Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agrarian association'

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:25:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Roberta Siqueira.pdf: 1322800 bytes, checksum: b7ea29f4967fd02b2b7f82b7d8ed05f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-06<br>The research that follows discusses the way in which agrarian economic activities are organized in the community Kalunga of Engenho II, a collectivity of people living in the northeastern of Goiás state and has quilombola ancestry. It started from the assumption that the Association Kalunga of Cavalcante is a suitable instrument for economic and social development of the people and that impedes their progress does not relate to this organizational form, but an entire social structure that comes from the neo-liberal capitalism. Was used as a theoretical-methodological proposal to analyze and characterize the community through the established legal order in conflict with the law as an instrument of empowerment of local communities and social movements. To reach the proposed objective, we seek the theoretical reflections of the jurist and sociologist Boaventura de Sousa Santos, who proposes a reinvention of the right, using it as an instrument of transforming society through the action of social groups, and many other authors of reference, which are scattered throughout the body of research.<br>A pesquisa que se segue pretende discutir a forma com a qual se organizam as atividades econômicas agrárias da comunidade Kalunga do Engenho II, uma coletividade de pessoas residentes no nordeste do Estado de Goiás e que tem descendência quilombola. Partiu-se do pressuposto de que a Associação Kalunga de Cavalcante é um instrumento adequado ao desenvolvimento econômico e social daquele povo e o que impede seu progresso não se relaciona a esta forma organizacional, mas a toda uma estrutura social advinda do capitalismo neoliberal. Utilizou-se como proposta teórico-metodológica a análise e caracterização da comunidade através da ordem jurídica estabelecida em confronto com o direito enquanto instrumento de emancipação das comunidades locais e dos movimentos sociais. Para se chegar ao objetivo proposto, buscamos as reflexões teóricas do jurista e sociólogo Boaventura de Sousa Santos que propõe uma reinvenção do direito, utilizando-o como instrumento de transformação da sociedade, através da ação dos grupos sociais, além de vários outros autores de referência, que estão espalhados pelo corpo da pesquisa.

In wheat, stem rust is known to rapidly evolve new virulence to resistance genes. While more than 50 stem rust resistance (Sr) loci have been identified in wheat, only a few remain effective, particularly against the highly virulent race Ug99 (TTKSK race) and a mixture of durum-specific races. An association mapping (AM) study based on 183 durum wheat accessions was utilized to identify resistance loci for stem rust response in Ethiopia over four seasons and artificial inoculation with Ug99 (TTKSK race) and a mixture of durum-specific races under field conditions as well as in greenhouse test at seedling stage under controlled conditions for resistance to four highly virulent stem rust races: TRTTF, TTTTF, (TTKSK (Ug99) and JRCQC. The panel was profiled with 1,253 SSR and DArT markers. Twelve QTL-tagging markers were significant (P < 0.05) across three to four seasons. The role of Sr13, Sr9, Sr14, Sr17, and Sr28 was confirmed. Thirteen significant markers were in regions with no Sr genes/QTLs. The results under controlled conditions showed that 15, 20, 19 and 19 chromosome regions harbored markers that showed significant effects for races TRTTF, TTTTF, TTKSK and JRCQC, respectively. These genomic regions showed marker R2 values ranging from 1.13 to 8.34, 1.92 to 17.64, 1.75 to 23.12 and 1.51 to 15.33% for races TRTTF, TTTTF, TTKSK and JRCQC, respectively. The study demonstrates that stem rust resistance in durum wheat is governed in part by shared loci and in part by race-specific ones. The QTLs identified in this study through AM will be useful in the marker-assisted development of durum wheat cultivars with durable stem rust resistance.

In wheat, stem rust is known to rapidly evolve new virulence to resistance genes. While more than 50 stem rust resistance (Sr) loci have been identified in wheat, only a few remain effective, particularly against the highly virulent race Ug99 (TTKSK race) and a mixture of durum-specific races. An association mapping (AM) study based on 183 durum wheat accessions was utilized to identify resistance loci for stem rust response in Ethiopia over four seasons and artificial inoculation with Ug99 (TTKSK race) and a mixture of durum-specific races under field conditions as well as in greenhouse test at seedling stage under controlled conditions for resistance to four highly virulent stem rust races: TRTTF, TTTTF, (TTKSK (Ug99) and JRCQC. The panel was profiled with 1,253 SSR and DArT markers. Twelve QTL-tagging markers were significant (P < 0.05) across three to four seasons. The role of Sr13, Sr9, Sr14, Sr17, and Sr28 was confirmed. Thirteen significant markers were in regions with no Sr genes/QTLs. The results under controlled conditions showed that 15, 20, 19 and 19 chromosome regions harbored markers that showed significant effects for races TRTTF, TTTTF, TTKSK and JRCQC, respectively. These genomic regions showed marker R2 values ranging from 1.13 to 8.34, 1.92 to 17.64, 1.75 to 23.12 and 1.51 to 15.33% for races TRTTF, TTTTF, TTKSK and JRCQC, respectively. The study demonstrates that stem rust resistance in durum wheat is governed in part by shared loci and in part by race-specific ones. The QTLs identified in this study through AM will be useful in the marker-assisted development of durum wheat cultivars with durable stem rust resistance.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1165643 bytes, checksum: afd121bfd728867f85eb3916457d8ba4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>A qualidade do sêmen de reprodutores suínos pode ser avaliada de acordo com vários critérios, sendo a motilidade espermática o mais utilizado e importante. A motilidade, essencial para a fertilização, refere-se ao movimento retilíneo dos espermatozóides. Apesar da importância da avaliação de características de qualidade do sêmen de reprodutores, tradicionalmente estes animais têm sido selecionados com ênfase em características de carcaça e crescimento, com pouca atenção dispensada à sua capacidade reprodutiva. Devido ao fato de características seminais poderem ser avaliadas nos reprodutores somente após a puberdade, técnicas moleculares e genotipagem dos animais utilizando chips de alta densidade de marcadores SNPs poderiam ser utilizados como ferramentas para avaliar e melhorar a seleção para fertilidade e qualidade de sêmen em reprodutores suínos em uma idade jovem. O estudo de associação genômica ampla (GWAS) requer o conhecimento de uma associação entre um marcador genético e alguma variação no fenótipo e assume que associação significativa pode ser detectada porque os SNPs estão em desequilíbrio de ligação (LD) com as mutações causais para as características de interesse, a nível de população. Assim, este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de identificar, através do GWAS, marcadores SNPs e genes candidatos relacionados com motilidade espermática em duas diferentes linhas de suínos. Os dados fenotípicos são provenientes de avaliações repetidas de motilidade de espermatozóides logo após a coleta do sêmen através do método denominado CASA (Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis). Animais de duas linhas (linha 1, n=760 animais da raça Landrace e linha 2, n=645 animais da raça Large White) foram fenotipados para a construção do arquivo de dados, que possui 32884 observações para a linha 1 e 32576 para a linha 2. Um total de 1507 animais da linha 1 e 1383 animais da linha 2 foram genotipados com o uso do chip de 60K da Illumina®. Os valores genéticos dos animais foram estimados utilizando o programa ASREML e os valores genéticos desregressados foram calculados para serem utilizados no GWAS. Após o controle de qualidade, 42551 SNPs e 602 animais genotipados (linha 1) e 40890 SNPs e 525 animais genotipados (linha 2) foram utilizados no GWAS. SNPs que possuíram q-valores baseados na taxa de falsos descobertos (FDR) menores ou iguais a 0.05 foram considerados significativos. Para a linha 1 não foram encontrados SNPs significativos relacionados com motilidade. Já para a linha 2, seis SNPs localizados no cromossomo 1 (SSC1) foram significativamente relacionados com a característica estudada. Essa diferença pode ser explicada pela baixa correlação (r = 0.0926) entre os valores de LD entre marcadores calculados para as duas linhas na região que abrange os seis SNPs significativos. O alto valor médio de r2 (r2 = 0.7275), calculado para medir o LD entre os seis SNPs significativos para a linha 2, revela que todos esses SNPs podem estar ligados a um mesmo QTL. O gene metionil-tRNA formiltransferase mitocondrial (MTFMT) é um possível gene candidato controlando a característica. Esse estudo fornece marcadores SNPs e um gene candidato associados com motilidade espermática em suínos. No entanto, por ser o primeiro trabalho a encontrar tais marcadores relacionados com motilidade espermática em suínos em uma nova região do SSC1, é necessária replicação e validação do estudo em outra população para confirmação dos resultados encontrados a fim de incluir tais informações na seleção de melhores animais.<br>The boar semen quality can be evaluated according to several parameters. Sperm motility is the most widely used and important test. Sperm motility, essential for fertility, is measured as the proportion of sperm cells with a straightforward movement. Despite its importance, traditionally boar selection has been done based on growth rate and carcass traits and little attention has been given on their semen quantity and quality. Because reproductive traits and sperm quality traits can only be measured on boars after puberty, molecular techniques and animal genotyping using chips with high density of SNP markers could be used to evaluate and improve selection on boar fertility at a young age. The Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) requires knowledge of an association of a genetic marker with some variation in phenotype and it assumes that significant association can be detected because the SNPs are in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the causative mutations for the traits of interest at the population level. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objective of performing a GWAS in order to find markers and candidate genes in the pig genome associated with sperm motility in two different pig lines. The phenotypic data consisted of repeated records of fresh sperm motility evaluated with CASA (Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis), obtained from two pure dam lines: a Landrace based line (line 1), n=760 animals and a Large White based line (line 2), n=645. The phenotypic database had in total 32,884 observations for line 1 and 32,576 observations for line 2, with 43.27 ± 36.81 observations per animal for line 1 and 50.51 ± 39.15 observations per animal for line 2. The PorcineSNP60 Beadchip of Illumina (San Diego, CA, USA, Ramos et al., 2009) was used to identify the association between sperm motility and the SNP markers. After quality control, a total of 42,551 SNPs and 602 genotyped animals (line 1) and 40,890 SNPs and 525 animals (line 2) were used in the association analyses. A False Discovery Rate based q-value of 0.05 was used as threshold for significant association. Six SNPs on pig chromosome 1 (SSC1) were significantly associated with the trait in line 2, whereas no SNPs were considered significantly associated with the trait in line 1. This difference can be explained by the low correlation (r = 0.0926) between the LD measurements (r2) between markers located in the region covering the six significant SNPs for line 2, calculated for both lines. The high average value of r2 (r2 = 0.7275), calculated to measure the LD between the six significant SNPs for line 2 reveals that all these SNPs may be linked to one QTL. The mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase (MTFMT) is a possible candidate gene affecting sperm motility on SSC1. This study provides some SNPs markers and a candidate gene associated with the trait of interest in a novel region on SSC1. However, replication, validation in another population and confirmation of published QTL or candidate genes related to boar sperm motility in the same region that we found in this study is necessary before using such information in selection.

