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Journal articles on the topic 'Aging in chlorinated water'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 31 May 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Fischer, Joerg, Reinhold Lang, Patrick Bradler, Paul Freudenthaler, Wolfgang Buchberger, and Susan Mantell. "Global and Local Aging in Differently Stabilized Polypropylenes Exposed to Hot Chlorinated Water with and without Superimposed Mechanical-Environmental Loads." Polymers 11, no. 7 (2019): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071165.

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The influence of chlorinated water on the global and local aging behavior of polypropylene (PP) was investigated for three differently stabilized PP grades consisting of the same PP base polymer. While one of the PP grades contained only a processing stabilizer (PP-S0), the other two were modified with a primary phenolic antioxidant (PP-S1) and a combination of a primary phenolic antioxidant and a hindered amine stabilizer (PP-S3). To study global aging effects, micro-sized specimens were pre-exposed to chlorinated water (5 mg/L free chlorine) at 60 °C for up to 750 h. Over the entire exposure

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2

Fischer, Joerg, Paul Freudenthaler, Reinhold Lang, Wolfgang Buchberger, and Susan Mantell. "Chlorinated Water Induced Aging of Pipe Grade Polypropylene Random Copolymers." Polymers 11, no. 6 (2019): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11060996.

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Polypropylene random copolymers (PP-R) are common materials for pressurized hot water pipes. In many pipe systems, potable water is disinfected by chlorine to prevent waterborne diseases. This paper deals with hot chlorinated water induced aging of two PP-R grades with varying morphology. One material had a conventional monoclinic α crystal form (PP-Rα), whereas the other was explicitly beta-nucleated resulting in a trigonal β crystal form with a fine spherulite structure (PP-Rβ). Micro-sized specimens with a thickness of 100 µm were used for aging experiments at 60 °C in chlorinated water wit

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3

Potočić Matković, Vesna Marija, Ivana Salopek Čubrić, and Katarina Krstović. "The Impact of Chlorinated Water and Sun Exposure on the Durability and Performance of Swimwear Materials." Polymers 16, no. 21 (2024): 3050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16213050.

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Understanding the factors that affect how materials age is essential for creating a durable product with long-lasting properties. It is also important to prioritize defining aging parameters that reflect the real-world conditions the materials will encounter. For this study, a range of swimwear materials were selected consisting of a blend of polymer (polyamide/polyester) and elastane in varying ratios. In order to simulate aging conditions, materials were immersed in chlorinated outdoor pool water during the summer season, either in shade or the sun, for 200 and 300 h. The materials were test

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4

Kountouris, N., N. Makris, D. Ioannidou, et al. "Characterisation of TCP precipitation sequences of superaustenitic stainless steel and correlation with electrochemical and mechanical properties." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2692, no. 1 (2024): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2692/1/012001.

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Abstract This study investigates the influence of precipitation sequences formed at critical high-temperature range for various ageing time of super austenitic stainless steel 654SMO against the evolution of its corrosive resistance performance through the microstructural characterization, hardness and electrochemical corrosion testing. The specific type of stainless-steel alloy is one of the most corrosion resistant along with exceptional mechanical properties, tailor-made for pressurized and erosive systems handling chlorinated sea water, plate heat exchangers, and fuel gas cleaning applicat

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5

Fischer, Joerg, Susan C. Mantell, Patrick R. Bradler, Gernot M. Wallner, and Reinhold W. Lang. "Effect of aging in hot chlorinated water on the mechanical behavior of polypropylene grades differing in their stabilizer systems." Materials Today: Proceedings 10 (2019): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.001.

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6

Soponkanaporn, Teerapon, and Ronald Gehr. "The Degradation of Polyelectrolytes in the Environment: Insights Provided by Size Exclusion Chromatography Measurements." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 8-9 (1989): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0288.

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Using a recently developed method for analysing high molecular weight polyelectrolytes by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), the degradation due to ageing, ozone, chlorine, and biological processes, of a commercially available cationic polyelectrolyte, was investigated. These polyelectrolytes are widely used in water and wastewater treatment, and residuals discharged into drinking water or into natural water bodies could be subjected to one or more of the above-mentioned degradation processes. In general, degradation rate increased with decreasing concentration, increasing pH, and increasing

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7

Mohanadas, P. N., T. Mukundan, and T. Santhanakrishnan. "Low Temperature Vulcanisation Technique for CR BIIR Blend for Encapsulation of Oceanic Sensors." Defence Science Journal 70, no. 2 (2020): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.70.14321.

