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McCombs, Maxwell, and Sebastián Valenzuela. Agenda-Setting Theory. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.48.
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This chapter discusses contemporary directions of agenda-setting research. It reviews the basic concept of agenda setting, the transfer of salience from the media agenda to the public agenda as a key step in the formation of public opinion, the concept of need for orientation as a determinant of issue salience, the ways people learn the media agenda, attribute agenda setting, and the consequences of agenda setting that result from priming and attribute priming. Across the theoretical areas found in the agenda-setting tradition, future studies can contribute to the role of news in media effects by showing how agenda setting evolves in the new and expanding media landscape as well as continuing to refine agenda setting’s core concepts.
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England, Tamsin Wilton; Tamsin Wilton; Lesley Doyal; Jennie Naidoo all of the University of the West of. AIDS: Setting a Feminist Agenda. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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Tamsin Wilton; Tamsin Wilton; Lesley Doyal; Jennie Naidoo all of the University of the West of England. AIDS: Setting a Feminist Agenda. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Tamsin Wilton; Tamsin Wilton; Lesley Doyal; Jennie Naidoo all of the University of the West of England. AIDS: Setting a Feminist Agenda. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Tamsin Wilton; Tamsin Wilton; Lesley Doyal; Jennie Naidoo all of the University of the West of England. AIDS: Setting a Feminist Agenda. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Tamsin Wilton; Tamsin Wilton; Lesley Doyal; Jennie Naidoo all of the University of the West of England. AIDS: Setting a Feminist Agenda. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Lesley, Doyal, Naidoo Jennie, and Wilton Tamsin, eds. AIDS: Setting a feminist agenda. London: Taylor & Francis, 1994.
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E, McCombs Maxwell, Shaw Donald Lewis, and Weaver David H. 1946-, eds. Communication and democracy: Exploring the intellectual frontiers in agenda-setting theory. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.
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(Editor), Maxwell E. McCombs, Donald L. Shaw (Editor), and David H. Weaver (Editor), eds. Communication and Democracy: Exploring the intellectual Frontiers in Agenda-setting theory (Communication). Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997.
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Doyal, Lesley. AIDS: Setting A Feminist Agenda: Setting a Feminist Agenda (Gender and Society :Feminist Perspectives on the Past and Present). Taylor & Francis, 1994.
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(Editor), Maxwell E. McCombs, Donald L. Shaw (Editor), and David H. Weaver (Editor), eds. Communication and Democracy: Exploring the intellectual Frontiers in Agenda-setting theory (Lea's Communication Series). Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997.
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Yi-chong, Xu, and Patrick Weller. Agenda Setting. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719496.003.0005.
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Agenda setting and agenda management are key elements for the effective operation of IOs. They are at the centre of political manœuvring among member states and between states and IOs, and are a competitive process within which players strive to get their issues on the agenda. This chapter first examines how the mandates are interpreted and reinterpreted. It then explores the potential role played by the key players in agenda setting, be they IO leaders, international civil servants, member states, or non-state players. It finally examines how competing multilateral institutions changed the politics of agenda setting in IOs. The conclusion stresses how pluralistic agenda setting has become. It is not the sole prerogative of powerful member states but is open to a much larger range of influences.
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St John, Taylor. Supranational Agenda-Setting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0005.
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Chapter four sets out the context in which the World Bank proposed ICSID and analyzes the Bank’s motivation, resources, and strategy in doing so. World Bank officials had extensive access to privileged information about how governments perceived the proposals for multilateral insurance or a code. World Bank officials chose to set the agenda away from a code or insurance agency and toward arbitration. As they drafted the ICSID Convention, World Bank officials acted within parameters they believed national officials (who could stop their plans) would find acceptable and tailored their Draft Convention to be amenable to the widest possible swath of member states. Bank officials were concerned that distributional disagreements would derail the proposal, so they designed an entirely new, consultative procedure in order to make it nearly impossible for states to derail the drafting process.
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Owens, Ryan J., and James Sieja. Agenda-Setting on the U.S. Supreme Court. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.13.
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Understanding the conditions under which the Supreme Court sets its agenda is crucial to understanding Supreme Court behavior. After all, before the justices make any decision on the merits of a case, they must first decide whether to hear it at all. This chapter analyzes Supreme Court agenda-setting. It begins by describing the process justices employ to select cases to review. It examines how parties file certiorari petitions, the certiorari pool used to provide guidance to the justices, and the conferences in which justices vote to grant or deny review to cert petitions. The chapter then discusses four explanations political scientists have provided to explain the conditions under which justices set the agenda. The article concludes by examining limitations of existing scholarship and providing suggestions for future scholarship.
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Lane, Elizabeth A., and Ryan C. Black. Agenda Setting and Case Selection on the U.S. Supreme Court. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.91.
