Academic literature on the topic 'Agency theory'

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Journal articles on the topic "Agency theory"

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Pontes, Manuel C. "Agency theory." Health Care Management Review 20, no. 4 (1995): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004010-199523000-00010.

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Shapiro, Susan P. "Agency Theory." Annual Review of Sociology 31, no. 1 (August 2005): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122159.

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Jassim, Amir, Carolyn R. Dexter, and Aman Sidhu. "AGENCY THEORY:." Managerial Finance 14, no. 4 (April 1988): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb013600.

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MASSA, RUBENS MUSSOLIN, RAUL BEAL PARTYKA, and JEFERSON LANA. "Pesquisa e teoria da agência comportamental: uma revisão e agenda de pesquisa." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 18, no. 2 (June 2020): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395177017.

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Abstract The behavioral agency theory verifies the relationship between company executives, CEOs, and managers, and their decision-making within the firm. The mechanisms of governance and the forms of remuneration are instruments that monitor internal members avoiding risks that potentially harm the organization’s valuation. This article highlights the importance of the behavioral agency theory both for firms that trust their decision-making process to an agent and for the behavior of this agent. Both aspects are subject to concerns that usually lead to recommendations to establish or improve the executives’ compensation plans. Through bibliometric research analyzing 107 articles, it was possible to verify that executives’ performance compensation, according to agency theory, is the most used mechanism to stimulate executives to make decisions toward the company’s growth and best performance. This study’s theoretical and empirical contribution point to the need for future research on this topic since understanding the agent’s behavior is strategic for companies to help the agent to act on its benefit while reducing the possibilities of inadequate and harmful behavior.
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Elms, Heather, and Shawn Berman. "Stakeholder-Agency Theory." Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society 8 (1997): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/iabsproc1997863.

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Hill, Charles W. L., and Thomas M. Jones. "STAKEHOLDER-AGENCY THEORY." Journal of Management Studies 29, no. 2 (March 1992): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00657.x.

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Pepper, Alexander, and Julie Gore. "Behavioral Agency Theory." Journal of Management 41, no. 4 (September 27, 2012): 1045–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206312461054.

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Yolles, Maurice, and Gerhard Fink. "Agency Mindset Theory." Acta Europeana Systemica 3 (July 14, 2020): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/aes.v3i1.57513.

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A culturally based socio-cognitive agency generic model is developed. The agency has a normative personality with an values/beliefs indicated by its formative traits. These can take bi-polar epistemic values (“enantiomers”). These may be combined together, giving 8 different cognitive types that are personality type mind-sets. These types are influenced by the culture and the social environment that the agency is bound to. The traits can be used to explain the what, why and how of dynamic agency behaviour in complex situations.
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Vetschera, Rudolf. "Multicriteria agency theory." Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis 7, no. 3 (May 1998): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1360(199805)7:3<133::aid-mcda185>3.0.co;2-u.

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Onjewu, Adah-Kole Emmanuel, Nigel Walton, and Ioannis Koliousis. "Blockchain agency theory." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 191 (June 2023): 122482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122482.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agency theory"

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Temel-Candemir, Nurcan. "Agency theory : an extended conceptualisation and reformation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16188/1/Nurcan_Temel_Candemir_Thesis.pdf.

