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Journal articles on the topic 'Agglutinative language'
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1
Demon, Yosef. "Morphophonemics in the Lamalera Dialect of Lamaholot." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 3, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v3i1.414.
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Every language has differences and similarities in its linguistic systems. This is based on the assumption that the languages used by humans around the world come from one common ancestor. However, there are phenomena which are peculiar to each language. Morphophonemic alternation is a universal phenomenon. This means that all languages have this phenomenon. However, there are interesting peculiarities, for example, the morphophonemic alternations in agglutinative languages differ from isolating languages, tonal languages and inflecting languages. Lamaholot language is is not agglutinative, nor is it anlative (?) nor is it tonal. As a language characterized by neither agglutination, isolation nor tone, Lamaholot language has interesting morphophonemic phenomena to study. There is an elision or elimination of sounds, there is the addition or insertion of sounds, there is the preservation of sounds and certain sounds that are altered due to the addition of other sounds. This uniqueness occurs because Lamaholot Language does not have verb affixes as a strategy for morphophonemic change.
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Febrian, Gilang, Ulfa Novitasari, and Arif Hidayat. "Agglutinative language in bahasa Indonesia." LADU: Journal of Languages and Education 2, no. 4 (May 31, 2022): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56724/ladu.v2i4.95.
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Background: Morphology, defined as the internal structure of words, has always played an important role in linguistic typology, and it is with the morphological classification of languages into fusional, agglutinative, and isolation This paper will take one language as an example or object that is Indonesian language, and analysis the morphological typology characteristics in the Indonesian language.
Purpose: This research is to find out the all characteristic of the morphology typology and analysis Indonesian language based on the agglutinative language because Indonesian language has same type with agglutinative language.
Design and methods: This paper using descriptive qualitative method. The author analysis all of morphology typology branch especially agglutinative. To support analysis, the author using theory from other journal to strength the result of analysis.
Results: The result show the Indonesian language is included to agglutinative language based on the analysis.
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Kujur, Anup Kumar. "Subject-Verb Relation in North Dravidian Language." Shanlax International Journal of English 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/english.v10i1.4315.
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The main objective is to highlight some of the distinctive features pertaining to agreement phenomenon and language structure in Kisan. It is a agglutinative language having nominative-accusative case markings. The characteristics of an agglutinative language has gradually beenconverged with those of analytic language like Hindi and Odia which are the dominant languages of the region.
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Сунь, Ю. "Агглютинативные и фузионные черты в структуре слова в русском и китайском языках." Management of Education 14, no. 4-2(81) (April 30, 2024): 262–70. https://doi.org/10.25726/o5796-9751-0530-h.
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В статье исследуются агглютинативные и фузионные черты в структуре слова в русском и китайском языках в сопоставительном аспекте. Актуальность темы обусловлена возрастающим интересом к типологическому изучению языков мира и необходимостью углубленного анализа структурных особенностей лексических единиц в разноструктурных языках. Цель работы заключается в выявлении и сопоставлении агглютинативных и фузионных признаков в словообразовательных моделях русского и китайского языков. В исследовании применяются методы морфемного, словообразовательного и сопоставительного анализа на материале репрезентативных выборок из авторитетных лексикографических источников обоих языков. Результаты показывают, что, несмотря на принадлежность русского языка к фузионному, а китайского – к изолирующему типам, в их словообразовательных системах обнаруживаются черты агглютинации. При этом в китайском языке агглютинативные признаки выражены сильнее, чем в русском, за счет высокой продуктивности словосложения и слабого развития морфологических процессов. В свою очередь, для русского языка более характерно взаимопроникновение фузионных и агглютинативных элементов в структуре производного слова. В обсуждении подчеркивается важность полученных данных для типологической характеристики исследуемых языков и построения универсальной модели словообразования. Намечаются перспективы сопоставительного изучения других уровней языковой системы русского и китайского языков. The article examines agglutinative and fusional features in the structure of a word in Russian and Chinese in a comparative aspect. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing interest in the typological study of the languages of the world and the need for an in-depth analysis of the structural features of lexical units in different structural languages. The purpose of the work is to identify and compare agglutinative and fusional features in the word-formation models of the Russian and Chinese languages. The research uses methods of morphemic, word-formation and comparative analysis based on representative samples from authoritative lexicographic sources of both languages. The results show that, despite the fact that the Russian language belongs to the fusion and the Chinese to the isolating types, features of agglutination are found in their word–formation systems. At the same time, in Chinese, agglutinative signs are more pronounced than in Russian, due to the high productivity of word composition and the weak development of morphological processes. In turn, the Russian language is more characterized by the interpenetration of fusion and agglutinative elements in the structure of a derived word. The discussion emphasizes the importance of the data obtained for the typological characteristics of the studied languages and the construction of a universal model of word formation. The prospects of comparative study of other levels of the language system of Russian and Chinese languages are outlined.
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Suleymanov, D. S., R. A. Gilmullin, and A. R. Gatiatullin. "Cognitive potential of agglutinative languages in intelligent technologies." Ontology of Designing 13, no. 4 (December 4, 2023): 496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2223-9537-2023-13-4-496-506.
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This article describes an approach to development of new intelligent technologies based on the study of cognitive potential and semiotic modeling of lexical and grammatical structures of agglutinative languages (using the Tatar language as an example). A classification of cognitive lexical grammatical structures that determine the information technological effectiveness of a language is proposed. Specific examples show the relevant capabilities of the Tatar language for compact representation of knowledge, operating with fuzzy information, revealing such important properties as regularity, natural and constructive complexity, recursion, deep morphological ellipsis, functional diversity and semantic multivalence of affixes. The proposed approach, based on semiotic models of agglutinative language and the use of technological means of verbalization and contextual recognition of language meanings, can provide effective solutions for creating intelligent tools for accumulating and processing knowledge. Work in this direction creates the prospect of building a cognitive-communicative artificial intelligence system based on a universal language of communication between artificial intelligence systems as well as with humans.
