Journal articles: 'Ages 2-6'

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Poets, Christian F. "Breathing Patterns and Heart Rates at Ages 6 Weeks and 2 Years." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 145, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1991.02160120061020.

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Ford, C., D. Ward, and M. White. "Television viewing associated with adverse dietary outcomes in children ages 2-6." Obesity Reviews 13, no. 12 (September 10, 2012): 1139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01028.x.

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Homaira, Nusrat, Nancy Briggs, Ju-Lee Oei, Lisa Hilder, Barbara Bajuk, Adam Jaffe, and Saad B. Omer. "Association of Age at First Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease With Subsequent Risk of Severe Asthma: A Population-Based Cohort Study." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy671.

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Abstract Objective In a population-based cohort study, we determined the association between the age at first severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease and subsequent asthma. Methods Incidence rates and rate ratios of the first asthma-associated hospitalization after 2 years of age in children hospitalized for RSV disease at <3 months, 3 to <6 months, 6 to <12 months, and 12–24 months of age were calculated. Results The incidence of asthma-associated hospitalization per 1000 child-years among children hospitalized for RSV disease at <3 months of age was 0.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], .2–.7); at 3 to <6 months of age, 0.9 (95% CI,.5–1.3); at 6 to <12 months of age, 2.0 (95% CI, 1.4–2.7); and at 12–24 months of age, 1.7 (95% CI, 1.0–2.5). The rate ratio of hospitalization for asthma was 2–7-fold greater among children hospitalized for RSV disease at ages ≥6 months than that among those hospitalized for RSV disease at ages 0 to <6 months. Conclusions Although the burden of RSV disease is highest in children aged <6 months, the burden of subsequent asthma is higher in children who develop RSV disease at ages ≥6 months.

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GRANT, D. B., D. B. DUNGER, and E. C. BURNS. "Long-term treatment with diazoxide in childhood hyperinsulinism." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4_Suppl (December 1986): S340—S345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.112s340.

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Abstract This paper reviews the outcome in 12 children with hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia who first developed symptoms between the ages of 2 and 8 months and who were treated with diazoxide (5 - 20 mg/kg/day) for 2-13 years. Two cases required subtotal pancreatectomy at the ages of 5 and 10 years because of recurrent hypoglycaemia and one girl with severe retardation died at the age of 6 years while still on diazoxide therapy. Two patients aged 3.5 and 9 years are still on treatment and in 7 cases diazoxide was discontinued between the ages of 2.5 and 14 years, indicating that spontaneous remission can be expected in a high proportion of children with post-neonatal hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. Of the 9 children who started diazoxide within 3 months of the onset of symptoms, 5 are of normal intelligence and 4 are moderately retarded (IQs 63-71). In 3 children diazoxide was started 8 months to 3 years after the onset of symptoms; two are retarded (IQs 60-70) and the third was severely retarded and died aged 6 years.

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Setyantoko, Maranthika, Widiastuti Widiastuti, and Hernawan Hernawan. "The Game-Based ABC Running Exercise Model for Children Ages 6-12 Years." Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal 2, no. 3 (August 4, 2019): 506–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birle.v2i3.422.

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The aim of this study is to produce the game-based ABC running exercise model for children ages 6-12 years by testing the effectiveness of increasing the speed of 30 meters short distance running in athletes aged 6-12 years. The research method used in this study is the research and development method of Borg and Gall by using 10 stages. The research subjects in this study are at the age of 6-12 years of athletic at the athletic club in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The study begins with a data analysis of requirements, planning, product making, testing, revision and final products. The model feasibility test presents 3 experts consisting of 2 athletic lecturers and 1 national athletic trainer. The effectiveness test model uses a 30 meters speed parameter test involving 40 athletes aged 6-12 years consisting of 2 athletic clubs in Yogyakarta Province. Increasing the running speed of 30 meters shows the significance of t-count = 45.64, db = 19 and p-value = 0.00 < 0.05, for the average N-gain of 56.30, which means that the category of interpretation is "quite effective”. This means that there are significant differences in the 30 meters run speed of athletes before and after being given a training model. It can be concluded that the game-based ABC running exercise model developed is effective enough to increase the running speed of 30 meters in athlete’s ages 6-12 years.

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Mehta, Nirali, R. G. Bhatt, Hetal Vora, and Bharat Parmar. "Comparison of midupper arm circumference and weight-for-height z score for assessing acute malnutrition in children aged 6-60 months: an analytical study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190525.

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Background: In clinical settings, wasting in childhood has primarily been assessed with the use of a weight-for-height z score (WHZ), and in community settings, it has been assessed via the mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) with a cutoff <115mm for severe wasting and 115-125mm for moderate wasting. Our recent experience indicates that many wasted children were not identified when these cutoffs for MUAC were used.Methods: Authors determined the cutoffs for MUAC to detect wasting in Indian children aged 6-60 mo. A secondary analysis was carried out on data from 1446 children aged 6-59 mo. The area under the receiver operating curve was used to indicate the most appropriate choice for cutoffs that related MUAC with WHZ. The MUAC measurement of each subject was taken using standard technique. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) age and sex-specific cut-off points, nutritional status of children was determined.Results: The mean±SD age for the entire group was 19.8±13.6 mo, MUAC was 132±13mm, and 45% of subjects were girls. Age-stratified analyses revealed that, for ages 6-24 mo, MUAC cutoffs were <120mm for a WHZ <-3 and <125mm for a WHZ <-2 with a sensitivity of 68.3% and 64.7%, respectively, and a specificity of 82.6% and 83.4%, respectively; for ages 25-60 mo, MUAC cutoffs were <135mm for a WHZ <-3 and <140mm for a WHZ <-2 with a sensitivity of 63.7% and 65.4%, respectively, and a specificity of 81.6% and 78.3%, respectively.Conclusions: The respective cutoffs for MUAC to better capture the vulnerability and risk of severe (WHZ <-3) and moderate (WHZ <-2) wasting would be <120 and <125mm for ages 6-24 mo, <135 and <140mm for ages 37-60 mo.

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Kim, Jae Hyun, Young Ah Lee, Youn-Hee Lim, Kyunghoon Lee, Bung-Nyun Kim, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Yun-Chul Hong, Sei Won Yang, Junghan Song, and Choong Ho Shin. "Changes in Adrenal Androgens and Steroidogenic Enzyme Activities From Ages 2, 4, to 6 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 10 (August 4, 2020): 3265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa498.

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Abstract Context The levels of adrenal androgens are increased through the action of steroidogenic enzymes with morphological changes in the adrenal zona reticularis. Objective We investigated longitudinal changes in androgen levels and steroidogenic enzyme activities during early childhood. Design and Participants From a prospective children’s cohort, the Environment and Development of Children cohort, 114 boys and 86 girls with available blood samples from ages 2, 4, and 6 years were included. Outcome Measurements Serum concentrations of adrenal androgens using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and steroidogenic enzyme activity calculated by the precursor/product ratio. Results During ages 2 to 4 years, 17,20-lyase and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfotransferase activities increased (P < 0.01 for both in boys). During ages 4 to 6 years, 17,20-lyase activity persistently increased, but 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17β-HSD activities decreased (P < 0.01 for all). Serum DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) levels persistently increased from 2, 4, to 6 years, and DHEA, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione levels increased during ages 4 to 6 years (P < 0.01 for all). Serum DHEA-S levels during early childhood were associated with body mass index z-scores (P = 0.001 in only boys). Conclusion This study supports in vivo human evidence of increased 17,20-lyase and DHEA sulfotransferase activities and decreased 3β-HSD activity during early childhood.

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Lotan, Roni, Ithamar Ganmore, Abigail Livny, Nofar Itzhaki, Mark Waserman, Shahar Shelly, Moran Zacharia, et al. "Effect of Advanced Glycation End Products on Cognition in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from a Pilot Clinical Trial." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 82, no. 4 (August 17, 2021): 1785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210131.