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Blend of chloroprene rubber (CR) and bromobutyl rubber (BIIR) is used for encapsulation of piezo sensors used in sea water. Conventional encapsulation method of these sensors involving high temperature vulcanisation (HTV) often leads to deterioration of piezo properties due to thermal degradation. This paper reports a low temperature vulcanisation (LTV) technique carried out at 90 °C for CR-BIIR blend using chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) as compatibiliser and LTV system consisting of modified di-o-tolyl guanidine and thiocarbanilide as accelerators and ZnO as curing agent. The conventionally u

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8

Castillo Montes, J., D. Cadoux, J. Creus, S. Touzain, E. Gaudichet-Maurin, and O. Correc. "Ageing of polyethylene at raised temperature in contact with chlorinated sanitary hot water. Part I – Chemical aspects." Polymer Degradation and Stability 97, no. 2 (2012): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.11.007.

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9

Turri, Rafael Gustavo, Milena Kowalczuk Manosso Amorim, Tayan Vieira Hadich, et al. "Effects of Aging on Chlorinated Plasma Polymers." Materials Research 20, no. 4 (2017): 862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2016-0667.

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10

Kamal, Huda, and Imran Hashmi. "Water quality assessment of Raw and Chlorinated drinking water of a Residential University." NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences 14, no. 1 (2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24949/njes.v14i1.633.

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The safety of water is essential for life on earth. Drinking contaminated water can give rise to many health issues. Tohighlight the major causes of contamination in water, this study was carried out to determine the physicochemical andbacteriological quality of raw and chlorinated water. Raw and chlorinated water samples were obtained from three locations (zones) of a residential university (National University of Sciences and Technology, NUST). Ten physicochemicalparameters were analyzed (pH, Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, Dissolved oxygen, Hardness, Alkalinity, Total suspendedsolids, T

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11

El-Tawil, Ahmed Mahmoud. "Colorectal cancers and chlorinated water." World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 8, no. 4 (2016): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v8.i4.402.

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12

Benitez, Julysa A., Jyoti Aryal, Ivannova Lituma, Juan Moreira, and Achyut Adhikari. "Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Aeration and Chlorination during Washing to Reduce E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, and L. innocua on Cucumbers and Bell Peppers." Foods 13, no. 1 (2023): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13010146.

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The attachment strength of bacteria to surfaces can affect the efficacy of sanitizers during washing. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of chlorination and aeration in the removal of pathogens from the surface of produce. Cucumbers and bell peppers were inoculated with Listeria innocua, Escherichia coli O157:H7, or Salmonella enterica; afterwards, the produce was washed with or without chlorinated water (100 ppm) for 3 min in combination with or without aeration. Cucumbers washed with chlorinated water, with or without aeration, presented significant reductions of L. innocua (3.6

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13

Singh, Avantika, Samir E. Topno, and V. M. Prasad. "Evaluating the Efficacy of Different Bioinoculants and Bioenhancers on the Vegetative Growth and Yield of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cv. Winter Dawn." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 9 (2023): 1133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92338.

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The strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cv. Winter dawn is a significant fruit within the Fragaria genus and is classified under the Rosaceae family. There is a growing trend in adopting strawberry cultivation even in subtropical conditions. However, there is still a need to promote the standardization of agricultural techniques for strawberry cultivation in subtropical regions to increase production while maintaining quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different bioinoculants and bioenhancers on the vegetative growth and yield of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cv. Win

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14

Van Leeuwen, JA, BC Nicholson, and KP Hayes. "Distribution of chlorophenolic compounds, from a pulp mill, in Lake Bonney, South Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 44, no. 6 (1993): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9930825.

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Water and sediment samples from Lake Bonney (south-eastern South Australia) were collected at various distances from the effluent discharge point of a sulfite-based pulp mill and analysed for chlorophenolic compounds. The period of sample collection (July 1991 to January 1992) occurred during a time when bleaching process of the mill was being converted from using molecular chlorine to using hydrogen peroxide. In water samples, the major chlorophenolic compounds detected were 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, tetrachlorocatechol and chlorinated guaiacols. In sediment samples, the major chlorophenolic com

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15

El-Sebae, A. H., F. E. Macklad, A. S. El-Bakary, K. S. El-Gendy, N. S. Ahmed, and S. A. Soliman. "Effect of Water Treatment on the Levels of Chlorinated Organics at Different Water Stations in the Vicinity of Alexandria, Egypt." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (1989): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0015.

