Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'AGGREGATOR'

Under the determined impulse of the European Union to limit the environmental impact of energy-related services, the electricity sector will face several challenges in coming years. Integrating renewable energy sources in the distribution networks is certainly one of the most urging issues to be tackled with. The current grid and production structure cannot absorb the high penetration shares anticipated for 2020 without putting at risk the entire system. The innovative concept of smart grid offers promising solutions and interesting implementation possibilities. The objective of the thesis is to specifically study the technical and economic benefits that the creation of an aggregator on the Swedish island of Gotland would imply. Comparing Gotland's power system characteristics to the broad variety of solutions offered by demand side management, wind power integration enhancement by demand response appeared particularly suited. A business case, specifically oriented towards the minimisation of transmission losses by adapting the electric heat load of private households to the local wind production was designed. Numerical simulations have been conducted, evaluating the technical and economic outcomes, along with the environmental benets, under the current conditions on Gotland. Sensitivity analyses were also performed to determine the key parameters for a successful implementation. A prospective scenario for 2020, with the addition of electric vehicles, has finally been simulated to estimate the long term profitability of an aggregator on the island. The simulation results indicate that despite patent technical benefits for the distribution network, the studied service would not be profitable in the current situation on Gotland. This, because the transmission losses through the HVDC-cable concern limited amounts of power that are purchased on a market characterized by relatively cheap prices and low volatility. Besides, the high fixed costs the aggregator has to face to install technical equipment in every household constitutes another barrier to its setting up.

This MSc Thesis was performed during a study stay at the Hochschule Furtwangen University, Furtwangen, Germany. This Master Project provides a theoretical background for understanding financial market principles. It focuses on foreign exchange market, where it gives a description of fundamentals and price analysis. Further, it covers principles of high-frequency trading including strategy, development and cost. FIX protocol is the financial market communication protocol and is discussed in detail. The core part of Master Project are sorting algorithms, these are covered on theoretical and practical level. Aggregator design includes implementation environment, specification and individual parts of aggregator application represented as objects. Implementation overview can be found in last Chapter.

In video transmission there is a need to compose a wide-band signal from a numberof narrow-band sub-signals. A flexible solution offers the possibility to place any narrow-band sub-signal anywhere in the wide-band signal, making better use of the frequency space of the wide-band signal. A multi-standard supportive solution will also consider the three standard bandwidths of digital and analog video transmissions, both terrestrial and cable (6; 7 and 8 MHz), in use today. This thesis work will study the efficiency of a flexible aggregation solution, in terms of computational complexity and error vector magnitude (EVM). The solution uses oversampled complex modulated filter banks and inner channelizers, to reduce the total workload on the system. Each sub-signal is channelized through an analysis filter bank and together all channelized sub-signals are aggregated through one synthesis filter bank to form the wide-band composite signal. The EVM between transmitted and received sub-signals are investigated for an increasing number of sub-signals. The solution in this thesis work is performing good for the tested number of up to 100 narrow-band sub-signals. The result indicates that the multi-standard flexible aggregation solution is efficient for an increasing number of transmitted sub-signals.

Intermittent energy source usage, such as solar and wind power, is continuously increasing. Intermittent energy sources are highly dependent on prevailing weather conditions, resulting in stochastic electricity generation. The expected stochasticity in electricity generation will cause issues for the current power grid. Moreover, an expected issue for the Swedish power grid is higher peak loads. Thus, there is an emerging need for novel and smart power systems capable of shifting peak loads in the future electricity grid. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is a sophisticated control method that is suitable for smart-grid aggregators. Hence, MPC can be used to optimally control the efficiency of energy use in a smart grid and shift peak loads. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate optimal peak load-shifting and efficiency of electrical substation operation in a smart grid in Ramsjöåsen, Sweden, using an MPC based smart-grid aggregator. Furthermore, the purpose is also to contribute to the theoretical foundation for future peak load-shifting in smart grids. Within the thesis project a mathematical model for the smart grid in Ramsjöåsen is developed, which is then used to simulate different scenarios. The simulated results indicate that an MPC based smart-grid aggregator improves the performance of the smart grid in Ramsjöåsen, as regards to both peak load-shifting and efficiency of electrical substation operation.
Användningen av intermittenta energikällor, såsom sol och vindkraft, ökar ständigt. Intermittenta energikällor är starkt beroende av rådande väderförhållanden, vilket resulterar i stokastisk elproduktion. Den förväntade stokasticiteten i elproduktion kommer att orsaka problem för det nuvarande elnätet. Dessutom förväntas högre toppbelastningar för det svenska elnätet. Således finns ett växande behov av nya och smarta kraftsystem som kan reducera toppbelastningar i det framtida elnätet. Model Predictive Control (MPC) är en sofistikerad styrningsmetod som är lämplig för smart-näts aggregatorer. Därav kan MPC användas för att optimalt styra effektivitet av energianvändning i ett smart nät och minska toppbelastningar. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka optimal reducering av toppbelastningar och drift-effektivitet av transformatorstationen i ett smart nät i Ramsjöåsen, Sverige, med hjälp av en MPC baserad smart-näts aggregator. Dessutom är syftet att bidra till den teoretiska grunden för framtida topplastskapning i smarta nät. Inom examensarbetsprojektet utvecklas en matematisk modell för smart nätet i Ramsjöåsen, som sedan används för att simulera olika scenarier. De simulerade resultaten indikerar att en MPC baserad smart-näts aggregator förbättrar smart nätets prestanda i Ramsjöåsen, vad gäller både topplastsreducering och drifteffektivitet av transformatorstationen.

The demand for electricity of a particular location can vary significantly based on season, ambient temperature, time of the day etc. High demand can result in very high wholesale price of electricity. The reason for this is very short operating duration of peaking power plants which require large capital investments to establish. Those power plants remain idle for most of the time of a year except for some peak demand periods during hot summer days. This process is inherently inefficient but it is necessary to meet the uninterrupted power supply criterion. With the advantage of new technologies, demand response can be a preferable alternative, where peak reduction can be obtained during the short durations of peak demand by controlling loads. Some controllable loads are with thermal inertia and some loads are deferrable for a short duration without making any significant impact on usersâ lifestyle and comfort. Demand response can help to attain supply - demand balance without completely depending on expensive peaking power plants. In this research work, an incentive-based model is considered to determine the potential of peak demand reduction due to the participation of residential customers in a demand response program. Electric water heating and air-conditioning are two largest residential loads. In this work, hot water preheating and air-conditioning pre-cooling techniques are investigated with the help of developed mathematical models to find out demand response potentials of those loads. The developed water heater model is validated by comparing results of two test-case simulations with the expected outcomes. Additional energy loss possibility associated with water preheating is also investigated using the developed energy loss model. The preheating temperature set-point is mathematically determined to obtain maximum demand reduction by keeping thermal loss to a minimal level. Case studies are performed for 15 summer days to investigate the demand response potential of water preheating. Similarly, demand response potential associated with pre-cooling operation of air-conditioning is also investigated with the help of the developed mathematical model. The required temperature set-point modification is determined mathematically and validated with the help of known outdoor temperature profiles. Case studies are performed for 15 summer days to demonstrate effectiveness of this procedure. On the other hand, total load and demand response potential of a single house is usually too small to participate in an incentive-based demand response program. Thus, the scope of combining several houses together under a single platform is also investigated in this work. Monte Carlo procedure-based simulations are performed to get an insight about the best and the worst case demand response outcomes of a cluster of houses. In case of electrical water heater control, aggregate demand response potential of 25 houses is determined. Similarly, in case of air-conditioning control (pre-cooling), approximate values of maximum, minimum and mean demand reduction amounts are determined for a cluster of 25 houses. Expected increase in indoor temperature of a house is calculated. Afterwards, the air-conditioning demand scheduling algorithm is developed to keep aggregate air-conditioning power demand to a minimal level during a demand response event. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Master of Science