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Tantug, Ahmet Cüneyd. "Document Categorization with Modified Statistical Language Models for Agglutinative Languages." International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems 3, no. 5 (2010): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ijcis.2010.3.5.12.
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Tantug, Ahmet Cüneyd. "Document Categorization with Modified Statistical Language Models for Agglutinative Languages." International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems 3, no. 5 (October 2010): 632–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18756891.2010.9727729.
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Kim, Mi-Young, and Randy Goebel. "Adaptive-capacity and robust natural language watermarking for agglutinative languages." Security and Communication Networks 5, no. 3 (May 12, 2011): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sec.336.
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Elov, Botir, Shahlo Hamroyeva, Oqila Abdullayeva, Zilola Husainova, and Nizomaddin Xudayberganov. "The Problem of pos Tagging and Stemming for Agglutinative Languages (turkish, uyghur, uzbek languages)." Uzbekistan:language and culture 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2023): 6–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.uzlc.2023.2/ggyv5168.
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The number of possible word forms in agglutinative languages is theoretically unlimited. This, in turn, creates the problem of POS tagging (part-of-speech) of out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words in agglutinative lan-guages. In agglutinative languages, words are formed by combining stems and suffixes. Because phonetic harmony and disharmony occur when suf-fixes are added to the root, it is necessary to analyze both phonetic and morphological changes. When solving many NLP tasks, it is necessary to reduce word forms to their root (stemming). Removing all inflectional affixes from a word and lemmatizing the rest of the word is considered one of the important tasks of natural language processing (NLP), and this process is called stemming. The stemming process is important in infor-mation retrieval (IR) systems.
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Laakso, Johanna. "Language contact and typological change: The case of Estonian revisited." Word Structure 14, no. 2 (July 2021): 226–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2021.0188.
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The traditional hypothesis of a typological cycle from agglutination via fusion to isolation and back to agglutination, still invoked by many linguists (albeit with caveats and limitations), would imply a natural drift behind typological changes. Accordingly, such typological changes would typically result from internal developments (such as reductive sound changes), while etymological counter-currents (such as segmentable suffixes replacing earlier stem alternations) could rather be due to language contact. On the other hand, the agglutinative type seems to be stable and resistant to typological change especially in Northern Eurasia, and for the change towards a more fusional type, characteristic of some Finnic and Saami languages in the northwestern periphery of Uralic, a contact explanation might seem plausible. However, a closer scrutiny of Estonian, often mentioned as an example of typological change and characteristically impacted by Germanic, shows that in typological change, internal and external motivations intertwine and interact.
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Durrant, Philip. "Formulaicity in an agglutinating language: the case of Turkish." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 9, no. 1 (May 2, 2013): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2013-0009.
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AbstractThis study examines the extent to which complex inflectional patterns found in Turkish, a language with a rich agglutinating morphology, can be described as formulaic. It is found that many prototypically formulaic phenomena previously attested at the multi-word level in English – frequent co-occurrence of specific elements, fixed ‘bundles’ of elements, and associations between lexis and grammar – also play an important role at the morphological level in Turkish. It is argued that current psycholinguistic models of agglutinative morphology need to be complexified to incorporate such patterns. Conclusions are also drawn for the practice of Turkish as a Foreign Language teaching and for the methodology of Turkish corpus linguistics.
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Li, Wenchao. "Language Distance and L3 Japanese Acquisition in Morphosyntactic Module." International Journal on Natural Language Computing 12, no. 4 (August 29, 2023): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijnlc.2023.12402.
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This study applies mathematical linguistics to explore how language distance plays an essential role in third language acquisition in terms of a morphosyntactic module. Data were drawn from 3410 essays written in Japanese by low, middle and high levels of learners from 12 first-language (L1) backgrounds who acquire English as a second language (L2)-interlanguage and Japanese as a third language (L3). The findings indicate that (a) mean dependency distance is an efficient indicator for syntactic complexity of writing proficiency. In both elementary and intermediate groups, learners of highly agglutinative languages are likely to show higher dependency distance than learners from isolated-language and fusionlanguage backgrounds. (b) The frequency and dependency distance are distributed in Power Law Function. Fitting Right truncated Good to the dependency distances indicates that the values of the parameter p ascend as the degree of agglutination of learners’ mother tongue increases. (c) The syntactic complexity in multi-background Japanese learners’ essays highlights that no matter how diverse the learners’ native and target languages are, the syntax is always constrained by universal law, namely, minimising dependency distance. This is in accordance with existing findings in second language acquisition of inflectional languages.
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Karatsareas, Petros. "Convergence in word structure." Diachronica 33, no. 1 (April 29, 2016): 31–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.33.1.02kar.
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Cappadocian Greek is reported to display agglutinative inflection in its nominal system, namely, mono-exponential formatives for the marking of case and number, and nom.sg-looking forms as the morphemic units to which inflection applies. Previous scholarship has interpreted these developments as indicating a shift in morphological type from fusion to agglutination, brought about by contact with Turkish. This study takes issue with these conclusions. By casting a wider net over the inflectional system of the language, it shows that, of the two types of agglutinative formations identified, only one evidences a radical departure from the inherited structural properties of Cappadocian noun inflection. The other, on the contrary, represents a typologically more conservative innovation. The study presents evidence that a combination of system-internal and -external motivations triggered the development of both types, it describes the mechanisms through which the innovation was implemented, and discusses the factors that favoured change.
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Vujović, Dušanka. "Noun-formation in the Contemporary Serbian Language." East European and Balkan Institute 47, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.2.113.
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The Serbian language is a highly inflected language with a complex morphological system that uses an extensive number of word affixes to express a wide range of grammatical, syntactic, and semantic characteristics. The present paper introduces contemporary Serbian noun-forming elements, processes, and patterns. Understanding the process of word formation makes it easier to learn Serbian as a foreign language, especially for speakers of agglutinative languages such as Korean.
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Salokhiddinov, Manuchehr, and Oybek Rabimov. "Comparative analysis of language typology and its tasks." Общество и инновации 2, no. 12/S (February 5, 2022): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-iss12/s-pp319-322.