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The Supreme Court’s docket consists of thousands of cases each term, with petitioners hoping at least four justices will be compelled to grant review to their case. The decision to move a case from their docket to their calendar for oral arguments and all intermediate steps is what is known as the agenda-setting process. This is a fundamental step in the judicial process, as the Supreme Court cannot establish precedent and affect policy change without first deciding to review.
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Weaver, David H., and Jihyang Choi. The Media Agenda. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.37.
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This chapter provides an overview of media agenda setting, also known as agenda building. Although much of the agenda-setting research tradition has focused on how media affect the public agenda, agenda building examines how the media’s agenda comes about. The chapter considers five possible influences on the news media agenda: influential news sources, other media, journalistic norms and traditions, unexpected events, and media audiences. Research to date indicates that there is no one decisive factor that determines the media agenda. Instead, media agendas are built as a joint product of these influences. The chapter concludes by offering suggestions for future areas of research that would refine understanding of the media agenda-setting process.
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Mintrom, Michael. Herbert A. Simon,. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.22.
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InAdministrative Behavior, Herbert Simon proposed a science of administration where organizational decisions represent the primary units of analysis. In constructing a conceptual framework to guide that science, Simon drew heavily on insights from cognitive psychology. Since its publication in 1947,Administrative Behaviorhas inspired researchers investigating institutional and organizational practices across many settings. Here, consideration is given to the impact ofAdministrative Behaviorin public policy and public administration. Four legacies are highlighted. They are: scholarship on incrementalism in policy-making, scholarship on agenda setting, scholarship on choice architecture, and scholarship on expertise and learning organizations. Continuous improvements in information technology and its application, combined with increasing citizen demands for more effective and efficient government, suggest ideas introduced inAdministrative Behaviorwill continue to influence theory and practice in policy design and public management for years to come.
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de Beco, Gauthier. Disability in International Human Rights Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824503.001.0001.
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This book examines what international human rights law has gained from the new elements in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons (CRPD). It explores how the CRPD is intricately bound up with other international instruments by studying the relationship between the Convention rights and those protected by other human rights treaties as well as the overall objectives of the UN. Using a social model lens on disability, the book shows how the Convention sheds new light on the very notion of human rights. In order to so, the book provides a theoretical framework which explicitly integrates disability into international human rights law. It explains how the CRPD challenges the legal subject by drawing attention to distinct forms of embodiment, before introducing the idea of the ‘dis-abled subject’ stemming from a recognition that all individuals encounter disability-related issues in the course of their lives. The book also examines how to apply this theoretical framework to a number of rights and highlights the consequences for the implementation of human rights treaties as a whole. It not only builds upon available literature straddling different fields, which include disability studies and legal and political theory, but also draws upon the recommendations of treaty bodies and reports of UN agencies as well as disabled people’s organisations. The book provides an agenda-setting analysis for all human rights experts by inviting them to appreciate the benefits of placing disabled people at the heart of international human rights law.
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Freudlsperger, Christian. Trade Policy in Multilevel Government. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856122.001.0001.
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Trade Policy in Multilevel Government investigates how multilevel polities organize openness in a globalizing political and economic environment. In recent years, the multilevel politics of trade caught the broader public’s attention, not least due to the Wallonian regional parliament’s initial rejection of the EU-Canada trade deal in 2016. In all multilevel polities, competencies held by states and regions have increasingly become the subject of international rule-setting. This is particularly so in the field of trade, which has progressively targeted so-called “behind the border” regulatory barriers. In their reaction to this “deep trade” agenda, constituent units in different multilevel polities have shown widely varying degrees of openness to liberalizing their markets. Why is that? Trade Policy in Multilevel Government argues that domestic institutions and procedures of intergovernmental relations are the decisive factor. Countering a widely held belief among practitioners and analysts of trade policy that involving subcentral actors complicates trade negotiations, it demonstrates that the more voice a multilevel polity affords its constituent units in trade policy-making, the less the latter have an incentive eventually to exit from emerging trade deals. While in shared rule systems constituent unit governments are directly represented along the entirety of the policy cycle, in self-rule systems territorial representation is achieved merely indirectly. Shared rule systems are hence more effective than self-rule systems in organizing openness to trade. The book tests the explanatory power of this theory on the understudied case of international procurement liberalization in extensive studies of three systems of multilevel government: Canada, the European Union, and the United States.
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Grossman, Emiliano, and Isabelle Guinaudeau. Do Elections (Still) Matter? Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847218.001.0001.