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Background: Dietary advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are linked to cognitive decline. However, clinical trials have not tested the effect of AGEs on cognition in older adults. Objective: The aim of the current pilot trial was to examine the feasibility of an intervention to reduce dietary AGEs on cognition and on cerebral blood flow (CBF). Methods: The design is a pilot randomized controlled trial of dietary AGEs reduction in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Seventy-five participants were randomized to two arms. The control arm received standard of care (SOC) guidelines for good glycemic control; the intervention arm, in addition to SOC guidelines, were instructed to reduce their dietary AGEs intake. Global cognition and CBF were assessed at baseline and after 6 months of intervention. Results: At baseline, we found a reverse association between AGEs and cognitive functioning, possibly reflecting the long-term toxicity of AGEs on the brain. There was a significant improvement in global cognition at 6 months in both the intervention and SOC groups which was more prominent in participants with mild cognitive impairment. We also found that at baseline, higher AGEs were associated with increased CBF in the left inferior parietal cortex; however, 6 months of the AGEs lowering intervention did not affect CBF levels, despite lowering AGEs exposure in blood. Conclusion: The current pilot trial focused on the feasibility and methodology of intervening through diet to reduce AGEs in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Our results suggest that participants with mild cognitive impairment may benefit from an intensive dietary intervention.

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Anugrahana, Andri. "Penyusunan Album Keterampilan Hidup Sehari-Hari Untuk Anak Usia 2 - 6 Tahun Berdasar Pada Metode Montessori." Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 9, no. 2 (May 23, 2019): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2019.v9.i2.p122-131.

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This study aims to describe the process of developing a teaching book for daily life skills for children ages 2 - 6 years based on Montessori method. This research uses research and development method, intending to (1) find out the procedure for developing daily life skill albums for children ages 2 - 6 years based on Montessori method and (2) describe the quality of the album. The research and development is modified from ten stages of Sugiyono and Borg and Gall, into five stages: 1) potential problems, 2) product design, 3) product validation by experts, 4) test instruments, and 5) limited trials. The result from expert validation for the purpose and method scored 3.75, considered in ‘good’ category. The content aspect scords 3, in ‘average’ category. The content aspect scored 3.5, in ‘good’ category. Overall, the result of expert validation showed the score of 3,4, and was considered as ‘good’.

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Patel, Mitesh K., Mei-Miau Mu, and Kathleen B. Franklin. "Cetirizine 5mg Provides Effective Relief of Worst Seasonal Allergy Symptoms in Children Ages 2-6 Years." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 141, no. 2 (February 2018): AB68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.217.

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Kafali, Gülden, Taner Erselcan, and Fatoş Tanzer. "Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Bone Mineral Density in Children Between Ages 6 and 2 Years." Clinical Pediatrics 38, no. 2 (March 1999): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992289903800205.

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Ensor, Rosie, Rory T. Devine, Alex Marks, and Claire Hughes. "Mothers' Cognitive References to 2-Year-Olds Predict Theory of Mind at Ages 6 and 10." Child Development 85, no. 3 (December 9, 2013): 1222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12186.

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Chen, Li-Kuang, Guoying Wang, Wendy Bennett, and Xiaobin Wang. "4264 Early Childhood and Prepubertal Overweight and Obesity are Associated with Earlier Pubertal Onset in Boys and Girls: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (June 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.123.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: It is hypothesized that the global secular trend toward earlier puberty onset, with implications for many future health outcomes, is related to the obesity epidemic. This study aims to examine prospective associations between weight during specific developmental windows and timing of puberty onset. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study includes 1,296 mother-infant dyads from the Boston Birth Cohort, a predominantly minority (>80% black/Hispanic), low-income, and urban prospective birth cohort recruited and followed between 1998 and 2019. Age at peak height velocity (APHV), a well-defined and standardized proxy for puberty onset, is derived by fitting height measurements recorded during clinical visits using a mixed effects growth curve model. Multiple linear regression is performed to examine the relationships between early childhood (ages 2-5y) and prepubertal (ages 6-9y) overweight and obesity, weight trajectories between these two periods, and APHV, while controlling for known contributors to early puberty. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Compared to counterparts with normal BMIs, kids who were obese during ages 2-5y (boys: −0.21y, CI[−0.39, −0.04]; girls: −0.22y, CI[−0.39, −0.05]) or ages 6-9y (boys: −0.27y, CI[−0.43, −0.11]; girls: −0.37y, CI[−0.52, −0.23]) had an earlier APHV. Being overweight during ages 6-9y was also associated an earlier APHV (boys: −0.26y, CI[−0.46, −0.07]; girls: −0.26y, CI[−0.42, −0.10]). Looking at weight trajectories, kids who were persistently overweight or obese from ages 2-5y to ages 6-9y had an earlier APHV (boys: −0.28y, CI[−0.45, −0.12]; girls: −0.31y, CI[−0.46, −0.16]), as did girls with normal BMIs during ages 2-5y and who were overweight or obese during ages 6-9y (−0.45y CI[−0.64, −0.26]). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The temporal and dose-response relationships seen in this historically understudied population suggests that childhood obesity is etiologically important in the development, and even programming, of early puberty. This has implications for prediction, prevention, and mitigation of health disparities.

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Jalalvandi, Fereshteh, Peyman Arasteh, Roya Safari Faramani, and Masoumeh Esmaeilivand. "Epidemiology of Pediatric Trauma and Its Patterns in Western Iran: A Hospital Based Experience." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 6 (October 26, 2015): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n6p139.

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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Trauma is a major cause of mortality in children aged 1 to 14 years old and its patterns differs from country to country. In this study we investigated the epidemiology and distribution of non-intentional trauma in the pediatric population.MATERIALS & METHODS: The archives of 304 children below 10 years old who presented to Taleghani trauma care center in Kermanshah, Iran from March to September 2008, were reviewed. Patients’ demographic and injury related information were registered. The participants were categorized into three age groups of 0-2, 3-6 and 7-10 years old and the data was compared among age groups and between both sexes.FINDINGS: The most common cause for trauma was falling from heights (65.5%) and road traffic accidents (16.4%). The most common anatomical sites of injury were the upper limbs followed by the head and neck (36.8% and 31.2%, respectively). Injuries mostly occurred in homes (67.4%). The injuries were mostly related to the orthopedics and the neurosurgery division (84.1% and 13.1%, respectively). Accident rates peaked during the hours of 18-24 (41.3%). Male and female patients did display any difference regarding the variables.Children between the ages of 0-2 years old had the highest rate of injury to the head and neck area (40.3%) (p=0.024). Falls and road traffic accidents displayed increasing rates from the ages of 0-2 to 3-6 and decreasing rates to the ages of 7-10 years old (p=0.013). From the ages of 0-2 to 3-6 years old, street accidents increased and household traumas decreased. After that age household trauma rates increased and street accidents decreased (p=0.005). Children between the ages of 7-10 years old had the highest rate of orthopedic injury (p=0.029).CONCLUSION: Special planning and health policies are needed to prevent road accidents especially in children between the ages of 3-6 years old. Since homes were the place where children between the ages of 0-2 were mostly injured, parents should be educated about the correct safety measures that they need to take regarding their children's environments. The orthopedics department needs to receive the most training and resources for the management of pediatric trauma.

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Colgan, Patrick M., Jeffrey S. Munroe, and Zhou Shangzhe. "Cosmogenic radionuclide evidence for the limited extent of last glacial maximum glaciers in the Tanggula Shan of the Central Tibetan Plateau." Quaternary Research 65, no. 02 (March 2006): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.026.

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AbstractCosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) exposure ages provide evidence for the limited extent of last glacial maximum glaciers in the Tanggula Shan, central Tibetan Plateau. The most extensive advances occurred during or before marine oxygen isotope stage 6 (MIS-6) based on previous CRN exposure ages. The second most extensive advance occurred during or before MIS-4 based on previous ages and new ages of 41,400 ± 4300, and 66,800 ± 7100 10Be yr. A MIS-2 advance of less than 3 km occurred between 31,900 ± 3400 and 16,000 ± 1700 10Be yr.