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The theory of Agency, specifically that developed by Jesen and Meckling (1976), will be the subject of examination. Agency theory has been the subject of extensive research since its introduction in modern form by Jensen and Meckling (1976). The generality of the theory of Agency appears unquestionable and it has been widely adopted. Surprisingly, however, the model correctly predicts particular phenomena under investigation in only the simplest of instances, and even in the simplest of instances there are cases where the simple agency model has limited success. Possible reasons for this failure may lie in the assumed universalist foundation and in the common formulation regarding agent behaviour, that all agents are self-interested rationalists seeking to maximise their own utility to the disregard of their principal's interest. While the hypothesis of self-interested rationalism may be apt in some contexts it may be misleading or inadequate in others. This is especially so when the narrow interpretations of self-interested rationalism are used. Human beings are more complex in their totality than can be represented in any parsimonious model. This is particularly a problem when model predictions are not empirically supported. Aspects omitted in a model may be a source of the misfit between prediction and observation. An extended conceptualisation and reformulation of agent behaviour is presented. An approach is developed that addresses the context of agent behaviour, the socio-environment within which the agent interacts. The context particularly refers to the institutional affiliations and interactions that influence agent behaviour through their belief structure (i.e., their Belief-Desire-Intention, BDI, model of rational action). Through the use of an institutional framework contextual analysis is incorporated into the theory of agency and ultimately agent behaviour. This agent is termed a socio-environmental rationalist agent (SERA) which is contrasted with the self-interested rationalist (SIR) agent in the existing agency literature. This research utilises an object-oriented approach to develop a simulation of the extended conceptualisation and reformulation of agent behaviour. Simulations investigate agent behaviours and outcomes at the micro (specifically through individualised SERA and SIR formulations) and macro (specifically through a multi-agent SERA community formulation in the context of the EU financial accounting harmonisation process) levels. Netlogo is the simulation tool through which this is attained. The simulation demonstrates how alternative formulations of rationality lead to different outcomes and these differences are evident at both levels. Importantly the extended model has outputs that are more in tune with current empirical evidence. The analysis thus demonstrates the plausibility of the extended conceptualisation and reformulation and the need to incorporate the context of behaviour more fully within the analysis of the principal-agent relationship. Through this extended examination of agent behaviour further theoretical and practical insights regarding the understanding of agent behaviour, the principal-agent problem and relationship, multi-agent communities, and of business and society in general may be attained. This dissertation provides one step in advancing our fundamental understanding of the principal-agent problem. The scope and power of agency analysis can be substantially extended using the approach and methods outlined, particularly beyond that present in existing Agency research.
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Temel-Candemir, Nurcan. "Agency theory : an extended conceptualisation and reformation." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16188/.

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The theory of Agency, specifically that developed by Jesen and Meckling (1976), will be the subject of examination. Agency theory has been the subject of extensive research since its introduction in modern form by Jensen and Meckling (1976). The generality of the theory of Agency appears unquestionable and it has been widely adopted. Surprisingly, however, the model correctly predicts particular phenomena under investigation in only the simplest of instances, and even in the simplest of instances there are cases where the simple agency model has limited success. Possible reasons for this failure may lie in the assumed universalist foundation and in the common formulation regarding agent behaviour, that all agents are self-interested rationalists seeking to maximise their own utility to the disregard of their principal's interest. While the hypothesis of self-interested rationalism may be apt in some contexts it may be misleading or inadequate in others. This is especially so when the narrow interpretations of self-interested rationalism are used. Human beings are more complex in their totality than can be represented in any parsimonious model. This is particularly a problem when model predictions are not empirically supported. Aspects omitted in a model may be a source of the misfit between prediction and observation. An extended conceptualisation and reformulation of agent behaviour is presented. An approach is developed that addresses the context of agent behaviour, the socio-environment within which the agent interacts. The context particularly refers to the institutional affiliations and interactions that influence agent behaviour through their belief structure (i.e., their Belief-Desire-Intention, BDI, model of rational action). Through the use of an institutional framework contextual analysis is incorporated into the theory of agency and ultimately agent behaviour. This agent is termed a socio-environmental rationalist agent (SERA) which is contrasted with the self-interested rationalist (SIR) agent in the existing agency literature. This research utilises an object-oriented approach to develop a simulation of the extended conceptualisation and reformulation of agent behaviour. Simulations investigate agent behaviours and outcomes at the micro (specifically through individualised SERA and SIR formulations) and macro (specifically through a multi-agent SERA community formulation in the context of the EU financial accounting harmonisation process) levels. Netlogo is the simulation tool through which this is attained. The simulation demonstrates how alternative formulations of rationality lead to different outcomes and these differences are evident at both levels. Importantly the extended model has outputs that are more in tune with current empirical evidence. The analysis thus demonstrates the plausibility of the extended conceptualisation and reformulation and the need to incorporate the context of behaviour more fully within the analysis of the principal-agent relationship. Through this extended examination of agent behaviour further theoretical and practical insights regarding the understanding of agent behaviour, the principal-agent problem and relationship, multi-agent communities, and of business and society in general may be attained. This dissertation provides one step in advancing our fundamental understanding of the principal-agent problem. The scope and power of agency analysis can be substantially extended using the approach and methods outlined, particularly beyond that present in existing Agency research.
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Kervoas, Gael. "Thomas Reid's theory of agency." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369629.

