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Journal articles on the topic 'Agent banking'
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Ahmed, Jashim Uddin, and Asma Ahmed. "Agrani Doer Banking: Agent Banking Business in Bangladesh." Business Perspectives and Research 6, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2278533718765532.
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Agent banking involves the provision of banking services through non-conventional means such as retail outlets with the use of technology. In developing countries, such as Bangladesh, agent banking acts as a medium between the rural unbanked majorities and banking services that they would otherwise not have access to. The case analyzes how innovation in the banking sector can aid poor people to gain access to financial institutions through the Agrani Doer banking business model. It elaborates on the rules and regulations of agent banking and how the first state bank of Bangladesh, Agrani Bank, establishes coverage to places not deemed possible before. The concept of agent banking, in an illustrative case, is linked to Ansoff’s Growth Matrix as Agrani Bank uses technology and innovation in its business strategies to achieve its desired growth goals.
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Nisha, Nabila, Kashfiya Nawrin, and Anika Bushra. "Agent Banking and Financial Inclusion." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabim.2020010108.
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Access to financial services has always been limited in Bangladesh. The need for financial inclusion has thus largely surfaced in the country. As a result, agent banking services were implemented via an inclusive digital financial program across rural and unbanked areas of Bangladesh. Despite having a significant impact upon financial inclusion across developing countries, literature in this realm lacks in-depth investigations on agent banking and its impact on financial inclusion. This study thus aims to represent the overall aspect of agent banking and its association with financial inclusion in the setting of the developing country of Bangladesh. For this research, a case study approach has been employed. The study highlights that agent banking is an effective and credible way of entrenching financial deepening across the unbanked areas of Bangladesh. Moreover, the study emphasizes that agent banking can secure access to financial services for the rural poor and generate wholesome development for Bangladesh.
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Akighir, David Terfa, T. Jacob Tyagher, and Aaron Ateata. "Agent Banking And Poverty Reduction In Benue State, Nigeria." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 5 (May 23, 2020): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.75.8058.
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The study investigated the impact of agent banking on poverty reduction in Benue State, Nigeria. The study is hinged on the agency theory, risk management theory, the regulatory dialectic theory and the basic needs theory. Focusing on the agent banking activities of the First bank PLC, the study used the Taro Yammene’s formula to select 199 agents for investigation. Questionnaire was used for data collection but only 185 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved for analysis. The study employed descriptive tools such as tables and percentages and paired t-test as well as Foster, Greer and Thornbecke (FGT) index. Also, a logit regression model was employed to ascertain whether or not agent bank has the probability of reducing poverty in Benue State. The study found that engaging in agent banking has the probability of reducing poverty in Benue State which is typically an agrarian state with high poverty incidence among highly unbanked population. Agent banking in this unbanked State where only 11 local government areas out of 23 local government areas have the presence of banks has the potential of increasing financial inclusion and enhancing financial literacy. With the presence of agent banking in the state, it will enhance business sustainability and facilitate financial transactions. These will increase economic activities and increase employments and reduce poverty. Given the potentials of agent banking for socio-economic development in the state, it is recommended that financial literacy awareness should be created so that rural population who have long lived unbanked to accept banking services via the agent banking. Also, banks operating in the state should leverage on the opportunity of agent banking to penetrate the rural population with a view to achieving financial inclusion in line with the CBN’s revived National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS) which places implementation focus on women, rural areas, youth, Northern Nigeria and MSMEs to achieve 95% financial inclusion rate by 2024.
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Lozano, Daniel Maurico Alarcón, and Matteo Mandrile. "A NEW AGENT MODEL FOR BRANCHLESS BANKING IN COLOMBIA." Revista Civilizar de Empresa y Economía 1, no. 2 (December 10, 2010): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22518/2462909x.57.
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This article provides an overview of the current development of branchless banking in Colombia, within the context ofthe Government’s strategy to promote access to financial services through non-bank correspondents (NBC). It describes the Colombian legal and regulatory framework for branchless banking, focusing on the recent reforms and types of retailers permitted to serve as agents. Also, it examines the traditionalbanking sector’s interest in branchless banking, and shows the available platforms for the implementation of banking agent networks. It highlights the potential of branchlessbanking solutions for the Colombian microfinance institutions (MFI), identifying a new agent model that puts MFI centre-stage. The article concludes with a series of recommendationsfor the development of branchless banking as a tool to expand financial acces, taking into account issues that still have the potential to affect the degree of customeracceptance and its economic viability.
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Mulyati, Etty. "The Agreement of Bank Cooperation with Agent in Providing Branchless Banking with The Realization of Inclusive Finance." Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 15, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v15no4.2269.
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Expanding access to financial services is essential for all levels of society, considering that many community members still do not know, use, and get banking services and other financial services. Through Branchless Banking, banking products can be reached according to the community's needs to support financial inclusion. In implementing innovative banking practices, the banking industry collaborates with other parties, namely agents supported by information technology facilities. This innovation is carried out electronically and involves third parties outside the bank. In this case, the agent is very vulnerable to risk. The problem is the principle of prudence in the cooperation agreement and the bank's responsibility if the agent in implementing Branchless Banking services harms its customers. The approach method used is the normative juridical approach, which includes research on a positive legal inventory and legal principles and rules governing legal relations. The principle in the prudence of banks regarding cooperation agreements with agents provide Branchless Banking services to support the realization of financial inclusion. Banks are required to implement risk management effectively using information technology, Know Your Customer Principles and Anti Money Laundering, Customer Due Diligence, and in-depth analysis of the assessment of credit applications by debtor customers. The bank is responsible for compensating for the losses if the agent implementing the intelligent behaviour of services harms his customers, considering the agent is acting for and on behalf of the bank. Even though the bank has not made a mistake, the agent is an extension of the bank, 1367 of the Civil Code that a person will also be responsible for people's actions under his/her dependents or objects under his/her supervision.
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Rachmawati, Rini, Nur Muhammad Farda, and Bowo Setiyono. "Model of Agents-Based Branchless Banking Services Development in Urban and Rural Area." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.48452.