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Braga, Ermino, Ermino Braga Filho, Jamile Andréa Rodrigues da Silva, Cristian Faturi, Felipe Nogueira Domingues, and José De Brito Lourenço Júnior. "Ruminal degradability of tropical leguminous plants from eastern Amazonia." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n2p845.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of Cratylia argentea, Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merrill, and Stylosanthes guianensis ‘Campo Grande’ (EMBRAPA), aged 55 and 75 days, in sheep with rumen cannulas, using the in-situ technique. A factorial design of 3 leguminous plants × 2 ages × 6 incubation times was used, totaling 36 experimental units. The experimental period included 14 days for adaptation to diet and 5 days for data collection. Cratylia at both ages and Flemingia aged 55 days showed the highest “a” fraction values for DM degradability. Cratylia aged 55 days and Stylosanthes at both ages showed the highest “a” fraction values for CP. The highest “b” fraction value for DM was 51.27% for Stylosanthes aged 55 days. This rate was lower for the other leguminous plants, especially for Flemingia at both ages. The “b” fraction values for NDF are considered low for Flemingia, what may be the result of lower ruminal degradation. The highest “c” fraction degradation rate for DM was observed in all leguminous plants studied aged 75 days. The highest “c” fraction value for CP was 14.84% for Stylosanthes aged 75 days. The highest Kd fraction values for DM, NDF, and CP were found in Flemingia. Cratylia, and Stylosanthes aged 75 days presented higher effective degradability (ED) values for DM at 2 and 5%/hour compared to Flemingia at both ages. Cratylia and Stylosanthes had the highest ED values for NDF, regardless of their passage rates. Stylosanthes presented higher ED values for CP at both ages, regardless of its passage rate. The highest DM, NDF, and CP potential degradability (PD) was obtained for Cratylia and Stylosanthes, at both ages. The leguminous plants Cratylia and Stylosanthes can be recommended for use as a protein bank and supplementation for ruminants, whereas, Flemingia macrophylla should not be used as a protein supplement for ruminants, because it contains high levels of fibrous fractions.

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Finch, Brian Karl, and Audrey N. Beck. "Socio-economic status and z-score standardized height-for-age of U.S.-born children (ages 2–6)." Economics & Human Biology 9, no. 3 (July 2011): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2011.02.005.

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Duncan, Michael J., Mark Noon, Chelsey Lawson, Josh Hurst, and Emma L. J. Eyre. "The Effectiveness of a Primary School Based Badminton Intervention on Children’s Fundamental Movement Skills." Sports 8, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8020011.

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This study examined the effects of the Badminton World Federation (BWF) Shuttle Time program on fundamental movement skills (FMS) in English children. A total of 124 children; 66 in key stage 1 (ages 6–7 years) and 58 in key stage 2 (10–11 years) undertook the Shuttle Time program, once weekly for six weeks (n = 63) or acted as controls (n = 61). Pre, post and ten-weeks post, both process and product FMS were determined. Children in the intervention group, aged 6–7 years, had higher total process FMS (via test of gross motor development-2) compared to the control group at post and ten-weeks post intervention (both p = 0.0001, d = 0.6 and 0.7, respectively). There were no significant differences in process FMS scores for children aged 10–11 years. Ten-meter sprint speed decreased pre to post and was maintained at ten-weeks post for the intervention groups aged 6–7 years (p = 0.0001, d = 0.6) and 10–11 years (p = 0.001, d = 0.2) compared to control. Standing long jump distance increased pre to post (p = 0.0001, d = 0.8) and was maintained at ten-weeks post (p = 0.0001, d = 0.5) for the intervention group. Medicine ball throw performance increased pre to post (p = 0.0001, d = 0.3) for the intervention group. The BWF Shuttle Time program is beneficial in developing FMS for key stage 1 children (ages 6–7).

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FREITAS, F. T. M., L. R. O. SOUZA, E. AZZIZ-BAUMGARTNER, P. Y. CHENG, H. ZHOU, M. A. WIDDOWSON, D. K. SHAY, W. K. OLIVEIRA, and W. N. ARAUJO. "Influenza-associated excess mortality in southern Brazil, 1980–2008." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 8 (October 8, 2012): 1731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812002221.

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SUMMARYIn order to estimate influenza-associated excess mortality in southern Brazil, we applied Serfling regression models to monthly mortality data from 1980 to 2008 for pneumonia/influenza- and respiratory/circulatory-coded deaths for all ages and for those aged ⩾60 years. According to viral data, 73·5% of influenza viruses were detected between April and August in southern Brazil. There was no clear influenza season for northern Brazil. In southern Brazil, influenza-associated excess mortality was 1·4/100 000 for all ages and 9·2/100 000 person-years for persons aged ⩾60 years using underlying pneumonia/influenza-coded deaths and 10·0/100 000 for all ages and 86·6/100 000 person-years for persons aged ⩾60 years using underlying respiratory/circulatory-coded deaths. Influenza-associated excess mortality rates for southern Brazil are similar to those published for other countries. Our data support the need for continued influenza surveillance to guide vaccination campaigns to age groups most affected by this virus in Brazil.

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Voltaggio, Mario, Dario Andretta, and Adriano Taddeucci. "230Th-238U data in conflict with 40Ar/39Ar leucite ages for quaternary volcanic rocks of the Alban Hills, Italy." European Journal of Mineralogy 6, no. 2 (March 31, 1994): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/6/2/0209.

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Abdelrahman, Amany H., Iman I. Salama, Somaia I. Salama, Dalia M. Elmosalami, Mona H. Ibrahim, Eman M. Hassan, Mark O. Dimitry, Zahraa I. Aboafya, Mohammad Gouda Mohammad, and Mohamed Amin. "Role of some serum biomarkers in the early detection of diabetic cardiomyopathy." Future Science OA 7, no. 5 (June 2021): FSO682. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2020-0184.

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Aim: To assess the role of serum biomarkers in early prediction of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Materials and methods: The participants were three groups of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients having diastolic dysfunction (DM-DD), systolic dysfunction (DM-SD) and normal echocardiography (DM-N) with two control groups: non-DM diastolic dysfunction patients (DD) and healthy controls. AGEs, TNF-α, IL-6, IGFBP-7, creatinine and insulin were assessed. Results: TNF-α, AGEs, creatinine and insulin panel had area under the curve (AUC) of 0.913 in distinguishing DM-DD from DM-N (78.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity). IL-6 and AGEs panel had AUC 0.795 for differentiating DM-SD from DM-DD (90.6% sensitivity). IL-6, TNF-α and AGEs panel had AUC 0.924 for differentiating diabetic cardiomyopathy from DM-N (85% sensitivity and specificity). Conclusion: A panel of AGEs, IL-6, TNF-α, insulin and creatinine might be used for early detection of DM-DD among T2DM patients.

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Pahlavani, M. A., T. H. Cheung, J. A. Chesky, and A. Richardson. "Influence of exercise on the immune function of rats of various ages." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 1997–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.5.1997.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise could prevent the age-related decline in mitogenesis, which has been well documented in rats, mice, and humans. At 1, 6, 12, and 18 mo of age, male Fischer F344 rats were subjected daily to swimming exercise for 6 mo. At the end of the 6-mo training period, spleen lymphocytes were isolated from the exercised rats and from age-matched sedentary controls. The induction of lymphocyte proliferation was measured with the mitogens concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, the ability of the lymphocytes to produce interleukin 2 (IL 2) in response to ConA induction was measured. ConA- and LPS-induced proliferation decreased 41–63% between 7 and 25 mo of age in both exercised and sedentary control rats. ConA-induced IL 2 production decreased 42 and 62% between 7 and 25 mo of age for exercised and sedentary control rats, respectively. Although the age-related decline in mitogen-induced proliferation and IL 2 production was smaller in exercised rats, this was due to a lower level of mitogenesis and IL 2 production in lymphocytes from young exercised rats. Exercise resulted in a significant decrease (23–32%) in mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production in 7-mo-old exercised rats compared with 7-mo-old sedentary rats. However, in the 18- and 24-mo-old rats, mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and IL 2 production was not significantly different between exercised and sedentary control rats.