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Comparative language typology is part of the general typology of linguistics. She studies systems of two or more languages, certain categories of languages in a deductive way (from external to internal). Comparative linguistic typology, as the concept itself shows, is a linguistic subject of typology based on the method of comparison. Comparative typology can equally consider only dominant or common features, as well as only distinctive features that occur in languages of the same structural type (synthetic, analytical, agglutinative, etc.) or in languages of different structural types (synthetic and analytical, agglutinative and incorporated, etc.). The classification of the main essential features of languages, and their most important characteristics and patterns, are the subject of comparative linguistic typology. The task of comparative linguistic typology is to create general typological rules and concepts by comparing linguistic phenomena of different languages. Classification of the main essential features of languages, the most important characteristics and regularities are the subject of comparative typology. The task of Comparative Typology is to create General typological rules and conceptions by comparing linguistic phenomena of various languages.
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Abdullabekova, Umsalimat Bagautdinova. "“POLYPREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION” IN THE KUMYK LANGUAGE." Herald of the G. Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art, no. 25 (April 30, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestiyali25/4.
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The article examines the functioning of the polypredicative construction in the Kumyk language. The notion of a "polypredicative sentence" was introduced by the Novosibirsk syntactic school. Turkic languages are not characterized by properly complex sentences with two formally independent finite parts connected by an analytical form. Case affixes and postpositions form not finite verb forms, but infinite verb forms. Such constructions in agglutinative languages are the most frequent.
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Revesz, Peter Z. "Computational Linguistics Techniques for the Study of Ancient Languages." MATEC Web of Conferences 210 (2018): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821003014.
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This paper presents a grammatical comparison of the Minoan language with the proto-Ugric and proto-Hungarian languages. Recent research showed that these languages are closely related, but this paper presents a novel grammatical comparison. The grammatical comparison shows the Minoan language to have an agglutinative type of grammar, with a CVCV type root word structure. The Minoan language also features assimilation between the word roots and the suffixes and a possessive phrase structure that is similar to that in Hungarian.
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Bakhtikireeva, Uldanai M., and Olga I. Valentinova. "“Language thinking” from the perspective of systemic linguistics." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 224–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-30149.
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Systemic Linguistics by Gennadii P. Melnikov, representing the interaction of linguistics and philosophy, is a system of established scholarly knowledge. An evidence-based system of knowledge that rationally certifies Melnikov's results is reflected, in particular, in the systemic typology of languages as a subfield of systemic linguistics. Like systemic linguistics in general, systemic typology of languages has not yet been sufficiently subjected to scholarly reflection. The goal of the article is to expand the scholarly discourse on the systemic approach to language. The authors focus their attention on the explanatory potential of systemic linguistics in the study of the features of thought expression in the agglutinative Kazakh language and the problem of its conveyance by means of the inflectional Russian language. The data were obtained from everyday communication, the Kazakh-Russian dictionary (2008), samples from the Kazakh-language works by Auezov, Shakhanov, Korgasbek, Suleimenov among others, and their translations into Russian. The article aims to reveal the features of dividing sense into meanings in typologically different languages. The findings substantiated and verified the provision that in typologically different languages the division of sense into meanings differs and, depending on a meaning, may be expressed by a one-word nomination or cognomination. The study has revealed the ability of an inflectional language to convey the static character of an agglutinative language and to transform this staticity into eventfulness, depending on the purpose of communication. Thus, the research has proved that the same mental content is conveyed by different means developed in languages of different morphological types.
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Bakhtikireeva, Uldanai M., and Olga I. Valentinova. "“Language thinking” from the perspective of systemic linguistics." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 224–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-30149.
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Systemic Linguistics by Gennadii P. Melnikov, representing the interaction of linguistics and philosophy, is a system of established scholarly knowledge. An evidence-based system of knowledge that rationally certifies Melnikov's results is reflected, in particular, in the systemic typology of languages as a subfield of systemic linguistics. Like systemic linguistics in general, systemic typology of languages has not yet been sufficiently subjected to scholarly reflection. The goal of the article is to expand the scholarly discourse on the systemic approach to language. The authors focus their attention on the explanatory potential of systemic linguistics in the study of the features of thought expression in the agglutinative Kazakh language and the problem of its conveyance by means of the inflectional Russian language. The data were obtained from everyday communication, the Kazakh-Russian dictionary (2008), samples from the Kazakh-language works by Auezov, Shakhanov, Korgasbek, Suleimenov among others, and their translations into Russian. The article aims to reveal the features of dividing sense into meanings in typologically different languages. The findings substantiated and verified the provision that in typologically different languages the division of sense into meanings differs and, depending on a meaning, may be expressed by a one-word nomination or cognomination. The study has revealed the ability of an inflectional language to convey the static character of an agglutinative language and to transform this staticity into eventfulness, depending on the purpose of communication. Thus, the research has proved that the same mental content is conveyed by different means developed in languages of different morphological types.
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Demon, Yosef, and Veronika Genua. "Inflexive Marker and Morphophonological Processes in the Lamalera Dialect of Lamaholot Language (LDLL)." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 2, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v2i3.306.
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Inflection is a universal linguistic phenomenon. The phenomenon of inflection occurs in every language according to each language system. The language system of each language greatly determines the peculiarities of the language inflection. Inflection in a language that is agglutinative is different from that in a language that has a synthetic, tonal and isolating system. The treatment of each language is different for this case of inflection. Lamalera Dialect of Lamaholot Language (LDLL) also shows inflection. Inflection in LDLL is different from inflection in other languages because of the language system, especially the LDLL sound system. LDLL is not characterized by agglutinative, nor synthetic, tonal nor isolating morphology. What is the strategy for inflection in LDLL? The result of the study shows that in LDLL, inflection is expressed clitically on the verb. These clitics are cross-referenced by the verbs. There are two types of cross-reference clitics, namely cross-referencing proclitics and enclitics. Proclitic cross-referencing applies to both transitive and intransitive root verbs. This form of cross-referencing pronouns is both proclitic and enclitic, and morphophonological changes actually occur. This process cannot be avoided because morphophonological processes actually occur due to merging of the morpheme with another morpheme. In this case the clitic is considered as bound morpheme.