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The banking sector has experienced a far leap related to Information Communication and Technology (ICT)-based services. Among them is e-banking that has been used by the community, especially in urban areas. Likewise, the use of ATMs can be used to provide banking services to the wider community, so that it can replace most of the functions of services in banks. However, in communities outside of urban areas such as rural communities there are still limitations in accessing e-banking and ATM services. Limited use of e-banking because this service must use internet media or smart phones to access. Meanwhile, the limited use of ATMs due to the availability of ATMs in rural areas is not as much as in urban areas, considering that rural areas are areas with low settlement densities. Today, banks in Indonesia have provided branchless banking by enabling agents. Branchless banking is found in urban, suburban and rural areas. In previous research, the existence of branchless banking in the form of agents and their utilization by customers has been identified. From previous studies, maps of agent and customer density and analysis related to the condition of regional accessibility have been produced. This research is a further study focusing on sub districts area with high agent density in both rural, suburban and urban areas. The purpose of this research is to analyze the development model of agent-based branchless banking services. Data was collected through primary data through observation, structured interviews and measurement of coordinates of the location of agents and banking services in the form of ATMs and Banks. The final result is expected to be used as a model for the development of branchless banking services in Indonesia.
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Tefera Tessema, Ameha, and Jan Walters Kruger. "Testing performance of an interest rate commission agent banking system (AIRCABS)." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 3 (September 7, 2017): 113–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(3).2017.09.
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This paper sought to analyze data and interpret statistical results in testing the performance of an interest rate commission agent banking system. Primary and secondary data were collected from banking industry in Ethiopia to test the research hypotheses, credit risk and liquidity crunch have no impact on AIRCABS, investor loan funding has a positive impact on profitability and sustainability of AIRCABS and discrete market deposit interest rate incentive has a positive impact on stable deposit mobilization in a bank. To test the hypothesis, statistical tools such as Cronbach’s alpha, Kuder-Richardson (KR-20), canonical correlation and multinomial logistic regression were used. The result showed that credit risk and liquidity crunch have no effect on an interest rate commission agent banking system, investor loan funding has a significant strong relationship with profitability and sustainability of AIRCABS and discrete market deposit interest rate incentive has also a significant strong relationship with stable deposit mobilization. This led to a conclusion that an interest rate commission agent banking system (AIRCABS) model is viable and reliable.
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Mangani, Ktut Silvanita, Adolf Bastian Heatubun, and Martua Eliakim Tambunan. "Branchless Banking Process in Rural Areas: A Price Barrier?" Journal of Public Administration and Governance 11, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v11i2.18816.
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Branchless Banking is one of the programs of Indonesia's financial inclusion strategy. The programs' name is "Financial Service Without Office in the Framework of Inclusive Financial" which called “Laku Pandai.” This study aims to portrait the implementation of the Branchless Banking program concerning the obstacles that occurred to achieve program objectives. The research conducted using qualitative methods. The existence of Branchless Banking agents close to the community has fulfilled the program objective, to make an easy way for society to do financial transactions without having to go to the bank office. Therefore, the implementation of the Branchless Banking program met the criteria for eliminating non-price barriers in financial services in remote areas. However, delegation authority to the agent as an extension of the bank to provide limited financial services has encouraged agents to engage in moral hazard behaviors by charging the tariff that greater than the official rate set by the managing bank. It showed that the agent has taken the consumer surplus provided by the Branchless Banking technology. Although accepted by society since considerably cheaper than the fee to go to the nearest bank office, that condition becomes a price barrier for the future development of Branchless Banking.
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Masciandaro, Donato. "Designing a central bank: Social player, monetary agent, or banking agent?" Open Economies Review 6, no. 4 (October 1995): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01000390.
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Polyzos, Stathis, Khadija Abdulrahman, and Apostolos Christopoulos. "Good management or good finances? An agent-based study on the causes of bank failure." Banks and Bank Systems 13, no. 3 (September 11, 2018): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.13(3).2018.09.
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The recent series of banking crises in the United States and in the Eurozone has resulted in numerous bank failures. In this paper, an agent-based model is employed to test for factors that determine bank viability in times of distress, focusing mainly on the endogenous risk of financial institutions. The authors test for the effects of both management and financial factors on the institutions’ ability to weather the storm during times when the banking system experiences distress. The agent-based simulation process is split into a setup period, when the simulation builds the structural characteristics of each bank, and a testing period, where these characteristics are tested against the final result, which is the bank’s viability. A risk estimation model is built and it is found that the proposed model is successful in predicting whether a particular bank can endure a stress testing situation. The empirical results confirm the relevant literature and put further emphasis on the policy implications regarding banking supervision and regulation, particularly in context of the Eurozone banking union.
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Ponomarenko, Alexey, and Andrey Sinyakov. "Impact of Banking Supervision on Banking System Structure: Conclusion from Agent-Based Modelling." Russian Journal of Money and Finance 77, no. 1 (March 2018): 26–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31477/rjmf.201801.26.
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Brychko, Maryna. "Governance of stakeholder’s financial relationships: evidence from Ukrainian banking." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 1 (2013): 706–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i1c7art7.
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This paper makes two related contributions to corporate finance theory and stakeholder theory. First, the author intend to examine relationship between sustainability of stakeholders’ financial relations and efficiency of corporate governance, taking into account lagging of decision-making corporate governance in banks to it financial performance. Second, the author seeks to prioritize stakeholders’ financial relations of the emerging stakeholder model of corporate governance at banks by analyzing two relevant dimensions of this model: contribution valued resources to the bank and power that the stakeholders have within the bank. The findings confirm that efficiency of bank management in the system of stakeholder’s financial relationships in absolute efficiency of corporate governance achieved solely through sustainable financial relations of “principal-agent” (where principals are individuals and agent is apparatus of corporate governance). The results show that the role of individuals as sub-agents, enterprises as principals and sub-agents, shareholders as principals formed negative effect.
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Putera, Andika Persada. "KEAGENAN BANK DALAM PERSPEKTIF COMMON LAW SYSTEM." Perspektif Hukum 16, no. 2 (May 18, 2017): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/phj.v16i2.63.