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Susanti, Santi, Sumardi Sumardi, and Akhmad Nugraha. "KETERAMPILAN SOSIAL ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN DI KELOMPOK B TK AISYIYAH 2." JURNAL PAUD AGAPEDIA 3, no. 1 (July 21, 2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jpa.v3i1.26671.

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ABSTRACTSocial skills of children aged 5-6 years is part of the maturation of social development of children in the transition from pre operational entering a concrete operational period. The ability of children aged 5-6 years in social skills can be seen from the behaviors that can be achieved in the child's ability to build interpersonal relationships and intrapersonal relationships. This research was conducted in kindergarden which aims to describe social ability of children aged 5-6 years and look for factors that affect the social skill ability of children. Subjects in this study were one of B Group students who had low social skills. This research uses qualitative approach with case study research method. Data collection techniques used in this study are observation, interview and documentation. Instruments in this research use obsevation sheet and interview sheet. From the data collected and then processed to be used as a whole data. Based on the results of research that has been done in Group B Kindergarden related social skills of children aged 5-6 years, this study can be concluded as follows: social skills of children aged 5-6 years in group B TK Aisyiyah 2 Kota Tasikmalaya reach BG criteria ( Beginning to Grow) with the underlying cause of the lack of opportunities to get along with the people around him with different ages and backgrounds, lack of interest and motivation for children, lack of guidance and teaching from others, which is usually a model for children and lack of ability communicate well to the child. ABSTRAKKeterampilan sosial anak usia 5-6 tahun merupakan bagian dari pematangan perkembangan sosial anak dimasa peralihan dari pra operasional memasuki masa operasional konkrit. Kemampuan anak usia 5-6 tahun dalam keterampilan sosial dapat dilihat dari perilaku-perilaku yang dapat dicapai anak dalam kemampuan anak menjalin hubungan interpersonal dan hubungan intrapersonal. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Taman Kanak-Kanak yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kemampuan sosial anak usia 5-6 tahun dan mencari faktor yang mempengaruhi kemampuan keterampilan sosial anak. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah salah satu siswa Kelompok B yang memiliki keterampilan sosial rendah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode penelitian studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini menggunakan lembar obsevasi dan lembar wawancara. Dari data yang yang terkumpul kemudian diolah untuk dijadikan data yang utuh. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan terkait keterampilan sosial anak usia 5-6 tahun, maka penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: keterampilan sosial anak usia 5-6 tahun di kelompok B Taman Kanak-kanak mencapai kriteria MB (Mulai Berkembang) dengan faktor penyebab kurangnya kurangnya kesempatan untuk bergaul dengan orang-orang yang ada disekitarnya dengan berbagai usia dan latar belakang, kurangnya minat dan motivasi anak untuk bergaul, kurangnya bimbingan dan pengajaran dari orang lain, yang biasanya menjadi model untuk anak dan kurangnya kemampuan berkomunikasi yang baik yang dimiliki oleh anak.

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Sienra-Monge, Juan José Luis, Alfredo Gazca-Aguilar, and Blanca Del Rio-Navarro. "Double-Blind Comparison of Cetirizine and Loratadine in Children Ages 2 to 6 Years with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis." American Journal of Therapeutics 6, no. 3 (May 1999): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045391-199905000-00005.

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Langnäse, Kristina, Mareike Mast, Sandra Danielzik, Carina Spethmann, and Manfred J. Müller. "Socioeconomic Gradients in Body Weight of German Children Reverse Direction between the Ages of 2 and 6 Years." Journal of Nutrition 133, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.3.789.

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Hoffmann, Anne, Marilee A. Martens, Robert Fox, Paula Rabidoux, and Rebecca Andridge. "Pragmatic Language Assessment in Williams Syndrome: A Comparison of the Test of Pragmatic Language—2 and the Children's Communication Checklist—2." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 22, no. 2 (May 2013): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0131).

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Purpose Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) are recognized as having a strong desire for social relationships, yet many of them have difficulty forming and maintaining peer relationships. One cause may be impairments in pragmatic language. The current study compared the assessment of pragmatic language skills in individuals with WS using the Test of Pragmatic Language—Second Edition (TOPL–2; Phelps-Terasaki & Phelps-Gunn, 2007) and the Children's Communication Checklist—Second Edition (CCC–2; Bishop, 2003). Method Twenty children and adolescents diagnosed with WS were given the TOPL–2, and their parents completed the CCC–2. Results The TOPL–2 identified 8 of the 14 older children (ages 8–16 years) as having pragmatic language impairment and all of the 6 younger children (ages 6–7 years) as having such. In comparison, the CCC–2 identified 6 of the 14 older children and 2 of the 6 younger children as having pragmatic language impairment. The older group also had a higher composite score than the younger group on the CCC–2. Conclusion The TOPL–2 identified significantly more participants as having pragmatic language impairment than did the CCC–2. The TOPL–2 may be more useful in assessing pragmatic language in older children than younger children. The results offer important preliminary clinical implications of language measures that may be beneficial in the assessment of individuals with WS.

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Hopkins, Joyce, Karen R. Gouze, John V. Lavigne, and Fred B. Bryant. "Multidomain risk factors in early childhood and depression symptoms in 6-year-olds: A longitudinal pathway model." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 1 (February 7, 2019): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418001426.

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AbstractThis study examined effects of risk factors in multiple domains measured in preschool and kindergarten on age 6 depression symptoms, and on changes in symptom levels between ages 4 and 6. Two models were examined in a large, diverse (N = 796) community sample of children and parents. Risk variables included SES, stress, conflict, parental depression, parental hostility, support, scaffolding, child negative affect (NA), effortful control (EC), sensory regulation (SR), and attachment security. Model 1 included effects of risk factors at ages 4 and 5 on child depression symptoms at age 6. Model 2 also included depression symptoms at all three ages to examine changes in these symptoms. Model 1 revealed that age 4 and 5 parental depression, NA, EC, and SR predicted age 6 child depression levels, Several age 4 variables had indirect pathways to age 6 depression via age 5 EC. Model 2 revealed that preschool depression was the only age 4 variable, and EC and SR were the only age 5 variables that significantly predicted increases in age 6 depression. These findings highlight the role of self-regulation in child depression and suggest that targeting self-regulation may be an effective prevention and intervention strategy.

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Chen, J. D., E. Co, J. Liang, J. Pan, J. Sutphen, R. B. Torres-Pinedo, and W. C. Orr. "Patterns of gastric myoelectrical activity in human subjects of different ages." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 272, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): G1022—G1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.5.g1022.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental change of gastric myoelectrical activity in humans. Five groups of healthy subjects were studied, including 10 preterm newborns, 8 full-term newborns, 8 full-term infants (ages 2-6 mo), 9 children (ages 4-11 yr), and 9 adults. Gastric myoelectrical activity was recorded using surface electrogastrography for 30 min before and 30 min after a test meal in each subject. Spectral analysis methods were applied to compute the parameters of the electrogastrogram (EGG). The results showed that the percentage of 2- to-4-cycles/min (cpm) slow waves was 26.6 +/- 3.9% in the preterm newborns, 30.0 +/- 4.0% in full-term newborns, 70 +/- 6.1% in 2- to 6-mo-old infants (P < 0.001 compared with newborns), 84.6 +/- 3.2% in 4- to 11-yr-old children (P < 0.03 compared with infants), and 88.9 +/- 2.2% in the adults (P > 0.05 compared with children). In conclusion, gastric slow waves are absent at birth, and there is a maturing process after birth. Age-matched controls are necessary for the interpretation of EGG data from neonates and infants, whereas EGG data in children are the same as in adults.

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Zapata-García, Gilberto, Gabriel Rodríguez-García, and María Isabel Arango-Mejía. "Petrography, geochemistry and geochronology of metamorphic rocks outcropping in San Francisco Putumayo and the Palermo-San Luis road associated with the La Cocha - River Tellez and Aleluya complexes." Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, no. 41 (January 1, 2017): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rbct.n41.58630.

