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Journal articles on the topic 'Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2025

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1

Gathii, James Thuo. "Agreement Establishing The African Continental Free Trade Area." International Legal Materials 58, no. 5 (2019): 1028–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2019.41.

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On May 30, 2019, the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) entered into force for the twenty-four countries that had deposited their instruments of ratification. When the remaining thirty-one member states of the African Union ratify it, the AfCFTA will cover a market of 1.2 billion people and a gross domestic product (GDP) of $2.5 trillion. That would make it the world's largest trade agreement since the World Trade Organization (WTO).

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2

Heliskoski, Joni. "Joint Competence of the European Community and its Member States and the Dispute Settlement Practice of the World Trade Organization." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802815743.

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One of the principal achievements of the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization was the new mechanism for dispute settlement, embodied in the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. While its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (and the 1979 Agreements resulting from the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations) had already evolved, to a considerable degree, from a negotiating forum for the conduct of world trade diplomacy to a “judicial” system properly so called, the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding n

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Heliskoski, Joni. "Joint Competence of the European Community and its Member States and the Dispute Settlement Practice of the World Trade Organization." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 2 (1999): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000003311.

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One of the principal achievements of the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization was the new mechanism for dispute settlement, embodied in the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. While its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (and the 1979 Agreements resulting from the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations) had already evolved, to a considerable degree, from a negotiating forum for the conduct of world trade diplomacy to a “judicial” system properly so called, the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding n

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4

Cameron, James, and Kevin R. Gray. "Principles of International Law in The WTO Dispute Settlement Body." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 2 (2001): 248–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.2.248.

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Unlike the original 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT), the 1994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement)1 covers a much wider range of trade. It extends beyond goods and now embraces services, intellectual property, procurement, investment and agriculture. Moreover, the new trade regime is no longer a collection of ad hoc agreements, Panel reports and understandings of the parties. All trade obligations are subsumed under the umbrella of the WTO, of which all parties are members. Member States have to accept the obligations contained in all the WTO c

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5

Moore, Patrick M. "The Decisions Bridging the GATT 1947 and the WTO Agreement." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 2 (1996): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203695.

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On September 20, 1986, the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947) agreed to launch an eighth round of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round. More than seven years later they concluded the round, not with an amended version of the GATT 1947, but with an entirely new treaty, the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.

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6

Swaak-Goldman, Olivia Q. "Who Defines Members' Security Interest in the WTO?" Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (1996): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000246.

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The European Community (EC) has recently announced its decision to begin dispute-resolution procedures in the World Trade Organization (WTO) against the United States (US) because of the latter's passage of the so-called ‘Helms-Burton’ law, which tightens the sanctions against Cuba by means of extraterritorial application. This will, in all probability, offer the WTO an ideal opportunity to define the limits of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade's (GATT) security exception. The security exception, contained in GATT Article XXI, is also included in other agreements annexed to the Agreem

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7

Porges, Amelia. "The New Dispute Settlement:From the GATT to the WTO." Leiden Journal of International Law 8, no. 1 (1995): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500003137.

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On 30 December 1994 in Geneva, the four major players in world trade -the United States, the European Union, Japan, andCanada - accepted the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement).The entry into force of the Agreement on 1 January 1995 brings both expanded and improved trade rules and greatly improved enforcement. We have entered a new era in international dispute settlement. This brief article discusses the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes in Annex 2 of the WTO Agreement, the negotiating process that led to it, and the imp

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8

Petersmann, E. U. "The Transformation of the World Trading System through the 1994 Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization." European Journal of International Law 6, no. 1 (1995): 161–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/6.1.161.

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9

Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich. "The Transformation of the World Trading System through the 1994 Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization." European Journal of International Law 6, no. 2 (1995): 161–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/6.2.161.

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10

Pangestu, Yudha, Bernard Sipahutar, and Budi Ardianto. "Harmonisasi Prinsip Perdagangan Internasional pada GATT dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan." Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (2021): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/up.v2i1.10352.

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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah implementasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional pada General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan dan untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah harmonisasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perdagangan. Tipe penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Adapun hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah implementasi prinsip-prinsip perdagangan internasional General Agreement on Ta

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11

Boru, Zeleke Temesgen. "The Trans-Pacific Partnership’s patent linkage: Unfriending or befriending the right to biologics?" Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 15, no. 2 (2019): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134319839447.