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The effect of water treatment processes on the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons(α, β, γ-HCH, DDE and P,P'-DDT) and chlorophenols(2,4-D; 2,3-D; 2,3,4-T; 2,4,5-T; 2,3,4,6-Tet. and PCP) collected from Bab-Shark and Abo-Hormos were analysed by GLC. The results showed that water treatment steps did not significantly reduce or remove HCH from the treated water. This was shown by the high HCH content in the treated water when compared with the raw water. However, other compounds, like DDE and P,P'-DET, were undetected after water treatment. The data of chlorophenols content showed that 2,4-D was sl

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16

Haar, Rohini, Sarah Abdelrahman, Evan Muzzall, et al. "Water and war: The effect of functioning chlorinated water stations in reducing waterborne diseases during conflict in northwest Syria, 2017–2021." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 12 (2023): e0002696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002696.

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Since 2011, Syria has been engulfed in a complex conflict marked by both targeted and indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure. Water infrastructure has been continuously targeted, exacerbating problems with contamination of and access to clean adequate drinking water, and increasing the risk of waterborne diseases. We aimed to determine whether having access to more functional and chlorinated water stations is associated with a reduced risk of waterborne disease in northwest Syria. We examined the effect of functioning chlorinated water stations on the incidence of wate

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17

Tafesse, Nebiyou, Massimiliano Porcelli, Sirak Robele Gari, and Argaw Ambelu. "Prevalence and Trends of Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts-Related Cancers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 16 (January 2022): 117863022211125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221112569.

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Background: Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from chlorinated drinking water have been linked to an increased risk of cancer in the bladder, stomach, colon, and rectum. No studies showed the independent trends and prevalence of these cancers in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and trends of disinfection byproducts-related cancers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Data were collected from the Addis Ababa Cancer Registry. Spatial data sets were produced and classified into households receiving chlorinated surface water and less chlorinated groundwater. The Cochran

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18

Gary, Lee P., Kari F. Brisolara, and Robert S. Reimers. "Managing Chlorinated Water for Ebola Disinfection." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018, no. 6 (2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864718824828119.

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19

sandín-España, Pilar, Inés Santín, José Oriol Magrans, José Luis Alonso-prados, and José María García-baudín. "Degradation of alloxydim in chlorinated water." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 25, no. 2 (2005): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2005007.

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20

Millership, S. E., and B. Chattopadhyay. "Aeromonas hydrophila in chlorinated water supplies." Journal of Hospital Infection 6, no. 1 (1985): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6701(85)80021-9.

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21

Coelhan, Mehmet. "Levels of Chlorinated Paraffins in Water." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 38, no. 5-6 (2010): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201000044.

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22

Miles, Carl J., and Wendy C. Oshiro. "Degradation of methomyl in chlorinated water." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9, no. 5 (1990): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620090501.

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23

Tikkanen, Leena, and Leif Kronberg. "Genotoxic effects of various chlorinated butenoic acids identified in chlorinated drinking water." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology 240, no. 2 (1990): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(90)90014-s.

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24

Tofant, A., M. Ostovic, S. Wolf, A. Ekert Kabalin, Z. Pavicic, and M. Mikulic. "Association between over-chlorinated drinking water and suckling, nursery and fattening pig death losses." Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 7 (2011): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1585-vetmed.

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Following our report on reproductive failure in gilts and sows caused by drinking over-chlorinated water at a pig-breeding farm, the present study investigated the impact of water over-chlorination on the different pig production categories on the farm. Pigs were given over-chlorinated water with a free chlorine residual concentration of 2.11 mg/l for seven days, from the onset of mechanical failure of the chlorinator dispenser connected to the water supplying system until its detection. Data analysis revealed that the adverse effect of over-chlorinated drinking water manifested as an increase

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25

Rahaman, Kh Shafiur, Silvia Ramos, Miriam Harter, and Hans-Joachim Mosler. "Determination of Psychosocial Factors of Drinking Chlorinated Water to Design Behavior Change Interventions in Rohingya Camps in Bangladesh." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, no. 4 (2022): 1126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0313.