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<p><em>The rapid development of the national economy and banking external environment, causing banking activities not only engage in activities that are primary (core business), but also non-core business such as agency activities as Mutual Fund Sales Agent (APERD) and Bancassurance. </em><em>In the concept of the common law system, the agency as the center of all business affairs as a business owner can not do your own business, so delegating affairs to agents as a mediator. There is a legal relationships and trust (fiduciary relationship) between the principal and the agent acting on behalf principal. In addition, there is an element of supervision of the principal to the agent so that the agent must comply under the supervision of the principal. Supervision is an essential element that determines the existence of an agency relationship, so it is a vertical relationship between principal and agent. The principal control components in the form of action directives, orders, limitation of power agents and monitoring the agent's action.</em><strong></strong></p>
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FRATIANNI, MICHELE, JÜRGEN VON HAGEN, and CHRISTOPHER WALLER. "CENTRAL BANKING AS A POLITICAL PRINCIPAL-AGENT PROBLEM." Economic Inquiry 35, no. 2 (April 1997): 378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01917.x.
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Githae, Lilian, James Gatauwa, and Felix Mwambia. "Factors Affecting Uptake of Agency Banking Services Among Customers in Rural Kenya: A Case of Narok County." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 16 (June 30, 2018): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n16p224.
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The objective of this study was to analyze factors affecting uptake of agency banking services among customers in rural Kenya. Specifically, the study sought; to examine the effect of fraud on uptake of agency banking services among customers in Kenya; to determine the extent to which skills of agents affect uptake of agency banking services among customers in Kenya; To establish the effect of location on uptake of agency banking services among customers in Kenya and to find out how confidentiality affect agency banking services uptake among rural customers in Kenya. A multivariate regression model was applied to determine the relative importance of each of the four variables. The findings indicated that bank agent skills, location and confidentiality were found to be statistically significant in explaining uptake of agency banking services. Banks should create awareness to the public that the bank agent’s premises adheres to standard security measures and should also hire security services from security firms to transport cash to and from the agents where necessary. Banks should also train the agency banking agents on how to detect fake money and fraud. The study revealed that agents’ skills affected uptake of agency banking services by rural community in Narok County. The study recommends banks to offer training to agents before they start providing specific services on behalf of the banks to improve their customer handling skills and increase the uptake of the agency banking services.
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Ramdhany, Priadhi Harry. "HUBUNGAN HUKUM ANTARA BANK DENGAN AGEN LAKU PANDAI (BRANCHLESS BANKING) DALAM PELAKSANAAN PERANTARA KEUANGAN (FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY) DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN PRINSIP KEPERCAYAAN (FIDUCIARY PRINCIPLE)." Aktualita (Jurnal Hukum) 2, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/aktualita.v2i2.4841.
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Bank as a financial services institution monetary and funds for people who have trusted to save their money and other’s loan for some capital to operate their business. Otherwise there are many people in Indonesia do not having deposite or knowing financial services such; Loan for capital business. For example in Indonesia financial services only reach 52% from population. There are many factors include low income, there are no social guarantee otherwise the Bank distance is to far. Branchless Banking is a disruptive innovation from financial services for outreach people commonly village to increased potential Bank for people to save their money, loan for capital business without worried about Bank distance. With Principle Agency Of Branchless Banking there are many Agent in other’s outreached places eccept village. BTPN Tbk Wow! In Village Ciampea Bogor City was one of the most Principle Agency Of Branchless Banking in Indonesia. Therefore there are Law was binding in application Principle Agency Of Branchless Banking between Bank and Agent. The research will be descriptive and analytical research and also use a juridicial and normative approachment method. The stages of the research consist of literature and field research. Juridicial and normative approachment focus on Legal Standing Between Bank and Principle Agency Of Branchless Banking and the field research is Bank BTPN Wow! As a Branchles Banking financial services in Village Ciampea, Bogor City. Based on the results of the research, Financial Inclusion based on Legal Standing Between Bank and Principle Agency Of Branchless Banking related to Rules Of Contract such; Good Faith, Personality, and Agreement. The term of Agreement means capability, responsibility, and liability which different between Bank and Agent. Implementation procedure Customer due diligence (CDD) harm to Agent cause breaking or Crime against law or contract between bank or customer or it is a right for custumer to binding the Agent to Court
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Chan-Lau, Jorge. "ABBA: An Agent-Based Model of the Banking System." IMF Working Papers 17, no. 136 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484300688.001.
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Jalilian, Negar, Seyed Mahmoud Zanjirchi, Alireza Naser Sadrabadi, Ahmadreza Asgharpourmasouleh, and Mark Goh. "Agent-Based Approach to Configure Processes in Iran’s Banking Service Supply Chain." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 7566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147566.
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Improving the service processes of banks requires updating and optimizing banking supply chain processes as well as understanding the interaction between the constituent elements of each process. This paper applies agent-based modeling to configure selected processes of Tejarat Bank’s service supply chain, a large bank in Iran. Tejarat’s banking process system is presented and the most effective processes of the banking supply chain are identified. The interactions between the processes are examined and the research model is presented. We execute the agent-based modeling in a simulated environment. The simulation results are analyzed using Taguchi’s experimental method. Selected combinations of the elements of the integrated marketing communications program are presented to reduce the liquidity risk of Tejarat Bank.
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Yuliaty, Tetty, and Arlina Nurbaity Lubis. "Agen Branchless Banking Untuk Mencapai Masyarakat Bankable." BISNIS : Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen Islam 5, no. 2 (February 9, 2018): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/bisnis.v5i2.3016.