The Internet in its most basic form is a complex information sharing organism. There are billions of interconnected elements with varying capabilities that work together supporting numerous activities (services) through this information sharing. In recent times, these elements have become portable, mobile, highly computationally capable and more than ever intertwined with human controllers and their activities. They are also rapidly being embedded into other everyday objects and sharing more and more information in order to facilitate automation, signaling that the rise of the Internet of Things is imminent. In every human society there are always miscreants who prefer to drive against the common good and engage in illicit activity. It is no different within the society interconnected by the Internet (The Internet Society). Law enforcement in every society attempts to curb perpetrators of such activities. However, it is immensely difficult when the Internet is the playing field. The amount of information that investigators must sift through is incredibly massive and prosecution timelines stated by law are prohibitively narrow. The main solution towards this Big Data problem is seen to be the automation of the Digital Investigation process. This encompasses the entire process: From the detection of malevolent activity, seizure/collection of evidence, analysis of the evidentiary data collected and finally to the presentation of valid postulates. This paper focuses mainly on the automation of the evidence capture process in an Internet of Things environment. However, in order to comprehensively achieve this, the subsequent and consequent procedures of detection of malevolent activity and analysis of the evidentiary data collected, respectively, are also touched upon. To this effect we propose the Live Evidence Information Aggregator (LEIA) architecture that aims to be a comprehensive automated digital investigation tool. LEIA is in essence a collaborative framework that hinges upon interactivity and sharing of resources and information among participating devices in order to achieve the necessary efficiency in data collection in the event of a security incident. Its ingenuity makes use of a variety of technologies to achieve its goals. This is seen in the use of crowdsourcing among devices in order to achieve more accurate malicious event detection; Hypervisors with inbuilt intrusion detection capabilities to facilitate efficient data capture; Peer to Peer networks to facilitate rapid transfer of evidentiary data to a centralized data store; Cloud Storage to facilitate storage of massive amounts of data; and the Resource Description Framework from Semantic Web Technologies to facilitate the interoperability of data storage formats among the heterogeneous devices. Within the description of the LEIA architecture, a peer to peer protocol based on the Bittorrent protocol is proposed, corresponding data storage and transfer formats are developed, and network security protocols are also taken into consideration. In order to demonstrate the LEIA architecture developed in this study, a small scale prototype with limited capabilities has been built and tested. The prototype functionality focuses only on the secure, remote acquisition of the hard disk of an embedded Linux device over the Internet and its subsequent storage on a cloud infrastructure. The successful implementation of this prototype goes to show that the architecture is feasible and that the automation of the evidence seizure process makes the otherwise arduous process easy and quick to perform.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2018.
"June, 2018." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 56-57).
Startups are finding it increasingly difficult to engage with their target market. Particularly in the wellness industry, where there is a lot of competition and startups need to stand out, the early stages are critical. They seek to generate leads and assess customer expectations through a landing page they host on their own domains, where users can join a waitlist to test their product idea. This can become expensive in terms of budget needed for public relations and social media to promote their site. Landing pages and waitlists allow early adopters and product enthusiasts to discover new products and services while they are still being developed. Followers gained via the waitlist help to validate proof of concept, develop of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), and provide a following for successful market launch and fundraising/crowdfunding campaign. However, it can be difficult to marry potential product enthusiasts with waitlists of interest because not all products are reviewed on blogs, not all social media ads target them, and not all startups are interested in crowdfunding. Existing social media platforms, blogs, forums and crowdfunding sites that showcase new products thrive because early adopters and product enthusiasts are always looking to find out the next new thing, share it with their friends and even invest. However, these platforms have limitations that make it difficult for entrepreneurs to find and engage with quality early adopters. For example, crowdfunding sites tend to cater to hardware, are limited to certain industries, and do not allow entrepreneurs to generate leads and connect with their followers on their own platform prior to hosting a crowdfunding campaign. This thesis aims to outline a business plan and minimal viable product for a waitlist aggregator, an online meeting space for entrepreneurs and early adopters in the wellness industry. Through network effects of this proposed two-sided platform, the traffic volume generated could significantly reduce the need for paid digital marketing campaigns and help entrepreneurs find quality leads. It would also inform interested consumers about new product developments all in one place, let them join the waitlist, beta-test the product and communicate directly with the company.
by Laura Y. Facussé.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

The transition towards a renewable electrical power system, characterized by an increased share of intermittent power sources, involves several technical, economical, structural and regulatory challenges in order to secure a reliable and stable power grid. Residential apartment buildings are increasingly being equipped with photovoltaic systems which are assumed to be supplemented with distributed energy storage solutions in the near future. To facilitate an efficient network utilization in the future an external broker, a so called aggregator, is currently being discussed in the industry as a possibility to enable the exchange of energy services between a collection of end consumers and electricity operators. The aim of this study is to investigate the prospects for an aggregator in the segment of residential apartment buildings in Sweden. A sociotechnical perspective has been applied in the study as the envisioned transition of the power grid involves a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary variables. The study is based on literature studies and interviews with stakeholder representatives. The results of the study shows that the prospects for aggregators depends on a still pending massmarket availability of technological prerequisits for managing the complex interaction between different parts of the electrical system. In addition, new regulatory structures will be essential in shaping the future conditions that would in general facilitate a successful transition and stable generation of arbitrage revenue.

Wireless connected Implanted Medical Devices are becoming more and more common. Also, the increasing connectivity of medical sensors opens room for improving one important field of Health Care, Remote Patients Monitoring. Therefore, to explore this scenario, thisthesis aims to create a device that works as an Aggregator of data arising from Implanted Medical Devices. This Aggregator will then transmit the data autonomously to a Health Care monitoring provider. The main objective of the Aggregator is to provide the technology for constant monitoring of the patients' Implanted Health Care Sensors. To do that, in this thesis, we developed a prototype of theAggregator using a general-purpose embedded platform. The objective is to test the functioning of the system by receiving data,processing, encrypt and send it through Bluetooth to a specialized remote monitoring Health Application Platform called IHAP by Intel®. This platform provides a standard commercial platform to connect the Aggregator to the Health Care Monitoring providers. In the case of this thesis, the Swedish company Alleato provides a server to which the data was forwarded. Once in the server, Alleato can decrypt the data and provide it to the medical specialist. A prototype was developed in a Raspberry PI so the software platform of the Aggregator could be certified. A series of performance tests were made to determine the main constraints of this project. The objective is to establish the grounds for the future development ofan Aggregator in a specialized embedded platform. Therefore, the main code parts of the Aggregator were tested and compared with aGeneral-Purpose Microcontroller, the ARM Cortex M0 STM32F072, and also with the SoC from Nordic Semiconductors, the nRF52840. The STM32 results gave a reference of performance on how the functions perform in General Purposes Microcontrollers. However, as expected, the Nordic nRF52840 showed to be the fastest platform for processing the Aggregator's functions. Therefore, it represents the best candidate for future projects with the platform developed inthis thesis.

In recent years Electric Vehicles (EVs) are getting more importance as future transport systems, due to the increase of the concerns relevant to the greenhouse gases emission and the use fossil fuel. The management of the charging and discharging process of EVs could provide new business model for participating in the electricity markets. Moreover, vehicle to grid systems have the potential of increasing utility system flexibility. This thesis develops some models for the optimal integration of the EVs in the electricity market. In particular, the thesis focuses on the optimal bidding strategy of an EV aggregator participating to both the day ahead market and the secondary reserve market. The aggregator profit is maximized taking into account the energy balance equation, as well as the technical constraints of energy settlement, power supply and state of charge of the EVs. The results obtained by using the GAMS (General Algebraic Modelling System) environment are presented and discussed.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-56).
by Alexander Malchik.
M.Eng.

Human society has always been shaped by its technology, so much that even ages and parts of our history are often named after the discoveries of that time. The growth of modern society is largely derived from the introduction of classical computers that brought us innovations like repeated tasks automatization and long-distance communication. However, this explosive technological advancement could be subjected to a heavy stop when computers reach physical limitations and the empirical law known as Moore Law comes to an end. Foreshadowing these limits and hoping for an even more powerful technology, forty years ago the branch of quantum computation was born. Quantum computation uses at its advantage the same quantum effects that could stop the progress of traditional computation and aim to deliver hardware and software capable of even greater computational power. In this context, this thesis presents the implementation of a quantum variational machine learning algorithm called quantum single-layer perceptron. We start by briefly explaining the foundation of quantum computing and machine learning, to later dive into the theoretical approach of the multiple aggregator quantum algorithms, and finally deliver a versatile implementation of the quantum counterparts of a single hidden layer perceptron. To conclude we train the model to perform binary classification using standard benchmark datasets, alongside three baseline quantum machine learning models taken from the literature. We then perform tests on both simulated quantum hardware and real devices to compare the performances of the various models.

Increased contributions toward power systems from renewable supplies require flexible demand-side resources to maintain balance in supply and demand. Demand response (DR) as one of the emerging demand-side resources can be used to compensate for the over/under supply problem of renewable energy. From an economic point and a network perspective, aggregators can offer the DR delivery bids in those locations (and times) in power systems that could reduce operating cost and the market clearing price. This research proposes a bi-level electricity market model for smart-grid with different combination of market participants including operators, aggregators, and the end-user customers. Trading decisions are made hierarchically. The DR delivery offer is made in a lower-level DR exchange (DRX) market where the end-user aggregate inconvenience is minimized while achieving the required DR at the upper-level. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated considering plausible case studies.

The power system is in a state of transition due to the increased amount of distributed energy resources (renewable energy technology, electric vehicles and demand response programs) emerging on the demand-side of the grid. Integrating these new technology sources into existing infrastructure and energy markets poses extensive challenges for power systems worldwide as operators do not have the appropriate mechanisms for monitoring or controlling low voltage networks, which is typically where these sources are connected. Energy aggregators are emerging market participants that facilitate the integration of demand-side technology by capitalising on current advances in information communication technology to develop new products that engage end-consumer participation in electricity markets. The main goal of an energy aggregator is to contractually engage with sufficient distributed energy resources from various end-consumers that the accumulative whole is large enough to participate in wholesale electricity markets. These aggregators have the ability to bridge the information and technology gap that is currently being faced by power networks today. This honours research thesis outlines the structure of a Demand Response Aggregator, Distributed Generation Aggregator and Vehicle-to-Grid Aggregator and applies the following analyses: A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis for each aggregator is presented, and an investment matrix is qualitatively derived which is then used to evaluate the potential ‘value’ the aggregators can add to the overall power system. In addition, a Porter’s Value Chain analysis is used to distinguish what ‘support’ activities each aggregator can provide to enhance and add value to the power systems ‘primary activities’ (supply chain activities).

Master of Science
Department of Journalism and Mass Communications
Angela Powers
Technological revolutions of the past century have fueled dynamic paradigm shifts across a broad spectrum of mass media industries. This study examines an innovative new market segment in the music recording industry: digital music aggregation. Digital music aggregators are music distributors that directly connect artists, any creator of musical content, to digital music vendors, online music stores such as iTunes or digital music streaming services such as Spotify. Digital music aggregator companies offer services similar to major record labels, such as mass distribution, royalty collection, and intellectual property protection. Digital music aggregators provide services to artists at all levels of prestige and experience. Essentially any artist interested in publishing music can do so using digital music aggregators. Despite their growing influence in the music recording industry, digital music aggregators have been afforded little scholarly attention. This study responds to Galuszka's (2015) call for further research on aggregator market structure and competition, proposing the following research questions: 1) how is the digital music aggregator market structured? 2) What competitive strategies do digital music aggregators employ? This study is framed by the industrial organizational model of market structure (Bain, 1968) and Porter’s (1980) theories of competitive strategy. Six in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted for this study. Results illuminate market structure and competitive strategies in the digital music aggregation industry and lay foundation for future study and industrial application within this nascent branch of the music recording industry.