The trait fruit weight is of great agronomic importance for the commercial production of peach. In view of conducting a study of association mapping, the genetic diversity of peach accessions from the germplasm bank of MAS.PES was evaluated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR). The results indicated that SSR markers were more informative and showed a high level of homozygosity in the accessions under evaluation. In studies meant for breeding of this species, the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) explaining the phenotypic differences of this trait is important, because they can be used as a genomic tool in marker-assisted selection (MAS). In the present study, QTLs were detected through two approaches: 1. Linkage analysis, starting from a F2 population of 123 individuals from NJ Weeping (small fruit) x Bounty (large fruit), in which the software JoinMap was used to establish the relationship of linkage between the segregating markers, while the software MapQTL was employed to associate the data with the obtained phenotypic linkage map. 2. Association mapping, carried out on 70 peach accessions from the MAS.PES germplasm collection, in which the software Structure was used to analyse population structure: associations between markers and phenotypic traits were identified with the software TASSEL. As a result of linkage analysis, 877 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were grouped into 8 linkage groups and 34 QTLs related to fruit weight and size were identified. The results of the association analysis, performed using the General Linear Model (GLM), suggested the existence of 39 markers associated with fruit weight and size.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the four most economically important cereal crops worldwide. It serves as a major animal feed crop, with smaller amounts used for malting and in health food. Among environmental factors influencing barley production, drought is recognized as the most common in the Mediterranean area and this problem is expected to worsen with on-going climate changes. Breeding for drought resistance is therefore an important objective to ensure stable crop yields. In this context, genetic and molecular dissection of drought tolerance is expected to lead to the identification of key genes/loci and favourable alleles through exploration of biodiversity. Association genetics focuses on the identification of links between phenotypic traits and genetic markers with the aim to identify QTLs and locate the underlying genes in the genome. In general, different barley genotypes are expected to carry different loci at genomic regions of interest. The probability of chromosomal recombination between two loci is proportional to the physical distance between those loci. General objective of this project was the identification of loci subtending major agronomic traits under different water regimes, using an association genetics approach. To this end, we considered a phenotypic panel consisting of 83 barley cultivars representing European diversity for drought tolerance. This germplasm collection included 2 and 6 rows winter and spring barleys, that were previously evaluated for plant height, flowering time and yield under irrigated and rainfed conditions over three successive years (Rizza et al., 2004). At the beginning of this project, an initial objective was to evaluate the potential association between allelic variants of candidate genes (CGs) selected for their known roles in drought responses and phenotypic variation for barley grain yield under different watering regimes. Thus, we re-sequenced an initial set of 3 CGs -HvCbf2, HvCbf4a and HvCbf7- and we identified 4 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of HvCbf4a. In parallel, we tried to assess the genetic diversity and structure of our barley panel by utilizing the low cost molecular marker approach of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). Incorporation of structure information in association analysis is important to prevent recovery of false associations. However, when we run structure analyses using our AFLP data, we failed to recover the classical barley subdivisions reported in the literature indicating that these markers may not be reliable for our purposes. For this reason and considering the limited chances of detecting association with few CGs, we took advantage of the recently established iSELECT Infinium® Illumina 9k SNP platform (Comadran et al., 2012) to carry out a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) on our barley panel. Filtering out the monomorphic and failed-genotyped markers resulted in the identification of a total of 4,661 SNPs distributed over the 7 barley chromosomes. Population stratification was investigated with a subset of 260 SNPs selected as highly informative using admixture model implemented in Structure software. Accordingly, three main subgroups were identified corresponding to winter-2rows, winter-6rows and spring-2rows barleys, respectively. Association between barley genotypic data and flowering date (FD) was processed using general linear model and afterward compared with mixed linear model. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) controlling grain yield (GY), flowering date (FD), and plant height (PH) were identified using the general linear model. Our results provide a starting point for the identification of potentially useful genes and markers for future applications in barley breeding schemes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 927098 bytes, checksum: ca6d839df131489e23cfb1c3565608ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-30<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Predadores e parasitóides de artrópodes herbívoros utilizam vários odores durante a busca por presas, tal como feromônios sexuais e de agregação de suas vítimas, assim como voláteis de plantas cuja produção é induzida pela herbivoria. Insetos são capazes de detectar uma vasta gama de compostos orgânicos voláteis e as misturas são percebidas diferentemente da compilação dos compostos individuais. Predadores têm que lidar com uma variedade de misturas de voláteis associados as suas presas, pois as misturas de voláteis variam em sua composição dentre as espécies de plantas hospedeiras e de herbívoros. Como predadores generalistas enfrentam uma grande variação nas pistas voláteis associadas à presença de presa e a disponibilidade de presas pode variar durante a vida dos predadores, é improvável que predadores possuam uma resposta inata para todas as misturas de voláteis. Aprender a associar diferentes misturas de odores com a ocorrência de presas pode reduzir o tempo e a energia despendidos na busca por presas adequadas. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a capacidade de aprendizado olfativo de predadores. Foi investigado se a resposta de Podisus nigrispinus, Cycloneda sanguinea e larvas de Ceraeochrysa cubana; a uma mistura de voláteis, inicialmente desconhecida por eles, aumentava após a experiência prévia com essa mistura de voláteis associada à disponibilidade de alimento. O estímulo condicionado (mistura de voláteis) e o estímulo não-condicionado (alimento) foram pareados ou diariamente ou continuamente. A resposta dos predadores aos voláteis do óleo de menta ou do ar limpo foi testada em um olfatômetro de tubo-Y. Ceraeochrysa cubana foi repelido pelos voláteis do óleo de menta quando entrou em contato com essa mistura previamente. No entanto, os odores do óleo de menta não foram nem atrativos nem repelentes para C. cubana, C. sanguinea e P. nigrispinus após treinamentos contínuos. Escolhas sequenciais, com reforços após cada teste, não modificaram a resposta dos predadores. Os resultados sugerem que nenhum dos predadores testados mudou sua resposta a voláteis do óleo de menta após experiência com essa mistura e ovos de Diatraea saccharalis durante os três dias de treinamento seqüencial. Experimentos mais extensos são necessários para concluir se P. nigrispinus, C. sanguinea e C. cubana são capazes de aprender associações.<br>Predators and parasitoids of herbivorous arthropods use various odours when searching for prey, such as the sex and aggregation pheromones of their victims, as well as the plant volatiles, which production is induced upon herbivory. Insects can detect a wide range of volatile organic compounds, and blends are perceived differently than a compilation of individual compounds. Predators have to deal with a variety of volatile blends associated with their prey since volatile blends vary in their composition among host plant and herbivore species. Because generalist predators face a large variation in volatile cues associated with the presence of prey and prey availability can vary during the lifetime of predators, it is unlike that predators have an innate response to all volatile mixtures. Learning to associate different odour blends with the occurrence of prey could decrease the amount of energy and time spent in searching for a suitable prey. This work aimed to study the olfactory learning ability of predators. I studied whether the response of Ceraeochrysa cubana larvae, Podisus nigrispinus and Cycloneda sanguinea adults to a volatile blend with which they were unfamiliar increased after previous experience in which this blend was associated with food availability.The conditioned stimulus (volatile blends) and unconditioned stimulus (food) were paired either daily or continuously. The response of predators to volatiles of mint oil or clean air was tested using an Y-tube olfactometer. Ceraeochrysa cubana were repelled by mint oil volatiles after previous experience with this blend. However, mint oil odours were nor attractive neither repellent for C. cubana, C. sanguinea and P. nigrispinus after continuous experience. Sequential choices, with reinforcements after each test, did not change the response of the predators. My results suggest that none of these predators change their response to mint oil volatiles after experience with this blend and Diatraea saccharalis eggs within three days of sequential training. More extensive experiments are needed to conclude if P. nigrispinus, C. sanguinea and C. cubana are capable of associative learning.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-10T12:31:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Solange Bezerra da Silva.pdf: 1381788 bytes, checksum: c7238a332030ad186c4380df20feeee2 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-10T12:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Solange Bezerra da Silva.pdf: 1381788 bytes, checksum: c7238a332030ad186c4380df20feeee2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-15<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Dexamethasone is widely used in processes anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and in cases of pregnancy with risk of prematurity. Supraphysiological doses of dexamethasone can provide complications and affect embryogenesis. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, has been shown to prevent the deleterious effects of glucocorticoids. We evaluated the influence of melatonin on systemic effects of dexamethasone to pregnant rats through the following parameters: 1. Hematocrit and glucose profile, 2. Levels of progesterone and 3. Histomorphometry and histochemistry of organs. We used 20 rats divided into two groups: I - pregnant rats untreated (control), II - pregnant rats treated with dexamethasone (0.8mg/kg) lll - pregnant rats treated with melatonin (0.5 mg / kg) IV: pregnant rats treated with dexamethasone and melatonin. All treatments were initiated 10 days after confirmation of mating until the end of pregnancy. Blood was collected in the 7th, 14th and 21st days. Determination of carbohydrate was accomplished by anthrone method for reading plate. Progesterone was measured by ELISA. The liver, kidneys and adrenals were examined histochemically and morphometrically. The results showed a protection of melatonin to blood parameters (hematocrit, total RBC, total and differential leukocyte count), biochemical and hormonal. Treatment with dexamethasone caused a gradual reduction in the total number of red blood cells and anisocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia and eosinopenia, and reduced plasma levels of carbohydrates on day 21 and progesterone at 14 and 21 days of gestation. No evidence of morphological and histochemical changes in the organs. Dexamethasone at a dosage of 0.8 mg / kg applied from the middle third of pregnancy produces hematological, biochemical and hormonal in rats, however, does not affect the liver, kidneys and adrenals, as to histochemical and morphometric parameters. These effects were prevented by melatonin.<br>Dexametasona é largamente utilizada nos processos antinflamatórios, imunossupressores e em casos de gestação com risco de prematuridade. Doses suprafisiológicas de dexametasona podem propiciar complicações e afetar a embriogênese. A melatonina, produzida pela pineal, tem demonstrado prevenir efeitos deletérios dos glicocorticóides. Assim, avaliamos a influência da melatonina sobre efeitos sistêmicos da dexametasona em ratas prenhes por meio dos seguintes parâmetros: 1. Hemograma e perfil glicídico; 2. Níveis de progesterona e 3. Histomorfometria e histoquímica de órgãos. Foram utilizadas 20 ratas divididas nos grupos: I – ratas prenhes sem tratamento (Controle); II – ratas prenhes tratadas com dexametasona (0.8mg/kg); lll - ratas prenhes tratadas com melatonina (0,5 mg/Kg); lV: ratas prenhes tratadas com dexametasona e melatonina. Todos os tratamentos foram iniciados 10 dias após confirmação do acasalamento até o final da gestação. O sangue foi coletado no 7o, 14o e 21o dia. A dosagem de carboidratos foi realizada pelo método antrona para a leitura em microplaca. A progesterona foi dosada pelo método ELISA. O fígado, rins e adrenais foram analisados histoquímica e morfometricamente. Os resultados mostraram uma proteção da melatonina para os parâmetros sanguíneos (valores de hematócrito, número total de hemácias, número total e contagem diferencial de leucócitos), bioquímicos e hormonais. O tratamento com dexametasona causou redução progressiva do número total de hemácias e anisocitose, neutrofilia, linfopenia e eosinopenia, além da redução dos níveis plasmáticos de carboidratos no 21o dia, e de progesterona aos 14 e 21 dias de gestação. Não se evidenciaram alterações morfométricas e histoquímicas nos órgãos. A dexametasona na dosagem de 0,8 mg/Kg aplicada a partir do terço médio da gestação produz alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e hormonais em ratas, porém, não afeta o fígado, rins e adrenais, quanto aos parâmetros morfométricos e histoquímicos. Estes efeitos foram prevenidos pela melatonina.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ednilse Maria Willers.pdf: 2808462 bytes, checksum: 3722dc27bf74283474c93d13979ec34e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-26<br>The main objective of this research was to analyze and understand the genesis of the food agricultural cooperativism in West mesoregion of Paraná State, through the associative culture of its founders. Therefore, we structured two fronts of research: a) the construction of a theoretical framework guided by the concept of associative culture and cooperative system and; b) the guided analysis framework in the training process, colonization and settlement of West mesoregion of Paraná State and the food agricultural cooperatives establishment related to that region. We identified the food agricultural cooperatives and selected them: Copacol (headquartered in the city of Cafelândia), C.Vale (headquartered in the city of Palotina), LAR (headquartered in the city of Medianeira), Coopavel (headquartered in Cascavel) and Copagril (headquartered in the city of Marechal Cândido Rondon). The methodology adopted was the qualitative approach, based on the descriptive-explanatory premise. The descriptive research allowed the analysis and description of the historical, economic and social context of Paraná State and of the West mesoregion, in the first decades of the twentieth century. This analysis allowed the junction and discussion of the elements that led to the creation, expansion and consolidation, over time, of the food cooperative system in the region under study. The explanatory research allowed us to understand the theoretical framework used. So, as the source of data we used secondary data, through bibliographical and documentary research. This methodological base led us to see that in the West mesoregion of Paraná State, the genesis of the five food agricultural cooperatives under investigation was due to the social needs of individuals, the settlers who have established them, since the 1960s. The foundation of these cooperative societies met the economic interests of the farmers, and not just of the government. In this study, the associative culture rescued through the memories of the settlers who established the cooperatives became the cultural touchstone maintained and reproduced by the community structure of the pioneer settlers. The dynamic of living together and community relations remained independent of macroeconomic changes in the country. This gregariousness, entrenched in the social structure of migrants, who settled the West mesoregion of Paraná, guided cooperation initiatives and triggered producer associations, and these ones, in the food agricultural cooperatives of the mesoregion under study.<br>O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi analisar e compreender a gênese do cooperativismo agropecuário de alimentos da mesorregião Oeste paranaense, a partir da cultura associativa de seus fundadores. Para tanto, foram estruturadas duas frentes de pesquisas: a) a construção de referencial teórico pautado no conceito da cultura associativa e do sistema cooperativista e; b) no quadro de análise pautado no processo de formação, colonização e povoamento da mesorregião Oeste paranaense e na fundação das cooperativas agropecuárias de alimentos afetas àquela mesorregião. Das cooperativas agropecuárias identificadas, foram selecionadas: Copacol (com sede no Município de Cafelândia), C.Vale (com sede no Município de Palotina), Lar (com sede no Município de Medianeira), Coopavel (com sede no Município de Cascavel) e Copagril (com sede no Município de Marechal Cândido Rondon). A proposta metodológica adotada partiu da abordagem qualitativa, a partir da premissa descritivo-explicativa. A pesquisa descritiva possibilitou a análise e a descrição do contexto histórico, econômico e social do Estado do Paraná e da mesorregião Oeste a partir das primeiras décadas do século XX. Essa análise possibilitou a junção e a discussão dos elementos que desencadearam a criação, a expansão e a consolidação do sistema cooperativado de alimentos na mesorregião em estudo ao longo do tempo. Já a pesquisa explicativa, possibilitou a compreensão do marco teórico utilizado. Para tanto, foram utilizados como fonte de dados, dados secundários, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica. A base metodológica construída nos levou a constatar que na mesorregião Oeste paranaense a gênese das cinco cooperativas agropecuárias de alimentos em estudo se deu em função das necessidades sociais dos sujeitos, dos colonos que as fundaram a partir da década de 1960. A fundação das sociedades cooperativadas veio de encontro aos interesses econômicos dos produtores rurais e não apenas aos do governo. A cultura associativa resgatada por meio das memórias dos colonos fundadores das cooperativas em estudo tornou-se o marco cultural, mantido e reproduzido pela estrutura comunitária dos colonos pioneiros. A dinâmica de convivência coletiva e as relações comunitárias mantiveram-se independentes das mudanças macroeconômicas do país. Foi esse espírito gregário, entranhado na estrutura social dos migrantes que colonizaram a mesorregião Oeste do Paraná, o norteador das iniciativas de cooperação que desencadearam nas associações de produtores, e essas, nas cooperativas agropecuárias de alimentos da mesorregião em estudo.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Sheep production in Rio Grande do Sul has been through a rearrangement period after the crisis faced at the beginning of the 1990s. The recent increase of demand for quality sheep meat has generated a farmers organization process. These initiatives improved chain coordination and led to new governance structures. The objective of this work is to study the governance of the sheep productive chain in Rio Grande do Sul, evaluating the impact of transaction and production costs on the establishment of transaction arrangements. Seven sheep farmers from three municipalities in the south of Rio Grande do Sul participated in the research, in addition to three slaughterhouse companies, through which the producers commercialized their products. The project adopted a case study methodology. This research used a combination of a quantitative approach in the formulation of the production costs and economical indicators, and a qualitative approach in the survey of transaction costs and description of the productive chain. Two governance structures in the industry-producer relationship were identified: the classical market arrangement, which deals with low transaction cost relationships; and the horizontal coordination arrangement, established to deal with asset transactions of greater specificity and frequency and also control opportunistic behavior. The variable costs, such as labor and rough input costs, together with opportunity costs represented the largest share of the total cost. Sheep production is a profitable activity, as indicated by the farmer operational income. The unitary cost variations among the producers were due to the different values obtained from the production acquired. The production costs for the development of more specific assets and the transaction costs present in the relations between parts were the reasons for the formation of horizontal coordination.<br>A ovinocultura do Rio Grande do Sul passa por um período de reestruturação após a crise enfrentada na década de 1980. O recente crescimento da demanda por carne ovina de qualidade gerou um processo de organização dos produtores. Estas iniciativas possibilitam o inicio de um processo de coordenação da cadeia, formando novas estruturas de governança. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a governança da cadeia produtiva da ovinocultura no Rio Grande do Sul verificando o impacto dos custos de transação e custos de produção sobre o estabelecimento dos arranjos transacionais. Sete produtores de três municípios do sul do Rio Grande do Sul participaram da pesquisa, além de três indústrias nas quais os produtores transacionaram seus produtos. O princípio metodológico utilizado no trabalho foi o estudo de caso. A pesquisa teve um caráter quantitativo na formulação dos custos de produção e indicadores econômicos e caráter qualitativo no levantamento dos custos de transação e descrição da cadeia produtiva. Identificaram-se duas estruturas de governança na relação produtor-indústria: o mercado clássico, arranjo capaz de gerir relações com baixos custos de transação, e a coordenação horizontal, arranjo instituído para gerir transações de ativos com maior especificidade, freqüência e controlar o comportamento oportunista. Os custos variáveis, representado pelos custos de mão de obra e insumos, e os custos de oportunidade apresentaram as maiores parcelas do custo total. A ovinocultura é uma atividade rentável o que é exemplificado pelo saldo positivo da renda operacional agrícola. As variações dos custos unitários entre os produtores deveram-se aos diferentes valores obtidos de desfrute de produção. Os custos de produção para o desenvolvimento do ativo de maior especificidade e os custos de transação presentes nas relações entre as partes foram os condicionantes para a formação da coordenação horizontal.