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Zhanabekova, A., and Zh Alpysbay. "TECHNOLOGY AND PROBLEMS OF AUTOMATIC LINGUOANALYSIS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF WORDS." Tiltanym, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2022-4-15-25.
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The article discusses the technology of the morphological analyzer, which implements the program of morphological markup in the National corpus of the Kazakh language. The introduction of morphological markup is the most basic and important linguistic analysis of the National Corpus. It is also considered how language units in the intermediate layer are differentiated in the dictionary of basic words and the dictionary of grammatical forms (word forms) that we are developing. It is difficult for a computer to automatically divide words into roots and affixes and describe the relation of words to parts of speech and grammatical characteristics of affixes. However, in agglutinative languages, such as Kazakh, it is easier to automatically separate words and automatically analyze the composition of words than in inflectional languages. This is due to the fact that in agglutinative languages affixes are added in a certain system. The formal model of word forms is more understandable. The article discusses some difficulties of automatic parsing and analysis of words in the Kazakh language. The article also discusses problematic issues of functional affixes in the modeling of the morphological system of the Kazakh language, as well as issues related to categories and conditionally accepted codes included in the grammatical dictionary.
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Tetik, Ayşe. "The reception of European typological language classification among the Turkish language reformers of 1932-1936." Cahiers du Centre de Linguistique et des Sciences du Langage, no. 63 (April 1, 2022): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/la.cdclsl.2021.1961.
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The fact that the Turkish language was classified as an agglutinative language bythe traditional European linguistics was accepted, but also challenged by the Turkish language reformers of the 1930s. The underlying reason was that most classifications of the language families were influenced by harsh judgments about the cultural and intellectual level of its speakers as well as on the capability of those languages. Interestingly, the Turks did not question this kind of prejudices towards non-Indo-European languages and their speakers, but they tried to solve this “problem” at alinguistical-theoretical level. There were diverse attempts to deal with this issue, especially between 1932 and 1936.
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Xu, Ji, Yonghong Yan, and Jielin Pan. "Agglutinative Language Speech Recognition Using Automatic Allophone Deriving." Chinese Journal of Electronics 25, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cje.2016.03.020.
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Aram, Kadir, Gokhan Erdemir, and Burhanettin Can. "Formation Control of Multiple Autonomous Mobile Robots Using Turkish Natural Language Processing." Applied Sciences 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2024): 3722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14093722.
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People use natural language to express their thoughts and wishes. As robots reside in various human environments, such as homes, offices, and hospitals, the need for human–robot communication is increasing. One of the best ways to achieve this communication is the use of natural languages. Natural language processing (NLP) is the most important approach enabling robots to understand natural languages and improve human–robot interaction. Also, due to this need, the amount of research on NLP has increased considerably in recent years. In this study, commands were given to a multiple-mobile-robot system using the Turkish natural language, and the robots were required to fulfill these orders. Turkish is classified as an agglutinative language. In agglutinative languages, words combine different morphemes, each carrying a specific meaning, to create complex words. Turkish exhibits this characteristic by adding various suffixes to a root or base form to convey grammatical relationships, tense, aspect, mood, and other semantic nuances. Since the Turkish language has an agglutinative structure, it is very difficult to decode its sentence structure in a way that robots can understand. Parsing of a given command, path planning, path tracking, and formation control were carried out. In the path-planning phase, the A* algorithm was used to find the optimal path, and a PID controller was used to follow the generated path with minimum error. A leader–follower approach was used to control multiple robots. A platoon formation was chosen as the multi-robot formation. The proposed method was validated on a known map containing obstacles, demonstrating the system’s ability to navigate the robots to the desired locations while maintaining the specified formation. This study used Turtlebot3 robots within the Gazebo simulation environment, providing a controlled and replicable setting for comprehensive experimentation. The results affirm the feasibility and effectiveness of employing NLP techniques for the formation control of multiple mobile robots, offering a robust and effective method for further research and development on human–robot interaction.
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Tiwari, Shivani, Prathibha Karanth, and B. Rajashekar. "Specific language impairment in a morphologically complex agglutinative Indian language—Kannada." Journal of Communication Disorders 66 (March 2017): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2017.03.002.
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Valizada, Alakbar. "DEVELOPMENT OF A REAL-TIME SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR THE AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE." Problems of Information Society 14, no. 2 (July 5, 2023): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25045/jpis.v14.i2.07.
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This paper investigates the development of a real-time automatic speech recognition system dedicated to the Azerbaijani language, focusing on addressing the prevalent gap in speech recognition system for underrepresented languages. Our research integrates a hybrid acoustic modeling approach that combines Hidden Markov Model and Deep Neural Network to interpret the complexities of Azerbaijani acoustic patterns effectively. Recognizing the agglutinative nature of Azerbaijani, the ASR system employs a syllable-based n-gram model for language modeling, ensuring the system accurately captures the syntax and semantics of Azerbaijani speech. To enable real-time capabilities, we incorporate WebSocket technology, which facilitates efficient bidirectional communication between the client and server, necessary for processing streaming speech data instantly. The Kaldi and SRILM toolkits are used for the training of acoustic and language models, respectively, contributing to the system's robust performance and adaptability. We have conducted comprehensive experiments to test the effectiveness of our system, the results of which strongly corroborate the utility of the syllable-based subword modeling approach for Azerbaijani language recognition. Our proposed ASR system shows superior performance in terms of recognition accuracy and rapid response times, outperforming other systems tested on the same language data. The system's success not only proves beneficial for Azerbaijani language recognition but also provides a valuable framework for potential future applications in other agglutinative languages, thereby contributing to the promotion of linguistic diversity in automatic speech recognition technology.