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The World Trade Organization brought Intellectual Property Rights into the multilateral trading system. The adoption of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which formed part of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, established a minimum level of protection with respect to various forms of Intellectual Property Rights. However, in the aftermath of its adoption, several Free Trade Agreements, which include Intellectual Property Rights provisions of different potency, have come into existence. These Free Trade Agreements have given ri

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12

Viegas, Michelle S. "The Development of the Free Trade Area of the Americas: A Guide For Legal Research." International Journal of Legal Information 33, no. 1 (2005): 11–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500004637.

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At the 1994 Summit of the Americas, leaders of democratic nations in the Western Hemisphere committed to establishing a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by January 2005. The Declaration of Principles resulting from that Summit called for building on “existing sub-regional and bilateral arrangements in order to broaden and deepen hemispheric economic integration and to bring the agreements together.” Although ambitious, this endeavor was undertaken during a decade marked by an unprecedented proliferation of trade agreements. In 1991, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay agreed to initi

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13

Choi, Yo Sop, and Andreas Heinemann. "Competition and Trade: The Rise of Competition Law in Trade Agreements and Its Implications for the World Trading System." World Competition 43, Issue 4 (2020): 521–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2020026.

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Since the failure of the Havana Charter in 1950, it has not been possible to agree upon a binding competition law at the global level. However, following the fiasco of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial Conference in Cancún in 2003, the number of bilateral and regional trade agreements containing competition law chapters, or at least competition-related rules, has increased noteworthy. This reflects that trade and competition are closely intertwined. In an ever more integrated, globalized, and digitized economy, the competition law framework needs to be internationalized. If a bind

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Habie, Romi. "Eksistensi Trade Facilitation Agreement dalam Perpektif Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2017 Tentang Protocol Amending The Marrakesh Agreement Establishing World Trade Organization." Jurnal Restorative Justice 5, no. 2 (2021): 164–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/jrj.v5i2.3758.

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Politik hukum nasional Indonesia dalam perpektif Hukum Perdagangan Internasional tidak akan terlepas dari realita sosial dan tradisional yang terdapat di Indonesia artinya banyaknya aspek yang menjadi penghambat berkaitan dengan industry manufakur dan tingginya biaya transportasi dari setiap daerah. Sehingga, dalam implementasi TFA WTO Indonesia meski telah meratifikasi dengan terbitnya Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2017 Tentang Pengesahan Protocol Amending the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing World Trade Organization hanya saja dalam praktek Indonesia belum sepenuhnya meneri

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15

Ghazwan Aqrabin Faqih. "PENGATURAN ANTI DUMPING DALAM HUKUM GATT-WTO DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DI INDONESIA." JISOSEPOL: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi dan Politik 1, no. 2 (2024): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.61787/w2dyfy71.

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This research aims to discuss the basis for anti-dumping regulations in WTO law and the implementation of WTO anti-dumping rules in Indonesia. This research is normative research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Anti-Dumping Regulations in GATT-WTO Regulations. Internationally, the provisions for anti-dumping regulations are regulated in Article VI General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 and as a step used to prevent dumping practices, then in 1967 it was implemented. signed the "Anti Dumping Code", Implementation of anti dumping regulations in Indonesia, the iss

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16

Urbanisasi, Urbanisasi, and Vania Clianta Putri. "Perspective of Intellectual Property Rights Related to Copyright in the Scope of Franchise Business." Asian Journal of Social and Humanities 1, no. 10 (2023): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.59888/ajosh.v1i10.97.

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Franchise business is closely related to Intellectual Property Rights. Intellectual Property Rights, especially copyright, are exclusive rights that need to be protected because they are made based on the creativity, ideas, energy, and time of the creator. Legal protection of IPR in the franchise business is carried out to protect related parties from losses and actions that occur outside the franchise agreement. Indonesia itself has accommodated the need for IPR protection or exclusive rights with applicable laws and regulations. These laws and regulations not only protect the rights of the f

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17

Palmeter, David. "The WTO Appellate Body's First Decision." Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (1996): 337–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000234.