The vast amount of research on the global climate are converging to more homogeneous results and it becomes commonly accepted that the scientists' warnings has to be taken into account. As a result, politicians set high goals for the penetration of \green electricity", trying to limit the global warming by phasing out fossil fueled power plants. The European Union has set the \20{20{20"-targets that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase the share of renewable energy and also increase the eciency of the energy use. This has led to increases of wind power, solar power and other innovative forms of Distributed Generation (DG) on the electricity grids. In order to successfully integrate this power, the need for Balance power increases due to the unreliability of forecasts of nature's forces. In the Nordic countries, there is abundant quantities of hydro-power to balance the system, but there is a discussion on how much DG it can cover which has not lead yet to any denite conclusions. The rapid development of ICT has opened up a broad range of possibilities for Smart Grid solutions. This thesis was conducted to evaluate the technical and economic potential for an Aggregator to act on the Nordic Control market. The Aggregator is an actor that pools consumers in order to gather a signicant amount of power and then use their exibility for dierent purposes. This thesis will deal with exibility provided by Swedish midsize industries. Through a literature study, an understanding of the Nordic electricity system and the market was acquired. Interesting electricity-heavy processes were found within a few different branches by performing interviews and a couple of study visits. But because of the limited time that was assigned to the project, it was chosen to focus on freeze storages, that seemed like the most promising load. The study of the market and the chosen load led to the construction of a few different mathematical models. First of all the Aggregator business case was applied on deterministic data from the year 2012. The Aggregator prot was maximized for the whole year, to give an approximation of the magnitude of the prot. Then, a model that generated realistic, stochastic scenarios of the relevant parameters in the system was constructed to enable further analysis of the possibilities in dierent future scenarios. The results showed that there is a prot to be made, without too extensive investments. Though, due to the problematics of forecasting the Control Market, the Aggregator needs to have a carefully worked through strategy for its bidding on the Control Market. . .

A vehicle-to-grid (V2G) aggregator is an agent between the power grid and the plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEVs). In this thesis, we study the coordinated charging control at a V2G aggregator. The coordinated charging control brings the advantages of minimizing the charging cost and reducing the power losses, by coordinating the control sequences of a group of PHEVs. On one hand, the lower cost of charging gives the users of PHEVs an incentive to cooperate. On the other hand, with an increasing popularity of PHEVs, the impact on the power distribution grid such as power losses should be of concern to the aggregator. To this end, we investigate the tradeoffs between reducing the charging cost and the power losses. We formulate the coordinated charging control as a dynamic programming problem, given the planned schedules of all the vehicles at an aggregator. As an inherent property of a V2G aggregator, we enable bidirectional electric power flows between PHEVs and the power grid. Due to the curse of dimensionality, we apply an approximate dynamic programming approach to decrease the dimensionality of both the state space and control space. Simulation results show that coordinated charging control can reduce both the total charging cost and the aggregated power losses significantly, compared with the uncoordinated control where every vehicle starts charging as soon as it is plugged in. We also show that the charging control with bidirectional power flows outperforms remarkably the one with unidirectional flows.

Det finns en hel del forskning om högerpopulistiska partiers relation till massmedier, och hur den högerextrema rörelsen använder sociala medier. Hur högerpopulistiska partier använder material från medierna för att rama in sina politiska budskap är däremot mindre utforskat. Frågeställningarna för undersökningen var hur Sverigedemokraterna agerar som news aggregator på sin Facebook-sida i samband med riksdagsvalet 2014, och hur partiet ramar in det redaktionella material de länkar till. En kvalitativ undersökning med utgångspunkt i teorin om framing gjordes av samtliga officiella inlägg på Sverigedemokraternas Facebook-sida under perioden 140801 – 141031. Inläggen grupperades utifrån sex teman (mobilisering, Sverigedemokraterna mot etablissemanget, välfärd, ekonomi, invandring och hotet mot Sverige). De inläggen som innehöll länkar till redaktionellt material analyserades vad gäller syftet med nyhetsförmedlingen och inramningen av det länkande materialet. Analysen visar hur Sverigedemokraterna använder Facebook-sidan för att förmedla sin egen tolkning av händelser under valrörelsen. Det redaktionella materialet används för att ge SD legitimitet, hämta hem segrar och förstärka bilden av stödet för partiet. Två gestaltningar dominerar inramningen av de länkade artiklarna. Den ena är att SD som enda parti vågar tala klarspråk om den negativa utvecklingen i Sverige och därmed ger röst åt ”vanligt folk”. Den andra är att Sverige är hotat och att detta på olika sätt kan kopplas till invandringen. Detta ligger i linje med resultat från tidigare forskning.

Flera svenska storstadsregioner har börjat nå taket för nätkapacitet i elnäten, ett problem som även kallas kapacitetsbrist. Problemet med kapacitetsbrist grundar sig i de förändringar som sker för elproduktionen, med exempelvis en ökande grad av förnyelsebar, intermittent elproduktion, och förändringar i efterfrågan i och med samhällets ökande grad av elektrifiering. För att hantera och överkomma kapacitetsbrist har elnätsbolag traditionellt sett byggt ut elnätet för att därmed har möjlighet att leverera effekt under årets alla dagar, en metod som har långa ledtider och har höga investeringskostnader. Den accelererade problematiken kring kapacitetsbrist sätter ett förändringstryck på elsystemet och i synnerhet elnätsbolagen att hantera problemet. Ett alternativ till att hantera kapacitetsbrist är för elnätsbolag att upphandla flexibilitetstjänster. Det är en lösning som anses som resurseffektiv och samhällsekonomisk i förhållande till konventionell nätutbyggnad. Flexibilitet i elsystemet innebär aktörers medvetna förändring i elproduktion eller efterfrågan av effekt som avser att stabilisera elsystemet. Genom en flexibilitetsmarknad kan elnätsbolag ge aktörer incitament att erbjuda sin flexibilitet mot betalning och därmed hantera kapacitetsbrist när det behövs.  I det här examensarbetet har syftet varit att studera flexibilitetsmarknaders roll i att överkomma kapacitetsbrist i lokala elnät och vad konceptet innebär för möjligheter och utmaningar på aktörsnivå och övergripande marknadsnivå. Genom kvalitativa forskningsmetoder, semi-strukturerade intervjuer, litteratur- och dokumentstudier, har författarna kartlagt kunskapsläget om flexibilitetsmarknader och konceptets innebörd för enskilda aktörer. Examensarbetet presenterar även ett teoretiskt ramverk av ekonomisk teori som syftar till att ge större förståelse för marknadens etableringsprocess och vilka eventuella marknadsmisslyckanden som riskerar att ske. En förstudie har genomförts där två aktiva projekt, CoordiNet och Sthlmflex, av flexibilitetsmarknader i Sverige har studerats för att identifiera insikter om flexibilitetsmarknaders möjligheter och utmaningar. Vidare utfördes en semi-strukturerad intervjustudie med 15 olika företag i Göteborg, en region som ännu inte har en flexibilitetsmarknad, för att studera olika aktörers drivkrafter och hinder för att medverka på en flexibilitetsmarknad. Företagen var kategoriserade i fem olika segment; industrier, hamnindustrier, fastighetsbolag, elnätsbolag och aggregatorer. Resultatet från förstudien visar på att de existerande flexibilitetmarknaderna har varit viktiga för deltagande aktörer att lära sig förstå hur de bör arbeta med en flexibilitetsmarknad som en del av verksamheten. Det har visat sig existera ett antal utmaningar i projekten som exempelvis bristfällig kommunikation, avsaknad av automatiserade processer och låg likviditet på marknaderna. I intervjustudien kunde det urskiljas att de flesta industrier, hamnindustrier och fastighetsbolag har flexibilitetsresurser och potential för att medverka som leverantörer på en flexibilitetsmarknad. Hos samma segment identifierades dock hinder gällande bristen på teknisk utrustning för att kunna erbjuda flexibilitet och en osäkerhet kring ersättningsnivån som kan väntas från flexibilitetmarknaden för flexibilitetsleverantörer. Elnätsbolag ser flexibilitetsmarknader som ett bra alternativ till att hantera kapacitetsbrist och att potentialen är stor för framtiden. Aggregatorer tros ha en betydande roll på flexibilitetsmarknader och vara en möjliggörare för aktörer med mindre resurser och begränsad kunskap. Totalt var 12 av 15 tillfrågade företagen intresserade av att delta på en flexibilitets-marknad i Göteborg. Utifrån teori kan flexibilitetsmarknader ses som en innovativ marknad och att etableringsprocessen innebär olika marknadsstabiliserande aktioner. Flexibilitetsmarknader innebär även ett behov av innovativa affärsmodeller för marknadsaktörerna. Med hänsyn till hinder och utmaningar som identifierats hos flexibilitetsmarknaderna under examensarbetet existerar risker för eventuella marknadsmisslyckanden, orsakade av asymmetrisk information, transaktionskostnader, begränsad rationalitet och externaliteter.
Several Swedish metropolitan regions have begun facing issues regarding the capacity in the power grid, a problem that is also known as capacity shortage. The problem of capacity shortage is based on several changes within the power system, for example, an increasing degree of renewable, intermittent electricity production, and society's increasing degree of electrification. In order to manage capacity shortages, power grid companies have traditionally expanded the power grid to be able to deliver power during all hours of the year, a method that has long lead times and high investment costs. The accelerated problem of capacity shortages puts pressure for change in the power system, and in particular the power grid companies to deal with the problem. An alternative in managing capacity shortages is for power grid companies to purchase flexibility services. It is a solution that is referred to as a more sustainable, resource efficient and socio-economic in relation to conventional power grid expansion. Flexibility in the power system can be seen as changes in the electricity production or the demand for power that intends to stabilize the power system. In a flexibility market, power grid companies can give companies incentives to offer their flexibility against payment and thus handle capacity shortages when needed. The purpose of the thesis has been to study the role of flexibility markets in overcoming capacity shortages in local power grids, and the concept’s opportunities and challenges for different actors and from a market perspective. Through qualitative research methods, semi-structured interviews, literature- and document studies, the authors have mapped the state of knowledge about flexibility markets and the concept's meaning for the power system. The thesis also presents a theoretical framework of economic theory that aims to provide a greater understanding of the market's establishment process and what possible market failures that are likely to occur. A pre-study has been carried out where two projects, CoordiNet and Sthlmflex, of flexibility markets in Sweden have been studied to identify insights into the concept’s opportunities and challenges. Furthermore, a semi-structured interview study was conducted with 15 different companies in Gothenburg, a region that does not yet have a flexibility market, to study companies’ drivers and obstacles to participate in a flexibility market. The companies were categorized into five different segments: industries, port industries, real estate companies, power grid companies and aggregators. The results from the pre-study show that the existing flexibility markets have been important for participating players to understand how they should integrate a flexibility market as a part of their businesses. It has been shown that there are several challenges in the flexibility projects, such as inadequate communication, lack of automated processes and low liquidity on the markets. In the interview study, it could be discerned that most industries, port industries and real estate companies have flexibility resources and potential to participate as flexibility providers in a flexibility market. In the same segments, obstacles were identified regarding the lack of technical equipment to be able to offer flexibility and an uncertainty about the level of remuneration that can be expected from the flexibility market for flexibility providers. Power grid companies sees flexibility markets as a good alternative for managing capacity shortages and that the potential is great for the future. Aggregators are believed to play a significant role in flexibility markets and be an enabler for companies with smaller flexibility resources and limited knowledge. In total, 12 of the 15 companies surveyed were interested in participating in a flexibility market in Gothenburg. Based on theory, a flexibility market can be seen as an innovative market and that the establishment process involves various market stabilizing actions. Flexibility markets also imply a need for innovative business models for market participants. Regarding the obstacles and challenges identified in the flexibility markets during the thesis, there are risks of market failure caused by asymmetric information, high transaction costs, bounded rationality, and externalities.