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Pan, Yirong, Xiao Li, Yating Yang, and Rui Dong. "Multi-Source Neural Model for Machine Translation of Agglutinative Language." Future Internet 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12060096.
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Benefitting from the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning, the machine translation task based on neural networks has achieved impressive performance in many high-resource language pairs. However, the neural machine translation (NMT) models still struggle in the translation task on agglutinative languages with complex morphology and limited resources. Inspired by the finding that utilizing the source-side linguistic knowledge can further improve the NMT performance, we propose a multi-source neural model that employs two separate encoders to encode the source word sequence and the linguistic feature sequences. Compared with the standard NMT model, we utilize an additional encoder to incorporate the linguistic features of lemma, part-of-speech (POS) tag, and morphological tag by extending the input embedding layer of the encoder. Moreover, we use a serial combination method to integrate the conditional information from the encoders with the outputs of the decoder, which aims to enhance the neural model to learn a high-quality context representation of the source sentence. Experimental results show that our approach is effective for the agglutinative language translation, which achieves the highest improvements of +2.4 BLEU points on Turkish–English translation task and +0.6 BLEU points on Uyghur–Chinese translation task.
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Li, Zhe, Xiuhong Li, Jiabao Sheng, and Wushour Slamu. "AgglutiFiT: Efficient Low-Resource Agglutinative Language Model Fine-Tuning." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 148489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3015854.
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Chilingaryan, Kamo Pavelovich. "Fusional and agglutinative features in declension system in the Russian and Armenian languages (a diachronic aspect)." Litera, no. 6 (June 2021): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.6.35737.
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The subject of this research is the typological characteristics of declension system in the Russian and Armenian languages and their diachronic changes. The author compares the modern Armenian and Grabar (classical Armenian) language, as well as Old East Slavic and modern Russian language. The goal of this article is to determine typological peculiarities of grammatical case systems of the Russian and Armenian languages in their current state, taking into account the vectors of evolutionary development of these systems in the history of the two languages. Research methodology leans on the traditional concepts of morphological typology and systemic analysis of language types proposed by G. P. Melnikov. It is established that unlike the Russian language, the Armenian declension system contains certain agglutinative and analytical features. Emphasis is placed on the detailed analysis of these phenomena and explanation of their consistent nature. The acquired results are valuable for typological description of the Russian and Armenian languages, as well as for teaching these languages to non-native speakers. The presented materials broaden scientific representations on multifacetedness of development of fusional declension on the example of two quite different languages within the same language family.
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Butskhrikidze, Marika. "What do modern languages with Scriptio Continua have in common?" Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 72, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 821–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2022-0006.
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Abstract Theoretically, it is possible for any language to practice scriptio continua (a style of writing without spaces or any markers between the words/sentences) due to the very nature of language: a system of arbitrary and discrete elements. Two universal functions of sound: distinctive and delimitative, ensure that any language has boundary markers for meaning-bearing units that facilitate both language production and comprehension. We argue that some languages are more adaptive to this writing style than others. The languages that have predominantly isolating/analytic or agglutinative constructions with tones and limited combinatory rules (restricted phonotactic constraints) are more suitable to have scriptio continua than inflectional languages with complex phonotactic rules and free stress. This correlation is examined in three modern languages that to this day practice scriptio continua: Burmese, Thai, and Lhasa Tibetan.
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Sirazitdinov, Zinnur. "PAIR COMBINATIONS OF VEHICLES BASHKIR LANGUAGE AFFICIENCES." Alatoo Academic Studies 19, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2019.193.09.
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Drawing up a model of the word form, a formal description of the inflectional system of the language is an urgent task of computer linguistics. Models of this type serve as the basis for the development of automatic text processing systems: morphological analyzers,spelling systems, machine translation, etc. Applied linguistics has considerable experience in the formalized description and modeling of the morphology of natural languages. This article discusses the modeling of the inflectional system of the verbal parts of the speech of the Bashkir language in paired combinations of affixes. This approach is close to the grammar of the Gleason orders and is promising when creating morphoanalyzers for languages of the agglutinative system.
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Moncunill Martí, Noemí, and Javier Velaza Frías. "Iberian." Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua, no. 20 (May 1, 2020): 591–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.370.
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Iberian is the best documented of all Palaeohispanic languages —it has the richest and most varied corpus, the longest chronology of attestation and largest territorial extension—, and yet it also remains one of the most enigmatic. As for its typological classification, it is considered to be an agglutinative language which may present ergative features; however, its hypothetical relationship with other languages, ancient or modern, is still uncertain. This paper presents the main ongoing lines of research and the most widely accepted hypotheses on the Iberian language and its written culture, placing special emphasis on current problems of interpretation and the main challenges ahead.
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Rakhimova, Diana, and Aidana Karibayeva. "Aligning and extending technologies of parallel corpora for the Kazakh language." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 2(118) (August 31, 2022): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.259452.
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The paper presents the two-stage alignment and extending methods of parallel corpora for the Kazakh language. The Kazakh language is agglutinative with rich morphology and related to the Turkic language group. So, the traditional alignment methods for similar languages do not work for the Kazakh language. The alignment is used primarily to ensure that the fragment corresponding to the original is found in the translation. After that, identical fragments of parallel texts are compared with each other. At the initial stage, the question is what needs to be leveled. It is possible to align word by word, but this often becomes almost impossible for several reasons: sets of lexemes and expressions do not match in different languages. Considering the linguistic peculiarities of languages, the developed technologies and ways of universal alignment of parallel text may not work in languages with agglutination. It means that the form of the word is formed by additional affixes and auxiliary words that carry semantic and morphological information. The approach presented in this paper is to use a two-stage alignment, which uses a bilingual dictionary of synonyms. The evaluation with the use of the English-Kazakh corpus verifies that our method shows an average of 89 % correct alignment. The second method is designed to expand the parallel corpus due to the lack of natural parallel corpora of the Kazakh-English language pair with good quality. The developed method uses a combinatorial method taking into account the semantic and grammatical features of the Kazakh language. Different tenses of the Kazakh language are used for sentence generation, and different endings for parts of speech are also considered.