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This book sheds new light on this central democratic concern based on an ambitious study of democratic mandates through the lens of agenda-setting in five West European countries since the 1980s. The authors develop and test a new model bridging studies of party competition, pledge fulfilment, and policymaking. The core argument is that electoral priorities are a major factor shaping policy agendas, but mandates should not be mistaken as partisan. Parties are like ‘snakes in tunnels’: they have distinctive priorities but they need to respond to emerging problems and their competitors’ priorities, resulting in considerable cross-partisan overlap. The ‘tunnel of attention’ remains constraining in the policymaking arena, especially when opposition parties have resources to press governing parties to act on the campaign priorities. This key aspect of mandate responsiveness has been neglected so far because in traditional models of mandate representation, party platforms are conceived as a set of distinctive priorities, whose agenda-setting impact ultimately depends on the institutional capacity of the parties in office. Rather differently, this book suggests that counter-majoritarian institutions and windows for opposition parties generate key incentives to stick to the mandate. It shows that these findings hold across five very different democracies: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, and the UK. The results contribute to a renewal of mandate theories of representation and lead to question the idea underlying much of the comparative politics literature that majoritarian systems are more responsive than consensual ones.
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Nadler, Anthony M. Popularizing News 2.0. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040146.003.0005.
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This chapter examines attempts to popularize and democratize news online through collaborative filtering. Collaborative filtering offers a means to replace the role of professional editors in setting the news agenda and deciding which stories deserve the most prominence. Instead of professional editors, collaborative filtering relies on algorithms to sort, rank, and prioritize the news based on the activity of large groups of web users. Various news sites have added some aspect of collaborative filtering, but the chapter focuses on social news sites (Reddit, Newsvine, and Slashdot) because they allow their users to make conscious voting choices about which stories should be most prominent. These sites epitomize the defining characteristics of the social Web and apply them to news.
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Ward, Artemus. Law Clerks. Edited by Lee Epstein and Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579891.013.14.
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Law clerks are central to the judicial process. Yet questions persist about whether they exercise undue influence. Clerkships are prestigious and clerk selection is driven by increasing competition. Hired for a single year, clerks take on considerable responsibility. At the agenda-setting stage, clerks screen incoming cases to help judges determine those that are worthy of review. Law clerks do research, prepare their judges for oral argument, and suggest how cases ought to be decided. Clerks take part in opinion writing by drafting the initial opinions that explain their judges’ positions. Clerks assist judges in the coalition formation process by discussing the cases and negotiating with other clerks. Post-clerkship career paths can not only be lucrative but also provide opportunities for former clerks to continue to influence their former bosses. Ultimately, research shows that while clerks necessarily influence the judicial decision-making process, they have not usurped judicial authority.
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Hooghe, Liesbet, Gary Mark, Tobias Lenz, Jeanine Bezuijen, Besir Ceka, and Svet Derderyan. How We Apply the Coding Scheme. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724490.003.0002.
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Chapter Two provides a hands-on guide to the coding scheme. The authors measure delegation (the conditional grant of authority by member states to an independent body) and pooling (the joint exercise of authority by member states). They disaggregate by examining 1) the role and composition of institutional actors in an international organization (IO); 2) at distinct stages of decision making (agenda setting, final decision, opt-out, ratification, dispute settlement); 3) across six decision areas (accession, membership suspension, constitutional reform, budgetary allocation, financial compliance, policy making). The authors define the content and specify intervals for each indicator, and discuss how they avoid formalism, triangulate estimates, avoid contagion, and adjudicate ambiguity.
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Cumming, Gordon D. French Aid Through the Comparative Looking Glass. Edited by Robert Elgie, Emiliano Grossman, and Amy G. Mazur. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669691.013.29.
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There is now a vast comparative literature on Northern development assistance, its purposes, composition, structures, motives, and effectiveness. These writings often include French aid within their comparative framework. But they present a mixed picture of the French case, with qualitative studies portraying it as “deviant,” and variable-led analyses viewing it as “representative.” Drawing on specialist interviews, this chapter challenges these comparative perspectives and, at a time when fresh approaches to international development are desperately needed, paves the way for wider consideration of French ideas on aid. It begins with an overview of the comparative literature on Northern aid before reviewing the comparative scholarship on French assistance. It shows how these writings have missed out on the agenda-setting dimension of French aid, notably its capacity to act as a “model” for other donors and lay the groundwork for future comparative research. It concludes by reconciling “conflicting” views of the French case.
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Brown, Katherine A. Your Country, Our War. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879402.001.0001.
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This book reviews how news intersects with international politics and discusses the global power and reach of the U.S. news media, especially within the context of the post-9/11 era. It is based on years of interviews conducted between 2009 and 2017, in Kabul, Washington, and New York. The book draws together communications scholarship on hegemony and the U.S. news media’s relationship with American society and the government (i.e. indexing and cascading; agenda-building and agenda-setting; framing; and conflict reportage) along with how national bias and ethnocentrism are fixed phenomena in international news. Given the longevity of the U.S. presence in Afghanistan and the Afghan news media’s dramatic proliferation since 2001, Afghanistan provides a fascinating case study for the role of journalists in conflict and diplomacy. By identifying, framing, and relaying narratives that affect the normative environment, U.S. correspondents have played unofficial diplomatic and developmental roles. They have negotiated the meaning of war and peace. Indirectly and directly, they have supported Afghan journalists in their professional growth. As a result, these foreign correspondents have not been merely observers to a story; they have been participants in it. The stories they choose to tell, and how they tell them, can become dominant narratives in global politics, and have directly affected events inside Afghanistan. The U.S. journalists did not just provide the first draft of history on this enduring post-9/11 entanglement between the United States and Afghanistan—they actively shaped it.