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<p>The potential of Branchless banking is good enough for revolution of payment system in the emerging markets. Which aims to expand financial services to unbanked communities and provide a platform to contact MSMEs to the global economy can be achieved. Bank Indonesia (BI) targets the percentage of people reaching bankable services to reach 50% by 2019. By the end of 2014, the new bankable group reaches 36%. Meanwhile, as many as 64% are unreached groups of services from banks (unbankable), now our society tend to have mind-minded economy mindset. For that, need an increase from the side of savings. Digital financial services (LKD) such as Branchless Banking initiated by Bank Indonesia may be part of this intermediation. Some of the reasons that make the unbankable group exist, ie they do not understand how to open an account. In addition, people may also prefer to save themselves, shy with the formalities, or they are no money. Branchless Banking Agent as one of the elements in the implementation of Branchless Banking very need to be studied existence. To assist this research, and also use primary data needed and secondary in the implementation, in-depth interviews, observation and other in reviewing this qualitative research. The purpose of this study was to determine whether branchless banking agents were able to reach the bankable community. Methods of data collection in this study are, documentation studies, Direct observation, Indepth interview Open Questions, as well as provide a question sheet to the respondents and other sources. Qualitative Data Analysis Method used in this research is successive approximation method. The results of this study indicate that Agent Banking is able to become one of the elements in achieving Bankable society, where with its existence, its proximity and intensity with unbanked communities, can slowly increase bankable society.</p>
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Mutheu Mulwa, Martina, and Timothy Mwololo Waema. "Understanding mobile banking from a theoretical lens: Case studies of selected Kenyan m-banking products." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 8 (October 21, 2015): 2434–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v10i8.6559.
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Characteristic of every developing nation, Kenya has found itself at crossroads; defining the banking industry with the urgeto provide banking services to majority of the unbanked populations. Mobile banking is a banking model that has beenadopted by Kenyan Banks to reach out to unbanked populations. This paper is based on a case study conducted in Kenyaon selected mobile banking products in 2012. The Actor Network theory methodology was used to identify and followactors. Using in-depth interviews with key informants, survey of users and agents as well as focus group discussions andobservation, it was established that agent phones and Point of service (POS) devises were used to deliver traditionalbanking services to users whose access mode was their mobile phone or debit cards. There existed partnerships betweenbanks and mobile network operators whose operations were regulated by the Central Bank of Kenya and theCommunications Authority of Kenya. This paper seeks to explore fundamental requirements for the interplay of actors inthe execution of mobile banking services. It critically analyses data collected, with reference to the Network Society theoryby Manuel Castells and Actor Network theory by Michael Callon and Bruno Latour, to inform on cross-sectoralpartnerships and user attributes necessary in mobile banking uptake and use.
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Mulwa, Martina Mutheu, and Timothy Mwololo Waema. "Understanding Mobile Banking from a Theoretical Lens." International Journal of Innovation in the Digital Economy 7, no. 1 (January 2016): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijide.2016010105.
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Characteristic of every developing nation, Kenya has found itself at crossroads; defining the banking industry with the urge to provide banking services to majority of the unbanked populations. Mobile banking is a banking model that has been adopted by Kenyan Banks to reach out to unbanked populations. This paper is based on a case study conducted in Kenya on selected mobile banking products in 2012. The Actor Network theory methodology was used to identify and follow actors. Using in-depth interviews with key informants, survey of users and agents as well as focus group discussions and observation, it was established that agent phones and Point of service (POS) devises were used to deliver traditional banking services to users whose access mode was their mobile phone or debit cards. There existed partnerships between banks and mobile network operators whose operations were regulated by the Central Bank of Kenya and the Communications Authority of Kenya. This paper seeks to explore fundamental requirements for the interplay of actors in the execution of mobile banking services. It critically analyses data collected, with reference to the Network Society theory by Manuel Castells and Actor Network theory by Michael Callon and Bruno Latour, to inform on cross-sectoral partnerships and user attributes necessary in mobile banking uptake and use.
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Kilonzo, Eric Muendo, Jared Ariemba, and Joash Migosi. "Factors Influencing the use of Agency Banking by Bank Customers in Makueni Sub-Country." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 6, no. 4 (February 14, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v6i4.823.
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<p><em>This study focused on the factors influencing the use of agency banking by the residents of Makueni Sub-County, Kenya. The researcher was guided by four objectives; firstly, to determine the influence of agent characteristics on the use of agency banking by the residents of Makueni Sub-County, secondly, to determine the influence of the banking products offered by bank agents on the use of agency banking by the residents of Makueni Sub-County, thirdly, t</em><em>o establish the influence of agents’ operating hours on the use of agency banking by the residents of Makueni Sub-County and fourthly, to determine the influence of the banks’ location on the use of agency banking by the residents of Makueni Sub-County. </em><em> The study used descriptive survey design and the target population was 276 bank customers in Makueni Sub-County. The respondents were selected using stratified and convenience sampling. Data was collected 255 respondents using questionnaires. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). Qualitative data was analyzed thematically according to the study objectives. The findings of the study revealed that there was a strong positive correlation and a significant relationship between the agency characteristics and use of agency banking, agency banking products and use of agency banking, operating hours and use of agency banking and location of mainstream bank and the use of agency banking. The multiple regression analysis results showed that the banking products had a significant prediction of the use of agency banking by the residents of Makueni Sub-County. This study recommends that diversification of the products and services provided by the banking agencies in the study area as well as further research in the area to find out other factors influencing the use of agency banking.</em></p>
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Haryono, Slamet. "Asimetri informasi dalam transaksi perbankan syariah di Indonesia." IJTIHAD Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 15, no. 1 (January 21, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v15i1.103-118.
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This study employs the assymmetric information in the Indonesian shariah banking. Assymmetricinformation in the banking sector contains: moral hazard, adverse selection. Moral hazard is a situationin which one agent decides on how much risk to take, while another agent bears (parts of) the negativeconsequences of risky choices. The uncertainty surrounding any bank decisions. The market does notget information about the riskiness of a bank. Asymmetric information problems exist in the bank loanmarket. Depositors cannot distinguish the risk, they deposit their funds in those banks that offer thehighest rates and make the most risky investments. Our result points towards regulator to enhancingtransparency may be useful to reduce incentives for excessive assymmetric information of sharia banking.
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Pandiangan, Hendri Jayadi. "SISTEM PERBANKAN DALAM NEGARA KESEJATERAAN DI INDONESIA." to-ra 4, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/tora.v4i2.1185.
