap in the bone mass of normal subjects and those sustaining fractures suggests that bone mass alone does not identify the fracture risk on an individual basis [2]. Therefore, the conceptual framework should be improved to include bone quality measures in addition to bone quantity to refine fracture risk assessment. In this study, Raman micros

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Gohil, Vipul P., Paul K. Canavan, and Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi. "Effect of Bone Tumor and Osteoporosis on Mechanical Properties of Bone and Bone Tissue Properties: A Finite Element Study." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42389.

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This research is aimed to study the variations in the biomechanical behavior of bone and bone tissues with osteoporosis and bone tumors. Osteoporosis and bone tumors reduce the mechanical strength of bone, which creates a greater risk of fracture. In the United States alone, ten million individuals, eight million of whom are women, are estimated to already have osteoporosis, and almost 34 million more are estimated to have low bone mass (osteopenia) placing them at increased risk for osteoporosis. World Health Organization defines osteopenia, as a bone density between one and two and a half st

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Yeh, Oscar C., Glen L. Niebur, Michael J. Jaasma, and Tony M. Keaveny. "Damage Behavior of Trabecular Bone." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1930.

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Abstract In trabecular bone, damage refers to both the physical microstructural changes which can occur in the tissue due to mechanical loads as well as to the degradations in mechanical properties which may result from such morphological changes. One hypothesis to explain age-related increases in osteoporotic fracture risk is that a history of overloads or falls can cause damage to accumulate in trabecular bone and ultimately lead to a catastrophic fracture. The purpose of this paper is to review what is known about the complex damage behavior of trabecular bone and to suggest further avenues

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Reports on the topic "Age–related changes in bone structures"

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Christiansen, Blaine A. The Role of Peripheral Nerve Function in Age-Related Bone Loss and Changes in Bone Adaptation. Defense Technical Information Center, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada613982.

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Christiansen, Blaine A. The Role of Peripheral Nerve Function in Age-Related Bone Loss and Changes in Bone Adaptation. Defense Technical Information Center, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada598422.

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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There i

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Behrman, Jere R., Miguel Székely, and Suzanne Duryea. Decomposing Fertility Differences across World Regions and over Time: Is Improved Health More Important than Women's Schooling? Inter-American Development Bank, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010947.

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There is a recent renewal of interest in the relation between shifts in age structures of populations and various economic outcomes. These shifts are triggered by changes in fertility and mortality that take place some years before becoming apparent in the standard age structure and that may create windows of opportunity for subsequent development. A large number of countries in the world are still experiencing, or probably about to experience, fertility declines. This paper first characterizes differences in fertility and mortality and in related dependency ratios across regions and over time

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Lunn, Pete, Marek Bohacek, Jason Somerville, Áine Ní Choisdealbha, and Féidhlim McGowan. PRICE Lab: An Investigation of Consumers’ Capabilities with Complex Products. ESRI, 2016. https://doi.org/10.26504/bkmnext306.

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Executive Summary This report describes a series of experiments carried out by PRICE Lab, a research programme at the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) jointly funded by the Central Bank of Ireland, the Commission for Energy Regulation, the Competition and Consumer Protection Commission and the Commission for Communications Regulation. The experiments were conducted with samples of Irish consumers aged 18-70 years and were designed to answer the following general research question: At what point do products become too complex for consumers to choose accurately between the good ones

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