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The La Cocha – Rio Tellez Migmatitic Complex includes a set of metamorphic rocks, mainly migmatites, schists, gneisses and amphibolites, that lie in faulted contact with the Cuarzomonzonita de Sombrerillo Unit and cretaceous sedimentary rocks. The 163.6±4.7 Ma U-Pb age in zircon is assumed as the age of metamorphism of the La Cocha-Río Tellez Migmatitic Complex, it was obtained in a quartz-feldspar schist that outcrops in the municipality of San Francisco-Putumayo; the ages of 194. 4±2. 0 Ma, 218.8 Ma and Ma 229.8 correspond to inherited ages. The Aleluya Complex encompasses marbles, meta-sandstones, quartzites, and migmatites. U-Pb ages in zircon obtained for two granofels samples collected on the Palermo-San Luis (Huila) road, are separated into three populations of data with ages: 169. 1±2. 7 Ma age of crystallization and inherited ages of 194. 6±3. 2 Ma, 212.5, 218.6 and 235.5 Ma.

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Zalewski, Kazimierz. "The metabolism of aged seeds. The free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of germinating rye grains of different ages." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 57, no. 2 (2014): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1988.026.

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Grains of winter rye harvested in 1976, 1978, 1982 and 1984 were studied. Free and membrane-bound polyribosomes were isolated from embryos of imbibing and germinating grains. There was no correlation between grain viability and the amout of ribosomes. The highest incorporation of radioactive precursors (both total and specific radioactivity) was found in the RNA and ribosomal proteins from the grains with the highest viability - harvested in 1984. Lower radioactivity levels were observed in the 2 to 6 year old grains. There was no incorporation of radioactive precursors into ribosomal proteins in dead seeds.

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Wheaton, A. G., and K. J. Greenlund. "0932 Media Use and Short Sleep Duration Among Children Aged 3-17 Years—National Survey of Children’s Health, 2016-2017." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.928.

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Abstract Introduction Media use, such as television viewing and computer use, has been associated with insufficient sleep among children. Methods Analyses used data collected from parents of children aged 3-17 years via the National Survey of Children’s Health in 2016 and 2017 (N=60,547). The prevalence of age-specific short sleep duration (<10 hours for ages 3-5 years, <9 hours for ages 6-12 years, and <8 hours for ages 13-17 years) was calculated by time spent (none, <1 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, ≥4 hours) in front of a television (television time) and with computers or other electronic devices not for homework (computer time) on an average weekday. The prevalence of short sleep duration was also calculated adjusting for child sex and race/ethnicity, household income, parental education, special health care needs, general health, and bedtime regularity. Results The prevalence of short sleep duration was 35% for ages 3-5 years, 37% for ages 6-12 years, and 32% for ages 13-17 years. There was a significant linear relationship between both television and computer time and short sleep duration prevalence for all age groups, with the exception of television time for 13-17 year olds. For ages 3-5 years, prevalence of short sleep duration ranged from 18% (none) to 48% (≥4 hours) for television time (linear trend p<0.0001) and 23% (none) to 49% (≥4 hours) for computer time (linear trend p<0.0001). For ages 6-12 years, prevalence ranged from 23% (none) to 57% (≥4 hours) for television time (linear trend p<0.0001) and 26% (none) to 58% (≥4 hours) for computer time (linear trend p<0.0001). For ages 13-17 years, prevalence ranged from 15% (none) to 41% (≥4 hours) for computer time (linear trend p<0.0001). The associations remained significant after adjustment for covariates. Conclusion Reducing media use may increase sleep duration for children. The association between media use and sleep duration is similar for television and computer time for younger children; however, focusing on recreational computer use may be beneficial among teens. Support

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AHMED, Naila, and Paul J. THORNALLEY. "Chromatographic assay of glycation adducts in human serum albumin glycated in vitro by derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-carbamate and intrinsic fluorescence." Biochemical Journal 364, no. 1 (May 8, 2002): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3640015.

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Glycation of proteins leads to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) of diverse molecular structure and biological function. Serum albumin derivatives modified to minimal and high extents by methylglyoxal and glucose in vitro have been used in many studies as model AGE proteins. The early and advanced glycation adduct contents of these proteins were investigated using the 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-carbamate (AQC) chromatographic assay of enzymic hydrolysates. AGEs derived from methylglyoxal, glyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone, the hydroimidazolones Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1), Nδ-(5-hydro-4-imidazolon-2-yl)ornithine (G-H1) and Nδ-[5-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)-5-hydro-4-imidazolon-2-yl]ornithine (3DG-H1), bis(lysyl)imidazolium cross-links methylglyoxal-derived lysine dimer (MOLD), glyoxal-derived lysine dimer (GOLD), 3-deoxyglucosone-derived lysine dimer (DOLD), monolysyl adducts N∊-(1-carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL), N∊-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and pyrraline, other AGEs, Nδ-(4-carboxy-4,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-yl)ornithine (THP), argpyrimidine and pentosidine, and fructosyl-lysine were determined. AGEs with intrinsic fluorescence (argpyrimidine and pentosidine) were assayed without derivatization. Human serum albumin (HSA) glycated minimally by methylglyoxal in vitro contained mainly MG-H1 with minor amounts of THP and argpyrimidine. Similar AGEs were found in prothrombin glycated minimally by methylglyoxal and in Nα-t-butyloxycarbonyl-arginine incubated with methylglyoxal. HSA glycated highly by methylglyoxal contained mainly argpyrimidine, MG-H1 and THP, with minor amounts of CEL and MOLD. HSA glycated minimally by glucose in vitro contained mainly fructosyl-lysine and CML, with minor amounts of THP, MG-H1, G-H1, 3DG-H1, argpyrimidine and DOLD. HSA glycated highly by glucose contained these AGEs and pyrraline, and very high amounts (≈8mol/mol of protein) of fructosyl-lysine. Most AGEs in albumin glycated minimally by methylglyoxal and glucose were identified. Significant proportions of arginine and lysine-derived AGEs in albumin modified highly by methylglyoxal, and lysine-derived AGEs in albumin modified highly by glucose, remain to be identified.

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Li, Jianghong, Till Kaiser, Matthias Pollmann-Schult, and Lyndall Strazdins. "Long work hours of mothers and fathers are linked to increased risk for overweight and obesity among preschool children: longitudinal evidence from Germany." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 8 (May 4, 2019): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211132.

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BackgroundMost existing studies on maternal employment and childhood overweight/obesity are from the USA. They are predominantly cross-sectional and show a consistent linear association between the two. Less is known about the joint impact of fathers’ and mothers’ work hours on childhood overweight and obesity.ObjectivesTo examine the impact of maternal and paternal work hours on overweight/obesity among children aged 1–6 years in Germany using longitudinal data.MethodsChild body weight and height and their parents’ work hours were collected for 2413 children at ages 0–1, ages 2–3 and ages 5–6. Overweight and obesity was defined using the body mass index percentiles based on the Cole LMS-Method. Random effects model was conducted, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic and health characteristics of parents and children.ResultsCompared with non-employment, when mothers worked 35 or more hours per week, the risk for child overweight and obesity increased among preschool children. When fathers worked 55 or more hours per week, this effect was strengthened and maternal part-time hours (24–34 per week) also became a risk for child overweight and obesity. The effect was mainly found in high-income families.ConclusionsBoth mothers’ and fathers’ long work hours matter to young children’s overweight status. Employment protection and work time regulation for both working parents during the first 6 years of the child’s life should be considered in future policy.

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Purba, Rosmadelina, Jonner Purba, and Furqon Harkesa Damanik. "The Influence of Solid Palm Oil Waste and Npk Fertilizer on the Growth and the Production of Green Eggplant (Solanum MelongenaL.)." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 07 (July 18, 2020): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i07.ah01.