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Abstract
The banking system in Indonesia is regulated in Law No.7 of 1992 (amended by Law No.10 of 1998). The development of banking shows the dynamics in economic life. The banking sector in the life of a country is an agent of development, because banks are nancial institutions that have the function as nancial intermediary institutions, namely as institutions that collect funds from the public in the form of deposits and channel them back to the public in the form of credit or nancing. Banking is also an agent of trust, bearing in mind that there is one principle of bank management, the duciary principle. The provisions of Article 4 of Act Number 7 of 1992 concerning Banking as amended by Act Number 10 of 1998 states that Indonesian banks aim to support the implementation of national development in order to improve equity, economic growth, and national stability towards improving the welfare of the people at large.
Keyword:banking system; development; economic growth.
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Siddiquie, Md Razib. "Agent banking, the revolution in financial service sector of Bangladesh." IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance 5, no. 1 (2014): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5933-0512832.
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NISHIKIDO, Yukihito, and Hiroshi TAKAHASHI. "Analyzing the Validity of Relationship Banking through Agent-based Modeling." Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers 48, no. 6 (2012): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9746/sicetr.48.335.
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Evans, Lewis T., and Neil C. Quigley. "Shareholder Liability Regimes, Principal-Agent Relationships, and Banking Industry Performance." Journal of Law and Economics 38, no. 2 (October 1995): 497–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/467340.
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Karimi, Kirima Lucy. "Effects of Agency Banking on Bank Performance: A Case of Equity Bank Meru Branch, Kenya." Business and Economic Research 8, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v8i4.13941.
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The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of agency banking on bank performance with a focus of Equity Bank Meru Branch, Kenya. The reason for the selection of Equity Bank was because of its large customer base and because of its growth. The study adopted a descriptive research design and the target population was the eighteen agency bank agents. The study used stratified random sampling to select 11 agents that were used in the study. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected by use of questionnaires with both open and closed ended questions. Data was analyzed and presented using descriptive statistical tools. The study findings indicated that the general cost such as operations and transactions cost were still high even for agency banking, security measures were in place that is physical security though it needed strengthening, transaction security and customer security were not good and needed improvement and the regulations that were in place for agency banking also needed to be improved. The study made the following recommendations: For agent banking operations to be effective, strong internal control systems should be put in place which should be flexible and be evaluated periodically to increase efficiency and effectiveness; there should also be frequent updates of regulations and policies that guide agency banking and procedures that are used in the banking and agency industry in Kenya. Bankers Association in consultation with the Central Bank of Kenya should carry out frequent audit and research in relationship to agency banking to determine any loopholes and challenges in order to advice the banks accordingly. Also banks should work closely with the agents in order to streamline the systems and processes to help achieve efficiency. The results gathered out of the audit and research will help the banks to keep their agents updated.
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Polyzos, Stathis, Khadija Abdulrahman, and Jagadish Dandu. "Effects of financial instability on subjective well-being: a preference-based approach." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 7 (March 16, 2021): 982–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2020-0693.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the link between banking crises and the subjective well-being of individuals. In addition, the authors examine the transmission of crises from the banking sector to well-being and show that negative financial shocks have significant adverse effects.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ agent-based modeling to test for the direct and indirect welfare effects of banking crises. The model includes a support vector machine (SVM) optimized subjective well-being function. The existing literature suggests that this is influenced by both the negative psychological effects of recessions and the adverse economic effects of income loss and increased unemployment.FindingsThe authors show that the different choices of policy response to a banking crisis carry different opportunity costs in terms of welfare and that societal preferences should be taken into account. The authors demonstrate that these effects influence different population classes in an asymmetric manner. Finally, the results demonstrate that the welfare loss of a bank failure is much higher than the cost of a bailout.Practical implicationsThe authors are able to propose to the authorities the best policy mix in order to handle banking crises in the most adequate manner, according to society's preferences between financial stability and public goods.Social implicationsThe findings extend the existing literature on subjective well-being, by quantifying the welfare cost of banking crises and showing that authorities should reconsider bank bailouts as a policy solution to bank distress.Originality/valueThe originality of this article lies in the use of an agent-based model to model the relationship between societal well-being and financial stability. Also, the authors extend existing agent-based methodologies to include machine learning optimization techniques.
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Armstrong, Angus. "Restoring Trust in Banking." National Institute Economic Review 221 (July 2012): R4—R10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011222100111.
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Trust allows financial transactions to take place when contracts are incomplete and the cost of negotiating too great for the parties involved. Banking covers many different types of transactions in assets with different levels of incomplete contracts. Investment banks have traditionally dealt with assets with incomplete contracts and often traded on informal and opaque markets. The creation of new global banks combined know-how, capital and collateral to generate enormous growth in these markets. While global banks developed trust with counterparties in specific markets, the opacity combined with limited liability structures also created principal-agent problems. The scandals which emerged are a reflection of these agency problems and have left trust in the banks greatly diminished. If levels of trust remain so low, this will be consistent with ongoing bank vulnerability, less lending to finance risky but profitable investment projects, and consequently lower economic activity. Regulation can support private incentives to accept codes of conduct which enhance trust.
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Winarsih, Winarsih. "Juridical Reviews on Branchless Banking Toward the Potential of Fraud Due to the Using of Agent." Journal of Private and Commercial Law 1, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jpcl.v1i1.12353.
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Branchless banking is a new system which is implemented by banks in Indonesiawith aims to provide services to rural communities in order to access bankingservices such as lending or deposit money in the bank through an intermediaryagent. At first the rural communities are hard to obtain banking facilities such asmicro-credit whereas economic activities are largely actuated by lower-classsector therefore the Financial Services Authority or Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK)issued the regulation number. 19/POJK.03/2014 about the financial serviceswithout office in the framework of financial inclusion on November 18, 2014 toface it. In this regulation, there are several things that need to be reviewed suchassessment accountability arrangements of agent as a third party who is notclearly regulated whereas according to some research there are some risk in themechanism of implementation like as potential of fraud due to the using of agentin this system. Though basically branchless banking is one of the strategicnational strategies to provide financing to small businesses in rural areas in orderto increase the competitiveness of products to compete in the ASEAN economiccommunity. Therefore, a legal instrument that can ensure and provide legalcertainty in branchless banking system is a very important thing, more overbranchless banking is the strategic of government to develop the quality of therural economy to face the ASEAN economic community.