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Ren, Zeyu, Nurmemet Yolwas, Wushour Slamu, Ronghe Cao, and Huiru Wang. "Improving Hybrid CTC/Attention Architecture for Agglutinative Language Speech Recognition." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 7319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197319.
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Unlike the traditional model, the end-to-end (E2E) ASR model does not require speech information such as a pronunciation dictionary, and its system is built through a single neural network and obtains performance comparable to that of traditional methods. However, the model requires massive amounts of training data. Recently, hybrid CTC/attention ASR systems have become more popular and have achieved good performance even under low-resource conditions, but they are rarely used in Central Asian languages such as Turkish and Uzbek. We extend the dataset by adding noise to the original audio and using speed perturbation. To develop the performance of an E2E agglutinative language speech recognition system, we propose a new feature extractor, MSPC, which uses different sizes of convolution kernels to extract and fuse features of different scales. The experimental results show that this structure is superior to VGGnet. In addition to this, the attention module is improved. By using the CTC objective function in training and the BERT model to initialize the language model in the decoding stage, the proposed method accelerates the convergence of the model and improves the accuracy of speech recognition. Compared with the baseline model, the character error rate (CER) and word error rate (WER) on the LibriSpeech test-other dataset increases by 2.42% and 2.96%, respectively. We apply the model structure to the Common Voice—Turkish (35 h) and Uzbek (78 h) datasets, and the WER is reduced by 7.07% and 7.08%, respectively. The results show that our method is close to the advanced E2E systems.
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Shivachi, Casper Shikali, Refuoe Mokhosi, Zhou Shijie, and Liu Qihe. "Learning Syllables Using Conv-LSTM Model for Swahili Word Representation and Part-of-speech Tagging." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 4 (May 26, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3445975.
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The need to capture intra-word information in natural language processing (NLP) tasks has inspired research in learning various word representations at word, character, or morpheme levels, but little attention has been given to syllables from a syllabic alphabet. Motivated by the success of compositional models in morphological languages, we present a Convolutional-long short term memory (Conv-LSTM) model for constructing Swahili word representation vectors from syllables. The unified architecture addresses the word agglutination and polysemous nature of Swahili by extracting high-level syllable features using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and then composes quality word embeddings with a long short term memory (LSTM). The word embeddings are then validated using a syllable-aware language model ( 31.267 ) and a part-of-speech (POS) tagging task ( 98.78 ), both yielding very competitive results to the state-of-art models in their respective domains. We further validate the language model using Xhosa and Shona, which are syllabic-based languages. The novelty of the study is in its capability to construct quality word embeddings from syllables using a hybrid model that does not use max-over-pool common in CNN and then the exploitation of these embeddings in POS tagging. Therefore, the study plays a crucial role in the processing of agglutinative and syllabic-based languages by contributing quality word embeddings from syllable embeddings, a robust Conv–LSTM model that learns syllables for not only language modeling and POS tagging, but also for other downstream NLP tasks.
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FORTUNA, IGOR. "Materials for a Korean Etymological Dictionary." Philology 4, no. 2018 (January 1, 2019): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/phil042019.5.
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Abstract Korean is a head-final, left-branching agglutinative language, with basic SOV order and modifiers preceding the modified. It displays many typological similarities to Japanese, at various levels. In its vocabulary, again like Japanese and other languages in East Asia, it has been deeply influenced by Chinese. The present work is intended as a preliminary collection of lexical and etymological notes, illustrated with various literary examples.
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Ibragimova, Tursunay Galbaevna. "КЫРГЫЗ ТИЛИНДЕГИ ЖӨНӨКӨЙ СҮЙЛӨМДӨРДҮН НОМИНАТИВДИК СТРУКТУРАСЫ." Alatoo Academic Studies 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2021.211.27.
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This article, first of all, discusses the issues of interdependence and direct relationships of the formal (virtual) form and the semantic structure of a simple sentence, as an ancient archetype of the syntactic model in the Turkic languages in general, in the Kyrgyz language in particular. Also, the concept logical foundations of the representation of predicatively in the internal form of a simple sentence of the Kyrgyz language and the communicative meaning of a simple sentence of the actual speech of the carrier are analyzed. Consequently, the semantic structure of a simple sentence in the Kyrgyz language as a general language category constitutes the semantic core of a simple sentence in a given language and manifests the dialectical evolution of the grammatical and semantic plans of a simple sentence in agglutinative languages as a whole.
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Suleimanov, Dzavdet Sh, Alexander Ya Fridman, Rinat A. Gilmullin, and Boris A. Kulik. "System analysis of the natural language modeling problem." Transaction Kola Science Centre 12, no. 5-2021 (December 27, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2021.5.12.005.
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System analysis of the problem of modeling a natural language (NL) made it possible to formulate the root cause of the low efficiency of modern means for accumulating and processing knowledge in such languages. This is the complexity of intellectualization for such tools, which are created on the basis of primitive artificial programming languages that practically represent a subset of flectional analytical languages or artificial constructions based on them. To reduce the severity of the identified problem, it is proposed to build NL modeling systems on the basis of technological tools for verbalization and recognition of sense. These tools consist of semiotic models of NL lexical and grammatical means. This approach seems to be especially promising for agglutinative languages; it is supposed to be implemented on the example of the Tatar language.
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Sommer, Łukasz. "“Sanskrit has guided me to the Finnish language”." Historiographia Linguistica 43, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2016): 145–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.05som.