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The Essays on the Active Powers of Man are Thomas Reid's last major work, where the Scottish philosopher presents an original theory of human agency. This thesis is a critical reconstruction of Reid's theory, showing how it completes his earlier Essays on the Intellectual Powers. It is argued that Reid's theory of agency must be understood as uncovering the essential aspects of the actions of human persons, and therefore that it provides an understanding of the nature of personality and of the agency proper to persons. If Reid's arguments often appear as negative responses to philosophers that have preceded him, Locke and Hume in particular, what underlies these criticisms is in fact a positive and coherent conception of man. The metaphysics of personal identity and agency thus constitutes the framework in which Reid develops a moral psychology in a naturalistic spirit, as well as an analysis and defence of the possibility of free agency, what he calls man's "moral liberty". By virtue of their natural constitution, human beings are able to exert their voluntary abilities according to particular reasons. They are thereby free from necessity and capable of self-government, as moral and responsible agents. Reid's theory of action and morality reveals important aspects of human nature, and especially the irreducibility of human agency and personality. The Essays on the Active Powers then constitute an essential part of his philosophy, whether it be understood as a "science of man" or as a "philosophy of common sense".
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Ghalamchi, Parastoo. "A tri-modal theory of agency." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13550.

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This study aims to determine the relationship between agency and freedom and it has developed a Tri-Modal Theory of Agency that explains an agent’s decisions with a focus on freedom. Here, based on Berlin’s (1958) ideas we have conceptualised positive and negative sides of freedom with a focus on agency. Meanwhile, agency is defined and measured in three following modes: (A) the conative mode is developed based on Sen’s (2007) capability approach, (B) the cognitive mode is conceptualised based on Weber’s (1993) rationality types and Bakhtin’s (1935) dialogism, and (C) the affective mode is developed based on Weiner’s (2010) attribution theory of emotion. A Tri-Modal Theory of Agency is tested and developed in five empirical studies that include 21 in-depth interviews, two surveys on career choice of 1063 employees and a university major selection of 4086 students in Iran, and finally the theory is applied to one case study that explains an entrepreneur’s agency-freedom relationship after a business failure. In summary, the Tri-Modal Theory of Agency establishes that freedom matters but having agency to give up freedom in pursuit of one’s values ought to be the primary aspiration. This study can be exploited in the field of social psychology, appraisal psychology and organisational behaviour to understand an agent’s decisions in a social context with a focus on her freedom.
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Cardoso, David Emanuel Cruz Poço Ressurreição. "Contributions on Real Options Agency Theory." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/57177.

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Cardoso, David Emanuel Cruz Poço Ressurreição. "Contributions on Real Options Agency Theory." Dissertação, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/57177.

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Aguilar, Jesús H. "Agency and control." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82814.

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The main objective of this thesis is to defend an account of the control that agents possess over their actions from the perspective of the causal theory of action, that is, a theory that sees actions as events caused by internal states of their agents. The explanatory strategy that is employed for this purpose consists in addressing three interdependent and fundamental problems concerning the possibility of this type of control. The first problem arises from the possibility of controlling an action that is itself transitively caused by previous events. The answer given to this problem is grounded on a careful description of basic actions and on an identification of the internal states that function as the sources of control. The second problem emerges from a variety of causal deviance, namely, a conceptually possible scenario that satisfies the requirements for a bodily movement to be under the control of its agent without this movement being intuitively under the control of its agent. The answer given to this problem comes from the examination of the sources of the intuitions associated with causal deviance and from the recognition of the causal contribution of epistemic features present in the antecedents of an action. The third problem results from the possibility of producing an action that can only be partially controlled. This is problematic if one accepts that producing an action entails controlling it, as is suggested in this thesis. The reply given to this problem adapts an intention-based account of action guidance to the needs of an account of degrees of control, while remaining compatible with the proposal that producing an action is sufficient to control it.
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Jones, Paula Satne. "Kant's theory of motivation and rational agency." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498792.