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Asmara Jaya, I. Gst Ngr Alit. "Branchless Banking Ditinjau Dari Persepektif Ekonomi Kelembagaan." Jurnal Ilmiah Satyagraha 3, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jis.v3i2.175.
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Through OJK regulations, SE OJK No. 6 / SE.OJK.03 / 2015 taggal 06 February 2015 concerning Officeless Financial Services in the Framework of Financial Inclusion known as Laku Pandai, a branchless banking service program has been launched in order to improve banking access to the lower class, especially unbanked people. The development of the Laku Pandai (branchless banking) program in the last 5 years has been able to contribute to a significant increase in Indonesia's financial inclusion index. Economic theory states that increasing financial inclusion will increase inclusive growth. Inclusive growth can be said as growth that involves participation of all, namely growth without discrimination and is able to involve all economic sectors (Klasen, 2010). Inclusive growth allows everyone to contribute to and benefit from economic growth. This paper will attempt to review from an institutional economic perspective regarding bank agent services called Branchless Banking. To provide an overview of the implementation of the Laku Pandai bank agent program, the author will take a case study of application in the Province of Bali based on the research I conducted in 2018. How the Laku Pandai program as a form of inclusive financial services from an institutional economic perspective can increase financial inclusion and benefit community economy.
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Leonidov, Andrey, Vladimir Nechitailo, and Ekaterina Serebryannikova. "Interbank Network Topology in the Agent-based Model of Banking System." Higher School of Economics Economic Journal 22, no. 3 (2018): 387–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1813-8691-2018-22-3-387-417.
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Teply, Petr, and Tomas Klinger. "Agent-based modeling of systemic risk in the European banking sector." Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 14, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 811–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11403-018-0226-7.
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Chan, Leslie Soon-Lim. "Best Practice of Selecting Strategic International Agency Banking." Nang Yan Business Journal 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nybj-2015-0002.
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Abstract International agency or correspondent banking (corbanking) is cross border bank to bank businesses that agent banks act on behalf of principals. Despite drastic changing banking environment, corbanking remains from doing business by mainly fee based, packaging reciprocal products and services, and so on. Corbanking is therefore identified as an alternative to serve clients worldwide in a strategic low cost way. Best practice to identify for entering corbanking relationships and selecting their correspondents are the themes of this paper, which are useful for financial institutions to make strategic and operational decisions for their expansion. Eighteen determinant factors to establish corbanking relationships and nineteen selection criteria of correspondents were identified through literature reviews, case studies, and exploratory surveys. Empirical surveys were conducted on 43 sample banks in Australia, which were further categorized in ten bank groups. Analytical methods included descriptive statistics and stepwise least square regression with case studies. The findings were: the most significant factor for financial institutions to enter correspondent banking systems was the bank size and a lower ranking factor was location not physically present, whereas there was different consensus for different bank groups about the selection criteria for agents overseas.
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Lee, Seok Weon. "Ownership Structure and Principle-Agent Problem: Evidence from the U.S. Banking Industry." International Studies Review 9, no. 1 (October 8, 2008): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-00901002.
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From the sample of 62 U.S. bank holding companies over the 1987-1995 period, we found that banks with a higher degree of risk diversification significantly increase more risk as managerial stock ownership rises, compared to the banks with a lower degree of risk diversification over the period 1987-1990 when the banking regulations were relatively loose. However, we also found that this increased risk-taking has not ultimately resulted in better performance of the banks. Thus, even though the owner/manager agency problem of banks can easily be ad~ by changing their insider holdings or ownership structure, in particular when the banks' asset portfolios are well diversified and banking regulations are loose, this change in ownership structure may have to be associated with closer and more frequent monitoring of the banks’ risk-caking behavior, because the increased risk-taking with higher managerial ownership could only end up with increasing the possibility of failure of the bank without contributing to improving bank profitability.
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Ojugo, Arnold Adimabua, and Oghenevwede Debby Otakore. "Intelligent Peer-To-Peer Banking Framework: Advancing The Frontiers of Agent Banking For Financial Inclusion In Nigeria Via Smartphones." Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 1, no. 5 (August 22, 2020): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems140.
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The advent of the retail point of sale (POS) system as a critical component of the traditional retail infrastructure seeks to advance client payment-ease for goods and services rendered by vendors as well as the effective collection of funds by the vendor. It also aids the vendor to collect in advance monies that the client may wish to spend later on goods and services. Thus, the POS has since become a necessity in modern retail stores as its increased usage has seen a transformation from a single machine to a cloud and smart platforms. Our study seeks to model a conceptual framework for decentralized POS as adapted to smartphones. This will enhance cashless transaction irrespective of a customer’s location globally and locally. Built around the block-chain technology, it seeks to minimize challenge(s) of time, installation requirements incurred with the adoption of automatic teller machine (ATM), location and citing of agent-banking in a rural area with low tele- and tech-penetration.
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Ojugo, Arnold Adimabua, and Oghenevwede Debby Otakore. "Intelligent Peer-To-Peer Banking Framework: Advancing The Frontiers of Agent Banking For Financial Inclusion In Nigeria Via Smartphones." Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 1, no. 5 (August 22, 2020): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems140.
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The advent of the retail point of sale (POS) system as a critical component of the traditional retail infrastructure seeks to advance client payment-ease for goods and services rendered by vendors as well as the effective collection of funds by the vendor. It also aids the vendor to collect in advance monies that the client may wish to spend later on goods and services. Thus, the POS has since become a necessity in modern retail stores as its increased usage has seen a transformation from a single machine to a cloud and smart platforms. Our study seeks to model a conceptual framework for decentralized POS as adapted to smartphones. This will enhance cashless transaction irrespective of a customer’s location globally and locally. Built around the block-chain technology, it seeks to minimize challenge(s) of time, installation requirements incurred with the adoption of automatic teller machine (ATM), location and citing of agent-banking in a rural area with low tele- and tech-penetration.
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SeokWeonLee. "Ownership Structure and Principle-Agent Problem: Evidence from the U.S. Banking Industry." Asian International Studies Review 9, no. 1 (April 2008): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.16934/isr.9.1.200804.23.