In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed by almost 200 countries in order to define targets for future work within sustainability and to reduce further climate impact. Since then, the European Union has taken these targets in earnest and implemented purposeful legislation for all of its members. The Swedish government has introduced an even more ambitious climate policy framework in order to achieve as low national pollution levels as possible. By doing so, regional and local authorities have been forced to take action in order to meet the defined targets for 2030 and 2050. This implies that the Swedish transport sector is now facing a major challenge - to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases by at least 70 % as of the level of 2010. A common opinion is that electric vehicles may play an important role in this task. To establish electric drivelines within the transport sector has been a worldwide vision for decades and it seems to be one of the most promising options today. Sweco has together with AB Volvo, Volvo Cars AB, Göteborg Energi, ABB Ltd and Vattenfall AB financed the official project PussEL. Mainly, the purpose of this project was to estimate the potential of a full electrification of the transport sector in a medium size city by 2030. For this project, it was of particular interest to use Gothenburg, Sweden, as a case study. It has been most relevant to consider the electrification of road transport, including both private and public transport as well as goods distribution. The analysis has resulted in a message to residents, businesses and politicians, that an extensive electrification is doable. However, the results also indicate that the distribution grid will require a significant extension. It will definitely require serious effort and will rely on the implementation of smart and controllable vehicle charging. Nevertheless, this might be just what it takes to become one of the world leading countries in sustainable transports. Secondly, the purpose of this thesis is also to clarify the potential of the local parking company to act as an aggregator for charging and discharging of electric vehicles. By considering local driving patterns, parking profiles in car parks, as well as prerequisites of the electricity markets, it has been possible to identify the technical potential. It has been of interest to investigate services including both smart charging (V1G) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G), in order to support an extensive electrification. The estimation has been done using available software from MathWorks: MATLAB. Previous research states that battery degradation from V2G services varies according to the depth of discharge (DOD). Thus, it is desired to utilize services that require a small DOD in order to minimize the reduction of battery lifetime. Considering the economic potential, this thesis examines several available services as an aggregator. Due to the variable capacity in each car parkin combination with the requirements set by the electricity markets, some services have been excluded at an early stage of the analysis. Although, besides economic profitability, a key to success is to keep the concept user-friendly. It must be kept in mind that car owners most likely will prioritize the freedom of mobility rather than leasing their vehicles as mobile batteries. As the Swedish lawyer Thomas Thorild once said: To think freely is great, but to think rightly is greater.

Durch die Vielzahl von heterogenen Informationsquellen sehen sich viele Nutzer einer kaum überschaubaren Informationsflut gegenüber. Aus diesem Grund werden durch diese Arbeit die gängigen Nachrichtenformate analysiert und der aktuelle Stand der Technik im Bereich der Nachrichtenaggregatoren dargelegt. Dabei werden diese Analysen immer mit Blick auf die Möglichkeiten einer personalisierten Filterung der Inhalte durchgeführt. Anschließend wird eine im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entstandene Infrastruktur für die Aggregation, personalisierte Filterung und kollaborative Empfehlung von Inhalten aus heterogenen Nachrichtenquellen vorgestellt. Dabei wird detailiert auf die zu Grunde liegenden Konzepte eingegangen und deren praktische Umsetzung beschrieben.

This essay explores the early experiences of Bangladeshi blue-collar service workers in digitalising their livelihoods. It is a qualitative study that surveys and interviews service-providers in Dhaka who use the business aggregator platform Sheba.xyz, an online service marketplace, and seeks to understand what brought these self-employed micro-entrepreneurs, previously outside the digital economy, to adopt an ICT-enabled solution. The study is guided by Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory, one of the historically dominant paradigms in the field of communication for development (C4D). The overarching research question is, “Why did blue-collar service-providers in Dhaka adopt and use a digital business aggregator platform?” The aim is to explore what motivated/discouraged and enabled/hindered innovation adoption among a group of users previously marginalised from digital and financial inclusion. The findings suggest that adoption of Sheba.xyz among service-providers was not driven so much by a desire to digitalise one’s business per se, and as a means of mitigating a previous inability to do so. Rather, the factors that emerge from the qualitative data are other perceived relative advantages of the solution – of increase in customers, income, and opportunity. Survey respondents and interviewees also displayed strong affiliation with, and trust in, the platform provider; an alertness for fair treatment; and a drive to prosper, suggesting that they embraced a comprehensive concept and altered life situation where belonging, respect, and self-fulfilment matters, rather than narrowly adopted a new mobile application.

This master‘s thesis is focused on drafting a marketing strategy proposal and recommendation for Petit Press, a.s., which owns a discount aggregator Zľavy.sme.sk. The first part of the thesis describes the individual aims of the work. The second chapter focuses on the theoretical background of the work that is needed to better understand this issue. The third chapter is focused on the application of this knowledge in the analysis of the marketing mix and the environment in which the aggregator operates, and also describes the marketing research realized among customers of the aggregator. Based on the data and facts, the last chapter of the thesis presents specific proposals for adjusting and improving the marketing strategy of aggregator SME.

The European Union is currently driving forward the development of an energy model that is more reliant on renewable supply. Indeed, recent European Commission figures estimate a renewable penetration of 50% by 2030. As well as a shift towards renewables, our reliance on electricity is also set to dramatically increase in coming years, largely due to the inevitable electrification of vehicles and heating/cooling systems. Further to this, daily lives becoming less regimented and predictable is making energy use patterns more irregular. All of these factors are increasing the need for greater flexibility from our energy model so as to balance demand and supply. Improved flexibility and demand side management are crucial for the European Union so that it can meet its decarbonisation goals. Furthermore, taking into consideration the continued decommissioning of fossilbased power sources across the region, flexibility will need to take new forms. This is also growing demand for both companies and households to shift from being consumers to prosumers through the localised integration of renewable energy resources. A higher number of prosumers equates to higher flexibility and this could have significant impact of supporting grid stability. For prosumers to access flexibility markets, and in turn, support the decarbonisation of our energy system, there is need for a new player in the energy value chain – the aggregator. The aggregator should be the force that connects prosumers with transmission system operators, distribution system operators, and balance responsible parties (BRP). The role of aggregator can be done by pre-existent market stakeholders (e.g. suppliers). Both regulators and industry bodies agree that demand-side management and response will become of increasing importance as the energy system develops in coming years and aggregators will be fundamental for this transition. With Resolution 300/2017, Italy has defined the criteria to allow demand, “relevant production units” from non-programmable renewable sources, “non relevant units” (i.e. distributed generation), as well as accumulation systems to participate in the flexibility market. To date, 24 subjects have decided to take part as aggregators in the balancing market. If the interest of the main market operators in the aggregation of flexibility resources is evident, the need for an adjustment of the regulatory framework that, overcoming the barriers and obstacles currently existing, can encourage a greater participation is equally clear. Despite this, there remains to be much debate over how aggregation should best be implemented, and what regulatory framework needs to be put in place so that it can effectively support flexibility markets. Various aggregator implementation methods have already been proposed internationally. However, for a truly robust, integrated, and clear flexibility market, there is still need for more clarity on its roles and processes.