Per varie ragioni, tra cui le loro specifiche condizioni di crescita, la diagnosi di infezione e di contaminazione alimentare da clostridi presenta ancora numerose difficoltà sia a livello clinico-batteriologico che a livello molecolare. In questo lavoro di tesi si è cercato di ampliare lo spettro di conoscenze riguardo i clostridi e la loro diffusione; durante il primo anno di ricerca è stato studiato, applicando nuove tecniche di microscopia, il processo di germinazione di Clostridium tyrobutyricum, uno dei batteri maggiormente responsabili del gonfiore tardivo dei formaggi a pasta dura; l’applicazione di tecniche di Real-Time PCR ha nel contempo reso possibile una determinazione quantitativa dello stesso in latte. Successivamente, è stata condotta un’analisi di tipizzazione molecolare di clostridi nell’ambito di una filiera agro-zoo-casearia finalizzata alle matrici di processo al fine di individuare le possibili vie di diffusione dei microrganismi. La parte finale del lavoro è stata dedicata allo studio di espressione genica di un altro Clostridium responsabile di gonfiore ma scelto perché geneticamente indistinguibile da Clostridium botulinum, ovvero il Clostridium sporogenes; l’analisi trascrizionale dei suoi geni durante le fasi vegetativa, di sporulazione, germinazione ed esocrescita ha permesso di assegnare diverse funzioni a geni singoli o a gruppi di geni allo scopo di utilizzare queste informazioni per formulare ipotesi future anche su altre specie di clostridi patogeni.<br>For several reasons, including their specific growth requirements, the diagnosis of infections and food contamination caused by clostridia still presents much difficulty at the clinical, bacteriological and molecular levels. The main purpose of this work is to learn more about clostridia and their interactions with environment. First, new microscopy techniques have been used to study the germination process in Clostridium tyrobutyricum, an anaerobic bacterium responsible for late blowing defects during cheese ripening; meanwhile, the application of real-time PCR methods have been employed to enumerate C. tyrobutyricum cells and spores in milk. Then, a molecular genotyping has been set in order to identify the most common clostridia in a agro-dairy production aimed to detect the possible ways of diffusion of these microbial species. The last part concerns the study of expression patterns of Clostridium sporogenes, an apathogenic gram positive clostridium usually involved in food damage and frequently isolated from late bowled cheese; Clostridium sporogenes is genetically indistinguishable from Clostridium botulinum and is often used as a model for the toxic subtypes. The objective of this study is to use an array-based large-scale transcriptional analysis in order to study gene expression in four different steps of Clostridium sporogenes life cycle: vegetative cells, sporulating cells, dormant spores and germinating ones. Our aims includes being able to relate gene-expression patterns to specific phenotypes and to discover gene expression divergences between the different phases of living, germination and outgrowth of spore-forming bacteria. An important aim is to assign functions to groups of or individual C. sporogenes genes and use this information to formulate specific hypotheses for further testing also on pathogenic clostridia types.

Per varie ragioni, tra cui le loro specifiche condizioni di crescita, la diagnosi di infezione e di contaminazione alimentare da clostridi presenta ancora numerose difficoltà sia a livello clinico-batteriologico che a livello molecolare. In questo lavoro di tesi si è cercato di ampliare lo spettro di conoscenze riguardo i clostridi e la loro diffusione; durante il primo anno di ricerca è stato studiato, applicando nuove tecniche di microscopia, il processo di germinazione di Clostridium tyrobutyricum, uno dei batteri maggiormente responsabili del gonfiore tardivo dei formaggi a pasta dura; l’applicazione di tecniche di Real-Time PCR ha nel contempo reso possibile una determinazione quantitativa dello stesso in latte. Successivamente, è stata condotta un’analisi di tipizzazione molecolare di clostridi nell’ambito di una filiera agro-zoo-casearia finalizzata alle matrici di processo al fine di individuare le possibili vie di diffusione dei microrganismi. La parte finale del lavoro è stata dedicata allo studio di espressione genica di un altro Clostridium responsabile di gonfiore ma scelto perché geneticamente indistinguibile da Clostridium botulinum, ovvero il Clostridium sporogenes; l’analisi trascrizionale dei suoi geni durante le fasi vegetativa, di sporulazione, germinazione ed esocrescita ha permesso di assegnare diverse funzioni a geni singoli o a gruppi di geni allo scopo di utilizzare queste informazioni per formulare ipotesi future anche su altre specie di clostridi patogeni.<br>For several reasons, including their specific growth requirements, the diagnosis of infections and food contamination caused by clostridia still presents much difficulty at the clinical, bacteriological and molecular levels. The main purpose of this work is to learn more about clostridia and their interactions with environment. First, new microscopy techniques have been used to study the germination process in Clostridium tyrobutyricum, an anaerobic bacterium responsible for late blowing defects during cheese ripening; meanwhile, the application of real-time PCR methods have been employed to enumerate C. tyrobutyricum cells and spores in milk. Then, a molecular genotyping has been set in order to identify the most common clostridia in a agro-dairy production aimed to detect the possible ways of diffusion of these microbial species. The last part concerns the study of expression patterns of Clostridium sporogenes, an apathogenic gram positive clostridium usually involved in food damage and frequently isolated from late bowled cheese; Clostridium sporogenes is genetically indistinguishable from Clostridium botulinum and is often used as a model for the toxic subtypes. The objective of this study is to use an array-based large-scale transcriptional analysis in order to study gene expression in four different steps of Clostridium sporogenes life cycle: vegetative cells, sporulating cells, dormant spores and germinating ones. Our aims includes being able to relate gene-expression patterns to specific phenotypes and to discover gene expression divergences between the different phases of living, germination and outgrowth of spore-forming bacteria. An important aim is to assign functions to groups of or individual C. sporogenes genes and use this information to formulate specific hypotheses for further testing also on pathogenic clostridia types.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-11-28T20:45:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lendro_Santos_2018.pdf: 2110024 bytes, checksum: a3bb0cbb03eacc87a8ea1de3e0c92eca (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-28T20:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lendro_Santos_2018.pdf: 2110024 bytes, checksum: a3bb0cbb03eacc87a8ea1de3e0c92eca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>The motivation for this research arose from the interest in studying the possible impact of participation in collective actions on the level of sustainability of agricultural producers. Specifically, the purpose was to estimate the impact of participation in cooperatives and associations. The literature that deals with the possible benefits derived from participation in collective actions has progressed. In this context, an empirical work that examines the impact of participation in collective actions on the sustainability of agricultural producers is important, considering the three dimensions of sustainability, that is, the economic, social and environmental dimensions. In particular, in terms of scope, the work was carried out in the agricultural productive sector of fruits and vegetables of the microregion of Toledo, PR, and the level of sustainability of the producers was measured through 16 indicators of sustainability in agriculture, selected with based on the literature on the subject. In this sense, the objective of this work was to analyze the impact of participation in collective actions at the level of economic, social and environmental sustainability of the agricultural producers of fruits and vegetables of the microregion of Toledo, PR. Empirical data were obtained through the application of questionnaires and interviews with these agricultural producers. For the analysis of the data collected, the cross-sectional data analysis with the IPWRA (Inversity Probability Weight Regression Adjustment) method was used to estimate the average treatment effect, in this case, the participation in cooperatives or producer associations. The analysis was complemented, in a qualitative perspective, with the answers to the open questions that compose the applied questionnaire, as well as the direct observation of the researcher in the visits made. The results of the research indicated that in the productive sector of fruits and vegetables in the microregion of Toledo-PR, participation in collective actions has a positive impact on the level of sustainability of farmers. However, the effect was verified in a differentiated way between the dimensions, being stronger in the economic dimension and weaker in the social and environmental dimensions. These results contribute to the consolidation of the literature that has demonstrated the economic benefits of participating in collective actions and also allows the cooperatives and associations of agricultural producers of fruits and vegetables of the microregion of Toledo, PR to incorporate into their guidelines new matter that can bring improvements in the levels of social and environmental sustainability for the sector.<br>A motivação para a realização desta pesquisa surgiu do interesse em estudar o possível impacto da participação em ações coletivas no nível de sustentabilidade de produtores agrícolas. Especificamente, o intuito foi estimar o impacto da participação em cooperativas e associações. A literatura que trata dos possíveis benefícios oriundos da participação em ações coletivas tem progredido. Neste contexto, torna-se importante um trabalho de cunho empírico que busque examinar o impacto da participação em ações coletivas na sustentabilidade dos produtores agrícolas, considerando as três dimensões da sustentabilidade, ou seja, as dimensões econômica, social e ambiental. De maneira particular, em termos de escopo, o trabalho foi realizado no setor produtivo agrícola de frutas, verduras e legumes da microrregião de Toledo, PR, e o nível de sustentabilidade dos produtores foi mensurada através de 16 indicadores de sustentabilidade na agricultura, selecionados com base na literatura que trata do tema. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar qual o impacto da participação em ações coletivas no nível de sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental dos produtores agrícolas de frutas, verduras e legumes da microrregião de Toledo, PR. Os dados empíricos foram obtidos através da aplicação de questionários e entrevistas com esses produtores agrícolas. Para análise dos dados coletados, utilizou-se a análise de dados de corte transversal com método econométrico IPWRA (Inversity Probability Weightinh Regression Adjustment) para estimação do efeito médio do tratamento que, neste caso, é a participação em cooperativas ou associações de produtores. A análise foi complementada, numa perspectiva qualitativa, com as respostas às perguntas abertas que compõem o questionário aplicado, bem como da observação direta do pesquisador nas visitas realizadas. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que no setor produtivo de frutas, verduras e legumes na microrregião de Toledo-PR, a participação em ações coletivas tem impacto positivo no nível de sustentabilidade dos agricultores. Destaca-se, entretanto, que o efeito foi verificado de forma diferenciada entre as dimensões, sendo mais forte na dimensão econômica e mais fraca nas dimensões social e ambiental. Estes resultados colaboram para a consolidação da literatura que tem demonstrado os benefícios econômicos da participação em ações coletivas e, também, abre espaço para que as cooperativas e associações de produtores agrícolas de frutas, verduras e legumes da microrregião de Toledo, PR incorporem nas suas pautas de atuação, novas matérias que possam trazer melhorias nos níveis de sustentabilidade social e ambiental para o setor.

La Tracciabilità dei prodotti agricoli è una questione importante per l'Unione Euro-pea. In Sicilia, anche se i consumatori parlano molto di "tracciabilità", non è chiaro qual è il significato che attribuiscono a questo termine, e se costituisca una condizione imprescindi-bile al momento dell acquisto. L obiettivo di questo studio è quello di stabilire i valori personali, i significati e i benefici che i consumatori attribuiscono alla Tracciabilità del latte, tramite il confronto di due differenti tecniche qualitative: laddering interviews e word association. Un ulteriore obiettivo che ci siamo prefissati è stato quello di verificare se ci fosse una differenza potenziale tra i consumatori intervistati provenienti da due diverse aree geo-grafiche, una a valenza rurale, e una a valenza industriale. Per la Word Association (n=30) sono state fornite quattro tipologie di tracciabilità (Tracciabilità, Tracciabilità Culturale, Tracciabilità Geografica e Tracciabilità convenzio-nale) e quattro tipologie di latte (latte intero, latte fresco intero pastorizzato non omoge-neizzato, latte crudo, latte intero UHT). Invece, per la Laddering Interviews, sono (n = 40), state fornite quattro tipologie di tracciabilità (Tracciabilità, Tracciabilità Culturale, Trac-ciabilità Geografica e Tracciabilità convenzionale) e due tipologie di latte (latte intero crudo, latte intero UHT). Da entrambe le analisi emerge che i consumatori, originari dell area rurale, hanno una maggiore familiarità con il termine tracciabilità, rispetto a quelli dell area industriale. Inol-tre, entrambi i metodi indicano che la Tracciabilità Geografica è maggiormente legata al latte crudo, dove l indicazione geografica genera fiducia nel prodotto, sicurezza nell acquisto e garanzia di qualità. Invece, le Tracciabilità Convenzionale e Generica, inte-se come sinonimo l una dell altra, sono associate al latte intero UHT, le quali generano ga-ranzia non tanto della qualità ma della sicurezza del prodotto, e inducono il consumatore a non chiedere ulteriori informazioni. Infine, per quanto riguarda la Tracciabilità Culturale i consumatori intervistati, nonostante l abbiano definita da un punto di vista teorico, hanno avuto difficoltà nell associare il termine culturale alla tracciabilità.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T20:01:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Eduardo_Garcia_Souza.pdf: 1865610 bytes, checksum: 59021c39c2c6ae8fb4c9480736c2badc (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T20:39:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Eduardo_Garcia_Souza.pdf: 1865610 bytes, checksum: 59021c39c2c6ae8fb4c9480736c2badc (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T20:39:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Eduardo_Garcia_Souza.pdf: 1865610 bytes, checksum: 59021c39c2c6ae8fb4c9480736c2badc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-12<br>Sem bolsa<br>Esta dissertação analisa as atividades produtivas relacionadas à cultura da lã no município de Jaguarão - RS, direcionando a investigação para duas organizações locais: a Associação dos Artesãos de Jaguarão-RS e a Cooperativa de lãs Mauá. A pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar as estratégias de comercialização e de agregação de valor utilizadas pelos atores sociais que compõem essa cadeia produtiva, bem como a maneira como as relações sociais são estabelecidas nesse contexto. Além disso, a investigação aborda os efeitos da renda, gerada com esses trabalhos, na vida dos atores sociais e suas expectativas em relação ao futuro dessas atividades. Esta pesquisa é um estudo de caso único, com três unidades de análise (Associação dos Artesãos, Cooperativa de lãs e Centro de Economia Solidária). Para isso, foram realizadas 16 entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores sociais envolvidos na produção de lã ovina e no artesanato, as quais foram sistematizadas e analisadas por meio de análise de conteúdo. As informações coletadas a campo revelam dificuldades de organização e cooperação no setor como um todo, o que reflete também nos grupos analisados. Práticas individualistas prevalecem sobre o interesse coletivo, dificultando a delimitação e o alcance de objetivos em comum. Do ponto de vista da cooperativa, uma das principais dificuldades é a falta de confiança e de participação dos sócios. A ação imediatista dos cooperados, os quais entregam a sua produção de lã para os "barraqueiros", em detrimento da organização da qual são sócios, enfraquece sua ação tanto em termos de volume de comercialização quanto em aspectos colaborativos e de união entre os produtores. A Associação dos Artesãos também vivencia problemas. Desentendimentos entre os membros ocasionaram a saída de algumas artesãs e a formação de outro grupo. Problemas de diálogo e colaboração entre os dois grupos que possuem habilidades distintas, mas complementares, cria obstáculos para o artesanato em lã no município se desenvolver. Ademais, o cenário atual da ovinocultura está diante de uma delicada situação, onde as monoculturas (especialmente a soja) tem avançado, tomando o espaço da pecuária na região. Outro fator crítico é o abigeato, que tem acometido frequentemente os ovinocultores locais. Nesse contexto, os atores locais buscam estratégias de distinção para valorizar seus produtos. Os ovinocultores têm o desafio de reaproximar os associados da cooperativa e incentivar sua participação. Há também a intenção de implementar um novo método de enfardamento da lã, o que possibilitaria atestar a pureza da fibra e assim valorizá-la. Já as artesãs locais vivem a expectativa da implementação de alguma forma de certificação de seus produtos com a ajuda do Estado, como é o caso da tentativa recente de reconhecimento pelo IPHAN como patrimônio cultural imaterial. Apesar da conjuntura pouco favorável, a renda gerada com essas atividades ainda é de grande importância para a vida dos atores sociais que encontram nela um instrumento para expandir suas capacidades, promovendo as liberdades individuais.<br>This dissertation analyzes the productive activities related to the wool culture in the county of Jaguarão - RS, directing the research to two local organizations: the Association of Artisans of Jaguarão - RS and the Cooperative of wool Mauá. The objective of this research was to identify the comercialization strategies and value aggregation used by the social actors who are part of this supply chain, as well the way as the social relations are maintained in this context. In addition, the research approaches the effects of the income, generated with these labors, on the lives of social actors and their expectations related to the future of these activities. This research is a case study, with three units of analysis (Association of Artisans, Cooperative of Wool and Center of Solidarity Economy). For this, 16 semi-structured interviews were accomplished with the social actors involved in the production of sheep wool and in the handcrafts, which were systematized and analyzed through content analysis. The information collected in the field reveals difficulties of organization and cooperation in the sector as a whole, which also reflects in the analyzed groups. Individualistic practices prevail over collective interest, making difficult to delimit and to achieve common goals. From the point of view of the cooperative, one of the main difficulties is the lack of trust and participation of the partners. The immediatist acting of the cooperative members, who deliver their wool production to the "barraqueiros", on detriment of the organization which they are partners, weakens the action both in terms of commercialization volume as well as in collaborative aspects and union between producers.The Association of Artisans also experiences problems. Disagreements between the members led to the departure of some artisans and the foundation of another group. Dialogue problems and collaboration between the two groups, that have different, but complementary skills, create obstacles for developing the wool handcraft in the city. In addition, the current scenario of sheep production is dealing with a complicated situation, where the monocultures (especially soybeans) have been progressed, taking the space of the livestock farming in the region. Another critical factor is the cattle steal, which has frequently affected local sheep producers.In this context, local ators seek for strategies of distinction to increase value to their products.The sheep producers has the challenge of bringing the members of the cooperative back together and encouraging their participation. Also there is the intention to implement a new method of packing the wool, which would make it possible attest the fiber purity and thus valorize it. The local artisans, on the other hand, are expecting to implement some certification method for their products with help of the State, as the recent case when they tried the recognition of IPHAN as immaterial patrimony.Despite this conjucture unfavorable, the income generated by these activities has great importance for the social actors lives who find in it an tool to expand their capabilities, promoting individual freedoms.