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Tekdogan, Omer Faruk, and Burak Sencer Atasoy. "DOES ISLAMIC BANKING PROMOTE FINANCIAL STABILITY? EVIDENCE FROM AN AGENT-BASED MODEL." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 7, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 201–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v7i2.1323.
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Islamic banking has come to the forefront as being one of the fastest growing branch of the global financial industry in recent years. In this study we evaluate whether coexistence of Islamic and conventional banks promote financial stability. In this respect, we evaluate two types of financial systems: (1) A system solely comprised of conventional banks, (2) a dual system in which conventional and Islamic banks coexist and interact with each other. Accordingly, we design two agent-based models representing aforementioned systems and examine possible contagious effects and causes of bank failures by employing the volatility spillover methodology. We find that Islamic banks greatly promote stability by providing liquidity during financial shocks and create more liquidity per asset compared to conventional banks. We also find that they tend to hold more cash than conventional banks, which cushion the effects of a possible liquidity squeeze. Conventional banks, on the other hand, tend to have reserve deficits, which intensify during shock periods. We conclude that coexistence of both bank types creates a win-win situation and contributes to financial stability.
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ROY, TIRTHANKAR. "The Monsoon and the Market for Money in Late-colonial India." Enterprise & Society 17, no. 2 (January 22, 2016): 324–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2015.84.
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Banking experienced large growth in colonial India along with a process of commercialization of agriculture. Yet, the rate of aggregate saving or investment remained low. This article is an attempt to resolve this paradox. It suggests that traditional forms of banking were helped by the formalization of indigenous negotiable instruments, but that transactions between bankers, merchants, and peasants were characterized by a limited use of legal instruments. The limited circulation of bills in this sphere is attributed, among other factors, to high seasonality in the demand for money. Seasonality-induced distortions in the organization of the money market made indigenous banking an unsuitable agent to promote saving and finance industrialization.
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Tavares, Elaine, and Hermano Roberto Thiry-Cherques. "Interaction between information systems and work in the Brazilian banking sector." Revista de Administração de Empresas 51, no. 1 (February 2011): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-75902011000100008.
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This article presents the results of a research to understand the conditions of interaction between work and three specific information systems (ISs) used in the Brazilian banking sector. We sought to understand how systems are redesigned in work practices, and how work is modified by the insertion of new systems. Data gathering included 46 semi-structured interviews, together with an analysis of system-related documents. We tried to identify what is behind the practices that modify the ISs and work. The data analysis revealed an operating structure: a combination of different practices ensuring that the interaction between agents and systems will take place. We discovered a structure of reciprocal conversion caused by the increased technical skills of the agent and the humanization of the systems. It is through ongoing adjustment between work and ISs that technology is tailored to the context and people become more prepared to handle with technology.
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Foley-Fisher, Nathan, Gary Gorton, and Stéphane Verani. "Adverse Selection Dynamics in Privately-Produced Safe Debt Markets." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2020, no. 089 (October 22, 2020): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2020.088.
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Privately-produced safe debt is designed so that there is no adverse selection in trade. This is because no agent finds it profitable to produce private information about the debt’s backing and all agents know this (i.e., it is information-insensitive). But in some macro states, it becomes profitable for some agents to produce private information, and then the debt faces adverse selection when traded (i.e., it becomes information-sensitive). We empirically study these adverse selection dynamics in a very important asset class, collateralized loan obligations, a large symbiotic appendage of the regulated banking system, which finances loans to below investment-grade firms.
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Foley-Fisher, Nathan, Gary Gorton, and Stéphane Verani. "Adverse Selection Dynamics in Privately-Produced Safe Debt Markets." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2020, no. 089 (October 22, 2020): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2020.088r1.
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Privately-produced safe debt is designed so that there is no adverse selection in trade. This is because no agent finds it profitable to produce private information about the debt’s backing and all agents know this (i.e., it is information-insensitive). But in some macro states, it becomes profitable for some agents to produce private information, and then the debt faces adverse selection when traded (i.e., it becomes information-sensitive). We empirically study these adverse selection dynamics in a very important asset class, collateralized loan obligations, a large symbiotic appendage of the regulated banking system, which finances loans to below investment-grade firms.
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Rahman, Akim M. "bKash vs. Bank-led Option: Factors Influencing Customer’s Preferences – Does it Warrant Voluntary-Insurance-Policy for Rapid-growth Digital-banking in Bangladesh-economy?" Journal of Banking and Financial Economics 1/2020, no. 13 (August 30, 2020): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/2353-6845.jbfe.2020.1.4.
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In today’s technology-driven world-economy, banking-services have been modernized where customers compete for comparative time-saving-options. Bangladesh, a developing country, is no exception. Besides traditional banking, Agent-banking, bKash, Western-Union etc. serve new-way financial-services. But, in 21st-Century business-mentality era, many factors are unpredictable. Strict laws & application can marginalize the magnitudes of Perceived-risk where developed countries are ahead of developing countries. But it does not guarantee risk-free digital-transaction where developing countries are vulnerable. It might have led a slower growth of digital-banking in countries like Bangladesh. Dealing with determinant Perceived-risk, current author proposed Voluntary-Insurance policy (Rahman, 2018) that deserves to be scrutinized. Using Factor Analysis and Hypothesis Testing on customers’ opinions helps identifying factors that have undermined the growth-trend of bank-led digital. Attributes “Phone call confirmation” has influenced customer’s preference using bKash. “No transaction fee” has influenced using bank-led digital. Addressing risk-factors, Voluntary-Insurance in place can ensure secured digital-banking that can enhance growth of usages digital-banking.
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Ebong, Jimmy, and Babu George. "Financial Inclusion through Digital Financial Services (DFS): A Study in Uganda." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14090393.