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Scheufele, Dietram A., and Shanto Iyengar. The State of Framing Research. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.47.
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This chapter provides an assessment of the state of research on framing, and examines how the concept of framing has been used across different disciplines. Using this overview, the authors explore two of the most common conceptual misunderstandings related to framing and their implications for political communication research. This includes an overview of the different approaches to framing in political communication research, more specifically, and of the relationship between framing and related effects models, such as priming and agenda setting. The authors conclude with a recommendation that framing research be redirected away from confounded “emphasis frames” toward “equivalence frames” in the original tradition by expanding the sample of potential frames to include nonverbal visual cues.
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Yi-chong, Xu, and Patrick Weller. The Working World of International Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719496.001.0001.
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International organizations (IOs) matter. Based on extensive interviews and exchanges with key players in IOs in the past decade, this book uncovers the regular working world of IOs, to challenge the orthodox view that member states alone decide what IOs do and how they operate. This book provides a realistic and provocative account of the way IOs really work, a picture that would be recognized by those who work there. The Working World of International Organizations specifically examines three groups of players in IOs—state representatives, as proxy for states and often with schizophrenic demands, the head of IOs as diplomat, manager, and politician, and the staff of the permanent secretariat with their competing solutions. It explores their actions and interactions by asking who or what shapes their decisions; how and when decisions are made; how players interact within an IO; and how the interactions vary across six IOs. It argues that each and all of them must contribute if any progress is to be achieved in managing global problems. It shows why this is the case by examining how decisions are made in three key areas: agenda-setting, financing, and decentralization.
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John, Peter. Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones,. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.35.
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This chapter examinesAgendas and Instability in American Politics(1993), a classic in public policy authored by Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones. Baumgartner and Jones criticize contemporary studies that predict stability and equilibrium in decision-making and instead offer a distinctive framework for what they call punctuated equilibrium. In particular, they argue that instability may arise due to agenda-setting by key participants in the policy process. The chapter first reviews some aspects of the intellectual environment that shaped the thinking ofAgendas and Instabilitybefore discussing the factors that made the book so important at the time it was originally published. It then summarizes the book’s arguments and empirical work and assesses its value for students and scholars of public policy. Finally, it analyses the framework set out by Baumgartner and Jones for understanding decision-making in American politics, as well as their key assumptions about American politics with respect to governments, Congress, and the Presidency, as well as other interests.
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Lichtenstein, Nelson. C. Wright Mills. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037856.003.0016.
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This chapter presents a portrait of university sociologist C. Wright Mills. His book The New Men of Power is a study of trade unions and their leaders, the American political scene, and the prospects for a radicalized democracy in the years just after World War II. When Mills published the book in 1948, it identified a newly empowered set of strategic actors who led the nation's most important progressive institutions, “the only organizations capable of stopping the main drift towards war and slump.” But unlike his politically acute, agenda-setting volumes published during the 1950s, of which White Collar and The Power Elite are the best known, Mills' equally expansive probe into the meaning and future of U.S. trade unionism quickly fell into the shadows.
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Chowdhury, Anis. The United Nations and Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817345.003.0010.
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Just as the Bretton Woods institutions were finding their feet, the United Nations got going right from the start with three pioneering reports on how to stabilize developed economies to achieve full employment, and how to harness the economies of the Third World. This chapter is a critical comparative evaluation of two of these pioneering UN reports on problems of underdevelopment: Measures for the Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries, (1951), and The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems (1950). These two pioneering reports profoundly influenced the development discourse and still stand tall. This chapter also reflects on the fall and rise of the UN in setting global development strategies and internationally agreed development goals (IADGs), such as Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The discussion highlights the main thrust of the UN’s policy prescriptions and where they differed with other major organizations or schools of thought.
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Benkler, Yochai, Robert Faris, and Hal Roberts. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.003.0014.
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This book has examined how the American political media ecosystem figures in discourses on national politics in general and on presidential politics in particular. It has shown that the internet has no single effect on democracy, news media, or people’s ability to distinguish truth from fiction. Instead, “the internet” is really an integral part of two very different media ecosystems, one of which conforms to the very worst fears of those critical of the effects of the internet on democracy and the other combines attention paid to professional media still pursuing norm-constrained journalism with diverse outlets for mobilization, challenging agenda setting and questioning the mainstream media narrative. These findings suggest that the very introduction of the internet and social media does not itself put pressure on democracy as such, but they also imply that there is no easy fix for epistemic crisis in countries where a hyperpartisan, propaganda-rich environment exists.