Growing environmental awareness has led to a large growth in renewable energy technologies in recent years. The share of energy generation from renewable sources will increase dramatically in the coming years: therefore, it becomes more and more important to find effective solutions to better manage the generated energy. For this reason, and also thanks to technological progress, the concept of Virtual Power Plant is brought to life: an aggregation of decentralized generation, storage and consumption units coordinated by a central control system. The purpose of Virtual Power Plant is to resell in electricity markets, exploiting the flexibility of the aggregate of plants. The aim of this work was to create an intelligent resource management system that can be integrated into a VPP environment. This involves an optimization on two levels. The first level deals with the local optimization of the distributed energy resources in the system. The second aggregates local results and performs further optimization based on price fluctuations in the energy market. Moreover, the model has been developed in order to be available as a web service and a dedicated application has been developed for ease of use.

This paper is about the exploration of how to design an aggregator foronline news that combines editorial credibility, a social media layer anda fluent interaction experience in order to provide overview andaccessibility.The aim of this thesis was to explore the design of the conventionalnewspaper in a digital format using the iPad as medium. Theconventional newspaper is in trouble – more and more readers aremoving to digital news – and we are struggling with which platform touse in the future, what content to fill it with and how this new mediachannel can be used. My ambition for this project was to explore, froma media production perspective, possible design solutions.In the design process two questions were mailed out to individuals toinvestigate important qualities and behaviours from the conventionalnewspaper. There were also situated studies with ten individuals intheir homes, including interviews and questionnaires, to get a deeperinsight into how they read the news and to identify their behaviour andrituals while using the IPad as device.The result of this project was an iPad application designed for thosewho are interested in following the news. There are two key functionsthat have been added to adjust the conventional newspaper to fit as anaggregator providing news online. The first one is editorialresponsibility for social media content and the second that it can beused twenty-four hours a day.In this thesis, I am proposing that the iPad can also be used in a socialcontext and as a device for social experience, besides being apersonal device. The design solution is an application which can beused for in depth-reading or in the periphery, adjustable according towhich situation the person is in.

Aim of the thesis is the analysis and design of parts Discount portal. Content of the work consists of two main parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part describes the analysis of Discount portal. Further work describes the behavior of discount portals and finally discusses the competitive discount aggregators and portals. The work is carried out detailed SWOT analysis portal, and also assessed the economic aspects and benefits of work. The practical part deals by itself parts Parts Discount website, its description and methodology of technology.

Due to its ubiquitous availability, Short Message Service (SMS), first introduced in the 1980s, became not only the most popular way of communication, but also stimulated the development of SMS-based value added services. This application-to-person traffic is delivered to end users through SMS aggregators who provide the link between service providers and mobile carriers. In order to perform optimal traffic routing, the aggregators need to estimate the quality of each potential international route to the specified destination. The evaluation criteria include end-to-end delivery time, as well as correct verification of delivered data. This thesis suggests a method of quality of service (QoS) assessment for international SMS service which combines two types of tests, end-to-end delay measurements and various verification tests. A prototype of the testing system for international SMS service was developed to generate SMS traffic, collect and analyze results, and evaluate the experienced QoS of the SMS route used in accordance with the proposed approach. As a part of end-to- end delay measurement tests, SMS traffic was sent to Singtel network in Singapore along two routes. The verification tests were executed via different routes to two mobile networks: Singtel and Tele2 (Sweden). The results of the performed measurements determined the route with the highest QoS, i.e. the one with bigger bottleneck bandwidth and lower data loss rate. The prototype of the SMS testing system can be used by SMS aggregators to verify delivery of a SMS message, check the integrity of the message, figure out interconnection type of the route supplier with the destination carrier and to identify the presence of load balancers in the path. The prototype also makes it possible to compare end-to-end delay times of several routes and compute bottleneck values for each of the tested routes.

Photographs, documents and other types of digitised data from the cultural heritage are collected in central databases to be made available to the public. These databases are known as aggregators. The aggregated data often have different purpose and formats, since they are created to suit the purpose of an individual institution. Metadata is data describing other data and is used to streamline the search through the different stored object within the aggregators.If all the stored metadata uses the same decided standard the search among the objects is quick and efficient. It is a common problem within aggregators that the stored metadata is of a lacking quality. When the quality of the metadata is lacking the search among the objects within the aggregator is slow, difficult and timeconsuming. The search may even give faulty results. In some cases data can go lost within large collections of data if the metadata is incorrect or missing. The knowledge about digitalisation and the resources to perform it, are often lacking in eg. a museum. This can sometimes lead to errors in the metadata. In 2019 a modell within machinelearning was developed during a project with the purpose to identify errors in the metadata of the swedish cultural heritage board’s aggregator K-samsök. In this study the modells ability to identify errors been evaluated. This evaluation was used to answer the following question: How can good quality of metadata be maintained whithin a organisation with support from a modell whithin machinelearning? This research contributes to the academy by informing the academy that there is still a problem that the quality of metadata in aggregators is of lacking quality. The research also provides suggestions for solutions to the problem, which in turn can give rise to further research. These solution suggestions are also of value to the Swedish National Heritage Board, as the study has been conducted with a focus on their aggregator K-samsök. The machine learning models can also be further developed and implemented by the Swedish National Heritage Board, which means that the models can provide value in the form of a basis to start from when improving the quality of the metadata stored in K-samsök

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine households attitudes and commitment to demand side flexibility as well as the various actors perceptions of the division of responsibilities in the electricity market and the information available to households. Research questions:                   – What are the main factors for private electricity customers to be able to contribute with demand side flexibility to the electricity system? – What challenges and opportunities can be identified with increased demand side flexibility? Method: The study was based on an abductive approach, where the collection of primary data is of a quantitative and qualitative nature. The qualitative part was collected through 9 semi-structured interviews with actors linked to the electricity market. Collection of quantitative data was done through a survey aimed at households with a total of 110 respondents. The results of the data collection have been analyzed thematically together with the theoretical framework. Conclusions: The main factors for increased demand flexibility are, firstly, a clear division of responsibilities between authorities, households and other players in the electricity market. Secondly, well-developed information channels are required that can be made possible through new technology. Finally, an electricity market is required that allows new actors such as an aggregator. The challenges include engaging households, currently low profitability for demand side flexibility and a set of regulations and tariffs that are lagging behind in development. The opportunities are future changes in the electricity price that speak in favor of increased profitability for demand side flexibility and a change to more dynamic and flexible electricity network tariffs.

Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 29, 2009). Advisor: Max Grubb. Keywords: African news; news flow; framing; journalism; mass communication; agenda setting; gatekeeping. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-104).

The Nordic synchronous grid is facing a number of challenges. The ongoingphaseout of synchronous generation coupled with increased penetration ofintermittent renewable generation is leading to reduced system inertia. Additionally,the electrification of sectors of the economy such as transport willresult in the addition of significant new electrical loads. All these factors arecontributing to increased complexities in maintaining the power balance. Assuch, it is imperative that every resource potentially capable of providing flexibility,on both sides of the balancing equation, must be closely examined.The electrification of private transport is a technology of growing interestthat can provide flexibility to the power system if adequately utilized. Electricvehicles (EV) can be considered as temporary energy storages with availability,energy and capacity constraints. If aggregated in sufficient numbers orcombined with other assets they can fulfill the minimum bid size of specificmarkets. Numerous previous references have studied the potential in aggregatingthe increasingly important EV charging load. However, they are basedon synthetic driving behavior and vehicle characteristics and commonly investigateonly energy arbitrage. Furthermore, no studies have examined an EVaggregator entering Nordic energy and primary reserve markets to the authors’best knowledge.In this study, we use first hand data of a real EV fleet of 806 Tesla vehiclesand their historical driving patterns to develop a two-stage stochastic optimizationproblem. Based on a scenario selection method, this research provides anoptimal risk-averse bidding strategy for an aggregator of EVs that places bidsin both the day ahead energy and primary reserve markets in the Nordicsthrough the use of GAMS/Matlab software. Only uni-directional charging isexamined, while we consider two sources of uncertainty from prices and vehicleutilization and model a risk averse aggregator that aims to maximize its profits.A case study is carried out modelling individual vehicles and their real worldcharacteristics and driving behavior in the price areas NO5 & SE3 in Norway& Sweden across a 24hr weekday period for winter and summer. Results showstrong alignment of EV availability and periods of high primary reserve marketprices, with consumption being shifted largely towards early hours of the morning.In Norway, 342 NOK can be expected as revenue from combined energyarbitrage and FCR-N per vehicle per year, while in Sweden the value is 1470SEK. When compared to a reference “cost of charging case”, up to 50% of thecost of charging can be covered in Norway, while the entire cost is essentiallymet in Sweden; resulting in the value proposition of “free charging” to the enduser.
Det nordiska synkroniserade elnätet står inför ett antal utmaningar. Utbytetav synkron generation i kombination med ökad penetration av intermittentförnybar generation leder till minskad svängmassa i systemet. Dessutom kommerelektrifiering av flera sektorer av ekonomin som transport resultera i enökad belastning av systemet. Alla dessa faktorer bidrar till ökad komplexitetatt upprätthålla kraftbalansen. Som sådan är det nödvändigt att varje resurssom potentiellt är kapabel att tillhandahålla flexibilitet, på båda sidor av balanseringsekvationen,måste undersökas noggrant.Elektrifiering av privat transport är en teknik av växande intresse somkan ge flexibilitet till elsystemet om det används tillfredsställande. Elektriskafordon (EV) kan betraktas som tillfälliga energilager. Om de aggregeras i tillräckligaantal eller i kombination med andra tillgångar kan de uppfylla minstabudstorlek för specifika marknader. Tidigare studier har studerat potentialenför att aggregera den allt viktigare EV laddningsbelastningen. De är dockbaserade på syntetiskt körbeteende och fordonsegenskaper och undersöker vanligtvisbara energiabitrage. Å andra sidan har inga undersökningar granskat enEV-aggregat som en del på den nordiska spotmarknaden och primärregleringentill författarens bästa kunskaper.I den här studien använder vi förstahandsuppgifter av en verklig EV-flottamed 806 Tesla-fordon och deras historiska körmönster för att utveckla ett stegastisktoptimeringsproblem i två steg. Baserat på en scenariosvalsmetod gerdenna forskning en optimal riskavvikande budstrategi för ett aggregat av EVsom placerar bud på både den dagliga spotmarknaden och primära reservmarknadeni Norden genom användningen av GAMS / Matlab. Endast enriktadladdning undersöks, medan vi betraktar två källor till osäkerhet från priseroch fordonsutnyttjande och modellerar en riskavvikande aggregator som syftartill att maximera vinsten. En fallstudie genomfördes modellering enskildafordon och deras verkliga världskaraktäristika och körbeteende i prisområdenaNO5 & SE3 i Norge & Sverige under en 24-timmars veckodag under vinter ochsommar. Resultatet visar starkt anpassning av EV-tillgängligheten och periodermed höga primära reservmarknadspriser, där konsumtionen förskjuts i storutsträckning mot tidigt på morgonen. I Norge kan 342 kronor förväntas somintäkter från energi arebitrage + FCR-N per fordon per år, medan i Sverigevärdet är 1470 SEK. Jämfört med en referens kostnad för laddning kan upp till50% av laddningskostnaden täckas i Norge, medan hela kostnaden i huvudsakmöts i Sverige.