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It is clear that Kant's theory of motivation plays a central role in his ethical theory' as a whole. Nevertheless, it has been subjected to many interpretations: (i) the 'orthodox' interpretation, (ii) the 'Aristotelian' or 'Humean' interpretation and (iii) the 'rationalist' interpretation. The first part of the thesis aims to provide an interpretation of Kant's theory of rational agency and motivation. I argue that the 'orthodox' and 'Aristotelian' interpretations should be rejected because they are incompatible with Kant's conception of freedom, defending an account of Kant's position that goes along the lines of the rationalist interpretation. I show that Kant's theory of motivation is committed to a form of cognitivism, that is, the cognitive aspects of a motive are always the active factors in motivation.
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Peterson, John. "Intentional actions| A theory of musical agency." Thesis, The Florida State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3681760.

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Studies of musical agency have been growing in the field of music theory since the publication of Edward T. Cone's book The Composer's Voice (1974). Indeed, recent publications by scholars such as Robert Hatten and Seth Monahan demonstrate that musical agency continues to be a topic worthy of investigation today. These authors tend to explore the function of agents within a piece, virtually ignoring the way agents arise in music. In this dissertation I work toward a solution to this problem by developing a theory of musical agency that explores the following questions: (1) How do virtual agents emerge in music? (2) What is the relationship between agency and narrative? (3) Can virtual agents influence music at levels deeper than the surface?

I propose that the concept of musical intention provides music theorists with a possible answer to this question. Action Theory, a robust subfield active in philosophy and sociology, views intentionality as a focal point in research on human agency—research that deserves more attention in studies of musical agency. Following assertions by action theorists Donald Davidson and Alfred Mele, I argue that an entity only attains the status of an agent when it performs an intentional act. With respect to music, then, I outline six categories of intentionality that can offer support to an agential hearing: gesture, contradiction of musical forces, unexpected event, conflict, repetition/restatement, and change of state. Further, I suggest that certain passages of music can be interpreted as intentional acts performed by virtual musical agents.

I begin by reviewing the literature surrounding Action Theory in philosophy and sociology, and Agency in music theory in Chapter One. After defining each category of intentionality in Chapter Two, I investigate how the categories of intentionality interact with recent theories of musical narrative and Schenkerian analysis in Chapter Three. To demonstrate how my insights apply to analysis, I examine Beethoven's Bagatelle Op. 126, No. 2 and Mendelssohn's Song Without Words Op. 30, No. 6. These two analyses also serve as an introduction to the way in which my methodology is applied in analysis. In Chapter Four, I use the categories of intentionality in combination with both narrative and Schenkerian analysis to develop an agential reading of Schubert's Piano Sonata in A, D. 959. My agential analysis adds nuance to Hatten's (1993) and Charles Fisk's (2001) readings of the work. I suggest that two agents are present at the beginning of the movement, and I investigate how these agents act throughout all four movements of the piece. In the first three movements, the two agents are in conflict with one another, and by the end of the fourth movement the two agents achieve a synthesis that resolves their conflict. Not only does an understanding of intentionality in music clarify earlier work on musical agency, but it also provides opportunities for richer interpretive analyses. To conclude my dissertation I suggest possible avenues for further investigation, and I briefly apply my methodology to a passage of post-tonal music.

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Joyce, Daniel W. "A phenomenological-connectionist theory of computational agency." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342641.