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Norheim, Ole F., Ezekiel J. Emanuel, and Joseph Millum, eds. Global Health Priority-Setting. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912765.001.0001.
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Global health is at a crossroads. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has come with ambitious targets for health and health services worldwide. To reach these targets, many more billions of dollars need to be spent on health. However, development assistance for health has plateaued and domestic funding on health in most countries is growing at rates too low to close the financing gap. National and international decision-makers face tough choices about how scarce health care resources should be spent. Should additional funds be spent on primary prevention of stroke, treating childhood cancer, or expanding treatment for HIV/AIDS? Should health coverage decisions take into account the effects of illness on productivity, household finances, and children’s educational attainment, or should they just focus on health outcomes? Does age matter for priority-setting or should it be ignored? Are health gains far in the future less important than gains in the present? Should higher priority be given to people who are sicker or poorer? This book provides a framework for how to think about evidence-based priority-setting in health. Over 18 chapters, ethicists, philosophers, economists, policymakers, and clinicians from around the world assess the state of current practice in national and global priority-setting, describe new tools and methodologies to address establishing global health priorities, and tackle the most important ethical questions that decision-makers must consider in allocating health resources.
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Sidibé, Michel, Helena Nygren-Krug, Bronwyn McBride, and Kent Buse. The Future of Global Governance for Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0005.
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This chapter argues that the current global health agenda has failed to put people and their rights at the center. With communities unable to have their voices heard, challenge injustice, and hold decision makers to account, states are ill-equipped to realize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 to ensure healthy lives and well-being for all. The chapter articulates a shift from a discretionary development paradigm to a rights-based paradigm for global health, building on rights-based approaches that have been proven to work—as in the AIDS response. Seven reforms are proposed, addressing: (1) priority-setting, (2) systems for health, (3) data and monitoring, (4) access to justice, (5) the need to safeguard the right to health across sectors, (6) partnerships, and (7) financing. These reforms call for a broad social movement for global governance for health, advancing and operationalizing rights-based approaches across the SDGs.
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Abbott, Helen. Gustave Charpentier. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794691.003.0005.
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Known for his 1900 opera, Louise, Gustave Charpentier also published seven Baudelaire songs: four as a set called Les Fleurs du mal; three alongside settings of other poets in Poèmes chantés, a collection of sixteen songs. Charpentier’s Baudelaire songs stand out, and challenge their status as melodies, for their use of refrains for female mini-chorus. The analysis covers: the context of composition; the connections established between selected poems; the statistical data generated from the adhesion strength tests; and how the data shape an evaluation of Charpentier’s settings of Baudelaire. The findings reveal highly intermingled bonds between poem and music. Despite this close connection, the songs themselves are not always stable, creating an uncertain (sometimes dilutive, sometimes accretive) outcome. This indicates a composer attempting to develop new text-setting techniques, alongside an expansive aesthetic agenda informed by a social conscience, as he sought to open up musique savante to wider audiences.
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St John, Taylor. Intergovernmental Bargaining. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the three proposals for investment protection discussed during the 1960s: a substantive code, an insurance organization, and an investor–state arbitration convention. Investors were largely uninterested in arbitration, except for a few individuals with personal experience of expropriation. While proposals for individual standing existed before, Hermann Abs’ proposals had a new resonance in West Germany during the 1950s. Abs’ proposals, even after modifications by Hartley Shawcross and others, had little chance multilaterally, however: America and the UK were opposed. By 1963, Germany and Switzerland lost interest in multilateral negotiations, as they realized they could get higher standards in bilateral investment treaties. German and Swiss treaties provided access to investment insurance, not investor–state arbitration. Proposals for a multilateral insurance agency were widely supported, but were not realized in large part because the World Bank refused to play an agenda-setting or brokering role for insurance during the 1960s.
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Russell, Meg, and Daniel Gover. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753827.003.0010.
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This chapter summarizes the book’s findings, and provides a substantive analysis of the way policy influence operates at Westminster. It concludes that parliament has significant power that takes several distinct forms. The chapter summarizes the changes made to the 12 case study bills, and draws on interview evidence from insiders about parliament’s overall influence in the process. It identifies six ‘faces’ of parliamentary power over legislation—including visible change through amendments, but also ‘anticipated reactions’, more subtle internalization by government of parliament’s desires, setting the policy agenda (‘issue politicization’), exposure and accountability, and, finally, supporting the government. The chapter explores how these different forms of influence are exercised by different actors at Westminster—particularly including the opposition and government backbenchers. It concludes that Westminster can, despite common perceptions, be viewed as a ‘legislator’ in an important sense, and discusses why there may be a mismatch between common perceptions and reality.