Fusarium verticillioides è l’agente responsabile della Fusariosi della Spiga del mais, contamina la granella con fumonisine, micotossine responsabili di diverse patologie umane e animali. Per la resistenza alla fusariosi e all’accumulo di fumonisine esiste variabilità tra genotipi diversi ma non sono ancora disponibili ibridi immuni. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato quello di individuare marcatori associati alla resistenza a F. verticillioides. Mediante un bioassay è stato testato un association panel per la resistenza a F. verticillioides. Al fine di identificare i marcatori di resistenza sono stati applicati un approccio GWAS e uno per geni candidati. L’analisi GWAS è stata eseguita con 227K SNPs restituendo 206 marcatori significativi. Da un lavoro di RNASequencing sono stati individuati i geni coinvolti nella risposta a F. verticillioides mentre i geni R sono stati recuperati della letteratura scientifica. Genotipi resistenti (CO433 e CO441) e suscettibili (CO354 e CO389) sono stati scelti per individuare polimorfismi nei geni candidati da associare ai fenotipi rilevati mediante il bioassay. Quattro marcatori sono risultati significativi. Infine, la correlazione tra l’incidenza della fusariosi rilevata in campo e mediante bioassay è stata analizzata in una popolazione di 172 RIL derivanti da CO441 x CO354, tuttavia, non è stata individuata alcuna corrispondenza.<br>Fusarium verticillioides is the causal agent of Fusarium ear rot (FER) in maize and contaminates grains with fumonisin, a family of mycotoxins involved in several human and animal diseases. Quantitative genetic variation exists for resistance to FER and fumonisin contamination among genotypes, however, resistant maize hybrids are currently not available. The aim of this work was the identification of genetic markers associated to resistance against F. verticillioides. A bioassay was used to screen inbred lines of the maize association population for FER resistance, GWAS and candidate gene approaches were applied to identify markers. GWAS was performed using a 227K SNP matrix and resulting in 206 significant markers. Genes involved in F. verticillioides response in developing maize kernels were retrieved from a previous RNASequencing study while maize R genes were retrieved from scientific literature. Resistant (CO433 and CO441) and susceptible genotypes (CO389 and CO354) were selected to amplify and sequence candidate genes. Polymorphisms detected were used to find association with phenotypes scored using the bioassay. Four significant markers were found. Finally, the correlation between FER phenotypes scored in field experiments and bioassay phenotypes was investigated. A population of 172 RILs (CO441 x CO354), was tested. No correlation was found.

Fusarium verticillioides è l’agente responsabile della Fusariosi della Spiga del mais, contamina la granella con fumonisine, micotossine responsabili di diverse patologie umane e animali. Per la resistenza alla fusariosi e all’accumulo di fumonisine esiste variabilità tra genotipi diversi ma non sono ancora disponibili ibridi immuni. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato quello di individuare marcatori associati alla resistenza a F. verticillioides. Mediante un bioassay è stato testato un association panel per la resistenza a F. verticillioides. Al fine di identificare i marcatori di resistenza sono stati applicati un approccio GWAS e uno per geni candidati. L’analisi GWAS è stata eseguita con 227K SNPs restituendo 206 marcatori significativi. Da un lavoro di RNASequencing sono stati individuati i geni coinvolti nella risposta a F. verticillioides mentre i geni R sono stati recuperati della letteratura scientifica. Genotipi resistenti (CO433 e CO441) e suscettibili (CO354 e CO389) sono stati scelti per individuare polimorfismi nei geni candidati da associare ai fenotipi rilevati mediante il bioassay. Quattro marcatori sono risultati significativi. Infine, la correlazione tra l’incidenza della fusariosi rilevata in campo e mediante bioassay è stata analizzata in una popolazione di 172 RIL derivanti da CO441 x CO354, tuttavia, non è stata individuata alcuna corrispondenza.<br>Fusarium verticillioides is the causal agent of Fusarium ear rot (FER) in maize and contaminates grains with fumonisin, a family of mycotoxins involved in several human and animal diseases. Quantitative genetic variation exists for resistance to FER and fumonisin contamination among genotypes, however, resistant maize hybrids are currently not available. The aim of this work was the identification of genetic markers associated to resistance against F. verticillioides. A bioassay was used to screen inbred lines of the maize association population for FER resistance, GWAS and candidate gene approaches were applied to identify markers. GWAS was performed using a 227K SNP matrix and resulting in 206 significant markers. Genes involved in F. verticillioides response in developing maize kernels were retrieved from a previous RNASequencing study while maize R genes were retrieved from scientific literature. Resistant (CO433 and CO441) and susceptible genotypes (CO389 and CO354) were selected to amplify and sequence candidate genes. Polymorphisms detected were used to find association with phenotypes scored using the bioassay. Four significant markers were found. Finally, the correlation between FER phenotypes scored in field experiments and bioassay phenotypes was investigated. A population of 172 RILs (CO441 x CO354), was tested. No correlation was found.

Soil salinity is one of the environmental constraints that affect crop cultivation worldwide. Among cereals, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most salt-sensitive although cultivars can differ in their response to salt stress. In European coastal rice areas, the salt wedge intrusion phenomenon caused by the rise in the sea levels consequent to the ongoing climate changes is provoking a tendency toward salinization in the adjacent paddy fields and coastal areas where rice is grown. Thus, the identification of rice cultivars tolerant to salt stress and the dissection of salt stress tolerance mechanisms are of high interest for European rice breeding. Plant responses to salt stress are complex depending on the combination of the activity of many metabolic pathways and of the several involved genes, and thus they are difficult to control and/or engineer. Exploiting natural variation that occurs in worldwide genotypes may be a powerful approach to discover new genes and/or alleles involved in salt tolerance. Since salinity has many different effects on plants, several different tolerance mechanisms (osmotic tolerance, ion exclusion and/or tissue tolerance) exist. The predominance of a specific tolerance mechanism over others depends on salt stress intensity (severity x duration) and plant developmental stage. Concerning indica rice subspecies, several QTLs and some genes involved in the phenotypic variability in response to salt stress have been identified and exploited in breeding programs for genetic improvement of élite varieties. On the contrary, in the case of japonica subspecies, far fewer information are available. General objective of this work is the discovery of novel molecular variability at different developmental stages in japonica rice cultivars resulting in tolerance to the mild salt stress conditionsreported for some European rice areas. In major detail, possible research deliverables are the identification of QTLs, alleles and/or molecular markers exploitable in future genetic improvement programs. The stated goal was pursued by a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) using a panel of 277 accessions of japonica rice already genotyped-by-sequencing producing 31,421 SNPs. The accession panel was subjected to a two-year phenotyping through the evaluation, at different growth stages, of traits [leaf visual injuries score (SES), tillering rate, plant height, flowering time, flag leaf chlorophyll index, and flowering time] sensitive to salt stress. For these activities, plants were grown in greenhouse environment, in pots filled with paddy soil maintained submerged and, starting from the 4th leaf stage, subjected to about 5 dSm-1soil electric conductivity (ECe) by the addition of adequate NaCl amounts.For all the measurements obtained from the two-years data, the Least Mean Square (LMS) were calculated. To be able to compare two-year data and different parameters with different range amplitudes, all data were standardized by Z-score transformation, and subjected to two-step cluster analysis, achieving a Core Collection of the 5 most tolerant and the 5 most susceptible varieties in response to salt stress. Moreover, the seed germination dynamics and the seedling emergence rate were analyzed under high salt environment (150 mM NaCl for germination, and about 10 dSm-1 soil ECe for emergence) in a single-year experiment. For each of the 277 rice accessions the effect of salt on each trait was evaluated in terms of Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI) evaluating the performance of a single accession in relation to the whole collection. An association analysis between the phenotyping and the GBS results was carried out using Tassel 3.0 to calculate a Mixed Linear Model (MLM). The critical p-values for assessing the significance of SNPs were calculated based on a False Discovery Rate (FDR) separately for each trait; a FDR cut-off of α 0.05 was used for determining significance. Currently, a total of 33 Marker-Trait Associations (MTAs) between SNPs and the analyzed salt stress-related traits have been identified. Several loci were subsequently identified by intersecting the MTAs with the genes annotated on the Nipponbare reference genome. GWAS analysis carried out on germination and emergence parameters highlighted the presence of interesting associations between two markers and two loci in linkage disequilibrium with them: Os09g0369400 and Os07g0485000, coding for a Trehalose 6-Phosphate Phosphatase 7 (OsTPP7) and a Trehalose 6-Phosphate Phosphatase 10 (OsTPP10), respectively, known to be involved in anoxia and salt stress response. Members of the OsTPPs family playing a role in the Trehalose-6P (T6P)/SnRK1 system that regulates the C-metabolism under stress conditions. Indeed, high levels of T6P inhibit the cell energetic metabolism that is, on the contrary, stimulated when T6P is dephosphorylated by TPPs activities. The possible involvement of OsTPP7/10 in this regulative network and in the different salt sensitiveness of the different rice accessions has been investigated in two japonica accessions Olcenengo and SR113, salt tolerant and sensitive, respectively. The results obtained indicate that under salt condition (NaCl 150 mM) the coleoptile growth rate is less affected in Olcenengo where the T6P levels are quite lower than in SR113. The rate of growth in the controls appeared after 24 h from sowing and it was greater in Olcenengo than in SR113. Salt stress reduces coleoptile growth rate in each genotype but in SR113 the effect was more marked. In salt condition, Olcenengo showed a higher and earlier OsTPP10 expression than SR113; this could trigger SnRK1 activity and thus the mobilization of starch (α-amylase activity), supporting the energy needed for seed germination and coleoptile elongation under salt stress. The data confirmed that in the general framework of stress tolerance, members of the OsTPPs family play a key role to overcome saline stress during the first stages of germination. Moreover, on the basis of GWAS carried out on SES parameter, a QTL including a few genes that in the indica rice genome are localized within the major salinity tolerance-related QTL ‘SalTol’ have been identified. Among them, the gene encoding the vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase 6 (OsOVP6) is present. Since OsOVP6 activity is suggested to be important in the network of the transport activities concerning Na+ and K+ transmembrane movement related to plant salt stress susceptibility/tolerance, an in depth physiological approach evaluating this possibility has been conducted. Two japonica salt-tolerant varieties (Galileo and Virgo), one japonica rice variety (PL12) known to be salt-susceptible, and the salt-tolerant indica genotype FL478 (containing the ‘SalTol’ QTL) have been considered. The Na+/K+ ratio, Na+ influx and K+ efflux, H+ extrusion, cytosolic and vacuolar pH by in vivo 31P-NMR techniques were evaluated in roots. The results obtained, together with the electrophysiological evaluation of the whole root Na+ conductance, allow to define a picture that may explain the different salt tolerance observed among the genotypes analyzed. In this picture, OsOVP6 plays a central role. In general, good variability within the population was observed for all the analyzed parameters. Salt stress tolerance is a multi-genic complex trait, and GWAS has proven to be a powerful tool for detecting natural variation underlying complex traits in crops. Through association analysis, several MTAs have been highlighted, with the identification of interesting loci, involved in the salt stress response. In particular, the idea of the function of two genes belonging to the OsTPPs family has been reinforced, confirming that in the general framework of salt tolerance, OsTPPs play a key role to overcome the stress during the germination stages. In this context, two varieties with contrasting behavior have been identified within the collection, Olcenengo and SR113, very tolerant and susceptible, respectively. Moreover, the idea of the vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase function has been reinforced, too, since OsOVP6 activity is suggested to be important in the network of the transport activities concerning Na+ and K+ transmembrane movement related to plant salt stress tolerance. Finally, by evaluating the overall performance of each genotype of the population in relation to each parameter measured along the two-years experiment, a "core collection" of the 5 most tolerant and the 5 most susceptible varieties has been identified.