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The purpose of this research was to discover the effect of solid and NPK fertilizer, as well as the interaction of solid and NPK fertilizer on the growth and production of green eggplant. This research used a factorial randomized block design with two treatment factors, namely the first factor: Administrationof oil palm solid which consisted of 4 levels of treatment, namely: S0 = No palm oilwaste solid; S1 = Administration of palm oil waste solid at 0.5 kg/m2; S2 = Administration of palm oil waste solid at 1 kg/m2; S3 = Administration of palm oil waste solid at 1.5 kg/m2. The second factor is the addition of NPK fertilizer per plant (J) consisting of 3 levels of treatment, namely: J0 = 0 g/plant; J1 = 5 g/plant; J2 = 10 g/plant. The results showed that solid treatment significantly affected the plants height at ages 2, 4, and 6 MST, flowering age, production per plant, and production per plot. The treatment of Solid S3 produced the highest plants aged 2, 4, and 6 MST, respectively (21.78 cm), (53.45 cm), and (77.78 cm), the fastest flowering age (32.89 days), highest production per plant (1748.77 g), and highest production per plot (21.89 kg). The NPK treatment significantly affected the plants height at ages 4 and 6 WAP, flowering age, production per plant, and production per plot. The NPK J2 fertilizer dosage treatment produced the highest plants aged 4 and 6 WAP, respectively (47.83 cm), and (75.84 cm), the fastest flowering age (32.91 days), the highest production per plant (1562.91 g), and the highest production per plot (19.86 kg). The interaction treatment of the NPK fertilizer and solid administration did not significantly affect all parameters. The combination of S3J2 produced the highest plants aged 2 and 6 WAP, respectively (22.33 cm) and (79.67 cm), the fastest flowering age (32.33 days), the highest production per plant (1816.67 g), the and highest production per plot (22.49 kg).

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Parada, M. A., A. Lahsen, and C. Palacios. "The Miocene plutonic event of the Patagonian Batholith at 44° 30′ S: thermochronological and geobarometric evidence for melting of a rapidly exhumed lower crust." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 91, no. 1-2 (2000): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007355.

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The Patagonian Batholith was formed by numerous plutonic events that took place between the Jurassic and the Miocene. North of 47° S, the youngest plutons occupy the axial zone adjacent to the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, which is a major intra-arc strike-slip fault system active since the Miocene. The Queulat Complex, located at 44° 30′ S, includes two Miocene plutonic units: the Early Miocene Queulat diorite (QD) and the Late Miocene Puerto Cisnes granite (PCG). The QD includes hornblende + clinopyroxene diorites and tonalites, whereas the PCG includes slightly peraluminous garnet ± sillimanite granites and granodiorites.Eleven mineral Ar–Ar ages and three apatite fission track ages were obtained from the Queulat Complex and surrounding host rocks. Hornblende and biotite Ar–Ar ages of c. 16-18 Ma and 9-10 Ma, respectively, were obtained for the QD. The youngest ages of the QD are similar to the age of emplacement of the PCG as previously determined. Ar–Ar ages for muscovites and biotites of 6·6 ± 0·3 Ma and 5·6 ± 0·1 Ma, respectively, were obtained for the PCG. Biotites and muscovites from mylonites and pelitic hornfelses adjacent to the PCG yielded Ar—Ar ages between 5·1 Ma and 5·5 Ma. The apatite fission track ages of the QD and PCG overlap within the error margin (2•2 ± 1·1-3·3 ± 1·4 Ma).The Al-in-hornblende geobarometer yielded pressures for the QD emplacement equivalent to depths in the 19-24 km range, which is substantially higher than the 10 km depth estimated previously for the PCG emplacement. Exhumation rates (v) up to 2·0mm/yr were calculated for the time elapsed between the QD and PCG emplacements. A v value of 1·0mm/yr was calculated for the PCG subsequent to its emplacement. Using the silica—Ca-tschermak-anorthite geobarometer, we estimate the QD magma generation to be at c. 33 km, which is similar to the current crustal thickness. Melting of mafic and metapelitic lower crust was possible at > 30km depth during a period when v was between 1·0mm/yr and 2·0mm/yr.

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Maharani, Nadia, Joelal Achmadi, and Sri Mukodiningsih. "Uji Biologis Konsumsi Pakan, Populasi Bakteri Rumen dan pH Pellet Complete Calf Starter pada Pedet Friesian Holstein Pra Sapih." Jurnal Agripet 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v15i1.2302.

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(Biological test feed intake, population rumen bacteria and ph pellet complete calf starter friesian holstein on pre weaning calf) ABSTRACT. The study aims to assess the quality of the formula Complete Calf Starter (CCS) with 5% molasses instead of milk to the development of rumen microbial calf Holstein Friesian (HF) pre-weaning. The material used is 20 head calf FH pre weaning age of 2 weeks. Feed intake data taken from 20 respondents consisted of 16 females and 4 calf tail male calf. Data rumen bacterial populations and pH were taken from 5 head of cattle slaughtered at the age of 2 weeks (one tail), 4 weeks (2-tailed) and 6 weeks (2-tailed). The study was designed as a descriptive non-parametric. Parameters measured were rumen bacterial populations, pH and feed intake. The results showed the average consumption of dry matter (DM) and CCS calf milk FH ages 2, 4, 6 weeks respectively at 506, 517, 528 grams. Rumen bacterial populations in calves aged 2, 4, and 6 weeks of 80x106, 45x106 and 19x106 kol/m. ruminal pH in calves aged 2, 4 and 6 weeks was 5.71, 5.36 and 5.55. Biological test showed that the use of complete calf starter (CCS) in the form of pellets FH calves at the age of 2 weeks to stimulate the development of the rumen (feed intake, the population of bacteria and pH) but not in calves aged 4 and 6 weeks. This is because the number of bacterial populations declined due to impaired absorption is impaired absorption of VFA marked low rumen pH.

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Prasad, Kailash, Abdullah Sarkar, Mohammad Zafar, Ahmed Shoker, Hamdi Moselhi, Maryann Tranquilli, Bulat Ziganshin, and John Elefteriades. "Advanced Glycation End Products and its Soluble Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm." AORTA 04, no. 01 (February 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12945/j.aorta.2015.15.018.

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Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs). Cytokines [Interleukin (IL)-Iβ, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α)] increase the expression of MMP-2 and -3. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) interact with cell receptors to increase the release of cytokines. Circulating soluble receptors for AGEs (sRAGE) and endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) compete with membrane bound RAGE for binding with AGEs and reduce the production of cytokines. It is hypothesized that low levels of serum sRAGE and esRAGE and high levels of AGEs, AGEs/sRAGE, and AGEs/esRAGE would increase the levels of cytokines that would increase the levels MMPs, thus contributing to the formation of TAAs. Methods: The study population was composed of 17 control subjects and 20 patients with TAA. Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum sRAGE, esRAGE, AGEs, cytokines, and MMPs. AGEs, sRAGE, and esRAGE were measured using ELISA kits, whereas the remaining parameters were measured using the Luminex Multi-Analyte system. Results: The levels of sRAGE were lower, while the levels of AGEs, AGEs/sRAGE, AGEs/esRAGE, cytokines and MMPs were higher in patients with TAA compared to controls. The levels of sRAGE were inversely correlated with cytokines and MMPs, while AGEs, AGEs/sRAGE and AGEs/esRAGE were positively correlated with cytokines and MMPs. Cytokines were positively correlated with MMPs. Conclusions: The data suggest that the AGE-RAGE axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of TAA and that low levels of sRAGE and high levels of AGEs, AGEs/sRAGE, and AGEs/esRAGE are risk factors for TAA.

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Bikbova, Guzel, Toshiyuki Oshitari, Takayuki Baba, and Shuichi Yamamoto. "Altered Expression of NF-κB and SP1 after Exposure to Advanced Glycation End-Products and Effects of Neurotrophic Factors in AGEs Exposed Rat Retinas." Journal of Diabetes Research 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/543818.