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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) began more as a diplomatic forum where parties compromised disagreements than a court that settled them. The term ‘conciliation’ was used more frequently to describe the process than the term ‘dispute settlement’. However, over nearly half a century as the focal point of international trade law and diplomacy, GATT's dispute settlement procedures moved decidedly, if not steadily, from the diplomatic to the juridical. With the adoption of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO), the juridical model clearly has prev

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18

Anh, Ly Van. "The Agreement on Climate Change, Trade, and Sustainability – A New Step in Establishing A WTO Legal Framework for Environmental Trade?" Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences 13, no. 1 (2025): 54–66. https://doi.org/10.2478/vjls-2025-0004.

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Abstract The Agreement on Climate Change, Trade, and Sustainability (ACCTS), signed in November 2024 by Costa Rica, Iceland, New Zealand, and Switzerland, offers an innovative solution to the longstanding challenge of aligning trade and environmental policies within the World Trade Organization (WTO). As an open plurilateral agreement, ACCTS provides a flexible framework for like-minded nations to pursue ambitious environmental trade initiatives, addressing key issues such as the liberalization of environmental goods and services, fossil fuel subsidy reform, and eco-labeling. While its effecti

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19

BABA, Alina. "THE AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (TRIPS)." Annals of the University of Oradea. Economic Sciences 33, no. 1 (2024): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes33(1)024.

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he paper delves into the development and intricacies of international legal frameworks for intellectual property (IP) rights protection and commercialization, focusing on agreements like the Paris and Berne Conventions. It outlines the evolution from initial measures safeguarding industrial property to broader copyright and trademark protections, facilitated by entities such as the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is highlighted for establishing minimum standard

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20

Setyoningsih, Erika Vivin. "Implementasi Ratifikasi Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right (Trips Agremeent) terhadap Politik Hukum di Indonesia." Jurnal Penegakan Hukum dan Keadilan 2, no. 2 (2021): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jphk.v2i2.11749.

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Penelitian Yuridis normatif ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji ratifikasi perjanjian internasional terkait Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HAKI) apakah sudah sesuai dengan kondisi politik hukum di Indonesia. HAKI merupakan hak ekslusif yang tumbuh dari hasil olah pikir rasio manusia yang diekspresikan kepada khalayak umum dalam berbagai bentuk barang dan jasa, yang mengandung manfaat dan berguna dalam menunjang kebutuhan hidup umat manusia, serta mempunyai nilai ekonomi dan nilai moral. Indonesia adalah negara yang menandatangani kesepakatan terhadap pembentukan organisasi perdagangan dunia (World Trade O

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21

Ria, Wati Rahmi. "Perdagangan Bebas Internasional Dalam Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Islam Di Indonesia." Justicia Sains: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 5, no. 1 (2020): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24967/jcs.v5i1.678.

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Dengan turut sertanya Indonesiamenandatangani Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization (WTO) maka secara otomatisIndonesia terikat untuk mengikuti ketentuan yang diatur oleh WTO. Mayoritas masyarakat Indonesia beragama Islam yang wajib untuk mematuhi semua ajaran Islam, sehingga sangat menarik untuk menelaah ketentuan WTO dalam kaitannya dengan Perdagangan Bebas Internasional dari sudut pandang Hukum Ekonomi Islam.

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22

Quirico, Ottavio. "Exceptio Inadimpleti Contractus: CBAMs as International Countermeasures." Journal of World Trade 58, Issue 6 (2024): 871–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2024043.

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A growing number of states and international organizations, including the EU and the US, are envisaging carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAMs) as a means to implement their climate policies. From an economic perspective, CBAMs are instruments aiming to level crossborder trade between countries that implement uneven carbon pricing schemes. From a legal perspective, CBAMs are considered ‘general exceptions’ to free trade, whose lawfulness is debated in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This article develops a systemic analysis of CBAMs, notably the EU CBAM, under general an

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23

Reichman, Jerome H. "Comment: Compulsory Licensing of Patented Pharmaceutical Inventions: Evaluating the Options." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 2 (2009): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00369.x.