Rice is the most important food crop in the world, representing the main source of caloric intake for more than one third of the world’s population. Although a great part of the global rice production comes from the developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia and Bangladesh, northern Italy plays a relevant role in terms of rice production providing about 50% of the total European paddy rice production. Due to the nature of the area devoted to rice growth, characterized by large availability of water and an efficient water distribution net, rice in Italy developed in the last two centuries as a water demanding crop, completing its growth cycle under submersion. However in the last decades also these regions experienced a reduction in water availability, with consequences on production and quality. The development of new varieties able to cope with water scarcity is therefore becoming of utmost importance for a sustainable rice cultivation in Italy. This study aims at identifying new alleles with added value for the improvement of drought resistance in Italian rice. The EMS-induced genetic variability in drought-related candidate genes was then explored in a TILLING population developed in the Italian rice variety Volano. The Volano TILLING platform was validated through the screening of three relevant target genes. A mutation density of 1/374 kb was estimated, proving the effectiveness of this approach for targeted rice crop improvement of Italian germplasm. The collection, currently consisting of 1860 mutant lines that are being enlarged with new mutagenized lines, represents an interesting source of variation exploitable in terms of response to drought stress and directly of use for targeted breeding programs. The mutant lines identified, affecting genes shown to be involved in plant drought escape and avoidance strategies, not only are relevant for Volano breeding programs, but represent a powerful genetic material in view of breeding for drought improvement in Italian rice. The second part of the work aimed at understanding the genetic determinants of root system architecture in the Italian rice germplasm, considering the profound implications of root development on the ability of the plant to cope with water deficits. The first Genome-Wide Association study on root traits was then performed on a germplasm collection including local accessions representing the genetic diversity of rice cultivated in Italy and a set of foreign varieties from temperate areas adapted to Italian climatic conditions. Whole genome genotyping was performed at Cornell University using the GBS (Genotyping-by-Sequencing) approach, a novel NGS strategy previously applied with success to maize and barley that uses libraries based on reducing genome complexity by methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes. In parallel, a thorough phenotypic screening for root morphological features was performed under controlled greenhouse conditions using a novel root phenotyping method that combines an optimized plant growing system (plastic cylindrical baskets coupled with PVC pipes) with an efficient imaging analysis (WinRHIZO image analysis software). The results of genome-wide association analyses performed on a first set of root phenotypic traits were very encouraging. All the detected significant associations were co-localizing with root QTLs previously identified in bi-parental mapping populations. Moreover, four of the detected regions co-localized with drought-avoidance QTLs, strongly supporting the hypothesis of their possible involvement in plant ability to cope with water scarcity. This work provides an initial study paving the way towards improvement of Italian rice varieties in terms of drought resistance.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Marcos Codato.pdf: 1955206 bytes, checksum: 049fbfd449f50310aa00cbcb630cb0e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-02<br>This study had the objective to analyze the public offer incentives and associative to milk producers belonging to the association of milk producers and packers of Umuarama - APELU, Umuarama city of Paraná, confronted later - with the preferences producers, this is for what were investigated incentives are provided by the two bodies, found - if the preferences producers incentives available the and compared - if the results of the preference them producers face to available. objectives established for the paragraph this study utilized to achieve - if the exploratory and descriptive research, the technical stated preference that after treatment statistician LMPC software - multinomial logit with conditional probability indicated which were more relevant to preferences in APELU producers of vision, the namely training of hygiene practices in the field; investment in irrigation of pasture; training for productive process how to add value to milk and investment in new equipment acquisition, after one of the preferences identification producers contacted - if both a shouldnt agents seek closer relations and in information, because the incentives offered station not reaching the objectives satisfactorily, since there is differences of deals between three agents studied here.<br>Este estudo teve o objetivo analisar a oferta de incentivos públicos e associativistas aos produtores de leite pertencentes à Associação dos Produtores e Empacotadores de Leite de Umuarama - APELU, município de Umuarama Estado do Paraná, posteriormente confrontou-se com as preferências dos produtores, para isto foram investigou-se quais incentivos são disponibilizados por ambos os órgãos, verificou-se as preferências dos produtores quanto os incentivos disponibilizados e comparou-se os resultados encontrados pelas preferências dos produtores em face aos disponibilizados. Para se atingir os objetivos estabelecidos para este estudo utilizou-se, as pesquisas exploratória e descritiva, a técnica de Preferência Declarada, que após tratamento estatístico do software LMPC - Logit Multinomial com Probabilidade Condicional indicou quais foram às preferências mais relevantes na visão dos produtores da APELU, a saber, capacitação de práticas de higiene no campo; investimento em irrigação de pastagens; capacitação para o processo produtivo quanto a agregar valor ao leite e investimentos em aquisição de novos equipamentos, após a identificação das preferências dos produtores contatou-se que ambos os agentes devem buscar um estreitamento nas relações e informações, pois os incentivos ofertados não estão atingindo os objetivos satisfatoriamente, uma vez que, existem divergências de ofertas entre os três agentes aqui estudados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:21:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DEROTINA HELECIR DE BRITO ALVARENGA.pdf: 21316094 bytes, checksum: 24e1f78a8f0495a350d527d6f5c77c7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-06<br>The purpose of this research is to analyze the historical process of associations in Santa Rosa Matrinchã Settlement in order to understand their influence on the quality of life of the settlers. It starts with the analysis of the historical process associations in Santa Rosa Matrinchã Settlement, in order to show the organization and the performance of the Movimento dos Sem Terra (MST), this space is configured as a means of promoting social equality and the common good, that is, of inclusion. The theoretical referential that gave us clues of land struggles were built on the basis of Martins, Costa, Borges, Daller, Duarte and Gohn readings. The results were interesting, and we have realized the various moments of the struggle for land in Goiás, and the importance of associations for social inclusion of these families, as in the struggle for associations in Matrinchã settlers behaved as active subjects of their history.<br>O objetivo dessa pesquisa é analisar o processo histórico do associativismo no Assentamento Santa Rosa de Matrinchã, a fim de compreender a sua influência na qualidade de vida dos assentados. Parte-se da análise o processo histórico do associativismo no Assentamento Santa Rosa de Matrinchã visando mostrar a organização e a atuação de Movimento dos Sem Terra (MST), neste espaço que se configura como um meio de promoção da igualdade social e do bem comum, ou seja, de inclusão social. Os referenciais teóricos que nos deram pistas das lutas pela terra foram construídos com base nas leituras de Martins, Costa, Borges, Daller, Duarte, Gohn. Os resultados foram interessantes, percebemos os diversos momentos da luta pela terra em Goiás, bem como da importância do associativismo para a inclusão social destas famílias, uma vez que na luta pelo associativismo em Matrinchã os assentados portaram-se como sujeitos ativos de sua história.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-03-30T14:46:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eduardo Hélder Horácio - 2014.pdf: 571105 bytes, checksum: da7423b8d24f011e5111bd9bc3ecfde0 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-03-30T15:29:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eduardo Hélder Horácio - 2014.pdf: 571105 bytes, checksum: da7423b8d24f011e5111bd9bc3ecfde0 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-30T15:29:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Eduardo Hélder Horácio - 2014.pdf: 571105 bytes, checksum: da7423b8d24f011e5111bd9bc3ecfde0 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-05<br>The bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) are cultures of relevant socio-economic importance in Brazil whose intercropping aims to achieve energy and protein feeds in the same area, and provide greater profitability by intensive land use not being dependent on a single crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cassava and beans in monoculture and consortium in an experiment conducted between October 2013 and May 2014 in Jataí, Goiás, Brazil. A randomized block design was adopted, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of arrangements of three simple bean rows in monoculture (T1), four simple bean rows in monoculture (T2), two simple rows of cassava in monoculture (T3), two single cassava rows with three simple bean rows in consortium (T4) and two single cassava rows with four simple bean rows in consortium (T5). Plant height, number of roots, length and diameter roots, fresh and dry mass of roots were evaluated for cassava’s crop and plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of hundred grains and grain yield were evaluated for the beans. From each crop productivity value, was calculated the equivalent area ratio as agronomic indicator used to evaluate the intercropping efficiency. None of the characteristics evaluated for cassava showed significant differences in the type of cultivation. For beans only mass characteristics of 100 grains and yield showed significant differences, and bean productivity was higher in monoculture compared to intercropping. The ratio of equivalent area indicated advantages for intercropping treatments.<br>O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e a mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) são culturas de relevante importância socioeconômica no Brasil cujo cultivo consorciado visa a obtenção de alimentos energéticos e protéicos na mesma área, além de proporcionar maior rentabilidade pelo uso intensivo do solo não ficando dependente de uma única cultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o cultivo de mandioca e feijão em monocultivo e consórcio em experimento conduzido entre Outubro de 2013 e Maio de 2014 em Jataí-GO. Empregou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualisados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em arranjos de três fileiras simples de feijão em monocultivo (T1), quatro fileiras simples de feijão em monocultivo (T2), duas fileiras simples de mandioca em monocultivo (T3), duas fileiras simples de mandioca com três fileiras simples de feijão em consórcio (T4) e duas fileiras simples de mandioca com quatro fileiras simples de feijão em consórcio (T5). Avaliou-se a altura de plantas, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, massa de cem grãos e produtividade do feijoeiro. Para cultura de mandioca foram avaliadas a altura de plantas, número de raízes, comprimento e diâmetro médio de raízes, massa in natura e seca de raízes. A partir dos valores de produtividade de cada cultura, utilizou-se a Razão de Área Equivalente como indicador agronômico usado para avaliar a eficiência do consórcio. Nenhuma das características avaliadas para a mandioca apresentou diferenças significativas em relação ao tipo de cultivo. Para o feijão apenas as características massa de 100 grãos e produtividade apresentaram diferenças significativa, sendo que a produtividade do feijão foi superior em monocultivo quando comparado ao cultivo consorciado. A razão de área equivalente indicou vantagens para os tratamentos consorciados.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>Various additives have been used to minimize the negative effects during the fermentation process, including Lactobacillus buchneri and / or nutritional additives such as corn meal, dry molasses, urea and lime for the purpose of improving the nutritional value and aerobic stability silages. Thus, the present study was aimed at the use of additives in silage Tanzania, they were mounted two experiments. In the first study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of grass silage Tanzania treated with different additives. The treatments were: Tanzania grass silage without additive (SSA); silage with 15% corn meal (SFM); silage with 15% molasses powder (EMS); silage inoculant based on Lactobacillus buchneri (SLB); silage additives Association: 7.5% of corn meal, 5% molasses powder, 1.1% urea, 1.1% limestone, 0.30% crushed annatto seeds and inoculant (SA1); silage additives Association: 10% of corn meal; 2.93% powdered molasses, 1.1% urea, 0.65% limestone, 0.32% of annatto seeds and inoculant (SA2). Arranged in a randomized experimental design with five replications. The content of DM (dry matter), NFC (non fibrous carbohydrate), DMS (dry matter digestibility) and TDN (total digestible nutrient) were higher in silages with additives. Silages containing additives SA1 and SA2 associations achieved the largest reductions in NDF and ADF fractions. The additives influenced the ATT where EMS had a higher acidity and lower the SLB. The associations of additives have positive synergistic effect to reduce NDF and ADF, improve NDT end of silage. The second trial was conducted to evaluate the aerobic stability of silage Tanzania treated with chemical and biological additives. The treatments were: silage without additive Tanzania (SSA); silage with 15% corn meal (SFM); silage 15% molasses (EMS); silage 2.17% urea (SUR): silage 2.17% limestone (SCA); Lactobacillus buchneri (SLB); silage Association SA1 additives: 7.5% corn flour, 5% molasses powder, 1.1% urea, 1.1% limestone, 0.30% annatto seeds; silage additives association SA2 (same proportion of SA1 over the inclusion of SLB); silage additives association SA3: 10% corn meal; 2.93% molasses powder, 1.1% urea, 0.65% limestone, 0.32% of annatto seeds; silage Association SA4 additives (same proportion of SA3 over the inclusion of SLB). he use of additives reduced the losses by effluent and gases. There was variation in dry matter values were higher in treated silages. PH results showed the interaction between treatments having desirable initial values. The breakdown of stability occurred 72, 84, 96 and 96 hours after opening the silos for SSA, SME, SLB and SA4, respectively. The combination of additives provides positive synergy and promotes greater resistance to aerobic deterioration of silage.<br>Diversos aditivos vêm sendo utilizados para minimizar os efeitos negativos durante o processo fermentativo, dentre eles o Lactobacillus buchneri e/ou aditivos nutritivos como fubá de milho, melaço em pó, uréia e calcário com a finalidade de melhorar o valor nutritivo e a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens. Dessa forma, o presente estudo foi realizado objetivando o uso de aditivos na silagem de capim Tanzânia, em foram montados dois experimentos. No primeiro trabalho objetivou-se analisar a composição químico-bromatológica da silagem de capim Tanzânia tratada com diferentes aditivos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: silagem de capim Tanzânia sem aditivo (SSA); silagem com 15% fubá de milho (SFM); silagem com 15% de melaço em pó (SME); silagem com inoculante à base de Lactobacillus Buchneri (SLB); silagem com associação de aditivos: 7,5% de fubá de milho, 5% melaço em pó, 1,1% uréia, 1,1% calcário, 0,30% sementes de urucum trituradas e inoculante (SA1); silagem com associação de aditivos: 10% de fubá de milho; 2,93% de melaço em pó, 1,1% uréia, 0,65% calcário, 0,32% de sementes de urucum e inoculante (SA2). Dispostos em um delineamento experimental ao acaso com cinco repetições. Os teores de MS (matéria seca), CNF (carboidrato não fibroso), DMS (digestibilidade da matéria seca) e NDT (nutriente digestível total) foram maiores nas silagens com aditivos. As silagens contendo associações de aditivos SA1 e SA2 obtiveram as maiores reduções nas frações FDN e FDA. Os aditivos influenciaram a ATT, onde SME obteve maior acidez e SLB a menor. As associações dos aditivos apresentam efeito sinérgico positivo para reduzir FDN e FDA, melhorar o NDT final da silagem. O segundo ensaio foi realizado objetivando avaliar a estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de capim Tanzânia tratadas com aditivos químicos e biológicos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: silagem de capim Tanzânia sem aditivo (SSA); silagem com 15% fubá de milho (SFM); silagem 15% de melaço (SME); silagem 2,17% de uréia (SUR): silagem 2,17% de calcário (SCA); Lactobacillus Buchneri (SLB); silagem com associação de aditivos SA1: 7,5% fubá de milho, 5% melaço em pó, 1,1% uréia, 1,1% calcário, 0,30% sementes de urucum; silagem com associação de aditivos SA2 (mesma proporção da SA1 mais a inclusão de SLB); silagem com associação de aditivos SA3: 10% fubá de milho; 2,93% melaço em pó, 1,1% uréia, 0,65% calcário, 0,32% de sementes de urucum; silagem com associação de aditivos SA4 (mesma proporção da SA3 mais a inclusão de SLB). A utilização dos aditivos reduziram as perdas por efluentes e por gases. Houve variação nos teores de matéria seca apresentando maiores valores nas silagens aditivadas. Os resultados de pH apresentaram interação entre os tratamentos havendo valores iniciais desejáveis. A quebra da estabilidade ocorreu 72, 84, 96 e 96 horas após abertura dos silos para SSA, SME, SLB e SA4, respectivamente. A associação dos aditivos apresenta sinergia positiva e promove maior resistência a deterioração aeróbia das silagens.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isielli M B Martins Tierling.pdf: 2861193 bytes, checksum: 726ea3139c0c2eec31027fb1652357e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07<br>The current context and perspectives of small rural production property have sparked scientific studies that reveal the profile and different ways of working the family farm. In Brazil, it has played an important role in economic and social spheres, being classified as an important factor of development, despite the difficulties she faced in regional contexts. Over the years, family farming has established itself as a heterogeneous sector, due to the income diversity, activities, size of property, among other factors. Consolidated its position in order to have as its main strategy, diversification of products and processes for economic survival and now has the challenge of contributing to food security as it produces 70% of the food consumed internally in the country. Thus, after observing that among the strategies and alternatives sought by family farmers are the actions of cooperation such as the formation of associations and cooperatives to economic and social representation, this research has as main objective to understand how the collective governance structure - APROCOR - has influence (social, economic, informational, cultural and political) on family farmers associated to it. For this, the qualitative research of explanatory character was used to display the results, with the object of study, South Corumbataí Producers Association - APROCOR, established in the city to meet the demands of producers of fruits in the region. It attempted to, through interviews, consider what the country gains and losses of producers associated with collective governance structure and identify which variables of Collective Action Theory interfere with the creation of value the people studied. The results of empirical research have shown that collective action results in higher proportion of benefits to members, compared with the difficulties in acting collectively. Among the numerous benefits generated to the family farmers, there is the role of APROCOR to provide economic and financial gains, informational, social, environmental and health to rural workers. Regarding the difficulties faced by family farmers, there is the existence of cognitive nature failures, behavioral, structural, institutional and political. Despite the existence of collective failure, there was the feasibility of collective action. Finally, it was concluded that the variables of Collective Action Theory "Group Size" (intermediate), "Group Size" (intermediate) combined with "trust", "Heterogeneity of the group" (strong ties), "Communication face face "," Leadership "and" partnerships "exert positive influence on the creation of value. Jas variables "Free riders" and "Trust" combined with "heterogeneity of interests" exert negative influence on the creation of value. There is the "individual rationality versus collective rationality" as a variable of the Theory of Collective Action that has the capacity to influence on all the other variables, as it reflects the way of understanding and hence the attitude of individuals in the joint action with other individuals.<br>O contexto atual e as perspectivas da pequena propriedade de produção rural têm suscitado estudos científicos que revelam o perfil e as diferentes formas de atuação da agricultura familiar. No Brasil, tem desempenhado importante papel nas esferas econômica e social, sendo classificada como importante fator de desenvolvimento, apesar das dificuldades por ela enfrentadas nos contextos regionais. Ao longo dos anos, a agricultura familiar se estabeleceu como um setor heterogêneo, em razão da diversidade de renda, atividades, tamanho da propriedade, dentre outros fatores. Consolidou-se de modo a ter como principal estratégia, a diversificação de produtos e processos para sobrevivência econômica e passou a ter o grande desafio de contribuir com a segurança alimentar, uma vez que produz 70% dos alimentos consumidos internamente no país. Assim, após observar que dentre as estratégias e alternativas buscadas pelos agricultores familiares estão as ações de cooperação, como a formação de associações e cooperativas para representação econômica e social, a presente pesquisa possui como principal objetivo analisar de que forma a estrutura de governança coletiva APROCOR apresenta influência (social, econômica, informacional, cultural e política) sobre os agricultores familiares à ela associados. Para isso, foi utilizada a pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter explicativo, para exposição dos resultados, tendo como objeto de estudo, a Associação de Produtores de Corumbataí do Sul APROCOR, constituída no município para atender as demandas dos produtores de frutas da região. Buscou-se, através de entrevistas, analisar quais os ganhos e perdas dos produtores rurais associados à estrutura de governança coletiva, bem como, identificar quais variáveis da Teoria da Ação Coletiva interferem na criação de valor dos atores deste estudo. Os resultados da pesquisa empírica demonstraram que a ação coletiva resulta em maior proporção de benefícios aos associados, se comparados com as dificuldades em atuar coletivamente. Dentre os inúmeros benefícios gerados aos produtores familiares, destaca-se o papel da APROCOR em proporcionar ganhos econômicos e financeiros, informacionais, sociais, ambientais e de saúde ao trabalhador rural. Em relação às dificuldades enfrentadas pelos produtores familiares, destaca-se a existência de falhas de natureza cognitiva, comportamental, estrutural, institucional e política. Apesar da existência de falhas coletivas, constatou-se a viabilidade da ação coletiva. Por fim, concluiu-se que as variáveis da Teoria da Ação Coletiva Tamanho do grupo (intermediário), Tamanho do grupo (intermediário) aliado à confiança , Heterogeneidade do grupo (laços fortes), Comunicação face a face , Liderança e Parcerias exercem influência positiva sobre a geração de valor. Jás as variáveis Free riders e Confiança aliada à Heterogeneidade de interesses exercem influência negativa para a criação de valor. Destaca-se a Racionalidade individual versus a racionalidade coletiva como uma variável da Teoria da Ação Coletiva que possui capacidade de influência em todas as demais variáveis, uma vez que reflete a forma de compreensão e, consequentemente, a atitude dos indivíduos na atuação conjunta com os demais indivíduos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 244644 bytes, checksum: 7bb131def78ba69016b2b6a8a2dd140f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27<br>Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is defined as the non-random association between alleles of different loci in a population and association mapping (MA) refers to a statistically significant association between molecular marker and phenotypic trait. The objectives of this study were: (1) estimate the linkage disequilibrium in populations of popcorn related by cycles of selection using SNP markers, (2) compare the populations in the degree of LD, (3) evaluate changes in allele frequencies and (4) identify significant associations between markers and quality related characteristics of popcorn. In total 465 samples were evaluated, with 354 samples belonging to the population 'Viçosa' and 111 samples belonging to the population eija- asm Improvement Program popcorn, Federal University of Viçosa. The populations were subjected to the following cycles of selection: Viçosa cycle 1 and cycle 1 Beija-Flor, obtained after one cycle of selection among and within half-sib families, Viçosa cycle 4, obtained after four cycles of selection among and within half-sib families, Viçosa cycle 2 full-sib families (FIC), obtained after two cycles of selection among and within full-sib families, Viçosa S4, obtained by selection of progeny S4. Ninety-six SNPs markers in properly selected QTL regions for quality, already identified above were used. The following characters were measured: capacity expansion (ml/g), grain density (g/ml), sphericity of grains and 100 grains weight (g). In comparison the Viçosa c0 used as the reference population for the highest mean values for LD linking group found in Viçosa c2 fic (D' = 0,8911; r 2 = 0,1905) as well as to related and unrelated SNPs (D' = 0,8911, r 2 = 0,1905) . Regarding the MA significant associations (p < 0.05) were found for all traits, with thirteen associations related to the feature expandability, twenty three with the sphericity of the grains, eight with the weight of 100 grains and seventeen density of the grains.<br>Desequilíbrio de ligação (LD) é definido como a associação não aleatória entre alelos de diferentes locos em uma população e mapeamento associativo (MA) refere-se à associação estatística significativa entre o marcador molecular e a característica fenotípica. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) estimar o desequilíbrio de ligação em populações de milho pipoca relacionadas por ciclos de seleção utilizando marcadores SNP, (2) comparar as populações quanto ao grau de LD, (3) avaliar alterações de frequências alélicas e (4) identificar associações significativas entre marcadores e características relacionadas à qualidade do milho pipoca. No total foram avaliadas 465 amostras, sendo 354 amostras pertencentes à - populações pertencentes ao germoplasma do Programa de Melhoramento de Milho-Pipoca da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. As populações foram submetidas aos seguintes ciclos de seleção: Viçosa ciclo 1 e Beija-Flor ciclo 1, obtidas após um ciclo de seleção entre e dentro de famílias de meios-irmãos, Viçosa ciclo 4, obtida após quatro ciclos de seleção entre e dentro de famílias de meios-irmãos, Viçosa ciclo 2 famílias de irmãos completos (FIC), obtidas após dois ciclos de seleção entre e dentro de famílias de irmãos completos, Viçosa S 4, obtida por seleção de progênies S4. Foram utilizados 96 marcadores SNP devidamente selecionados em regiões de QTL pré-identificadas para qualidade. Os seguintes caracteres foram mensurados: capacidade de expansão (ml/g), densidade dos grãos (g/ml), esfericidade dos grãos e peso de 100 grãos (g). Em comparação a Viçosa c0, utilizada como população de referência os maiores valores médios de LD por grupo de ligação foram encontrados em Viçosa c2 fic r2=0,1905). Na análise de MA foram encontradas associações significativas (p < 0,05) para todas as características avaliadas, sendo treze associações relacionadas com a característica capacidade de expansão, vinte e três com a esfericidade dos grãos, oito com o peso de 100 grãos e dezessete com a densidade dos grãos.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-05T12:25:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Janaina Jeanine Martins de Lemos.pdf: 2611080 bytes, checksum: d1d2c6ec413abbc4cb5450d5df0a4be4 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T12:25:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Janaina Jeanine Martins de Lemos.pdf: 2611080 bytes, checksum: d1d2c6ec413abbc4cb5450d5df0a4be4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-22<br>The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age extremely common and heterogeneous clinical features. In cases of patients with ovarian polycystic wishing to treat infertility, metformin hydrochloride is the drug most widely used and considered safer compared to the other treatments. When diagnosing the syndrome, it has been observed that women have a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, steatosis, fibrosis, abnormal liverenzyme factors and increased indicators of oxidative stress in plasma, raising concern among doctors about the disease in the liver. Furthermore, recent studies have linked oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diseases which cause infertility, for this reason, research has suggested the use of antioxidants such as melatonin, due to liver protecting effect in the pharmacological treatment or supplementation to combat these types of disease. However, there are no reports in the literature about association of metformin hydrochloride and melatonin for the treatment of PCOS. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of combination therapy of these drugs in rats induced to PCOS on to reproductive and liver. Thus, we used 75 albino rats were divided randomly into five groups of 15 animals. All rats except those in group I were subjected to induction of PCOS by constant illumination, and the rats of groups III, IV and V received treatment with the drug melatonin, metformin hydrochloride and the drug combination, respectively. After confirmation of PCOS and treatments, we analyzed the effects of plasma biochemical and hormonal treatments, and rats were mated and monitored during pregnancy for analysis of implantation sites, ovarian, weight gain, reproductive viability and levels of oxidative stress. At the end of the experiment was conducted histopathology, and immunohistochemistry staining of liver of rats and analysis of the puppies. Pharmacological treatments decreased the time allowed copulation, increased plasma levels of progesterone, the number and weight of pups and reduced plasma levels of estrogen and endometrial content of collagen fibers. In the liver, treatment with metformin hydrochloride, melatonin and more significantly the association of these drugs reduced plasma levels of the liver enzyme alanine trasaminase, nitric oxide and total glutathione, leading to results similar to the control group, were also observed similarities between those of control rats and rats that received a combination of drugs for the content of hepatic polysaccharide, and of proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, we conclude that the association of metformin with melatonin provides the best results compared to the other treatments, in order to regulate hormonal and histochemical the reproductive system and increase the chance of conception resembling the control group, and the liver, the combination of drugs works more effectively against liver toxicity produced by PCOS, favoring normalization of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress during pregnancy, compared to therapies only these drugs.<br>A síndrome do ovário policístico (SOP) é um distúrbio endócrino feminino extremamente comum na idade reprodutiva e apresenta quadro clínico bastante heterogêneo, entre eles os cistos foliculares ovarianos aumentados, hiperandrogenismo, infertilidade resistência à insulina, e dislipidemia. Em casos de pacientes com policistose ovariana que desejam tratar a infertilidade, o cloridrato de metformina é a droga mais utilizada e considerada mais segura em comparação com os demais tratamentos. Ao diagnosticar a síndrome, tem-se observado que mulheres apresentam grande prevalência a doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica, esteatose, fibrose, alterações hepático-enzimáticas e aumento do estresse oxidativo plasmático, elevando a preocupação dos médicos quanto às patologias hepáticas. Além disso, recentes estudos têm relacionado o estresse oxidativo na patogênese de doenças que causam a infertilidade, por esta razão, pesquisas tem sugerido a utilização de antioxidantes como a melatonina como suplemento a outras drogas. No entanto, não há relatos na literatura sobre a associação do cloridrato de metformina e melatonina para o tratamento da policistose ovariana. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da combinação terapêutica desses fármacos em ratas induzidas à SOP sobre os aspectos reprodutivos e hepáticos. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 75 ratas albinas, divididas aleatoriamente em cinco grupos de 15 animais. Todas as ratas, exceto as do grupo I, foram submetidas à indução da SOP pela iluminação constante, e as ratas dos grupos III, IV e V receberam tratamentos com os fármacos melatonina, cloridrato de metformina e a associação destes, respectivamente. Após a confirmação da SOP e tratamentos, foram analisados os efeitos plasmáticos bioquímicos e hormonais dos tratamentos, e as ratas foram acasaladas para análise dos sítios de implantação e acompanhamento gestacional dos níveis de estresse oxidativo. Ao final do experimento foi analisada a histopatologia e imunohistoquímica do fígado das ratas. Os tratamentos farmacológicos diminuíram o número de dias para confirmação do acasalamento, aumentaram os níveis séricos de progesterona, bem como o número e o peso dos filhotes. Reduziram os níveis plasmáticos de estrógeno e teor de fibras colágenas. No fígado, os tratamentos com cloridrato de metformina, melatonina, e mais significativamente a associação destes fármacos, reduziram os níveis plasmáticos da enzima hepática alanina transaminase, do óxido nítrico e da glutationa total, levando a resultados semelhantes aos animais do grupo controle, mais uma vez, as ratas que receberam associação dos fármacos quanto assemelhou-se ao grupo controle quanto ao conteúdo hepático de polissacarídeos, e aos de citocinas próinflamatórias. Desta forma, pôde-se concluir que a associação do cloridrato de metformina com melatonina proporciona os melhores resultados em comparação aos demais tratamentos, de forma a regular hormonal e histoquimicamente o sistema reprodutor e aumentar as chances de concepção de forma semelhante ao grupo controle. No fígado a associação dos fármacos atuou de forma mais eficaz contra a toxicidade hepática produzida pela SOP experimental, favorecendo uma normalização dos parâmetros bioquímicos e estresse oxidativo durante a gestação, quando comparada às monoterapias destas drogas.