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ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to identify the psychosocial factors of chlorinated water uptake and to design effective behavior change techniques applying the risk, attitude, norm, ability, and self-regulation (RANAS) behavior change model. This cross-sectional study was conducted in two Rohingya refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. In total, 596 respondents were recruited through systematic random sampling. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to assess the psychosocial factors according to the RANAS model. We used correlation analysis and multivariable

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26

Tafesse, Nebiyou, Massimiliano Porcelli, Sirak Robele Gari, and Argaw Ambelu. "Drinking Water Source, Chlorinated Water, and Colorectal Cancer: A Matched Case-Control Study in Ethiopia." Environmental Health Insights 16 (January 2022): 117863022110644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302211064432.

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Background: There is no study conducted on the association between disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in chlorinated drinking water and colorectal cancer (CRC) in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relation between chlorine based DBPs in drinking water and CRC in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility based matched case control study was conducted involving 224 cases and 448 population controls from June 2020 to May 2021. Cases were defined as histologically confirmed CRC cases. Cases were matched with controls by residence, age, and sex using frequency and individual match

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27

Stanley, S. J., and D. W. Smith. "Modelling chlorinated discharges from water treatment plants: a case study." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 6 (1991): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-121.

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Virtually all water treatment plants have the ability to discharge chlorinated water back to the source stream. Such water may originate from an emergency bypass, filter backwash water or other diversions. The discharge of chlorinated water to receiving water bodies has caused concern because of its toxicity effects to aquatic biota and potential health hazards. This paper demonstrates the use of a transverse mixing model that incorporates both mixing and pollutant decay in assessing the environmental impact of these discharges. The results of such an analysis can be used to base control measu

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28

PARK, CHUNG-MYEON, YEN-CON HUNG, CHYI-SHEN LIN, and ROBERT E. BRACKETT. "Efficacy of Electrolyzed Water in Inactivating Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes on Shell Eggs." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 5 (2005): 986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.986.

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The efficacy of acidic electrolyzed (EO) water produced at three levels of total available chlorine (16, 41, and 77 mg/liter) and chlorinated water with 45 and 200 mg/liter of residual chlorine was investigated for inactivating Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes on shell eggs. An increasing reduction in Listeria population was observed with increasing chlorine concentration from 16 to 77 mg/liter and treatment time from 1 to 5 min, resulting in a maximal reduction of 3.70 log CFU per shell egg compared with a deionized water wash for 5 min. There was no significant difference in

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29

Nichols, Mark E., and Robert A. Pett. "Effects of Aging on the Fracture Behavior of Chlorinated Polyethylene and Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 4 (1994): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538697.

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Abstract The thermoxidative aging behavior of chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) vulcanizates has been investigated. Aging rates were determined by measuring isothermal oxidative induction times in a differential scanning calorimeter. Aging rates were also determined by measuring the decrease in the critical tearing energy of compounds as a function of aging time and temperature. Rate constants determined from induction time and tearing energy experiments displayed typical Arrhenius behavior. Below 240°C, rate constants from both experiments fell on the same

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30

Knight, Nicole, Kalinda Watson, Stewart Carswell, Eva Comino, and Glen Shaw. "Temporal and Spatial Variation of Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids Concentration in Drinking Water: A Case Study of Queensland, Australia." Air, Soil and Water Research 4 (January 2011): ASWR.S5618. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s5618.

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A broad survey of regulated trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA) concentrations in Queensland drinking water was undertaken and the data were evaluated to assess the overall compliance of the region to Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG). The results presented here indicate that drinking water total trihalomethane (tTHM) concentrations were predominantly compliant with ADWG, with regions using chlorination being the only regions that exceeded the ADWG for THM. tTHM levels were highest in chlorinated water, whereas levels in combined chlorinated/chloraminated water were much

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31

Kosaka, K., T. Hayashida, M. Terasaki, et al. "Elution of bisphenol A and its chlorination by-products from lined pipes in water supply process." Water Supply 12, no. 6 (2012): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.055.

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Elution of bisphenol A (BPA), chlorinated BPAs (i.e., 3-chlorobisphenol A, sum of 3,5-dichlorobisphenol A and 3,3′-dichlorobisphenol A, 3,3′,5-trichlorobisphenol A, and 3,3′,5,5′-tetrachlorobisphenol A) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) from lined pipes coated with two epoxy resins were investigated in a 24-month continuous test passing tap water. BPA, chlorinated BPAs, and TCP were not detected in the tap water at the outlet of lined pipes in most cases. However, all of these chemicals were detected in the tap water after 16 h of retention. The sums of BPA and chlorinated BPAs in the retained t

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32

&NA;. "CHLORINATED WATER EXPOSURES AND CONGENITAL CARDIAC ANOMALIES." Epidemiology 2, no. 6 (1991): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199111000-00016.