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This study unravels trends and momentum in banking and mobile money channels and uptake of select services and thereafter draws implications for enhancing financial inclusion through Digital Financial Services (DFS). The Rate of Change (ROC) approach was applied to analyze the growth momentum in banking and mobile money channels in Uganda. Implications for growth momentum in banking and mobile money channels for DFS and financial inclusion was drawn from observing and making informed interpretation of such observed trends and momentum. The findings of this study imply that banks must innovate to increase their contribution towards enhancing financial inclusion. Additional channel innovations, which may infuse banking and mobile money channels, are needed for banking to leverage on growth of mobile money and regain its role in enhancing financial inclusion. Leveraging the application of digital innovations in services such as payments and digitizing alternative channels such as agent banking are likely to increase efficiencies in physical channels and the provision of banking services and thereby increase overall reach and penetration of banking. The fast pace of mobile money penetration is good for speeding up financial inclusion. However, this calls for better regulatory approaches for DFS risk reduction, consumer protection, and protecting mobile money against integrity and financial crimes.
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Uteubayeva, A. T., А. А. Kabiyev, and М. Imangaliyeva. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BANK MARKETING AND THE REAL SECTOR." REPORTS 2, no. 330 (April 15, 2020): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.44.
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In an era of rapid technological development and increasing competition, the value of the mass customer as a source of profit is growing steadily. The client becomes the main asset of the bank, its needs and requirements are in the focus of the banking business. The survival strategy in the struggle for the mass customer is based on the submission of all business processes and procedures to one single goal – customer satisfaction. In the future, business performance will be determined by the degree of customer satisfaction. The economic crisis, the crisis of industrial production is pushing for a review of key aspects of banking marketing, which should explore the interaction of the industrial and banking sectors and generate solutions to increase the effectiveness of their interaction. The crisis confirms that it is necessary to improve the tools of banking marketing in the industrial sector of the economy of the region. Computer models, where the atoms are agents, are called agentbased models. In most works devoted to the construction and study of agent-based models, the rules for interaction between agents are extremely simple. Nevertheless, the result is quite meaningful meaningful results. The issues of improving the use of bank marketing tool to improve the efficiency of interaction between the industrial and banking sectors of the economy are considered. Reasoning upon the economic aspects of the effectiveness of bank marketing, the authors state that a marketing performance evaluation system should have not only mechanisms for a posteriori analysis (that is, analysis of the results of acceptance or rejection of an offer), but also possibility of priori assessment of marketing offers, campaigns, profitability, and even marketing budgets. The system should contain a tool that simulates the appearance of clients, the selection of offers to clients and assessing the acceptance or rejection of offers, probable consumption or non-consumption of the proposed product.
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Sapuan, Noraina Mazuin, Nur Azura Sanusi, Abdul Ghafar Ismail, and Antoni Wibowo. "Social learning and principal-agent problems in profit sharing contract." Humanomics 32, no. 4 (November 14, 2016): 498–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/h-08-2016-0064.
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Purpose The purposes of this study are twofold. First, to theoretically examine the profit-sharing (mudarabah) contract that produces an optimal distribution of return in the presence of social learning (shuratic process) within the environment of asymmetric information. Second, to empirically investigate the optimal condition of profit-sharing ratio (PSR) and social learning for profit-sharing (mudarabah) contract in Islamic banking. Design/methodology/approach Data from one of the biggest and earliest Islamic banks in Malaysia were taken as a proxy of an Islamic bank. The data are collected from the period of 2009 to 2013, and these will be used for the simulation process by using the genetic algorithm (GA) technique. Findings The empirical results discovered that Islamic banks had used social learning in their daily activities, especially in the asset side. The results also showed that the trend of social learning has a positive relationship with the trend of Islamic banks’ net profit. Additionally, the results also indicated that the Islamic banks’ net profit has a positive relationship with its PSR from the profit-sharing (mudarabah) financing and securities investment. Originality/value This study is the first of its kind that investigates the implementation of the social learning process in Islamic banking operation. This study also used the latest technique from artificial intelligence system, i.e. a GA, to attain an optimal value for PSR and social learning process.
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Ganie, Kenny, Dzeti Farhah Mohshim, Ismail Mohd Saaid, Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman, and Ahmad Kamal Idris. "DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE-MODIFIED NANOPARTICLES USING FLUORINE-BASED CHEMICALS." Science Proceedings Series 2, no. 1 (April 9, 2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/sps.v2i1.1214.
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Scientist have been using chemical treatment to alter the wettability of near wellbore region for condensate banking removal. However, this technique performed unsatisfactorily as the chemical treatment only reduce the surface free energy without modifying the surface roughness and affects the gas relative permeability negatively. Hence, in the present study, an alternative surface-modified nanoparticle using fluorine-based chemicals was developed as a new wettability alteration agent since fluorine exhibits high degree of water and oil repellency. The new wettability alteration agent was evaluated based on FTIR, DLS and TGA characterization. The results show that the surface of nanoparticles has been modified with fluorine-based chemicals coating and this is proven from: FTIR spectra with new peaks observed; DLS characterization with incremental size of surface-modified nanoparticles; and TGA with decomposition rate of coating agents. Implications of the results will path the way for future research direction in using fluorine-surface-modified-nanoparticles as a wettability alteration agent.
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Yudiantoro, Deny, and Afif Nur Rahmadi. "Peran Agen Laku Pandai Dalam Meningkatkan Transaksi Non Tunai Pada Sektor Mikro di Masa Pandemi." EKONIKA Jurnal Ekonomi Universitas Kadiri 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/ekonika.v6i1.1444.
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This study aims to identify and describe the role of Agen Laku Pandai BRI called BRILink in increasing public awareness, especially entrepreneurs in the micro sector, to conduct cashless transactions during the Pandemic. This research is in the form of descriptive research using a qualitative approach and the method used is a case study. The research was conducted by direct observations and interviews with informants who are BRI’s Agen Laku Pandai and BRILink Agent Officers who are employees of BRI. Observations on BRILink Agents are carried out together with BRI Officers when monitoring the agent. The results of in-depth observations and interviews show that the existence of BRILink Agents in the midst of society is able to increase the literacy of rural communities, especially micro entrepreneurs, regarding banking products. In addition, the existence of a BRILink Agent can facilitate cashless transactions from micro-entrepreneurs during a pandemic, where all activities must be limited. BRILink Agent as the spearhead of BRI can increase the penetration and financial performance of BRI, especially in terms of raising funds and channeling financing through the micro financing segment. Agen Laku Pandai is an effort by the government through Bank Indonesia and Otoritas Jasa Keuangan to create financial inclusion in Indonesia.