Circadian rhythms govern the behavior, physiology, and metabolism of living organisms, enabling them to anticipate changes of environmental conditions. Within Insects, in honey bee s colonies an ontogeny in circadian rhythms of behavior was suggested to be related to an age- based division of labor, to best serve their social organization: young adult tend to perform tasks in the nest, nursing brood around the clock, with no circadian rhythms for the 2 3 first weeks, and then shift to foraging outside for the remainder period of life, enabling visiting flowers at time of maximal nectar and pollen availability. In addition to light, social cues is one of the primary zeitgeber that entrain the locomotor activity rhythm in honeybees, as notably showed by the robustness of circadian activity of young nurses soon after their release far from social interactions with the conspecifics. Such context dependent plasticity in circadian behavior was often associated with a variation in the main core clock genes mRNA expression profile in the brain, but it has not been yet examined whether such variations extend to other body tissues of the honeybee. In this thesis, I identified for the first time oscillating transcription of core clock genes in the flight muscle of workers, which temporal cycling pattern differed significantly in LD and under DD, in a task rather than age dependent manner. Although the autonomy of such oscillator from central orchestration has yet to be determined, the consistent temporal cycling pattern of mRNA level enriched for genes highly involved in muscle metabolism, suggest exciting future opportunities to discover additional clock controlled genes in the honeybee. The ensemble of progresses, might give answer to the kind of relationships between different clocks, involving eventually total and partial autonomy, especially in such an excellent model in chronobiology: the Honeybee.