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Summary Herman Kellgren (1822–1856) was a Finnish Orientalist and national activist. He lived and worked at a time when the cultural and intellectual life of Finland was still dominated by Swedish, while Finnish, the majority language, was just beginning to make its way into the sphere of high culture and education. At an early stage of his career, Kellgren published several works on the Finnish language, in which national engagement meets fascination with Sanskrit. His accounts of Finnish are clearly evaluative; they seek to raise interest in Finnish and promote its prestige, both at home and abroad. One of the more significant inspirations discernible in his works on Finnish was the language philosophy of Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). One of the challenges of the endeavor to describe Finnish in Humboldtian terms was determining the status of Finnish within Humboldtian hierarchies of language perfection – hierarchies which clearly favored inflection (as exemplified by Sanskrit) as a grammatical procedure and disfavored agglutination which is characteristic for Finnish. In his efforts to remain true to the spirit of Humboldt, and to present Finnish in a positive light, Kellgren insisted on labeling it as inflected rather than agglutinative.
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Ying, Yi. "Perbandingan Karakteristik dan Fungsi Kata Keterangan Bahasa Mandarin dan Bahasa Indonesia." Humaniora 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2011): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v2i2.3141.
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Indonesian is an inflective language or functional language. It is a synthetic language, which is differentiated with agglutinative languages based on the inclination of morphemic formation of words. As a result, segmenting the elements is hard to be done. Mandarin as an isolative language is formed by singular morpheme. Synthetic language as the contrary consists of words of many morphemes. Mandarins’ and Indonesian’s grammatical function is as adverbs in most of the language occurrences. The difference between two adverbs is that in Mandarin, nouns and numbers cannot receive prefixes and suffixes. Mandarin’s adverbs in general are put in the beginning and middle of the words, which is different with Indonesian adverbs that can be placed in the end of the words.
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Abudouwaili, Gulinigeer, Sirajahmat Ruzmamat, Kahaerjiang Abiderexiti, Binghong Wu, and Aishan Wumaier. "A Benchmark for Morphological Segmentation in Uyghur and Kazakh." Applied Sciences 14, no. 13 (June 21, 2024): 5369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14135369.
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Morphological segmentation and stemming are foundational tasks in natural language processing. They have become effective ways to alleviate data sparsity in agglutinative languages because of the nature of agglutinative language word formation. Uyghur and Kazakh, as typical agglutinative languages, have made significant progress in morphological segmentation and stemming in recent years. However, the evaluation metrics used in previous work are character-level based, which may not comprehensively reflect the performance of models in morphological segmentation or stemming. Moreover, existing methods avoid manual feature extraction, but the model’s ability to learn features is inadequate in complex scenarios, and the correlation between different features has not been considered. Consequently, these models lack representation in complex contexts, affecting their effective generalization in practical scenarios. To address these issues, this paper redefines the morphological-level evaluation metrics: F1-score and accuracy (ACC) for morphological segmentation and stemming tasks. In addition, two models are proposed for morpheme segmentation and stem extraction tasks: supervised model and unsupervised model. The supervised model learns character and contextual features simultaneously, then feature embeddings are input into a Transformer encoder to study the correlation between character and context embeddings. The last layer of the model uses a CRF or softmax layer to determine morphological boundaries. In unsupervised learning, an encoder–decoder structure introduces n-gram correlation assumptions and masked attention mechanisms, enhancing the correlation between characters within n-grams and reducing the impact of characters outside n-grams on boundaries. Finally, comprehensive comparative analyses of the performance of different models are conducted from various points of view. Experimental results demonstrate that: (1) The proposed evaluation method effectively reflects the differences in morphological segmentation and stemming for Uyghur and Kazakh; (2) Learning different features and their correlation can enhance the model’s generalization ability in complex contexts. The proposed models achieve state-of-the-art performance on Uyghur and Kazakh datasets.
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Rakhimova, D., D. Kassymova, and D. Isabaeva. "RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A QUESTION AND ANSWER SYSTEM BASED ON THE BERT MODEL FOR THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE." BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 76, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-4.1728-7901.16.
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This article presents the research and development of a question-and-answer system based on the BERT model for the Kazakh language. The article presents a new combination of normative and statistical approaches to the analysis of questions used in the system of answering questions of a closed subject area for agglutinative languages such as Kazakh. Question analysis consists of focusing and classifying questions. To focus, we have several experts based on the rules of the Kazakh language FAQ. BERT is undoubtedly a useful model in using machine learning for natural language processing. It provides fast and accurate set-up and can be used in many practical and subsequent applications.
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Rakhimova, D., D. Kassymova, and D. Isabaeva. "RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A QUESTION AND ANSWER SYSTEM BASED ON THE BERT MODEL FOR THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE." BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 76, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-4.1728-7901.16.
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This article presents the research and development of a question-and-answer system based on the BERT model for the Kazakh language. The article presents a new combination of normative and statistical approaches to the analysis of questions used in the system of answering questions of a closed subject area for agglutinative languages such as Kazakh. Question analysis consists of focusing and classifying questions. To focus, we have several experts based on the rules of the Kazakh language FAQ. BERT is undoubtedly a useful model in using machine learning for natural language processing. It provides fast and accurate set-up and can be used in many practical and subsequent applications.
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Patel, Raj Nath, Prakash B. Pimpale, and M. Sasikumar. "Machine Translation in Indian Languages: Challenges and Resolution." Journal of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2018-0014.
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Abstract English to Indian language machine translation poses the challenge of structural and morphological divergence. This paper describes English to Indian language statistical machine translation using preordering and suffix separation. The preordering uses rules to transfer the structure of the source sentences prior to training and translation. This syntactic restructuring helps statistical machine translation to tackle the structural divergence and hence provides better translation quality. The suffix separation is used to tackle the morphological divergence between English and highly agglutinative Indian languages. We demonstrate that the use of preordering and suffix separation helps in improving the quality of English to Indian language machine translation.
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Andrean Syahsurya, Muhammad. "EFL LEARNERS’ MORPHOLOGICAL AWARENESS AND LEXICAL KNOWLEDGE (A CORRELATIONAL STUDY)." Education of English as a Foreign Language Journal 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 126–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.educafl.2022.005.02.07.