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Few topics in international intellectual property law have been as controversial in recent years as the one we are about to examine. In the 1980s and early 1990s, a Diplomatic Conference attempted to revise the oldest international convention providing some protection for patented inventions outside of the domestic laws. Those efforts broke down, largely because developed and developing countries could not agree on the powers that governments should retain to issue compulsory licenses or on the grounds for which these powers could be exercised. The failure of this Conference, held under the au

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Lin, Tsai-Yu. "Inter-Mingling TRIPS Obligations with an FET Standard in Investor-State Arbitration: An Emerging Challenge for WTO Law?" Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 1 (2016): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016006.

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The boundary and shape of evolving investment regimes are heavily influenced by investors’ claims. Bringing a host state’s obligations under other trade agreements as a part of the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard in investment treaties represents a new challenge. As argued here, a host state’s violation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) establishing a violation of the FET standard not only serves as a unique single issue to be decided in an investment dispute, but would also have important lega

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Gea Ossita S, Eduard Awang Maha Putra, and Baiq Riska Anggi Safitri. "Analisis Yuridis Kewajiban Anti Dumping Bagi Sebagian Produk Fatty Alcohol antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa." JISOSEPOL: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi dan Politik 1, no. 2 (2024): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.61787/0wq7fe63.

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This research aims to analyze the case of anti-dumping obligations against fatty alcohol products in the dispute between Indonesia and the European Union. The research method used is normative legal research, using a statutory approach and conceptual approach. The result shows that anti-dumping provisions are regulated internationally in Article VI of GATT 1947. As one of the countries that is part of the World Trade Organization, Indonesia ratified the provisions of GATT-WTO with the issuance of Law Number 7 of 1974 dated November 2, 1994, concerning the ratification of the Agreement on Estab

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Crochet, Victor, and Vineet Hegde. "China’s ‘Going Global’ Policy: Transnational Production Subsidies Under the WTO SCM Agreement." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 4 (2020): 841–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgaa029.

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ABSTRACT As China is increasingly ‘going global’, foreign direct investment under its Belt and Road Initiative is becoming heavily scrutinized. One of the concerns is that Chinese companies establishing themselves in third countries would be unfairly advantaged by the financing they receive under China’s expansionist strategy. This financing gives rise to a situation that had long been described as ‘unrealistic’, in which a government subsidizes a firm outside of its territory. When such a firm’s products are exported to third countries, could such financing be disciplined under the World Trad

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Fitri, M. Fadly, I. Nyoman N, Slamet Suhartono, and Budiarsih Budiarsih. "Policy renewal of Indonesian mineral and coal smelters for Global Impact." Technium Social Sciences Journal 27 (January 8, 2022): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v27i1.5584.

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This research is normative law. The rule of law gives the highest supremacy to a country in providing welfare and forming legal norms, the ratification of GATT through Law No.7 of 1994 concerning Ratification of the Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization (ADDITIONAL TO STATE GAZETTE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NO. 3564) is the rule of law that has the highest supremacy, the result is to comply with the ratified GATT legal norms where the related parties of the public contract agreement can exercise the right to test for inconsistencies.

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Kugler, Kholofelo. "The AfCFTA’s Success Depends on Effective Dispute Settlement Mechanisms for the Private Sector." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 11/12 (2021): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021070.

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The state-to-state nature of the dispute settlement mechanism (DSM) of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) could serve as a barrier to ensuring dispute resolution under this regional trade agreement. African countries’ low participation in trade dispute resolution at the World Trade Organization (WTO) and within their own regional economic communities (RECs) indicates that these countries either do not have the capacity to resolve trade issues through contentious litigation or those types of dispute settlement mechanisms are not suited to their needs. Ho

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Bonneuil, Christophe, and Les Levidow. "How does the World Trade Organization know? The mobilization and staging of scientific expertise in the GMO trade dispute." Social Studies of Science 42, no. 1 (2012): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312711430151.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement procedure is a key arena for establishing global legal norms for what counts as relevant knowledge. As a high-profile case, the WTO trade dispute on GMOs mobilized scientific expertise in somewhat novel ways. Early on, the Panel put the dispute under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement through a new legal ontology; it classified transgenes as potential pests and limited all environmental issues to the ‘plant and animal health’ category. The selection of scientific experts sought a multi-party consensus through a fast adversarial

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Trachtman, Joel. "The WTO Seal Products Case: Doctrinal and Normative Confusion." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s239877230000948x.