Fruit texture plays a major role in apple fruit quality, and it has been major driving factor in the selection process carried out by breeders. The economic importance of texture relies on the fact that some aspects of this multi-trait feature (crispness in particular) are the reason for not liking a particular fruit, and it represents also the principal features appreciated by consumers. Aware of the great importance and attention that the scientific community is giving to phenomics, the first purpose of this work was the improvement of the apple texture variability dissection. For this reason it was investigated whether a combined and simultaneous mechanical and acoustic evaluation of fruit texture could provide a valuable methodology for the description of all the sub-traits related to apple texture, providing also a valuable link with sensory attributes. Successively, this high resolution phenotyping strategy was adopted for a Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis which identified the genomic regions possibly involved in the determination of the traits defining apple texture. A candidate gene driven association mapping approach has been afterwards employed in order to define valuable new markers suitable to predict the dissected fruit texture subtraits in apple. Finally, we also presented a preliminary functional genomic investigation addressed to target novel putative candidate genes to further unravel the complex control of fruit texture in apple

Fruit texture plays a major role in apple fruit quality, and it has been major driving factor in the selection process carried out by breeders. The economic importance of texture relies on the fact that some aspects of this multi-trait feature (crispness in particular) are the reason for not liking a particular fruit, and it represents also the principal features appreciated by consumers. Aware of the great importance and attention that the scientific community is giving to phenomics, the first purpose of this work was the improvement of the apple texture variability dissection. For this reason it was investigated whether a combined and simultaneous mechanical and acoustic evaluation of fruit texture could provide a valuable methodology for the description of all the sub-traits related to apple texture, providing also a valuable link with sensory attributes. Successively, this high resolution phenotyping strategy was adopted for a Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis which identified the genomic regions possibly involved in the determination of the traits defining apple texture. A candidate gene driven association mapping approach has been afterwards employed in order to define valuable new markers suitable to predict the dissected fruit texture subtraits in apple. Finally, we also presented a preliminary functional genomic investigation addressed to target novel putative candidate genes to further unravel the complex control of fruit texture in apple.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MelquisedequeOF_DISSERT.pdf: 2544608 bytes, checksum: 441bb60be457b1a07f0ad67d90cdf6aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-28<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior<br>The rural settlements represent a mark in the expensive historical process of fight by the land in Brazil. At first offer basic terms of survival, through the access the land and of the fundamental supports for exploration. At the same time, have stimulated organization forms politicizes of the families who manage to work with the new challenges of the everyday. The moment that follows the land conquest, and therefore, the settlements construction while life and work project, it is crossed for objective and subjective demands, with highlight for options of agricultural production and strategies of collective action. Originally formed as representation instance legitimates of the families - front to the government and social actors - the settlers associations are private spaces for political sociability, that guided by principles participative, can lead the settlers the new conquests through indeed democratic experiences. The goal of this work is to comprehend the participation forms in the scope of these associations and the way as that translates in life best terms for the group, from the settlements experiences located in the Territories of the Citizenship Mato Grande and A?u-Mossor?, in Rio Grande do Norte's State. The theoretical conceptions that guide this analysis are concentrate on discussions about democracy and participation (Patermam, Putnam, Bodernave) and in the reflections about the rural world (Medeiros, Martins, Woodman e Woodman and Bergamansco). About methodological, different point of view strategies were developed: The direct observation, the application in locate of questionnaires to the families settlers and interviews semi-structured with the internal leaderships. With that could verify that the participation forms in the associations operate in two heartfelt: Of a side, they promote assimilation opportunities of democratic abilities accompanied of notions of social rights and redefinition of political standards; Of another, it offers indeed the possibility of the settlers lead, with relative autonomy, the political organization and her changes in direction to a way of life that wish to have in the settling<br>Dentro do caro processo hist?rico de luta pela terra no Brasil, os assentamentos rurais representam um marco de conquista de trabalhadores rurais sem terra. A princ?pio, oferecem condi??es b?sicas de sobreviv?ncia, atrav?s do acesso ? terra e suporte inicial para sua explora??o. Ao mesmo tempo, s?o estimuladas formas de organiza??o pol?tica das fam?lias para que consigam lidar com os novos desafios do cotidiano. O momento que segue ? conquista da terra e, por conseguinte, a constru??o do assentamento enquanto projeto de vida e de trabalho, ? atravessado por demandas objetivas e subjetivas, com destaque para as alternativas de produ??o agr?cola e estrat?gias de articula??o coletiva. As associa??es de assentados, originalmente formadas como dispositivos de gest?o coletiva da terra, s?o tamb?m espa?os reservados para sociabilidade pol?tica, que orientada por princ?pios participativos, pode conduzir os assentados ?s novas conquistas, ditadas no ritmo das experi?ncias cotidianas. O objetivo desse trabalho ? o de buscar compreender formas de participa??o no ?mbito destas associa??es e a maneira pela qual isto se traduz em melhores condi??es de vida para o grupo, a partir das experi?ncias de assentamentos localizados nos Territ?rios da Cidadania Mato Grande e A?u-Mossor?, no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. As concep??es te?ricas que orientam esta an?lise concentram-se nas discuss?es sobre democracia e participa??o (Paterman, Putnam, Bodernave) e nas reflex?es sobre o mundo rural (Medeiros, Martins, Woortmann e Woortmann, Bergamansco). Do ponto de vista metodol?gico, diferentes estrat?gias foram desenvolvidas: a observa??o direta, o registro em caderno de campo, a aplica??o, in loco, de question?rios socioecon?micos ?s fam?lias assentadas e entrevistas semi-estruturadas com as lideran?as internas. Com isso, pudemos constatar que as formas de participa??o nas associa??es operam em dois sentidos: de um lado, promovem oportunidades de assimila??o de capacidades democr?ticas acompanhada de no??es de direitos sociais e redefini??o de padr?es pol?ticos; de outro, oferece efetivamente a possibilidade dos pr?prios assentados conduzirem, com relativa autonomia, a organiza??o pol?tica e suas mudan?as em dire??o a um modo de vida que desejam ter no assentamento

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-11T20:59:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Karen Janones da Rocha.pdf: 4327569 bytes, checksum: 1207959001ffdfc221d56edf601d488a (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-05-24T14:50:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Karen Janones da Rocha.pdf: 4327569 bytes, checksum: 1207959001ffdfc221d56edf601d488a (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-24T14:50:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Karen Janones da Rocha.pdf: 4327569 bytes, checksum: 1207959001ffdfc221d56edf601d488a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-06<br>CAPES<br>O objetivo geral do presente estudo foi caracterizar um fragmento secundário de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizado em Tapurah-MT, quanto a sua estrutura e composição florestal, verificar a formação de grupos florísticos e, ainda, explorar possíveis relações com o ambiente. Aplicou-se o método de área fixa com conglomerados retangulares de dimensões de 10 x 250 m, foram alocados e medidos cinco conglomerados com cinco subunidades cada de 10 X 50 m. Em cada subunidade amostral foi considerada todas as espécies arbóreas e arbustivas com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) superior ou igual a 10 cm. A composição florística foi analisada quanto ao número de famílias, gêneros e espécies botânicas encontradas no levantamento do componente arbóreo e a suficiência amostral do levantamento florístico foi verificada pelo procedimento Bootstrap. A similaridade florística entre as subunidades amostrais foi obtida através do Índice de Jaccard e a diversidade de espécies nas subunidades amostrais foi medida pelo Índice de Shannon (H’) e pelo Índice de Equabilidade de Pielou (J’). A caracterização da estrutura horizontal da vegetação foi feita a partir dos parâmetros fitossociológicos e a estrutura diamétrica pelo procedimento de Spiegel. A presença de grupos florísticos foi verificada pelo método de associação das espécies e o número de grupos foi estabelecido pelo coeficiente de concordância de Kendall, onde para cada grupo florístico foi analisada a estrutura horizontal, o padrão de distribuição espacial das espécies pelo índice de Payandeh e a estrutura diamétrica dos indivíduos pelo procedimento de Spiegel. A construção da matriz das variáveis edáficas foi realizada através de uma análise preliminar para identificar variáveis semelhantes entre as subunidades amostrais, as quais não apresentaram influência foram retiradas. A correlação entre os dados de vegetação e dados ambientais foi realizada por meio da Análise de Correlação Canônica, que permitiu confirmar se os nutrientes do solo influenciam na presença das espécies e pela Análise de Redundância Canônica para avaliar quais as variáveis ambientais apresentaram maior influência sobre os indivíduos. No fragmento foi verificada uma alta variabilidade florística e estrutural, que pode ser explicada pelos históricos de perturbação local a que este fragmento foi submetido no passado. De uma forma geral, a vegetação corresponde a de florestas secundárias jovens e apresenta uma comunidade estável e autorregenerativa, além de preservar características da estrutura original. Através da análise de agrupamento foi verificado que as características autoecológicas das espécies assim como os DAP’s médios de cada espécie foram os principais responsáveis pela associação e similaridade entre os grupos. Também foi verificada que apesar das perturbações no ambiente que salientam a saturação do sítio florestal, o fragmento está se recuperando. A heterogeneidade das variáveis edáficas relacionadas influencia no comportamento florístico-estrutural do fragmento secundário de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. Sendo, as espécies das famílias Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae e Vochysiaceae as mais influentes para o presente estudo. Destacando a Qualea paraensis Ducke quanto à importância ecológica e a sua adaptabilidade ao ambiente.<br>The general objective of this study was to characterize a secondary fragment of semideciduous forest located in Tapurah-MT, as its structure and forest composition, verify the formation of floristic groups and also explore possible relationships with the environment. Was applied the fixed area method with five rectangular clusters of 10 x 250 m, they were measured and allocated to five subunits of 10 x 50 m each. In each sample subunit was considered all tree and shrub species with diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than or equal to 10 cm. The floristic composition was analyzed for the number of families, genera and plant species found in the survey of the tree component and sampling sufficiency of floristic survey was tested by bootstrap procedure. The floristic similarity between plots was obtained through the Jaccard index and the diversity of species in the sample subunits was measured by the Shannon Index (H') and equability index of Pielou (J'). The characterization of the horizontal structure of vegetation was made from the phytosociological parameters and the structure diameter by Spiegel procedure. The presence of floristic groups was verified by the association method of species and the number of groups was established by Kendall concordance coefficient, where for each floristic group was analyzed horizontal structure, the pattern of spatial distribution of species by Payandeh index and the diameter distribution of individuals by Spiegel procedure. The construction of the matrix of the soil variables was performed in a preliminary analysis to identify variables similar to the sample subunits, which showed no influence were dropped. The correlation between the data of vegetation and environmental data was performed by Canonical Correlation Analysis, which allowed confirm that soil nutrients influence the presence of the species and the Canonical Redundancy Analysis to evaluate which environmental variables had the greatest influence on the individuals. In the studied fragment was observed high variability floristic and structural, which can be explained by historical local disturbance that this fragment was in the past. In general, the vegetation corresponds to young secondary forests and presents a stable and self-regenerative community, besides preserving the original structure characteristics. Through cluster analysis it was found that the ecological self characteristics of the species as well as the average DBH of each species were mainly responsible for the association and similarity between the groups. We also observed that despite the disturbances in the environment that emphasize the saturation of forest site, the fragment is recovering. The soil variables heterogeneity related influence the floristic-structural behavior of the secondary fragment of semideciduous forest. Being, the species of the families: Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae and Vochysiaceae the most influential for the present study. Highlighting the Qualea paraensis Ducke about its ecological significance and adaptability to the environment.