In this study, an examination regarding what benefits an aggregatedpopulation of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) could result incompared to when the individual units in the population are being usedseparately has been executed. The increased flexibility and reducedsafety margins as results of the aggregation was also examined. Thestudy was executed on behalf of the smart energy service companyCheckWatt AB and the study furthermore rests upon results of earlierperformed master theses on behalf of the company. By investigating previous work and studies through a literature study,the enabling of anumerical study was done. The numerical study wasbased on a simple model of a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) where severalBESSs are smartly controlled in order to be used for both local peakshaving and as common providers of the frequency reserve FrequencyContainment Reserve - Normal (FCR-N). The study involved the formation of a numerical model which simulated cases of both aggregated and non-aggregated populations of up to 45 load profile units, this in order for advantages and differences to be distinguished. The data used inthe simulations was received mainly from the CheckWatt AB andconsisted of photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and load data of 45 customers of the company. A sensibility analysis of the numericalstudy was also performed, which showed that the studied model andsystem were quite stable. The results of the simulations of the case of the study proved thatthere are some advantages connected to aggregation of several BESSs,and that the aggregation enabled an added value and a higher level offlexibility within the system. The safety margins connected todelivery of FCR-N could be reduced when aggregating several BESS,while a more extensive study is requested regarding safety marginsconnected to peak shaving. The study’s results further showed that anaggregator can be used as a sustainable and flexible solution forbalancing the electrical grid in the transition to a sustainableenergy system allowing a higher penetration of intermittentenergy sources.

In this work we report a new mechanism for ageing, where passive aggregation and stochastic segregation of protein aggregates can switch cells from a non-ageing to an ageing state. This switch is activated by the increase in the total amount of protein aggregates. We established a damage reporter system by labeling Hsp104, a chaperone which binds protein aggregates, with GFP. By observing that the accumulation of Hsp104 labeled aggregates correlated with the majority of cell death in the population, and that cells which are born with a high level of aggregates are more likely to die, we validated protein aggregation as being an ageing factor in S. pombe. To identify the mechanism of damage segregation, we monitored nucleation, fusion and partition of aggregates at division. We established that aggregates are present in the cytoplasm fraction which is not occupied by vacuoles and lipid vesicles, and that they are not actively transported by the cytoskeleton. Protein aggregates were not distributed in a biased manner at division. Their position in the cytoplasm dictates to which cell they will be partitioned at division, as confirmed by studies using an asymmetrically dividing mutant, pom1Δ, in which the larger cells inherited more aggregates. This shows that aggregate segregation in S.pombe is a stochastic process. Stochastic distribution contributes to a constant dilution of damage and the maintenance of a non-ageing division, where the total levels of damage in the individuals are on average maintained constant. Together with Steven Lade and Thilo Gross, from the MPI-PKS, we designed a model in which passive aggregation and stochastic segregation reproduced our experimental results. Surprisingly, when cells are exposed to heat stress and the total levels of protein aggregates increase, aggregates are unequally segregated, i.e., ageing is turned on. The switch in segregation results from increased fusion due to a higher number of aggregates, which generates large single aggregates, which are retained by one of the cells at division. Our model reproduced the heat stress condition, showing that fusion is an essential parameter to generate clean cells quickly after the levels of damage increase. Fission yeast cells can therefore switch between non-ageing and ageing like division depending on the total amount of damage at birth. To clarify if other cellular components could be ageing factors in S. pombe, we tested if the inheritance of the old cell wall at the cell pole was associated with an increase in division time, similarly to what occurs in E. coli. We also tested if the inheritance of the new centrosome-analog, the SPB, which is segregated to the ageing mother cell in S. cerevisiae, resulted in an increase in division time. We did not find evidence for ageing associated with these structures. Finally we determined that the feature of slow division was not a transmissible trait, i.e., daughters of slow diving cells divided faster than their mothers. Another ageing hallmark, the cumulative increase in division time with the total number of divisions before death, was not present in S.pombe. Our combined results from damage segregation and pedigree analysis show that stochastic segregation of damage is a viable strategy to avoid ageing. Passive aggregation in the presence of a high number of aggregates can switch on ageing, representing an alternative to active segregation mechanisms and to the existence of pre-defined ageing lineages, as shown for other organisms. Finally, our results show that ageing is not ubiquous to life, and that it can be a facultative strategy to cope with stress.

Master of Science
Department of Civil Engineering
Kyle Riding
Concrete is most widely used material in construction industry, which is made up of cement, water and aggregates as its major ingredients. Aggregates contribute to 60 to 75 % of the total volume of concrete. The aggregates play a key role in the concrete durability. The U.S Midwest has many aggregates that can show distress in the field under freezing and thawing conditions. The objective of this research was to determine if the Test Method for the Resistance of Unconfined Coarse Aggregate to Freezing and Thawing, method CSA A23.2-24A, could be used to differentiate good from poor performing aggregates in concrete. In this study fifty one KDOT aggregates (including twelve ledge and thirty nine production samples) were tested for freeze thaw resistance using CSA A23.2-24A test method and were compared to the results of the standard KDOT aggregate qualification tests. In addition to performing the CSA test method using a 3% sodium chloride solution, a subset of the aggregates were tested using either a 3% magnesium chloride or calcium chloride solution to determine the effects of the salt type on the aggregate performance. No correlation was found between the CSA A23.2-24A test method results and the standard KDOT aggregate qualification tests. The results also indicated that the mass loss in the CSA A23.2-24A was similar for the aggregate sizes tested. The use of alternate salt solutions like MgCl2 and CaCl2 resulted in increased freeze thaw mass loss in limestone aggregates.

Bereits vor zehn Jahren gab es den ersten großen E-Book-Boom. Während damals noch digitale Buchinhalte für spezielle Lesegeräte im Mittelpunkt der Diskussion standen, dominieren inzwischen webbasierte Angebote den stetig wachsenden Markt. Für Bibliotheken eröffnen sich durch diese E-Books der nächsten Generation völlig neue Möglichkeiten in der Informationsversorgung ihrer Benutzer. Sowohl der globale Wissensaustausch, als auch der Zugriff auf Fachinformationen können mit ihrer Hilfe beschleunigt werden. Dies spielt insbesondere für Spezialbibliotheken, wie die der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, eine große Rolle. Denn gerade von ihnen wird erwartet, dass sie die Mitarbeiter ihrer Institute stets mit den aktuellsten Fachinformationen versorgen. Aufgrund der Vielzahl an Lizenzierungs- und Angebotsformen auf dem E-Book-Markt ist hier ein Anbietervergleich unerlässlich. Dieser erfolgt im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit für die Bibliotheken der Max-Planck- Gesellschaft. Hierfür werden zunächst die aktuelle E-Book-Marktsituation und die Strukturen der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft beschrieben. Anschließend untersucht die Verfasserin die bisherigen Entwicklungen in der zentralen und lokalen E-Book-Erwerbung der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Zu diesem Zweck werden u.a. eine Befragung unter den Institutsbibliothekaren und mehrere Experteninterviews durchgeführt. Auf diese Weise können geeignete E-Book-Anbieter für die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft ermittelt und Kriterien gefunden werden, um diese schließlich miteinander vergleichen zu können. Im Ergebnis des Vergleichs gibt die Verfasserin Empfehlungen für die weitere E-Book-Erwerbung in der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft ab.