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Hughes, Sara. Repowering Cities. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501740411.001.0001.
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City governments are rapidly becoming society's problem solvers. As this book shows, nowhere is this more evident than in New York City, Los Angeles, and Toronto, where the cities' governments are taking on the challenge of addressing climate change. This book focuses on the specific issue of reducing urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and develops a new framework for distinguishing analytically and empirically the policy agendas city governments develop for reducing GHG emissions, the governing strategies they use to implement these agendas, and the direct and catalytic means by which they contribute to climate change mitigation. The book uses a framework to assess the successes and failures experienced in New York City, Los Angeles, and Toronto as those agenda-setting cities have addressed climate change. It then identifies strategies for moving from incremental to transformative change by pinpointing governing strategies able to mobilize the needed resources and actors, build participatory institutions, create capacity for climate-smart governance, and broaden coalitions for urban climate change policy.
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Saran, Samir. India’s Contemporary Plurilateralism. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.45.
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India’s multilateral diplomacy has evolved significantly over time, based on its priorities and on structural changes in the international system. Today, India’s domestic imperatives of providing social security and prosperity to its people necessitate peace and stability in its extended neighbourhood and beyond. To this end, India has had to bolster its bilateral and multilateral engagements with some mini-multilateral forums, a new format that can best be described as ‘plurilateralism’. These clubs or groups serve a variety of purposes. They primarily help India recast some assumptions and norms on key debates as it makes the transition from being part of the global opposition to a global agenda-setting role. While India is a member of several such groups, including the G20, this chapter discusses India’s engagement at and with the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), IBSA (India, Brazil and South Africa), and RIC (Russia, India and China).
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Penney, Joel. News Spreaders and Agenda Setters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658052.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the use of platforms such as Twitter to link to news articles about favored political issues and argues that the selective sharing of journalism on social media positions citizens in a public relations–like capacity, helping raise awareness for some truths and narratives over others. In the contemporary environment of information surplus, the grassroots curation of news serves as an entry point for citizens to participate in agenda-setting processes that are subtly, yet undeniably, persuasive in intention. The increasingly partisan character of political information itself, from ideologically charged news and satire to activist-oriented citizen journalism, fuels the marketing-like orientation of citizens who publicize and promote this content to peers. The chapter concludes with an analysis of for-profit news sites that depend on social sharing for their financial livelihood and addresses broader risks of political trivialization as journalistic content is shaped to “go viral” across like-minded peer networks.
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Tattersall, Martin H. N., and David W. Kissane. Achieving shared treatment decisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0014.
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The respect of a patient’s autonomous rights within the model of patient-centred care has led to shared decision-making, rather than more paternalistic care. Understanding patient needs, preferences, and lifestyle choices are central to developing shared treatment decisions. Patients can be prepared through the use of question prompt sheets and other decision aids. Audio-recording of informative consultations further helps. A variety of factors like the patient’s age, tumour type and stage of disease, an available range of similar treatment options, and their risk-benefit ratios will impact on the use of shared decision-making. Modifiable barriers to shared decision-making can be identified. Teaching shared decision-making includes the practice of agenda setting, use of partnership statements, clarification of patient preferences, varied approaches to explaining potential treatment benefits and risks, review of patient values and lifestyle factors, and checking patient understanding–this sequence helps both clinicians and patients to optimally reach a shared treatment decision.
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Hartigan-O'Connor, Ellen, and Lisa G. Materson, eds. The Oxford Handbook of American Women's and Gender History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190222628.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of American Women’s and Gender History boldly interprets the history of diverse women and how ideas about gender shaped their access to political and cultural power in North America over six centuries. In twenty-nine chapters, the Handbook showcases women’s and gender history as an integrated field with its own interpretation of the past, focused on how gender influenced people’s lives as they participated in migration, colonialism, trade, warfare, artistic production, and community building. Organized chronologically and thematically, the Handbook’s six sections allow readers to consider historical continuities of gendered power as well as individual innovations and ruptures in gender systems. Theoretically cutting edge, each chapter bursts with fascinating historical characters, from young Chicanas transforming urban culture, to free women of color forging abolitionist doctrines, to Asian migrant women defending the legitimacy of their marriages, to working-class activists mobilizing international movements, to transwomen fleeing incarceration. Together, their lives constitute the history of a continent. Leading scholars from multiple generations demonstrate the power of innovative research to excavate a history hidden in plain sight. Scrutinizing silences in the historical record, from the inattention to enslaved women’s opinions to the suppression of Indian women’s involvement in border diplomacy, the authors challenge the nature of historical evidence and remap what counts in our interpretation of the past. They demonstrate a way to extend this more capacious vision of history forward, setting an intellectual agenda informed by intersectionality and transnationalism, and new understandings of sexuality.
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Madsen, Erik Strøjer, Jens Gammelgaard, and Bersant Hobdari, eds. New Developments in the Brewing Industry. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854609.001.0001.