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Books on the topic "Agency theory"

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Abdelnour, Joseph, and Hadi El-Farr. The Agency Theory. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781071923924.

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Pepper, Alexander. Agency Theory and Executive Pay. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99969-2.

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Bamberg, Günter, and Klaus Spremann, eds. Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75060-1.

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Guy, Jean-Sébastien. Theory Beyond Structure and Agency. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18983-9.

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1940-, Bamberg Günter, Spremann Klaus, and Ballwieser Wolfgang, eds. Agency theory, information, and incentives. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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1940-, Bamberg Günter, Spremann Klaus, and Ballwieser Wolfgang, eds. Agency theory, information, and incentives. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987.

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The assumption of agency theory. London: Routledge, 2011.

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Shogren, Karrie A., and Sheida K. Raley. Self-Determination and Causal Agency Theory. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04260-7.

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Anthony, Puxty, ed. Critiques of agency theory in accountancy. Glasgow: Strathclyde Convergencies, 1985.

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Art and agency: An anthropological theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Agency theory"

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Menyah, Kojo. "Agency Theory." In Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, 64–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_108.

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Shailer, Greg. "Agency Theory." In Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23514-1_151-1.

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Gass, Saul I., and Carl M. Harris. "Agency theory." In Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science, 5. New York, NY: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0611-x_21.

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Aluchna, Maria. "Agency Theory." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_814-1.

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Seth, Anju. "Agency Theory." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 28–31. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_570.

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Asai, Kentaro. "Agency Theory." In Corporate Finance and Capital Structure, 17–27. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003016380-4.

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Aluchna, Maria. "Agency Theory." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 87–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25984-5_814.

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Heath, Joseph. "Agency Theory." In Finance Ethics, 125–42. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118266298.ch7.

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Seth, Anju. "Agency Theory." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94848-2_570-1.

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Gordon, Irene M., and Kim Trottier. "Agency theory." In The Routledge Companion to Behavioural Accounting Research, 101–10. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315710129-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Agency theory"

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Lee, Jong Seok. "The DevSecOps and Agency Theory." In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issrew.2018.00013.

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Pei-Chen Chen and Shih-Chieh Fang. "Can agency theory disclose organizational commitment? Exploring employees and agency workers." In 2011 IEEE International Technology Management Conference (ITMC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itmc.2011.5995933.

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Eidenbenz, Raphael, and Stefan Schmid. "Combinatorial agency with audits." In 2009 International Conference on Game Theory for Networks (GameNets). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gamenets.2009.5137423.

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Basu, Vedabrata, and Albert L. Lederer. "An agency theory model of ERP implementation." In the 2004 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/982372.982375.

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"Opportunistic Investment in Germany - An Agency Theory Based Analysis." In 2005 European Real Estate Society conference in association with the International Real Estate Society: ERES Conference 2005. ERES, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2005_312.

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Gurunlu, Meltem. "AGENCY THEORY RELATED EXPLANATIONS FOR INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING ANOMALIES." In 5th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018/1.3/s03.004.

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"Analysis of Corporate Governance Based on The Agency Theory." In 4th International Seminar of Research Month. Galaxy Science, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/nstp.2019.0401.

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Putra, Pasca, Dedy Syah, and Baginda Simatupang. "Institutional Ownership and Tax Avoidance: A Review Agency Theory." In Proceedings of The 5th Annual International Seminar on Trends in Science and Science Education, AISTSSE 2018, 18-19 October 2018, Medan, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.18-10-2018.2287316.

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Zhou, Drake Keyang, Aaron Weixu Sun, and Joseph Yuanlong Zhang. "Interpreting Agency Theory Through Greiner Growth Model: Regulatory Mechanism Reduces Agency Costs for Modern Chinese Enterprises." In 2021 5th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210806.156.

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Grosse, Nick, Tan Guerpinar, and Michael Henke. "Blockchain-Enabled Trust in Intercompany Networks Applying the Agency Theory." In BIOTC 2021: 2021 the 3rd Blockchain and Internet of Things Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3475992.3475994.