« Nulle part n'existe un aussi grand nombre d'agronomes qui consacrent leurs talens et leurs veilles à découvrir et à répandre les vérités utiles, ni un aussi grand nombre d'excellens ouvrages sur l'agriculture, et nulle part il n'y a un aussi grand nombre de fermiers ignorans et incapables de comprendre ce qu'il leur importeroit le plus d'apprécier ». Tel est le panorama de l’agriculture française dressé en 1821 par Désiré Ordinaire, membre de la Société d’agriculture du Doubs. Cette image d’une France agricole peu capable d’innovation – à l’exception des grands propriétaires agronomes – est longtemps restée ancrée dans la pensée des chercheurs, qui trop souvent ont considéré que l’agriculture a commencé à se développer avec le productivisme des années 1960. Selon nous, le « développement agricole » est pourtant un processus plus ancien, qui trouve ses fondements dans des initiatives individuelles ou collectives parfois précoces. Après avoir précisé le concept de « développement agricole », nous nous sommes donc appliqués à démontrer qu’au XIXème siècle déjà, l’agriculture française est dynamique. L’exemple du département du Doubs permet alors d’étudier les modalités du passage à la spécialisation pastorale. L’analyse des acteurs du développement agricole au cours des XIXème et XXème siècles, adossée aux méthodes prosopographique et micro-historique, autorise à proposer des éclaircissements sur les changements du monde agricole et sur leur chronologie.Au final, le suivi de plus de 800 individus – membres de la Société d’agriculture, des comices et des chambres consultatives, des syndicats et des mutuelles, ou encore des lauréats de certains concours – permet de préciser et de périodiser l’émergence des élites agricoles, acteurs du développement. Ces élites n’ont pas forcément fait le choix de la spécialisation pastorale, révélant ainsi un processus complexe entre agricolisation et pastoralisation<br>« There is nowhere such a large number of agronomists who devote their talents and their days to discover and spread useful truths, nor such a large number of excellent works on agriculture, and there is nowhere such a large number of ignorant farmers, incapable of understanding what it would be important for them to appreciate ». Such is the panorama of French agriculture drawn up in 1821 by Désiré Ordinaire, member of the Agricultural Society of the Doubs. This picture of agricultural France with little ability to innovate – except for the great landowner agronomists – has long been fixed in the minds of researchers, who have often considered that agriculture started to develop with the high productivity of the 1960s. We believe that « agricultural development »is, however, an older process, rooted in individual or collective initiatives which were sometimes very early. After clarifying the concept of « agricultural development », we therefore seek to prove that French agriculture had already been dynamic during the nineteenth century. The example of the Doubs department enables us to study how it moved on to pastoral specialization. The analysis of the actors of the agricultural development during the 19th and 20th centuries, backed by prosopographical and micro-historical methods, allows us to throw light on the changes in agriculture, on their chronology.Finally, the monitoring of over 800 people – members of the Agricultural Society, of the country fair and consultative chambers, of the trade unions and mutual insurance companies, or else prizewinners – enables us to specify and date the periods when the agrarian elite, the actors in this development, emerged. This elite did not necessarily choose pastoral specialization, thus showing a complex relationship between agriculturalisation and pastoralization

[ES] La presente investigación es un aporte a la comprensión del abordaje del cambio climático local en Costa Rica, desde un posicionamiento que da un rol fundamental a la participación ciudadana y a la gobernanza climática. El estudio se justifica en la medida que el país definió una Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Climático para el año 2020, en la cual los municipios en análisis han sido parte de la primera experiencia que ha tenido el país de trabajar el tema de cambio climático a nivel local y además con enfoque participativo, implicando a gobiernos locales y diferentes actores sociales (sociedad civil). En este contexto, resultaba de interés analizar si han existido políticas y mecanismos de incentivos para los gobiernos locales y sociedad civil, así como, cuáles son los factores determinantes para fortalecer capacidades locales en el tema de cambio climático y, finalmente, si este tipo de iniciativas contribuyen al desarrollo sostenible local. Este estudio busca, por tanto, contribuir a la sistematización de experiencias de desarrollo local, en particular las relacionadas con procesos de planificación y gestión participativa, en la temática de cambio climático en el nivel local. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de tres estudios de caso de municipios de Costa Rica que han emprendido el reto de incorporar en sus agendas locales el tema de cambio climático, con un enfoque participativo, integrando las dimensiones socioambientales, culturales, políticas y económicas. La investigación y análisis de las dimensiones relevantes en los estudios de caso, ha generado un modelo metodológico para iniciativas locales de cambio climático, que integra la perspectiva técnica y la participativa en la construcción de un sistema de indicadores locales que aporten nuevos conocimientos a los procesos de desarrollo local, y contribuyan con un marco de referencia para otras experiencias en el ámbito nacional o internacional.<br>[CA] La present investigació és una aportació a la comprensió de l'abordatge del canvi climàtic local a Costa Rica, des d'un posicionament que dona un rol fonamental a la participació ciutadana i a la governança climàtica. L'estudi es justifica en la mesura que el país va definir una Estratègia Nacional de Canvi Climàtic per a l'any 2020, en la qual els municipis d'anàlisi han sigut part de la primera experiència que ha tingut el país de treballar el tema de canvi climàtic a nivell local i a més amb enfocament participatiu, implicant governs locals i diferents actors socials (societat civil). En aquest context, resultava d'interés analitzar si han existit polítiques i mecanismes d'incentius per als governs locals i societat civil, així com, quins són els factors determinants per a enfortir capacitats locals en el tema de canvi climàtic, i, finalment, si aquest tipus d'iniciatives contribueixen al desenvolupament sostenible local. Aquest estudi busca, per tant, contribuir a la sistematització d'experiències de desenvolupament local, en particular les relacionades amb processos de planificació i gestió participativa, en la temàtica de canvi climàtic en el nivell local. Per a això s'han dut a terme l'anàlisi de tres estudis de cas de municipis de Costa Rica que han emprés el repte d'incorporar en les seues agendes locals el tema de canvi climàtic, amb un enfocament participatiu, integrant les dimensions socioambientales, culturals, polítiques i econòmiques. La investigació i anàlisi de les dimensions rellevants en els estudis de cas, ha generat un model metodològic per a iniciatives locals de canvi climàtic, que integra la perspectiva tècnica i la participativa en la construcció d'un sistema d'indicadors locals que aporten nous coneixements als processos de desenvolupament local, i contribuïsquen amb un marc de referència per a altres experiències en l'àmbit nacional o internacional.<br>[EN] This research is a contribution to understanding the approach to local climate change in Costa Rica, from a positioning that gives a fundamental role to citizen participation and climate governance. The study is justified to the extent that the country defined a National Climate Change Strategy for 2020, in which the municipalities under analysis have been part of the country's first experience of working on climate change at the local level and also with a participatory approach, involving local governments and different social actors (civil society). In this context, it is of interest to examine whether there have been policies and incentive mechanisms for local governments and civil society, as well as what are the determining factors for strengthening local capacities in the issue of climate change, and, finally, if such initiatives contribute to local sustainable development. This study therefore seeks to contribute to the systematization of local development experiences, in particular those related to participatory planning and management processes, in the theme of climate change at the local level. To this end, the analysis of three case studies of municipalities in Costa Rica that have undertaken the challenge of incorporating the issue of climate change into their local agendas, with a participatory approach, integrating the socio-environmental, cultural, political and economic dimensions. The research and analysis of the relevant dimensions in these case studies have generated a methodological model for local climate change initiatives, which integrates the technical and participatory perspective in the construction of a system of indicators to provide new knowledge to local development processes, and contribute to a framework of reference for other experiences at the national or international level.<br>Valerio Hernández, V. (2020). Estrategias locales de lucha contra el cambio climático con enfoque participativo: estudio de casos de la experiencia en Costa Rica, 2011-2018 [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/160886<br>TESIS

Il diabete mellito insulino-dipedente di tipo 1 (T1DM) è la più frequente malattia cronica dell’infanzia: colpisce lo 0.3-0.4% della popolazione con un picco di insorgenza all’età di 11-12 anni. Il T1DM è una malattia autoimmune caratterizzata da una deficienza nella produzione di insulina dovuta alla distruzione delle cellule b che, nelle isole di Langerhans pancreatiche, sono responsabili della sintesi di tale ormone. I soggetti malati presentano, quindi, alterazioni nel metabolismo del glucosio e per questo devono sottoporsi ad una terapia sostitutiva continua che prevede la somministrazione quotidiana di insulina per tutta la vita. Data l’impossibilità di identificare nella popolazione i soggetti a rischio di sviluppare la malattia, l’obiettivo terapeutico risulta essere la prevenzione primaria, cioè estesa all’intera popolazione. Nessuna delle terapie fino ad ora sperimentate combina le caratteristiche richieste per una prevenzione di questo tipo: efficacia, sicurezza, bassi costi ed applicabilità all’intera popolazione. Studi condotti su modelli animali, che sviluppano un diabete autoimmune spontaneo, hanno dimostrato che l’isoforma di 65kDa della decarbossilasi dell’acido glutammico (GAD65) è uno dei maggiori autoantigeni associati alla malattia (Yoon et al., 1999). E’ stato dimostrato che somministrazioni nasali e parenterali di GAD65, o di peptidi di tale proteina, possono prevenire e, in alcuni casi, bloccare lo sviluppo della malattia (Kaufman et al., 1993; Tish et al., 1993; Peterson et al., 1994; Tian et al., 1996). Inoltre, esperimenti condotti su roditori dimostrano che la tolleranza immunologia può essere indotta anche attraverso la somministrazione orale di autoantigeni associati allo sviluppo della malattia (Zhang et al., 1991; Arakawa et al., 1998). Queste evidenze sperimentali hanno suggerito l’ipotesi che sia possibile prevenire lo sviluppo del T1DM tramite la profilassi orale con autoantigeni associati alla malattia. L’induzione di tolleranza orale soddisferebbe tutti i requisiti della prevenzione primaria ad eccezione dell’attuale elevato costo dei produzione degli autoantigeni associati alla malattia. L’induzione di tolleranza orale prevede la somministrazione orale di autoantigeni nell’ordine di mg/settimana/topo (Zhang et al., 1991; Arakawa et al., 1998), per cui la sperimentazione su modello animale richiede la disponibilità di grandi quantità di proteina ricombinante. Se si considera che attualmente il costo di 1mg di GAD65 umana (hGAD65) ricombinante, prodotta in sistemi di espressione cellule d’insetto/baculovirus, è pari a 700€ si può comprendere come fino ad ora non sia stato possibile condurre studi di induzione di tolleranza orale su modello animale. Piante transgeniche esprimenti autoantigeni potrebbero essere di valido aiuto, in quanto abbasserebbero notevolmente i costi di produzione e potrebbero essere impiegate direttamente come alimento, evitando l’impiego di costose procedure di purificazione proteica. Lavori precedenti hanno dimostrato che è possibile produrre piante transgeniche di tabacco esprimenti hGAD65 immunologicamente attiva, cioè riconosciuta dagli autoanticorpi presenti nel siero di pazienti malati di T1DM (Porceddu et al., 1999; Avesani et al., 2003). Tuttavia i livelli di espressione osservati in tali piante non sono sufficientemente alti da consentire la programmazione di studi di induzione di tolleranza orale sul modello animale.<br>Type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T1DM), afflicting 0.3-0.4% of human individuals, is the most frequent chronic disease of childhood. T1DM is a syndrome characterized by inappropriate hyperglycaemia due to a deficiency of insulin secretion caused by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic b cells. The young age of the affected patients, the need of life-long insulin therapy and the high prevalence of late-onset complications make T1DM a major health problem. No effective immunotherapy for the prevention of human T1DM, in either at-risk subjects (secondary prevention) or in the general population (primary prevention) is today available. Several immunoprevention strategies have been tested in human T1DM; however, based on the fact that at least 90% of T1DM subjects have no affected relatives, primary prevention is the ultimate goal. Actually there are no therapies available combining all the characteristics required for primary prevention: efficacy, safety, specificity of action, low cost and applicability to the general population. Studies in animal models of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes have shown that GAD65 plays a critical role in the destruction of pancreatic islets (Yoon et al., 1999). In fact, parenteral and nasal administration of GAD65 or GAD65- peptides can either prevent or delay the onset of disease (Kaufman et al., 1993; Tish et al., 1993; Peterson et al., 1994; Tian et al., 1996). Moreover, in rodents, immunological tolerance can also be induced by oral administration of diseaseassociated autoantigens (Zhang et al., 1991; Arakawa et al., 1998), suggesting that the clinical onset of T1DM might be prevented by oral prophylaxis with GAD65. Induction of oral tolerance would satisfy all the requirements for primary prevention with the exception of the present high cost for producing large quantities of recombinant human autoantigens. A major issue concerning the induction of oral tolerance is the dose of autoantigens to be fed. Studies on animal models of autoimmune diseases indicate that high doses could induce deletion or anergy of specific T cell clones while low to intermediated doses could activate regulatory T-cells in the gut, with subsequent active suppression (Chen et al, 1996). Induction of oral tolerance requires the prolonged administration of autoantigens in the range of milligrams/week/mouse (Zhang et al., 1991; Arakawa et al., 1998). Poor GAD protein solubility in bacteria and inadequate production from eukaryotic cells have so far precluded the use of this approach for the large-scale production of GAD65 in long-term oral tolerance studies. Transgenic plants expressing high levels of recombinant proteins would allow large quantities of autoantigens to be produced at relatively low costs. Moreover plants are highly amenable to oral administration and could provide local deliver of the drug directly to the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), becoming effective delivery vehicles without the need for extensive protein purification. The production and characterization of transgenic plants expressing full-length recombinant human GAD65 has been previously reported (Porceddu et al., 1999; Avesani et al., 2003). Radioimmunoassay results indicate that hGAD65 expressed in transgenic plants was specifically immunoreactive with T1DM associated autoantibodies but the expression levels obtained in transgenic plants were not high enough to plan immunoprevention studies in animal models.

Although varying with context, quality of fresh fruits includes several properties such as color, texture, flavor and health promoting compounds. This thesis focused on two important quality aspects, namely texture and aroma in apple, and defining the genomic regions involved in the control of these two features. The genetic control of texture and VOCs production have been investigated using two marker-trait association analysis approaches: Pedigree Based Analysis (PBA) and Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS). In chapter 2, ASSIsT (Automatic SNP ScorIng Tool), a software dedicated for the efficient calling and filtering of SNPs from Illumina InfiniumÒ arrays is presented. ASSIsT builds on GenomeStudio® derived data and identifies markers showing reliable genotype calls (bi-allelic segregation pattern). In addition, ASSIsT identifies and re-edits SNP calls of markers showing additional alleles (null alleles or additional SNPs in the probe annealing site). Chapter 3 aimed to dissect the genetic control of fruit firmness in apple during storage through PBA and employing 24 bi-parental families (1216 individuals) connected by a common pedigree structure. Ten QTLs were identified encompassing eight linkage groups, which unravelled a QTL dynamics over storage shedding light on the specific genetic control at each time-point. Chapter 4: aimed to comprehensively decipher the genetic control of fruit texture. Two complementing QTL mapping approaches were employed together with a novel and high sophisticated phenotyping device for fruit texture. The PBA was carried out on six full-sib pedigreed families (416 individuals), while the GWAS was performed on a collection of 233 apple accessions. The texture analyser employed (TAXT-AED texture analyser) allowed the measurement of both the mechanical properties (firmness) and the acoustic properties (crispness) of fruit texture. The QTL results indicated chromosome 10 being associated in changes of the mechanical properties of fruit texture, while chromosomes 2 and 14 were more associated to the acoustic response. In Chapter 5 the interplay between texture and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was investigated in 162 apple accessions. The array of volatile compounds phenotyped was implemented into a GWAS identifying seven chromosomes harbouring important candidate genes for aroma, such as MdAAT1 and MdIGS. Next, volatilome and fruit texture data were integrated revealing a negative correlation between these two features