Academic literature on the topic 'Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures'
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Journal articles on the topic "Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures"
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Marchenko, S. I. "Legal bases of the state agrarian policy of Ukraine regarding sanitary and phytosanitary measures under martial law." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 76 (2023): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.76.2.3.
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The article is devoted to the study of the legal foundations of the state of the agrarian policy of Ukraine regarding sanitary and phytosanitary measures in the conditions martial law in Ukraine. On the one hand, Ukraine’s membership in the WTO makes it possible agrarian business to gradually integrate into the world market economy, and with the other - puts forward the obligation to the state to implement it in the national one legislation, tools for protecting the interests of the national agrarian producer both in domestic and foreign agricultural markets. To such tools include sanitary and phytosanitary measures. Agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures WTO determines that their main purpose application is improvement of human health, animal health and phytosanitary situation in the territory of all members.
 State agricultural policy in the field of sanitary and phytosanitary measures is based on the principles of WTO law, which include the principle of sovereignty (principle of independence) and a system of anti-protectionist principles. At the same time, in modern conditions, the peculiarities of the use of sanitary and of phytosanitary measures regarding objects of regulation during martial law is based on the principles of extraterritoriality, deregulation and priority security of business entities and specialists of the State Production and Consumer Service. The main changes regarding sanitary and phytosanitary measures, which introduced in connection with martial law, tentatively cover three groups measures These are 1) measures aimed at creating favorable conditions for agribusiness for the purpose of uninterrupted production and supply agricultural goods under martial law; 2) targeted measures to create the most safe conditions during the implementation of phytosanitary measures measures and procedures under martial law; 3) measures aimed at implementation of separate phytosanitary procedures in relation to regulated objects, exported under the Safe Transportation Initiative grain and foodstuffs from Ukrainian ports. At the same time, there is a special legal regime in the field of phytosanitary measures calculated for the period of martial law and within 90 days (in separate cases - 6 months, one year) from the date of its termination or cancellation, and c the post-war period should be harmonized with the requirements of the WTO and legislation EU.
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CHILLAUD, T. "The World Trade Organization Agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 15, no. 2 (1996): 733–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.15.2.945.
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이성형 and Cheongghi Chun. "A Study on The Application of Provisional Measures Under The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures." KOREA INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL REVIEW 27, no. 4 (2012): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18104/kaic.27.4.201212.229.
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Wagner, Markus. "The Future of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Governance: SPS-Plus or SPS-Minus?" Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 3 (2017): 445–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017018.
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Food safety plays an increasingly important role in today’s interdependent trading relations. The existing multilateral rules embodied in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures are increasingly being supplemented by a series of bilateral and multilateral agreements. Unlike debates surrounding intellectual property rights, the negotiations concerning SPS rules in preferential trade agreements are rarely analysed in a systematic and detailed manner. The article uses the SPS Chapter negotiated for purposes of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) as a model for the future of SPS governance and compares it to the existing disciplines under the SPS Agreement. While the future of the TPPA in its current iteration may be in doubt, the US has clearly posited its SPS Chapter as a blueprint for future SPS governance. While the SPS Chapter contains some procedural advances in SPS governance, its substantive rules – or lack thereof – are not only at odds with the existing SPS regime; they exhibit a flawed understanding of scientific enquiry and how to deal with the uncertainty inherent therein.
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Jamieson, L. E., H. N. DeSilva, S. P. Worner, D. J. Rogers, M. G. Hill, and J. T. S. Walker. "A review of methods for assessing and managing market access and biosecurity risks using systems approaches." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5511.
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Systems approaches to managing risks on a pathway are increasingly seen as alternatives to singlepoint risk management treatments applied at the border One key challenge of systems approaches is the difficulty in measuring risk management effectiveness across an entire pathway comprising many complex processes The World Trade Organisation (WTO) agreement on the application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS) states that measures must be applied only to the extent required to achieve an appropriate degree of sanitary/phytosanitary protection (not unnecessarily traderestrictive) and must use sciencebased risk assessment The framework for import risk analysis within the scope of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) is outlined in the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) Although a systems approach and independent risk reduction system processes are described in various ISPMs the methodology for determining risk across an entire pathway with complex processes is not This contribution reviews methodologies with potential for such use
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Чуйко, Наталия, and Nataliya Chuyko. "International Law Standards and Regulation of Safety of Food in the WTO Law." Journal of Russian Law 2, no. 8 (2014): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5284.