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To determine the effect of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on neurite regeneration, and also to determine the regenerative effects of different neurotrophic factors (NTFs) on rat retinal explants, the retinas of SD rats were cultured in three-dimensional collagen gels and incubated in 6 types of media: (1) serum-free control culture media; (2) 100 μg/mL AGEs-BSA media; (3) AGEs-BSA + 100 ng/mL neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) media; (4) AGEs-BSA + 100 ng/mL hepatocyte growth factor media; (5) AGEs-BSA + 100 ng/mL glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor media; or (6) AGEs-BSA + 100 µM tauroursodeoxycholic acid media. After 7 days, the number of regenerating neurites was counted. The explants were immunostained for nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and specificity protein 1 (SP1). Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA. In retinas incubated with AGEs, the numbers of neurites were fewer than in control. All of the NTFs increased the number of neurites, and the increase was more significant in the NT-4 group. The number of NF-κB and SP1 immunopositive cells was higher in retinas exposed to AGEs than in control. All of the NTFs decreased the number of NF-κB immunopositive cells but did not significantly affect SP1 expression. These results demonstrate the potential of the NTFs as axoprotectants in AGEs exposed retinal neurons.

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Salcuni, Silvia, Daniela di Riso, Claudia Mazzeschi, and Adriana Lis. "Children's Fears: A Survey of Italian Children Ages 6 to 10 Years." Psychological Reports 104, no. 3 (June 2009): 971–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.3.971-988.

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The aim of this study was to explore children's fears. The article reports on average factor scores of a study carried out in Italy using the Fear Survey Schedule for Children (here, the “Fear Survey”; Ollendick, 1983) with normal 6- to 10-yr.-old children (931 girls, 914 boys). Participants were 1,845 children, recruited in mainstream classrooms. Respondents were asked to complete the schedule indicating their fears and the intensity of such fears. A principal components analysis yielded a four-factor structure (1: Death and Danger, 2: Injury and Animals, 3: Failure and Criticism, 4: Fear of the Unknown). Average factor scores showed significant differences across the factors and according to sex and age. Girls reported significantly higher fearfulness than boys. Age differences were found on some factors.

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Williams, Lonnie H., and Reid J. Sprenkel. "Ovicidal Activity of Sulfuryl Fluoride to Anobiid and Lyctid Beetle Eggs of Various Ages2." Journal of Entomological Science 25, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-25.3.366.

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Fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride (Vikane® Gas Fumigant)2 is often used to control structural infestations by anobiid and true powderpost beetles that are widespread or inaccessible to insecticidal surface treatments. Beetle eggs show a wide range of tolerance to sulfuryl fluoride that varies with the age of eggs making them the limiting factor for control. To study dosage requirements for eggs, ovicidal activity tests of sulfuryl fluoride were done by exposing 1- to 7-day-old anobiid, Euvrilletta peltata (Harris) and lyctid, Lyctus brunneus (Stephens), eggs respectively, during tent fumigations of a house. Fumigations resulting in mg-h/liter accumulations of 470 and 289, 5.2 and 3.2 times the drywood termite dosage of 90 mg-h/liter for 22.2°C, permitted some survival and subsequent hatching of lyctid eggs aged 1 and 2 days, with the latter being most tolerant. All other ages of eggs were susceptible to these dosages. At the 3.2-fold rate, the mean survival for eggs of all ages was 11.6%, but 70.2% of the 2-day-old eggs survived. At the 5.2-fold rate, only 3.9% of the eggs survived, primarily due to 24.7% survival of 2-day-old eggs. No differeences were observed between 289 and 470 mg-h/liter dosages for anobiid beetle eggs; the least susceptible apparently were eggs aged 2 to 4 days old. Additional studies are recommended to better define effective rates for controlling eggs of these beetles with reduced levels of gas. To aid logistics, such studies could be confined to the ovicidal activity of 6-fold and lower dosages on the most tolerant ages of eggs.

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Cox, R. H., and D. C. Kikta. "Age-related changes in thoracic aorta of obese Zucker rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 262, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): H1548—H1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.5.h1548.

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Studies were performed on the ontogeny of arterial blood pressure and functional properties of the thoracic aorta in lean (L) and obese (O) male Zucker rats at ages of 6-36 wk. Body weight was larger in the O than the L at all ages, with differences reaching values of 200-250 g at ages over 24 wk (at 33-36 wk: L = 510 +/- 9 and O = 730 +/- 15 g). Systolic blood pressure was lower in young O compared with L (6-15 wk) but increased with age at a rate seven times greater in O than in L. For ages of 33-36 wk, systolic pressure was significantly higher in O compared with L (O = 132 +/- 2 vs. L = 122 +/- 2 mmHg). Total serum cholesterol (at 36 wk: L = 278 +/- 31 and O = 354 +/- 12 mg/dl) and triglycerides (at 36 wk: L = 493 +/- 71 and O = 1,618 +/- 220 mg/dl), as well as glucose levels, increased with age in both groups and were significantly higher in O at all ages. Serum levels of thyroxine but not triiodothyronine were significantly lower in O at all ages. No differences were found in passive mechanics at any age. Values of maximum active stress with smooth muscle activation by 75 mM K+ plus 10 microM norepinephrine were significantly higher at 24 and 36 wk in O (at 36 wk: L = 573 +/- 42 and O = 821 +/- 89 x 10(3) dyn/m2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Asif, Muhammad, Muhammad Aslam, Saima Altaf, and Sajid Mustafa. "Developing waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio percentile curves for Pakistani children and adolescents aged 2–18 years using Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 33, no. 8 (August 27, 2020): 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2019-0527.

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AbstractObjectivesChildren from different countries and with different ethnic backgrounds have a distinct pattern of central fat deposition. Therefore, it is essential to develop population-specific percentiles of waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist-to-height ratio exponent (WHtR (exp)) for the evaluation of central obesity. The objective of this study was to develop age-and-gender-specific smoothed WC and WHtR percentile curves for the Pakistani children and adolescents aged 2–18 years.MethodsA cross-sectional data-set from a multi-ethnic anthropometric survey was considered. A sample of 10,668 healthy subjects (boys = 51.92%; and girls = 48.08%), aged 2–18 years was studied. Height (cm) and WC (cm) of each subject was measured under standard procedure and WHtR & WHtR (exp) were calculated. Age-and-gender-specific smoothed curves were obtained using the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method and compared with percentile curves obtained from different countries.ResultsExcept few early ages, the WC values increased with age in both sexes. Both boys and girls had approximately similar WC during 6–11 years of age and after age of 11, the boys had larger WC than the girls had. For WHtR, the centile curves showed a continuous decrease by 16 years of age and then increased gradually. WHtR of the girls in various ages were having similar or higher than those of the boys. In comparison of WC 50th and 90th percentiles with other countries, it was found that except few ages, the Pakistani children had larger WC than the other reference populations and the results of WHtR were also comparable to the other nations.ConclusionsWe present new reference data of WC, WHtR and WHtR (exp) using a representative sample of the Pakistani children aged 2–18 years. These reference values can be used provisionally for early detection of central obesity and its associated risks in the Pakistani children.

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Chemidronov, SN N., GN N. Suvorova, IS S. Chicheva, PM M. Zelter, and DV V. Bakharev. "The Innovative Approach to Study of the Levator Ani Anatomy." Science and Innovations in Medicine 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2018-0-2-6-9.

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Aim - to study the structure of levator ani muscle in men and women of the first and second adult periods and elder group according to CT scan. Materials and methods. Data from CT scans of 40 patients aged 20 to 70 years were used. In the "Autoplan" system, in the semi-automatic mode, threedimensional models of levator ani muscle were created. Results. Three-dimensional models of levator ani muscle were created and described: for young women and men of all ages, a keel-shaped and funnel-shaped levator ani muscle forms; and for women of advanced age - horseshoe form.

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Zhou, Zhong’e, Yong Tang, Xian Jin, Chengjun Chen, Yi Lu, Liang Liu, and Chengxing Shen. "Metformin Inhibits Advanced Glycation End Products-Induced Inflammatory Response in Murine Macrophages Partly through AMPK Activation and RAGE/NFκB Pathway Suppression." Journal of Diabetes Research 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4847812.

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Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are major inflammatory mediators in diabetes, affecting atherosclerosis progression via macrophages. Metformin slows diabetic atherosclerosis progression through mechanisms that remain to be fully elucidated. The present study of murine bone marrow derived macrophages showed that (1) AGEs enhanced proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)) mRNA expression, RAGE expression, and NFκB activation; (2) metformin pretreatment inhibited AGEs effects and AGEs-induced cluster designation 86 (CD86) (M1 marker) expression, while promoting CD206 (M2 marker) surface expression and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) mRNA expression; and (3) the AMPK inhibitor, Compound C, attenuated metformin effects. In conclusion, metformin inhibits AGEs-induced inflammatory response in murine macrophages partly through AMPK activation and RAGE/NFκB pathway suppression.