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33

Schneider, A. F., D. S. Almeida, A. N. Moraes, L. C. A. Picinin, V. Oliveira, and C. E. Gewehr. "Chlorinated drinking water for lightweight laying hens." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 68, no. 6 (2016): 1690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8795.

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ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of chlorine in drinking water of laying hens on zootechnical performance, eggs shell quality, hemogasometry levels and calcium content in tibia. 144 Hy-Line laying hens, 61 weeks old, were used distributed in 24 metabolism cages. They were subjected to water diets, for a period of 28 days, using sodium hypochlorite as a chlorine source in order to obtain the following concentrations: 5ppm (control), 20ppm, 50ppm, and 100ppm. Their performance was evaluated through water consumption, feed intake, egg production and weight, egg

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34

Schroer, C., J. Konys, J. Novotny, and J. Hausselt. "Material Performance in Chlorinated Supercritical Water Systems." CORROSION 63, no. 1 (2007): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3278332.

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35

Rabold, J. Gregory, CharlesW Hoge, DavidR Shlim, Carol Kefford, Ramachandra Rajah, and Peter Echeverria. "Cyclospora outbreak associated with chlorinated drinking water." Lancet 344, no. 8933 (1994): 1360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90716-1.

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Crittenden, John C., Junbiao Liu, David W. Hand, and David L. Perram. "Photocatalytic oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in water." Water Research 31, no. 3 (1997): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00267-9.

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37

Furlong, Eileen A. N., and Frank M. D'Itri. "Trihalomethane levels in chlorinated Michigan drinking water." Ecological Modelling 32, no. 1-3 (1986): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(86)90028-1.

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38

Lahaniatis, E. S., W. Bergheim, D. Kotzias, and G. Pilidis. "Formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by water chlorination." Chemosphere 28, no. 2 (1994): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90119-8.

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39

Wu, Xing-Zheng, Takeshi Yamamoto, and Masanori Hatashita. "Radiolytic Degradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Water." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 75, no. 11 (2002): 2527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.75.2527.

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40

Peters, Marjolein C. F. M., Maarten G. A. Keuten, Aleksandra Knezev, et al. "Characterization of the bacterial community in shower water before and after chlorination." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 2 (2017): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.189.

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Abstract Bathers release bacteria in swimming pool water, but little is known about the fate of these bacteria and potential risks they might cause. Therefore, shower water was characterized and subjected to chlorination to identify the more chlorine-resistant bacteria that might survive in a chlorinated swimming pool and therefore could form a potential health risk. The total community before and after chlorination (1 mg Cl2 L−1 for 30 s) was characterized. More than 99% of the bacteria in the shower water were Gram-negative. The dominant bacterial families with a relative abundance of ≥10% o

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41

Frost, Floyd J., Kristine Tollestrup, Melissa Roberts, Twila R. Kunde, Gunther F. Craun, and Lucy Harter. "Enteric illness risks before and after water treatment improvements." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 4 (2009): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.116.

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This study evaluated whether occurrence of acute gastrointestinal illnesses declined after filtration and ozonation were added to a previously unfiltered, chlorinated high-quality surface water source in a northwest United States city. Enteric and other illnesses were recorded for two 6-month periods for control and intervention sites in the same city. During phase 1, chlorinated, unfiltered drinking water for both sites was obtained from protected watersheds. During phase 2, the intervention site received chlorinated, filtered and ozonated drinking water. The water was not altered in the cont

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42

Rae, Wayne E., and Charles A. Lucy. "Determination of Chlorinated Phenols in Water and Soil by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 6 (1997): 1308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.6.1308.

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Abstract A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed to separate and determine chlorinated phenols in water and soil samples. A mixture of 16 chlorinated phenols was resolved in 25 min by using a 77 cm (70 cm to detector) × 75 μm fused silica capillary with 0.015M tetraborate/0.045M phosphate (pH 7.3) buffer at 22 kV. Calibration linearities for water samples in the low parts-permillion range were good (correlation coefficient &gt; 0.99) for all solutes except p-chlorophenol. Average precision was 17% relative standard deviation. Typical detection limits were in the 200 μg/

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Lu, C. J., and S. J. Chen. "The Effects of the Secondary Carbon Source on the Biodegradation of Chlorinated Phenols in Biofilm Reactors." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (1992): 2113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0674.