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Institutions and ownership play a central role in the transformation and development of the beer market and the brewing industry. Institutions set the external environment of the brewery through both formal requirements and informal acceptance of these companies’ operations by the public, whereas the owners and their managers adapt to these external challenges but also follow their own agenda in setting up strategies for innovation, marketing, takeovers, etc. The 13 chapters in this book cover changes in a range of institutions, such as excise tax, zoning regulation, trade liberalization, consumers’ habits and tastes for beer and sales regulation of alcohol. The responses from the breweries has included a craft beer revolution with a surge in demand for special flowered hops, a globalization strategy from the macrobreweries, outsourcing by contract brewing and knowledge exchange for small-sized breweries, etc. The book consists of two parts. The first includes chapters primarily focusing on institutions, whereas the chapters in the second part take mainly an ownership perspective. The book’s contribution lies primarily in an analysis of the link between institutions and governance, pointing to how the most successful breweries have adapted to the external changes in institutions in the brewery sector.
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Ginsberg, Benjamin. The Fall of the Faculty. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199782444.001.0001.
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Until very recently, American universities were led mainly by their faculties, which viewed intellectual production and pedagogy as the core missions of higher education. Today, as Benjamin Ginsberg warns in this eye-opening, controversial book, "deanlets"--administrators and staffers often without serious academic backgrounds or experience--are setting the educational agenda. The Fall of the Faculty examines the fallout of rampant administrative blight that now plagues the nation's universities. In the past decade, universities have added layers of administrators and staffers to their payrolls every year even while laying off full-time faculty in increasing numbers--ostensibly because of budget cuts. In a further irony, many of the newly minted--and non-academic--administrators are career managers who downplay the importance of teaching and research, as evidenced by their tireless advocacy for a banal "life skills" curriculum. Consequently, students are denied a more enriching educational experience--one defined by intellectual rigor. Ginsberg also reveals how the legitimate grievances of minority groups and liberal activists, which were traditionally championed by faculty members, have, in the hands of administrators, been reduced to chess pieces in a game of power politics. By embracing initiatives such as affirmative action, the administration gained favor with these groups and legitimized a thinly cloaked gambit to bolster their power over the faculty. As troubling as this trend has become, there are ways to reverse it. The Fall of the Faculty outlines how we can revamp the system so that real educators can regain their voice in curriculum policy.
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Carroll, Jayne, Andrew Reynolds, and Barbara Yorke, eds. Power and Place in Europe in the Early Middle Ages. British Academy, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266588.001.0001.
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This volume brings together a series of case studies of spatial configurations of power among the early medieval societies of Europe. The geographical range extends from Ireland to Kosovo and from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean world and brings together quite different scholarly traditions in a focused enquiry into the character of places of power from the end of the Roman period into the central Middle Ages. The book's strength lies in the basis that it provides for a comparative analysis of the formation, function and range of power relations in early medieval societies. The editors' introductory chapter provides an extended scene setting review of the current state of knowledge in the field of early medieval social complexity and sets out an agenda for future work in this topical area. The regional and local case studies found in the volume, most of them interdisciplinary, showcase detailed studies of particular situations at a range of scales. While much previous work tends to focus on comparisons with the classical world, this volume emphasises the uniqueness of early medieval modes of social organisation and the need to assess these societies on their own terms.
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Allen, Susan, and Amy Yuen. Bargaining in the UN Security Council. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849755.001.0001.
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Even after seventy-five years, the UN Security Council meets nearly every day. They respond to a range of threats to international peace and security, but not all threats. Why does the Security Council take up some issues for discussion and not others? What factors shape the Council's actions, if they take any action at all? Adapting insights from legislative bargaining, this book demonstrates that the agenda-setting powers granted in the institutional rules offer less powerful Council members the opportunity to inuence the content of a resolution without jeopardizing its passage. The Council also decides when to conduct public or private diplomacy. The analysis shows how external factors like international and domestic public reactions motivate grandstanding behaviors and shape resolutions. New quantitative data on meetings and outside options provide support for these claims. The book also explores the dynamics of the formal analysis in three cases: North Korean nuclear proliferation, the negotiations leading up to NATO bombing in Serbia over Kosovo, and the elected member-led process to codify the principles of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. The book argues that while the powerful veto members do have great inuence over the Council, the rules of the most consequential security institution inuence its policy outcomes, just as they do in any other international institution.
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Frijters, Paul, and Christian Krekel. A Handbook for Wellbeing Policy-Making. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896803.001.0001.