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Petrenko, Yuri V., Valeriya P. Novikova, and Anna V. Polunina. "Maternal obesity and child health at different ages." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 9, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped9324-27.

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In recent years, the number of obese women of childbearing age has increased significantly. The aim of this study was to reveal the influence of maternal obesity during pregnancy on the longterm health of the offspring. This study was performed in the outpatient clinic in St. Petersburg with 76 adolescents with chronic diseases aged from 6 to 17 years. The mean age of the examined was 12.67 ± 3.19 years; the ratio of girls to boys was 6 : 7. Children were divided into 2 groups: the main group included 26 adolescents whose mothers were obese before and during pregnancy. 50 teen agers from mothers with normal BMI during pregnancy presented comparison group. The main group and the comparison group did not differ in age and sex. The children were examined by a pediatrician. Data on the transferred diseases are obtained from an outpatient card. It has been established that maternal obesity may be considered a risk factor for miscarriage, having low birth weight babies or babies weighing more than 4 kg, as well as a risk factor for rickets, parathrophies and functional constipation in the first year of life. In adolescentes, obesity, euthyroid goiter, hypothalamic syndrome and other endocrinopathies are typical for children born from obese mothers. Several medical conditions related to obesity such as chronic pancreatitis, hiatal hernia, iron deficiency anemia and orthopaedic foot and ankle pathology are commonly seen in children of obese mothers. Maternal obesity is associated with diseases of children not only in the period of newborn, but also in adolescence.

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WANG, XINHUI, MAYRA P. MARTINEZ, and ANNY XIANG. "Maternal Obesity, Diabetes during Pregnancy, Gestational Weight Gain, Breastfeeding, and Child’s BMI Growth Trajectory from Ages 2 to 6 Years." Diabetes 67, Supplement 1 (May 2018): 344—OR. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db18-344-or.

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Patrick, Patricia, Jenny Byrne, Sue Dale Tunnicliffe, Tuula Asunta, Graça S. Carvalho, Sari Havu-Nuutinen, Hrefna Sigurjónsdóttir, Gunnhildur Óskarsdóttir, and Rosa Branca Tracana. "Students (ages 6, 10, and 15 years) in six countries knowledge of animals." Nordic Studies in Science Education 9, no. 1 (April 25, 2013): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/nordina.624.

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This article considers the knowledge students (ages 6, 10, and 15 years) have of animals from a cross-cultural perspective. Students from six countries (Brazil, England, Finland, Iceland, Portugal, and the United States of America) were asked to free-list as many animals as possible and state where they had seen or learned about the animals. The results were analyzed and they indicate that 1) Students are aware of animals. 2) Students are more aware of mammals as examples of animals. 3) There is a globally shared folk biological knowledge of animals. 4) Students learn about animals during sociocultural interactions. The educational implications are discussed.

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Matsuoka, T., and J. P. Mortola. "Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on the Hering-Breuer reflex of the conscious newborn rat." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.1.5.

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We asked whether hypoxia and hypercapnia, singly or combined, affect the lung volume-dependent ventilatory inhibition [Hering-Breuer (HB) reflex] in newborn rats. Conscious rats 2, 5, and 8 days old were breathing in a flow plethysmograph. Mean lung volume was increased by applying a negative body surface pressure of 6 or 12 cmH2O. HB reflex was quantified as the inhibitory ratio (IR) of the apnea during the inflation expiratory time (TEinfl) to the control expiratory time (TEc), i.e., IR = TEinfl/TEc. In normoxia-normocapnia (control), IR with 6 cmH2O was approximately 8–12 at all ages and approximately doubled with inflation at 12 cmH2O. In hypoxia (HPX; 10% O2) or hypercapnia (HPCN; 3% CO2), IR decreased at 8 days, whereas it did not differ from the control value at 2 and 5 days. In HPX + HPCN, IR decreased at all ages. In HPX (at both 6- and 12-cmH2O inflations), in HPCN (6 cmH2O), or in HPX + HPCN (6 and 12 cmH2O), IR decreased significantly more at 8 days than at 2 days. Metabolic rate, simultaneously measured, decreased during HPX or HPX + HPCN by a similar amount at all ages. The ventilatory response to HPX or to HPCN was significantly more pronounced at 8 days than at 2 days. We conclude that, during the early postnatal development of the rat, HPX or HPCN, singly or combined, reduces the HB reflex inhibition in the oldest pups, with minimal or no effects in the youngest. These developmental differences cannot be explained by differences in metabolic drive on ventilation but are contributed to by differences in chemosensitivity.

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Ridge, John C., Mark R. Bensonen, Marc Brochu, Sarah L. Brown, Jamie W. Callahan, Glenn J. Cook, Robert S. Nicholson, and Nathaniel J. Toll. "Varve, paleomagnetic, and 14 C Chronologies for late Pleistocene events in New Hampshire and Vermont (U.S.A.)." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 53, no. 1 (October 2, 2002): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004864ar.

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Abstract A deglacial chronology for northern New England has been formulated using an atmospheric 14 C calibration of the New England Varve Chronology and paleomagnetic records. This 14 C chronology is based on 14 C ages from macrofossils of non-aquatic plants and is about 1 500 yr younger than existing chronologies that are based primarily on 14 C ages of bulk organic samples. The lower and upper Connecticut Valley varve sequences of Ernst Antevs (NE varves 2 701-6 352 and 6 601-8 500) overlap (lower 6 012 = upper 6 601) based on their crudely matching varve records and their similar paleomagnetic records. Three 14 C ages at Canoe Brook, Vermont (NE varve 6 150 = 12.3 14C ka) calibrate the lower Con necticut Valley sequence. New AMS and con ventional 14 C ages on woody twigs from Newbury, Vermont calibrate the upper se quence from 11.6-10.4 14 C ka (NE varves 7 440-8 660) and are consistent with the over lapping varve and paleomagnetic records, and the Canoe Brook 14 C ages. Deglaciation of the Connecticut Valley in southern Vermont began at 12.6 14 C ka (15.2 cal ka) and the Littleton-Bethlehem Readvance in northern New Hampshire and Vermont reached its maximum at11.9-11.8 14 C ka (14.0-13.9 cal ka) followed by recession of ice into Québec at about 11.5 14 C ka (13.4 cal ka). A lake persisted in the upper Connecticut Valley until at least 10.4 14 C ka (12.3 cal ka) and may have been seen by the first humans in the area.

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Nurmaniah, Nurmaniah, and Risa Sianturi. "Science Process skills analysis in children aged 4-6 years at Santa Lusia Medan Kindergarten." Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal 3, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birle.v3i1.796.

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This study examined the skills of science process in children aged 4-6 years and became the formulation of this research, the problem is how science process skills of children aged 4-5 years and 5-6 years in Santa Lusia Kindergarten Medan. This research aimed to find out how science process skills of children aged 4-6 years in Santa Lusia Kindergarten Medan. The source of the research data was from teachers in kindergarten and the subject is in learning. Based on the initial survey, the research subject in this study was 20 children with 6 children as sample. Children aged 4-5 3 children consisting of 2 boys and 1 girl and for ages 5-6 3 children consisting of 2 boys and 1 girl that divided into 3 categories, which is a child who has Active, medium and low science process skills. The research methods used qualitative descriptive. The data collection techniques were done with an in-depth observation and interview to the resource teacher, the teachers of the creative classroom Santa Lusia Kindergarten Medan. Data was analyzed by data collection, data reduction, data presentation, withdrawal of conclusions and verification. The results showed that the skills of the science process demonstrated by children aged 4-6 years was medium category. Because of the 20 children who were observed only 5 children who had active skills of science processes and 12 children had medium science skills that last there are 3 children who belong to the low science process..

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ages 2-6'

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