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The effects of the presence of a secondary carbon source on the biodegradation of chlorinated phenols were studied with column biofilm reactors. The biodegradability of chlorinated phenols was studied with a series of batch reactors. The biodegradability of chlorinated phenols was to follow the order of phenol &gt; 2,4-dichlorophenol &gt; 4-chIorophenol &gt; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol &gt; 2-chlorophenol &gt; 3-chloro-phenol. The presence of a relatively more biodegradable but higher chlorinated phenol, such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, enhanced the biodégradation of a less chlorin

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44

Norrström, Hans A. "Reducing the Discharges to Water – Technical Objectives." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (1988): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0003.

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The main technical objective in reducing the discharges to water is to implement technology to maintain a desired level of priority pollutants. Several investigations indicate that the priority pollutants may be found in the chlorinated material discharged from the bleach plant. Based on this assumption the state of art of production and abatement technology will be reviewed. Oxygen bleaching is in most cases the most efficient first step to reduce the discharge of chlorinated material. With appropriate process design and control the discharge of chlorinated material will be 3-4 kg/tonne (as T

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45

Reiff, Theodore R. "Water and Aging." Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 3, no. 2 (1987): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30820-6.

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46

Franzen, Robert, and Leif Kronberg. "Determination of Chlorinated 5-Methyl-5-hydroxyfuranones in Drinking Water, in Chlorinated Humic Water, and in Pulp Bleaching Liquor." Environmental Science & Technology 28, no. 12 (1994): 2222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00061a035.

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47

Itoh, S., H. Ueda, T. Naasaka, G. Nakanishi, and H. Sumitomo. "Evaluating variation of estrogenic effect by drinking water chlorination with the MVLN assay." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 7-8 (2000): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0553.

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It is important to evaluate the estrogenic effect of disinfection by-products in drinking water in addition to typical possible endocrine disrupting chemicals. The estrogenic effect was measured by the MVLN assay as an estrogen receptor transcriptional activation assay. The results suggested that the isolation procedure of aquatic humic substances using XAD7HP resin can be recommended to detect the estrogenic effect of natural water and its chlorinated drinking water by the MVLN assay. Sample volume necessary for the assay would be 1.2 L and required concentation factor would be 100 times. The

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48

Richardson, John S., and Colin D. Levings. "Chlorinated Organic Contaminants in Benthic Organisms of the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia." Water Quality Research Journal 31, no. 1 (1996): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1996.009.

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Abstract Benthic insects, sediments and sculpins were collected from the Fraser River, British Columbia, in winter 1993 to assess concentrations of chlorinated organic contaminants. Concentrations of most chlorinated dioxins/furans and phenolics (phenols, guaiacols and catechols) analyzed were below detection limits. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran were 2.5 to 6.5 pg/g wet mass in four different taxonomic groupings of aquatic insects. Other chlorinated dioxins/furans detected were heptachlorodioxins and octachlorodioxin in sediments and detritivorous benthic insects, tetrachl

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49

Smith, Terrence J., Ross H. Wearne, and Adrian F. A. Wallis. "Characteristics of the Chlorinated Organic Substances in Filtrates from Bleaching of Oxygen-Delignified Eucalypt Kraft Pulp." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (1994): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0702.

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Oxygen-delignified kraft pulps from mature and young eucalypt woods were bleached with sequences involving chlorine (C), chlorine dioxide (D) and alkali-oxygen (EO). The bleaching filtrates were analysed for chlorinated organic compounds by gas chromatography with the use of a mass selective detector. Chlorinated compounds found included a range of chlorinated phenols, neutral compounds, aliphatic acids and phenolic acids. A total of 41 chlorinated phenols were identified, mostly in the filtrates following chlorination {(EO)[C]} and only few in the (EO)[D] filtrates. 2-Chlorosyringaldehyde was

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Wahman, David G. "Chlorinated Cyanurates: Review of Water Chemistry and Associated Drinking Water Implications." Journal - American Water Works Association 110, no. 9 (2018): E1—E15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1086.

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