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The negotiators and drafters of the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization(WTO), which includes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947(GATT) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT), as well as other subagreements dealing with domestic regulation, such as the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures(SPS), did not do a great job of doctrinal integration among the different documents that comprise the WTO Agreement. To be fair, at the end of the Uruguay Round, the hour was late and they may have felt that the basic ideas were sufficiently clear that it

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RASHEVA, Gulnur K., Gulnar T. AIGARINOVA, and Kulyash N. AIDARKHANOVA. "International Legal Aspects for Ensuring Phytosanitary Safety on the Example of the Analysis of the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 5 (2019): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.5(37).11.

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Ensuring phytosanitary safety is one of the most important tasks of our time, which arose as a result of the growing processes of globalization and internationalization of legal systems and the world economy, as well as scientific and technological progress, which led to the fact that changes in one country have become a threat to other countries. The aim of this research is a comprehensive study of the international legal regulation of phytosanitary safety in the framework of the World Trade Organization, as well as its impact on the member countries of the organization and the legislation of

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Deardorff, Alan V. "Trade Implications of the Trans-Pacific Partnership for ASEAN and Other Asian Countries." Asian Development Review 31, no. 2 (2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00035.

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The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) aspires to become a state-of-the-art trade agreement linking 12 countries on both sides of the Pacific. In addition to establishing a free trade agreement (FTA) among these countries, negotiators are pursuing a long list of other issues, both trade-related and non-trade related. This paper examines the likely effects of the TPP on trade alone, taking into account the fact that all of the potential members of the TPP are already participants in other FTAs. Using information from the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the existence of these FTAs plus data on th

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Czyżowicz, Wiesław. "International customs cooperation –historical experienceand modern times." Doradztwo Podatkowe - Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych 11, no. 339 (2024): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.8676.

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The article brings closer to contemporary readers a small outline of the historical development of selected majorinternational custom agreements and organizations. The paper examines selected historical documents: from theearliest sources, such as the agreement between the kingdom of Kanesh and the city-state of Ashur (around 1900BC), through medieval agreements, among others such as agreements between Kievan Rus and Byzantium (907-944), the Polish-Teutonic trade treaty of 1243 and the agreement on the establishment of the Hanseatic League,to the convention establishing the first universal, wo

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ONWIODUOKIT, EMMANUEL A., EMMANUEL ESSIEN, and FRIDAY UKO. "ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS AND THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY: A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE." Social Sciences and Management International Journal 4, no. 4 (2023): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10263033.

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<strong>Abstract</strong>Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) are contractual agreements between countries within the same region or different region to remove every form of barriers to trade between them in order to promote growth and development while also ensuring political and security ties among them. The integration of West Africa into World trade with the establishment of World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1975 to coordinate world trading activities equally propelled the formation of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as a regional economic body with the aim of promoting

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Brazzy Upoyo, Violla, and Emmanuel Ariananto Waluyo Adi. "PENERAPAN PRINSIP NON DISKRIMINASI KAITANNYA DENGAN KETENTUAN TINGKAT KANDUNGAN DALAM NEGERI DI INDONESIA." UNES Law Review 4, no. 1 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v4i1.199.

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Countries that are members of the GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), including Indonesia, have agreed to apply the principle of non-discrimination in the activities of buying and selling goods between countries. Today's modern products are owned by everyone, namely mobile phones or computers. The product is an attraction to improve the economy of a country. Indonesia, which has ratified the GATT agreement contained in Law Number 7 of 1994 concerning Ratification of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization also has regulations in Law Number 25 of 2017 concerning

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Almusawir, Almusawir, Abdul Rifai, Zulkifli Zulkifli, and Siti Subaedah. "Legal Implications for the Protection of Indonesian Geographical Indication Products." International Journal of Law and Society 8, no. 1 (2025): 64–69. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20250801.18.