This research demonstrates that rubber particle size affects concrete workability and water permeability to a greater extent than fresh density and strength. Concrete with rubber particles of larger size tends to have a higher workability and fresh density than that with smaller particle sizes. However, rubber aggregates with smaller or continuously graded particle sizes are shown to have higher strengths and water permeability resistance. Influence of recycled aggregate and rubber aggregate as part substitutions for natural aggregates on concrete compressive strength was investigated and four equations were proposed to predict compressive strength of the designed concrete. Besides, it is experimentally shown that silane coupling agent (SCA) has a positive effect on reducing the loss of strength of rubber concrete, especially when concrete is weak. This effect becomes more significant with the increase of mass fraction of SCA solution. Experiment results also show a better performance of concrete with SCA-treated rubber than with as-received or sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH)-treated rubber. A brief cost analysis suggests that this approach of surface modification is economically viable. Referring to a provided fatigue load spectrum and fatigue failure mechanism, this method is potentially to be used for rubber concrete in high-cycle fatigue condition.

Aggregators targeting smaller customers, and their possibility to alleviate grid congestions through local flexibility markets, is a new concept in Sweden. The study’s purpose consisted of four main objectives. Investigate SthlmFlex and compare it to two other European flexibility markets. Explore the institutional, technical, financial and social considerations of an aggregator in Sweden. Identify barriers for the aggregators considerations as well as market barriers for SthlmFlex. Lastly, estimate the potential of aggregated demand side flexibility from heat pumps and electric vehicles in single-family houses to alleviate grid congestions in Stockholm 2021-2030. The study mainly followed an exploratory research approach where literature review was combined with interviews. A quantitative approach was applied for the estimation of the potential. SthlmFlex is an open market that offers trade of flexibility services as well as temporary subscriptions that allows Ellevio and Vattenfall to manage grid congestions through different solutions. The most noticeable difference in the comparison of markets was that SthlmFlex did not offer an integrated rebalancing mechanism. New Swedish regulations that will enable independent aggregation will be enforced in the beginning of 2022 and will facilitate the operation and acquisition of customers for aggregators. The aggregator requires a technical setup of both hardware and software to gain control of the technology and active the flexibility service. The business model is centred on sales of the technical system, which enables implicit and explicit services. Explicit services constitute a small part of the total revenue stream which is due to the low prices offered on flexibility markets. The aggregator has to consider the customers’ view on demand side flexibility and their competence within the electricity system. The study concluded that there is enough demand side flexibility potential in single-family houses to alleviate grid congestions in Stockholm from 2021-2030. However, several barriers were identified that limits the realization of this potential and the development of aggregators in Sweden. These include barriers related to balance responsibility, measurements and low revenue streams. Barriers in terms of market design and market approach were also identified specifically for SthlmFlex.
Aggregatorer som riktar sig mot mindre kunder, samt deras möjligheter att bidra till att minska flaskhalsarna i elnätet, är ett nytt koncept i Sverige. Studiens syfte bestod av fyra huvudmål. Utforska SthlmFlex och jämföra den med två andra europeiska flexibilitetsmarknader. Undersöka de institutionella, tekniska, finansiella och sociala övervägandena för en aggregator i Sverige. Identifiera barriärer för aggregatorns överväganden samt marknadsbarriärer för SthlmFlex. Slutligen, uppskatta potentialen av aggregerad efterfrågeflexibilitet från värmepumpar och elbilar i småhus för att underlätta flaskhalsar i elnätet i Stockholm från 2021–2030. Studien följde en utforskande ansats där litteraturstudier kombinerades med intervjuer. En kvantitativ metod användes för att uppskatta potentialen.SthlmFlex är en öppen marknad som erbjuder handel av flexibilitetstjänster samt tillfälliga abonnemang som tillåter Ellevio och Vattenfall hantera flaskhalsar i elnätet genom olika lösningar. Den mest noterbara skillnaden i jämförelsen av marknader var att SthlmFlex inte erbjöd en integrerad åter balanserande mekanism. Nya svenska regler som möjliggör oberoende aggregering träder i kraft i början av 2022 och kommer underlätta driften och införskaffning av kunder för aggregatorn. Aggregatorn kräver en teknisk struktur som med både hårdvara och mjukvara för att få kontroll av teknologin och aktivera flexibilitetstjänster. Affärsmodellen kretsar kring försäljning av det tekniska systemet som möjliggör tjänster som implicit, explicit och övriga. Explicita tjänster utgör en väldigt liten del av den totala intäktsmodellen, bland annat på grund av de låga priserna som erbjuds på flexibilitetsmarknader. Aggregatorn måste ta hänsyn till kundernas inställning till efterfrågeflexibilitet samt deras kompetens inom elsystemet. Studiens slutsats visar att den potentiella efterfrågeflexibiliteten hos småhus är tillräcklig för att underlätta flaskhalsar i elsystemet i Stockholm från 2021–2030. Flera barriärer identifierades som begränsar realisationen av denna potential och utvecklingen av aggregatorer i Sverige. Dessa inkluderade barriärer relaterade till balansansvar, mätning och låga inkomstströmmar. Barriärer i form av marknadsdesign och syfte med marknad identifierades även för SthlmFlex.

In their natural environments microorganisms exist predominantly in aggregates and biofilms. The ability of bacteria to form aggregates is associated with the biosynthesis of polymers such as polysaccharides. In this study the physical mechanisms underlying bacterial aggregation by extracellular polysaccharides are investigated by utilising the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. S. meliloti biosynthesises an extracellular polysaccharide called succinoglycan, which is well characterised in terms of its structure and biosynthesis. A range of previously constructed succinoglycan biosynthesis mutants were screened for altered aggregation. An S. meliloti exoS mutant (a gain of function mutation that results in a constitutively active two component regulator called ExoS) overproduces succinoglycan and has enhanced aggregation compared to the parent strain, Rm1021. The aggregates settle to the bottom of the culture vessel resulting in loss of turbidity of the cultures and phase separation. Microscopic observation showed that succinoglycan did not appear to be attached to the aggregates, which formed ordered structures of laterally aligned cells. By addition of purified succinoglycan it was found that the critical concentration of polymer required to induce aggregation and phase separation of the cultures decreased with increasing cell concentration. These observations suggest that aggregation of S. meliloti cultures in the presence of succinoglycan is driven by macromolecular crowding, otherwise known as depletion attraction. Depletion attraction can drive the ordered arrangement and aggregation of colloidal particles in the presence of polymers. Aggregation of the particles increases the volume available to the polymers, maximising their entropy and the entropy of the system. Addition of succinoglycan to stationary phase Escherichia coli cultures and polystyrene colloids also resulted in aggregation consistent with depletion attraction. Furthermore alternative polymers such as the bacterial extracellular polysaccharide xanthan produced by Xanthomonas campestris can result in aggregation of bacteria by depletion attraction. Depletion attraction may therefore be a ubiquitous force driving aggregation of crowded dispersions of bacteria and polymers. The second part of the thesis focuses on how depletion driven aggregation can lead to surface-associated biofilm formation. Imaging of the sediment formed by the exoS mutant showed that the structure formed at the base of the culture vessel leads to development of an ordered structure composed of interlinked aggregates. The role of succinoglycan in surface attachment is complex and varies with culture conditions. Depletion attraction may facilitate interaction with a surface but alternative factors may then play a role in anchoring the cells to the surface. Under certain conditions the cells may produce factors which allow binding of the cells to a surface independently of succinoglycan. This study has demonstrated for the first time that an extracellular polysaccharide produced by bacteria can result in aggregation via depletion attraction which may be an under explored mechanism by which aggregation of bacteria can occur.