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Reports on the topic "Agency theory"

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Chetty, Raj, and Emmanuel Saez. An Agency Theory of Dividend Taxation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13538.

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Lopes, Helena. Individuals, persons and agency theory – contrasted views on social interactions at work. DINÂMIA'CET-IUL, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7749/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2014.04.

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Presley, Doug, and Anthony Stinton. Neglected Capabilities in the DoD: Using Agency Theory to Improve Guidance. Policy Analysis Exercise. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada482850.

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Bermudez, Pamela. Perceived Fairness of a Child-care Subsidy in a Temporary Agency: An Equity Theory Approach. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6786.

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Giacometti, Alberto, Mari Wøien Meijer, and Hilma Salonen. Who drives green innovation in the Nordic Region? A change agency and systems perspective. Nordregio, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2024:101403-2503.

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In addressing the critical challenge of systemic sustainability, this report explores the need for more than a one-size-fits-all approach in the Nordic Region. It investigates the role of change agency processes and the impact of policies and framework conditions on green transition changes in business sectors. Our two case studies reveal some of the bottlenecks and drivers of innovation and explore them from a systemic perspective and in different geographic scales, both from a place-based and place-less perspective. The methodology adopted in the report is comprehensive, including a deep dive into the evolution of innovation theory and policy, following by an in-depth analysis of green innovation in two sectoral developments, including multi-storey wood construction and the so-called ‘protein shift’. It examines the roles of different stakeholders, including governments, businesses, and communities, in fostering an environment conducive to systemic change. The report relies on the academic and policy evolution of innovation theory and practice, identifying, what is argued to be, an emerging generation of innovation policies focused not only on economic but also on societal and environmental goals, which has generated a heated debate. To add nuance to this debate, our report utilised sector-based case studies relying on expert interviews to shed light on the roles of different agents in producing, not only technological but systems innovation. Against the background of systems innovations theory, this study provides some insights into the relevance of place, and proximity – not just geographic, but cognitive, institutional, organisational and social proximity. regional innovation landscape. Key findings reveal that systemic green innovations in the Nordic region happen as a result of the sum of multiple actors intentionally and unintentionally driving change in place-based and place-less settings. Several obstacles hinder setting a clear direction to innovation and path creation as these barriers are deeply entrenched in governance complexities, social institutions, and place-based industrial and structural path dependencies. Disrupting technological and systems ‘lock-ins’, is therefore, not the role of single agents but the result of multiple ones acting on a place-based or technology-based setting, and requires enhanced policy frameworks, and entrepreneurial public institutions moving beyond setting the ‘rules-of-the-game’ to actively orchestrating action, mobilising stakeholders and facilitating co-operation. The report emphasizes the significance of knowledge exchange and the creation of trust-based networks to accelerate the adoption of green innovations. It concludes by demonstrating that different green innovations develop under very different conditions and processes.
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Weinschelbaum, Federico, and Leandro Arozamena. Incentive Schemes in Export and Investment Promotions. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011419.

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This study examines the use of incentive mechanisms for employees in export and investment promotion agencies intended to improve their performance. It briefly describes these organizations and presents the contributions from economic theory that are useful to understand the agency problems that arise. It proposes a framework to study the issues that need to be considered to design a sound incentive mechanism. The study concludes that such a design should be carried out carefully, analyzing all of the possible drawbacks of rewarding each measure of employee performance, and identifies the main issues that need to be resolved.
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7

Chopra, Deepta, Devanik Saha, Luize Guimarães, Lucia Bernadete, and Kerry Selvestre. The case of MUVA Assistentes: Moving Beyond Income Generation to a New Approach Towards Achieving Women’s Empowerment. Institute of Development Studies, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/muva.2023.002.