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Indonesia ratified the establishment of the World Trade Organization on November 2, 1994, through Law Number 7 of 1994 concerning the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, in which the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement was included as part of the ratification. This ratification has juridical implications for the harmonization of intellectual property laws, including geographical indications, which are registered signs or labels used for characteristic products with distinctive qualities that are directly linked to the environment of their origin. Th

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Voon, Tania. "Remarks by Tania Voon." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 112 (2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.67.

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The WTO general exceptions are crucial provisions that recognize that in some circumstances non-trade objectives will trump trade liberalization. That recognition flows from the fact that trade liberalization per se is not the purpose of the WTO; rather, trade liberalization is a means to achieve other objectives as specified in the preamble to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, such as raising standards of living and ensuring full employment. The predominant view is that the general exceptions are extremely difficult to satisfy. Indeed, I am aware of only three

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Affandi, Imanudin. "Anti-Dumping Policy as An Effort To Maintain Indonesia's Economic Sovereignty." Law and Justice 8, no. 1 (2023): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/laj.v8i1.1791.

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Anti-dumping is an effort to reduce the impact of losses due to dumping practices. In general, dumping practices are considered legal if they do not harm or damage the economy of the country that is the target market for the goods. Anti-dumping is also part of the trade defense mechanism, which is an international legal instrument provided by the World Trade Organization (WTO) to resolve dumping disputes and deal with losses arising from dumping practices in destination countries. The writing of this article uses the normative legal research method, which is research conducted by examining lit

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Baskin, Serdar. "Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Measures: Law and Practice of Turkey." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 11/12 (2016): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016068.

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Anti-circumvention is one of the most controversial areas in the Anti-Dumping Agreement Negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It seems that it is very difficult for members to reach an agreement on what constitutes circumvention and establishing rules and procedures for anticircumvention investigations. Although there are no internationally agreed rules and procedures regarding anti-circumvention investigations today, members are free to put into effect their own rules and procedures. Based on that fact, the number of anti-circumvention investigations have been increasing signifi

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Ehlermann, Claus-Dieter, and Lothar Ehring. "The Authoritative Interpretation Under Article IX:2 of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization: Current Law, Practice and Possible Improvements." Journal of International Economic Law 8, no. 4 (2005): 803–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgi047.

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Al-Husban, Mustafa Mohammad, and Emad Mohammad Al-Amaren. "Jordan’s Ability to Complete the Third Trade Policy Review at the WTO." Global Trade and Customs Journal 18, Issue 5 (2023): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2023021.

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Jordan has joined the World Trade organization in 1995, with an aim of establishing an economic stability, continuing economic reforms, and improving the investment and business environment in spite of the surrounding conditions in the region and their negative economic and social effects. Commitment to the policy of economic openness and liberalization of the trade system pursued by Jordan since its accession to the WTO goes in line with the government’s efforts to improve the business environment through measures taken in the areas of trade facilitation, customs procedures, and enforcement o

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Sultan, Arif. "WTO SUCCESSOR TO GATT." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 2 (1997): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i2.2248.

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Within a short span of time a number of economic blocs have emergedon the world horizon. In this race, all countriedeveloped, developingand underdeveloped-are included. Members of the North America FreeTrade Agreement (NAITA) and the European Economic Community(EEC) are primarily of the developed countries, while the EconomicCooperation Organization (ECO) and the Association of South EastAsian Nations (ASEAN) are of the developing and underdevelopedAsian countries.The developed countries are scrambling to create hegemonies throughthe General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). In these circu

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Liu, Jingdong. "Accession Protocols: Legal Status in the WTO Legal System." Journal of World Trade 48, Issue 4 (2014): 751–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2014024.

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Accession protocols are unique legal instruments in the World Trade Organization (WTO) legal system. With the increasing numbers of new Members joining the WTO, the number of accession protocols is also on the rise. However, due to the ambiguous legal status of the accession protocols in the WTO legal system, the disputes relating to the understanding and application of the provisions in accession protocols are frequently taking place. Because accession protocols concern the fundamental trade interests of new Members, their status in the WTO legal system is of great importance. The WTO Ministe

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Ni, Kuei-Jung. "Can the CPTPP’s Digital Format on Data Flows Serve a Role Model for the WTO?" Journal of World Trade 58, Issue 6 (2024): 989–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2024048.