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Lexis or vocabulary is one of the important components of the language. Without knowing the vocabulary, learners of a language cannot be able to understand the language itself because vocabulary establishes the frame of language. It is important for learners to enhance their lexical knowledge. Morphological awareness has significant role on the lexical knowledge. This study aims to find out the correlation between morphological awareness and lexical knowledge among Indonesian EFL learners who possess Indonesian language as their first language. Indonesian is an agglutinative language which relies much on prefix and suffix. This study employs quantitative approach with correlation statistics design. The participants of this study are 89 first-year students of English Language Education Program Universitas Brawijaya. The findings revealed that the majority of the participants are in the medium level of morphological awareness and lexical knowledge. The findings show that there is a significant correlation between morphological awareness and lexical knowledge with .842 correlation degrees. Learners with high morphological awareness will have high lexical knowledge. The relationship applies in Indonesian EFL learners who possess Indonesian language as their first language that belongs to agglutinative language which contains several morphemes per word. It is suggested for the future researchers to look greater depth into morphological awareness and lexical knowledge in causal relationship.
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Valentinova, Olga I., and Mikhail A. Rybakov. "Logic of Determinative Analysis of Agglutinative and Inflectional Languages (part 1)." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 18, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2021-18-2-130-142.
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A clear understanding of the systemic differences between interacting languages is necessary to study the interaction of languages in the mind of a bilingual (multilingual) personality and improve the practice of teaching languages in a transcultural environment. If such languages belong to different morphological types, the method of determinant analysis can be proposed as an effective tool for methodological forecasting of negative interference. The goal set by the authors of the article is to establish cause-and-effect relationships between the systemic determinant of the language type and its particular specific features at the levels of phonetics, morphology and syntax. The object of the research is the agglutinative and inflectional types of languages that lie between the extreme manifestations of proximity and remoteness of individual minds. In their work, the authors rely on the systemic methodology of determinant typological analysis, developed in the 1960s-70s by the founder of modern systemic linguistics, Professor Gennady Prokopyevich Melnikov.
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Genidze, N. K. "Vocalic Ratio as One of the Most Important Criteria of Phonetic Classification of World Languages." Discourse 6, no. 5 (November 30, 2020): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-5-87-96.
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Introduction. The article analyses the vowel-consonant ratio as one of the most important criteria of phonetic typology in the world languages. Scientific relevance of the research is based on quantitative and qualitative analysis and comparison of grammar and phonetics in typologically, genetically and historically different languages.Methodology and sources. Certain language is determined by vocalic ratio – a concept introduced to identify the vowels-consonant relation and measured through vk = V/C. Thus, all the languages can be either vocalic (vk > 1.3), consonantal (vk < 0.7) or mixed (0.7 > vk > 1.3). The article concerns the ideas by Ferdinand de Saussure (Indo-European root’s structure) and Aleksander V. Isachenko (phonetic typology).Results and discussion. The author conducts a comparative analysis of phonological systems and phonetic analysis of text fragments in several languages of different families and different historical periods: Gothic, old English, old Icelandic, English, Danish, French, and Finnish. The research reveals how the language’s structure matches its vowel-consonant ratio, i. e. disclose a link between its phonetic and morphology-syntactic classifications.Conclusion. The research has proved the fact that analytic trends in phonemes, on the one hand, depend on the vowel-consonant distribution in the language and speech, and on historically determined difference between the phonemes’ function – on the other. Inevitably, too, the language’s evolution from inflectional-synthetic to analytic or agglutinative (analytic-agglutinative) type affects all language levels, including the phonetic one. Consonants are stronger and almost resistible to changes; they function to distinguish the sense, making relative words so similar. The development of vowel system triggers the development of analytic functions, which are bound to impact the language system. Increasing number of vowels, emerging diphthongs and triphthongs are the result of analytic abilities of the language.
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Sammons, Susan. "A Structural Overview of Inuktitut." section I 38, no. 1 (September 30, 2002): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004022ar.
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Abstract This structural overview includes a brief discussion of Inuktitut as a polysynthetic agglutinative language. It outlines affiliations with other language families and lists the sub-branches and dialects of the language. The phonological and morphophonemic systems of Inuktitut are described. The central morphology of the language is discussed in two subsections, one dealing with the noun phrase, the other with the verb phrase.
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Dzhusakinova, S., and M. Zhambylkyzy. "MODERN POLYLINGUAL SITUATION IN KAZAKHSTAN." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 72, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-7804.85.
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The article is aboutthe role of the English language in multilingual education. “Kazakhstan in the modern world should be perceived as a highly educated country whose population uses three languages: the Kazakh language is the state language, the Russian language as the language of national communication, English is the language of successful integration into the global economy,”these words of President N.A. Nazarbayev in fact were one of the main tasks for the modern Kazakhstani education, which should become competitive, quality, so that the graduates of schools could continue their studies in foreign universities.The Kazakh language is an agglutinative language, Russian is inflectional, English is inflectional. It should be noted that in the Kazakh society a conscious understanding of the need for a multilingual education has been formed, not only at the state level, but also at the personal level.
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Efremov, D. A., and Z. Sziráki. "Serial postpositions in the Udmurt language and function words in the Kazakh language (comparative analysis)." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 138, no. 1 (2022): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2022-138-1-202-207.
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Postpositions in many languages have evolved from significant words through grammaticalization. In the Udmurt language, as in many other Finno-Ugric languages of Russia, they are divided, separated into two groups: serial and non-serial postpositions. In the Kazakh language, function words are divided into two groups: function words and postpositions. The subject of our study was serial postpositions of the Udmurt language and function words of the Kazakh language, since in the essence of these categories of words there are similar features. The conclusion suggests itself - these two categories of words, although they are denoted by different terms, clearly show a striking typological similarity. In both languages, these categories of words occupy a middle position between nominals (mostly nouns) and postpositions. Nouns have their own independent lexical meaning, have the ability to decline, take possessive suffixes, and the postpositions have lost their original (lexical) meaning, so they perform only grammatical functions, just like case affixes, only, unlike the latter, they are a separate word and do not adjoin nominal basis. This circumstance can be explained from the point of view of the morphological (typological) classification of languages - both languages belong to agglutinative languages.