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This paper highlights the case of MUVA Assistentes, a public works programme (PWP) that provided training and mentoring to young vulnerable women (YVW) in urban Mozambique. Our paper draws out the main learnings from the MUVA Assistentes project to inform the design of other PWPs that have women’s empowerment as their major aim. We show through our analysis that it is possible for PWPs to achieve women’s empowerment, but only if they go beyond a sole focus on income provision through paid work to women. Instead, we argue that if PWPs formulate their theory of change in line with Kabeer (1999)’s notion of empowerment, with its three interrelated dimensions (resources, agency and achievements), women’s empowerment through PWPs can be both realistic and long-lasting. PWPs have always been popular in low- and middle-income countries as tools for poverty alleviation and mitigating high unemployment rates among young people. Given the disproportionate impact of poverty on women and girls, many existing PWPs often include a ‘gender’ component in their theories of change. A common limitation of such PWPs and theories of change is their overarching focus on providing income opportunities, which they suggest leads to women’s empowerment. However, this has not been the case for most PWPs; hence, learnings from a project that has led to substantive empowerment of young women are highly valuable. The MUVA Assistentes project was a component of the broader MUVA Programme running in urban Mozambique. It provided training to YVW and gave them paid work as classroom assistants in primary schools for one academic year. The project addressed two major problems plaguing Mozambique today: (1) high unemployment among urban young people, especially women; and (2) poor educational outcomes among primary school students. Through a dedicated focus on mentoring the participants, the project supported these women to build soft assets and skills to enable them to realise their future goals and aspirations. This paper highlights that the MUVA Assistentes project led to three major outcomes: (1) building technical skills; (2) improving opportunities for women’s employability in the labour market (while improving public goods); and (3) building soft assets through training and mentoring. Through a close discussion of the experiences of four women participants, we find that the MUVA Assistentes led to an increase not only in income opportunities for YVW, but also in their sense of self‑worth and confidence to exercise their agency in achieving their goals. Further, the project also provided a critical public good by working towards improving the quality of classroom outcomes in government primary schools. We conclude that through building these skills and increasing women participants’ self-worth, PWPs can build women’s resources, agency and achievements, thereby moving closer to achieving a holistic view of empowerment, which encouragingly extends beyond the PWPs’ duration as well.
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Casella, Alessandra. Storable Votes and Agenda Order Control. Theory and Experiments. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14487.

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9

Fonseca, Liliana, Lisa Nieth, Maria Salomaa, and Paul Benneworth. Universities and Place Leadership: a question of agency and alignment. Universiteit Twente - Department of Science, Technology and Policy Studies (STePS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/4.2535-5686.2021.01.

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There is increasing interest in the question of how different stakeholders develop, implement and lead regional upgrading processes with the concept of place leadership emerging as one response to this. Simultaneously, universities face growing expectations that they will contribute to regional development processes – often through their collaborative relationships with other regional stakeholders. But universities are complex in terms of their internal and institutional structures, which undermines their capacities to enact coherent place leadership roles. We seek to understand how strategic leadership in universities can contribute to innovation and regional development in the context of the fundamental institutional complexity of universities. We address this through a qualitative, explorative case study comparing six European regions where universities have sincerely attempted to deliver place leadership roles. We identify that the elements of agency and alignment are vital in that: firstly, university leadership has to align with regional coalitions on the one hand and internal structures on the other hand, and secondly, this leadership must give individuals agency in their regional engagement activities.
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Bando, Rosangela. The Role of Agents and the Nature of Limitations in the Performance of Development Projects. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005545.

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Development practitioners aspire to improve lives, but achieving results is challenging. What prevents operations from achieving their objectives? Answering this question is critical to promote success. This Discussion Paper proposes to analyze operations first to identify if they faced limitations to effectiveness, then to identify which key stakeholders faced those limitations, and finally, whether such limitations were exogenous. Such an approach may strengthen accountability and learning. An analysis of 62 project completion reports evaluated in 2022 by the Inter-American Development Bank shows that success was contingent upon critical agents performance and the influence of exogenous factors. Four in 10 operations that failed had agents other than the executing agency face challenges. The same share of operations had agents face limitations derived from the project environment or third-party inputs beyond their control. Despite limitations, the proposed framework may provide insights for future work that promotes effectiveness.
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