En el contexto actual, donde el calentamiento climático es cada vez más importante, existe la necesidad de limitar el consumo de combustibles fósiles. De esta manera, el transporte es uno de los sectores en los que más se están generando cambios en cuanto a la sostenibilidad. El vehículo eléctrico aparece como una solución para este cambio paulatino ya que no contamina localmente y su balance energético es muy eficiente. Así, se han propuesto diferentes programas para el crecimiento del vehículo eléctrico en el parque automotor. Sin embargo, el cambio de vehículos de gasolina por vehículos eléctricos genera desafíos en varios aspectos, como el impacto que ocasiona en la red eléctrica una implantación masiva: caídas de tensión, pérdidas de potencia, problemas con la calidad de la electricidad, inversiones importantes, etc. Se han planteado algunas soluciones en la parte operativa, pero muchas de ellas no han tomado en cuenta la flexibilidad de los usuarios, lo cual es muy importante para la adopción de vehículos eléctricos. De igual manera, en muchas ocasiones, en la literatura se asumen valores para ciertas variables (estado de carga, recorrido, tipo de batería, etc) que pueden cambiar según el comportamiento de cada usuario, lo que modificaría las previsiones realizadas. Finalmente, pocos trabajos han estudiado el impacto de lo vehículos eléctricos en redes eléctricas cuya gestión energética es más complicada debido a su aislamiento de una macrored y con alta penetración de energías renovables, como lo son las microredes. En este marco, esta tesis propone un enfoque novedoso en cuanto a la participación de los usuarios de vehículos eléctricos en la operación y planificación de diferentes sistemas eléctricos de potencia. Esta trata de algunos aspectos principales: disminución de costos de carga, participación en servicios de regulación, aprovechamiento de energía renovable, así como la planificación de generación de una microred incorporando vehículos eléctricos. En una primera parte, se presenta un análisis del vehículo eléctrico y su interacción en sistemas de potencia. De igual manera, se presentan los trabajos de investigación relacionados sobre la temática. En base al análisis de dichos trabajos, esta tesis propone una nueva metodología para optimizar la carga de los vehículos eléctricos. Se propone la participación de un nuevo agente del mercado eléctrico, el Agregador de vehículos eléctricos. Tendrá que gestionar la carga de dichos vehículos en una importante zona, coordinar con el operador de la red para evitar fallos y minimizar los costos de carga. De igual manera, se considera la diferente flexibilidad de los usuarios ya qu podrán escoger una tarifa que se adapte a su disponibilidad en espera y pagar el precio por aquello. La metodología ha sido aplicada a un caso de estudio a la red de Quito, Ecuador. Se propone también la participación en servicios de regulación, necesitando esta vez de usuarios que sean más flexibles al dejar su vehículo conectado a la red. Se considera las tarifas de la parte anterior para realizar dicho estudio. De igual manera, se aplicó al caso de estudio de la red de Quito, Ecuador. Con el crecimiento de las energías renovables, como solar y eólica, la gestión de la electricidad se vuelve más compleja. Con vistas a utilizar el exceso de energía renovable, se propone una tarifa de electricidad que permita al agregador de cargar los diferentes vehículos, tomando en cuenta precios bajos en periodos en donde la energía renovable esté en exceso. Finalmente, se plantea a planificación de generación de una microred que incluya la introducción masiva de vehículos eléctricos. Se aplicó al caso de las islas de Santa Cruz y Baltra, Galápagos, Ecuador, estudiando el impacto en los costos y en el medio ambiente de nueva generación y considerando la variación del precio del diésel debido a su incertidumbre.
In the current context, where global warming is growing progressively, it is fundamental to limit fossil fuels consumption. Hence, transportation is one of the sectors in which several changes are occurring considering the sustainability. The Electric Vehicle appears as a new solution for this gradual change; it does not pollute locally and its energy's balance is very efficient. So, different programs have been proposed for the growth of electric vehicles in the automotive market. Nevertheless, the change from internal combustion vehicles to electric vehicles generates challenges in several aspects, such as the impact in the electric grid of a massive introduction of electric vehicles: voltage drops, power losses, quality of electricity issues, important investments, among others. Several solutions in operation have been formulated, but most of them do not consider the flexibility of users, which is a significant criterion for the electric vehicle acquisition. Moreover, in several works of the literature, many variables are assumed (stateof- charge, routes, type of battery, etc), which can vary significantly depending on the user, so also the results. Finally, few works have studied the impact of electric vehicles in very complex power systems, as the ones that are isolated from a macrogrid and because of significant penetration of renewable energy sources, such as microgrids. In this context, this thesis proposes a novel approach to the participation of the electric vehicle users in operation and planning of different electric power systems. This thesis is intended to cover various topics: charging costs decrease, regulation services participation, use of an excess of renewable energy, and the power generation planning of a microgrid considering the introduction of electric vehicles. In a first part, an analysis of the electric vehicle and its interaction with power systems is presented. Additionally, the principal works on the topic are summarized. Based on the analysis of these works, this thesis proposes a new methodology for optimizing the charge of electric vehicles. The participation of a new agent of the electricity market, the electric vehicle aggregator, is proposed. It has the ability to manage the charge of the electric vehicles in a zone with significant size, to coordinate with the grid operator in order to avoid troubles and to minimize charging costs. Furthermore, the different flexibility of electric vehicle users is considered because they will choose an EV customer choice product (CCP) that is adapted to their waiting needs and to the cost they can pay. The methodology has been applied to a case study in the grid of Quito, Ecuador. The participation in regulation services has been also considered to discuss this participation in Ancillary services. The CCPs from the part before are considered for performing such study but assuming more involvement from the electric vehicle users. The case study of Quito, Ecuador, was also studied. With the growth of renewable energies, such as solar and wind, the electricity management becomes more complicated. In order to use the excess of renewable energy, an EV charging mechanism for the aggregator is proposed, based on low prices when the renewable energy is in excess. Finally, a power generation planning for a microgrid is proposed, considering the massive introduction of electric vehicles. The case of the Santa Cruz and Baltra islands, Galapagos, Ecuador are studied to determine its costs and environmental impacts, based on diesel costs sensitivity studies to account for its uncertainty.
En el context actual, on l'escalfament climàtic és cada vegada més important, hi ha la necessitat de limitar el consum de combustibles fòssils. El transport és un dels sectors en els quals més s'estan generant canvis pel que fa a la sostenibilitat. El vehicle elèctric apareix com una solució per a aquest canvi gradual ja que no contamina localment i el seu balanç energètic és molt eficient. Així, s'han proposat diferents programes per al creixement del vehicle elèctric al parc automotor. No obstant això, el canvi de vehicles de gasolina per vehicles elèctrics generen desafiaments en diversos aspectes, com son l'impacte que ocasiona a la xarxa elèctrica una implantació massiva: caigudes de tensió, pèrdues de potència, problemes amb la qualitat de l'electricitat, inversions importants, disminució de la vida útil dels transformadors, etc. S'han plantejat algunes solucions a la part operativa, però moltes d'elles no han tingut en compte la flexibilitat dels usuaris, la qual cosa és molt important per a l'adopció de vehicles elèctrics. De la mateixa manera, en moltes ocasions, en la literatura s'assumeixen valors per certes variables (estat de càrrega, recorregut, tipus de bateria, etc.) que poden canviar segons el comportament de cada usuari, el que modificaria les previsions realitzades. Finalment indicar que pocs treballs han estudiat l'impacte del que vehicles elèctrics en xarxes elèctriques on la gestió energètica és més complicada a causa del seu aïllament d'una macroxarxa i amb alta penetració d'energies renovables, com ho són les microxarxes. En aquest marc, aquesta tesi proposa un enfocament nou pel que fa a la participació dels usuaris de vehicles elèctrics en l'operació i planificació de diferents sistemes elèctrics de potència. Aquesta tracta alguns aspectes principals: disminució de costos de càrrega, participació en serveis de regulació, aprofitament d'energia renovable, així com la planificació de generació d'una microxarxa incorporant vehicles elèctrics. En una primera part, es presenta una anàlisi del vehicle elèctric i la seva interacció en sistemes de potència. De la mateixa manera, es presenten els treballs de recerca relacionats sobre la temàtica. En base a l'anàlisi d'aquests treballs, aquesta tesi proposa una nova metodologia per optimitzar la càrrega dels vehicles elèctrics. Es proposa la participació d'un nou agent del mercat elèctric, el Agregador de vehicles elèctrics. Haurà de gestionar la càrrega d'aquests vehicles en una important zona, coordinar amb l'operador de la xarxa per evitar fallades i minimitzar els costos de càrrega. De la mateixa manera es considera la diferent flexibilitat dels usuaris ja que podran escollir una tarifa que s'adapti a la seva disponibilitat en espera i pagar el preu per allò. La metodologia ha estat aplicat a un cas d'estudi a la xarxa de Quito, Equador. Es proposa també la participació en serveis de regulació, necessitant aquest cop d'usuaris que siguin més flexibles en deixar el seu vehicle connectat a la xarxa. Es consideren les tarifes de la part anterior per a realitzar dit estudi. De la mateixa manera, es va aplicar al cas d'estudi de la xarxa de Quito, Equador. Amb el creixement de les energies renovables, com solar i eòlica, la gestió de l'electricitat es torna més complexa. Amb vista a utilitzar l'excés d'energia renovable, es proposa un tarifa d'electricitat que permeti a l'agregador de carregar els diferents vehicles, especialment en períodes on l'energia renovable estigui en excés. Finalment, es planteja la planificació de generació d'una microxarxa que inclogui la introducció massiva de vehicles elèctrics. En concret, es va aplicar al cas de la illes de Santa Cruz i Baltra, Galápagos, Equador, estudiant l'impacte de la nova generació en els costos i en el medi ambient i considerant la variació del preu del dièsel, causa de la seva incertesa.
Clairand Gómez, JM. (2018). New strategies for the massive introduction of electric vehicles in the operation and planning of Smart Power Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/110971
TESIS

This dissertation examines how people aggregate quantitative advices to reach their own estimates. Each chapter explores a different situation that could affect how advices are evaluated, and consequentially how advices will be combined. The first chapter demonstrates that people measure advices' extremity degrees by anhoring upon the advice set's median. It also shows that, unlike multiplicative scaling, additive scaling of advices affects how outliers are perceived. The second chapter deals with advices that are obtained serially. The results reveals that whether people execute the aggregation sequentially or only once at the end of the series affects how an outlier in the series is detected and combined. The third chapter studies how people revise their own estimates with advices of others, and finds that people revise more if they appear a dissensus. Consequentially having multiple advices can attenuate of the effect of egocentricity and improve accuracy of revisions compared to having only a single advice
Aquesta tesi estudia com les persones agreguen consells quantitatius per arribar a les seves pròpies estimacions. Cada capítol explora una situació diferent que podria afectar com s'avaluen els consells, i en conseqüència com es combinen aquests consells. El primer capítol demostra que les persones mesuren els graus extrems dels consells per ancoratge a la mediana del conjunt de consells. També es mostra que, en comptes d’una escala multiplicadora,l’ escala additiva dels consells afecta a com es perceben els valors atípics. El segon capítol tracta de consells que s'obtenen en sèrie. Els resultats revelen que si les persones executen l'agregació seqüencialment o només una vegada al final de la sèrie, afecta a com es detecten i es combinen els valors atípics en la sèrie. El tercer capítol estudia com les persones revisen les seves estimacions a partir consells dels altres, i es troba que les persones revisen més si es troben en un dissens. Conseqüentment, tenir consells múltiples pot atenuar l'efecte d'egocentrisme i millorar la precisió de les revisions si es compara en tenir només un únic consell.