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Digital trade has grown at an unprecedented pace due to advancements in information technologies. The global COVID-19 pandemic further highlighted the importance of international digital transactions and created momentum for the negotiation of digital rules at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Large technology companies rely on free access to data and cross-border data flows, making them influential in shaping digital rule-making at bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels. The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) is currently the leading regional

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Курбанов, Рашад, Rashad Kurbanov, Асия Белялова, and Asiya Belyalova. "LEGAL REGULATION OF POWER INDUSTRY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, no. 6 (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17176.

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At the present stage of the modern society development energy security becomes increasingly important for both individual states and the whole world. Therefore it is logical that states are establishing increasingly close cooperation to ensure energy security in the framework of existing regional organizations. The article describes examples of cooperation in the energy sector within the framework of major regional associations that exist in North and South America, such as North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Organization of American States, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the

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Steger, Debra P. "WTO Dispute Settlement: Revitalization of Multilateralism After the Uruguay Round." Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (1996): 319–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000222.

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For several years, there has been a tension between differing philosophies of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dispute settlement. Commentators have taken different views on whether the system was fundamentally based on an arbitration or a judicial model. The Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), Annex II to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement), represents the first extensive, negotiated agreement revitalizing the dispute settlement system in the history of the General Agreement. It represents

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Nikiforovich Sidorov, Víctor, and Elena Víctorovna Sidorova. "La ventanilla única nacional para el comercio como la herramienta de la facilitación del comercio." Revista Electrónica de Direito 26, no. 3 (2021): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2182-9845_2021-0003_0007.

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Trade facilitation is promoting international trade by facilitating the flow of goods and services by reducing the cost and time of cross-border trade transactions and thus eliminating procedural barriers to trade. To achieve this objective, trade facilitation as a diversified concept includes several instruments. One of the main measures that seeks to promote trade facilitation is a single window for trade. The notion and main model of the national single window bases on the Recommendation No. 33 and Guidelines on Establishing a Single Window and the World Trade Organization's Trade Facilitat

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Martins Gistelinck, Myriam, and Bart Kerremans. "Interest Aggregation, Political Parties, Labour Standards and Trade: Differences in the US and EU Approaches to the Inclusion of Labour Standards in International Trade Agreements." European Foreign Affairs Review 14, Issue 5 (2009): 683–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2009048.

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The connection between labour standards and international trade has become a key issue in the relations between industrialized economies and developing countries. Both the US and the EU are advocates of the inclusion of ‘labour standards’ in trade agreements with developing countries, in multilateral, bilateral and unilateral contexts alike. As the prospects of establishing multilateral rules governing the relations between trade and labour within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have diminished, both trade blocs increasingly focus on bilateral forums to pursue their policy

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Zuijdwijk, Ton. "TRIPS and COVID-19 Vaccines: The New WTO TRIPS COVID-19 Waiver." Global Trade and Customs Journal 17, Issue 11/12 (2022): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2022064.

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The COVID-19 pandemic (coronavirus disease, previously known as novel coronavirus 2019) and the inequality of access to COVID-19 vaccines generated a proposal for a waiver by the World Trade Organization (WTO) of broad sections of the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), on a time-limited basis. India and South Africa presented a proposal to that effect in October 2020. The text proposed was controversial, led to considerable debate in the TRIPS Council and eventually led to a lengthy stand-off in the TRIPS Council, from October 2020 until May 2021. The European Uni

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Mafulah, Hanim. "Pengecualian Perjanjian yang Berkaitan Paten dan Lisensinya dalam Pengawasan Persaingan Usaha." SIGn Jurnal Hukum 1, no. 2 (2020): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v1i2.55.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan kajian tentang bagaimana pengaturan persaingan usaha dan pemberian Lisensi Wajib dalam pelaksanaan Paten untuk mewujudkan keseimbangan antara kepentingan Pemegang Paten/inventor dengan kepentingan masyarakat. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif deskriptif. Kesimpulannya berdasarkan kasus Perjanjian Supply Agreement 2007 antara PT. Dexa Medica bersama dengan Pfizer Overseas Llc (d/h Pfizer Overseas Inc) atas pelaksanaan Paten zat aktif Amlodipine Besylate dan Pasal 31 huruf k TRIPs Agreement yang diratifikasi dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 7

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