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Around the world, governments are starting to directly measure the subjective wellbeing of their citizens and to use it for policy evaluation and appraisal. What would happen if a country were to move from using GDP to using subjective wellbeing as the primary metric for measuring economic and societal progress? Would policy priorities change? Would we continue to care about economic growth? What role would different government institutions play in such a scenario? And, most importantly, how could this be implemented in daily practice, for example in policy evaluations and appraisals of government analysts, or in political agenda-setting at the top level? This book provides answers to these questions from a conceptual to a technical level by showing how direct measures of subjective wellbeing can be used for policy evaluation and appraisal, either complementary in the short run or even entirely in the long run. It gives a brief history of the idea that governments should care about the happiness of their citizens, provides theories, makes suggestions for direct measurement, derives technical standards, shows how to conduct wellbeing cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses, and gives examples of how real-world policy evaluations and appraisals would change if they were based on subjective wellbeing. In doing so, the book serves the growing interest of governments as well as non-governmental and international organizations in how to put subjective wellbeing metrics into policy practice.
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Müller, Henriette. Political Leadership and the European Commission Presidency. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842002.001.0001.
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The EU’s pluralistic, nonhierarchical system of multilevel governance lacks clear structures of both government and opposition. According to the EU treaties, the presidency of the European Commission is thus not explicitly expected to exercise political leadership. However, the position cannot effectively be exercised without any demonstration of such leadership due to its many leadership functions. Examining this curious mix of strong political demands, weak institutional powers, and need for political leadership, this book systematically analyzes the political leadership performance of the presidents of the European Commission throughout the process of European integration. The basic argument is that Commission presidents matter not only in the process of European integration, but that their impact varies according to how the different incumbents deal with the institutional structure and the situational circumstances, and thus their available strategic choices. The primary research question is thus: What makes political leadership in European governance successful and to what extent (and why) do Commission presidents differ in their leadership performance? In addressing this question, this book departs from existing research on EU leadership, which has to date often analyzed either the EU’s institutional structure and its potential for leadership or mainly focused on only the most recent incumbents in case study analyses. Focusing on the multiterm European Commission presidents Walter Hallstein, Jacques Delors, and José Manuel Barroso, this book conceptualizes their political leadership as a performance, and thus systematically analyzes their agenda-setting, mediative-institutional, and public outreach performance over the entire course of their presidential terms.
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Wears, Robert, and Kathleen Sutcliffe. Still Not Safe. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190271268.001.0001.
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Patient safety suddenly burst into public consciousness in the late 1990s and became a “celebrated” cause in the 2000s. It has since gradually faltered, and little improvement has been noted over almost 20 years. Both the rise and fall of patient safety demand explanation. Medical harm had been known long before the 1990s, so why did it suddenly become popular? And why were safety efforts ineffective? The authors propose that this rise was due to a discursive shift that reframed “medical harm” into “medical error” in the setting of anxiety about industrialization and great change in healthcare. The “error” framing, with its inherent notion of agency, was useful in advancing the agenda of a technocratic, managerial group of health professionals and diminishing the authority of the old guard based on clinical expertise. The fall was due to this “medicalization” of safety. Health professionals and managers with little knowledge of safety science came to dominate the patient safety field, crowding out expertise from the safety sciences (e.g., psychology, engineering) and thus keeping reform under the control of the healthcare establishment. Operating with a sort of delusional clarity, this scientific-bureaucratic cabal generated a great deal of activity but made little progress because they failed to engage with expertise in the safety sciences. Twenty years after sudden popularity, there is general agreement that little of value has been achieved. The future of patient safety is in doubt, and radical reform in approaches to safety will be required for progress to be made.
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Gerstenberg, Oliver. Euroconstitutionalism and its Discontents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834335.001.0001.
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This book addresses the question of social constitutionalism, especially with regard to its role in the contemporary European project. For reasons of history and democracy, Europeans share a deep commitment to social constitutionalism. But at the same time, Europeans are concerned about an overconstitutionalization and the balancing-away of less-favoured rights, leading to the entrenchment of the status quo and stifling of the living constitutionalism and democracy. The book challenges the common view that constitutionalization means de-politicization. Without claiming for themselves the final word, courts can exert a more indirect—forum-creative and agenda-setting—role in the process of an ongoing clarification of the meaning of a right. In exerting this role, courts rely less on a pre-existing consensus, but a potential consensus is sufficient: courts can induce debate and deliberation that leads to consensus in a non-hierarchical dialogue in which the conflicting parties, state actors, civil society organizations, and the diverse stakeholders themselves develop flexible substantive standards that interpret constitutional requirements, often over repeat litigation. The CJEU and the ECtHR—as courts beyond the nation state—in their constitutionalizing jurisprudence are able to constructively re-open and re-politicize controversies that are blocked at the national level, or which cannot be resolved at the domestic level. But, crucially, the understanding of constitutional framework-principles is itself subject to revision and reconsideration as the experience of dealing with the diverse national contexts of discovery and application accumulates. This democratic-experimentalist process lies at the heart of the distinctive model of contemporary Euroconstitutionalism.