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International legal standards along with norms and principles of international law recently take hold and gain more acceptance by the states. Strengthening of their role in the international law system is connected to the globalization processes of legal framework at the international level and the internationalization of rules at the national level. Orientation on the international standards in the sphere of food safety becomes more relevant in the light of Russia’s accession to the World Trade Organization due to the fact that regulation of multilateral food trade is not limited only to the set of WTO agreements but contains references to other international legal documents including the Codex Alimentarius Commission’s (CAC) standards. In spite of the fact that the CAC standards primarily serve as guidelines they acquire a special status within the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Russian Federation has a right to to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures necessary for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, however the existing presumption of legitimacy of measures based on the CAC standards establishes a certain framework for their application.
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RASHEVA, Gulnur K., Gulnar T. AIGARINOVA, and Kulyash N. AIDARKHANOVA. "International Legal Aspects for Ensuring Phytosanitary Safety on the Example of the Analysis of the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 5 (2019): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.5(37).11.
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Ensuring phytosanitary safety is one of the most important tasks of our time, which arose as a result of the growing processes of globalization and internationalization of legal systems and the world economy, as well as scientific and technological progress, which led to the fact that changes in one country have become a threat to other countries. The aim of this research is a comprehensive study of the international legal regulation of phytosanitary safety in the framework of the World Trade Organization, as well as its impact on the member countries of the organization and the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This scientific work examined the main provisions of the Marrakesh agreement establishing the World Trade Organization, implicitly relating to food safety and phytosanitary issues, the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the WTO, as well as the prospects for the bringing of national legislation in accordance with the provisions of the SPS Agreement and its further application. In this research were considered scientific works and researches of many foreign, domestic and Russian scientists, as well as various manuals and brochures of the WTO. As a result, the scientific work identified the main advantages and disadvantages of the application of the SPS Agreement for both developed and developing countries. Also, it will allow to get acquainted in detail not only with the basic legal framework, but also with its impact on the legislation and activities of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of phytosanitary safety.
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Dhall, Niharika. "The WTO Compatibility of the Indian AI Import Ban." Global Trade and Customs Journal 10, Issue 9 (2015): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2015038.
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body has confirmed that India’s Avian Influenza measure prohibiting the import of livestock and livestock products from countries reporting Avian Influenza is incompatible with the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures as the application of the import ban was not based on a risk assessment or relevant international standards, appropriate to the circumstances.
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Vorontsova, N. A. "SPS Measures as Hidden Barriers to International Trade within WTO and EAEU (theory and practice)." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-1-66-78.
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INTRODUCTION. Since there are many threats in the modern world, states consider the essence of security in its various manifestations. A rather extensive understanding of security should be noted, as this concept applies to multiple directions of our life. So-called SPS measures are one of the vectors aimed at ensuring safety (protection) of human life and health. The scientific literature covers rather extensively SPS measures, taken by states, which include mandatory sanitary, veterinary and quarantine phytosanitary requirements and procedures. The novelty of the study is that SPS measures will be analyzed in terms of their use as hidden barriers to international trade, as well as how often they are used when a particular sanitary or phytosanitary measure imposed by a state or maintained in force by a member of an international organization restrains or can potentially restrain export of its goods.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In international trade certain issues of the contemplated problem are regulated by Article XX of GATT, as well as by the Special Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). Security measures reflected in the Article XXI of GATT-94 are not considered.RESEARCH RESULTS. Th author concluded that SPS measures construe hidden barriers to international trade. However, it is possible to establish "rules of the game", to agree on this problem in concluded agreements on the rules of application of SPS measures, minimizing the possibility of their unfair use. As for the EAEU law, it affects the development of international norms in the field under consideration.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The urgency of the issues dealt with in the article is based on the fact that every resident of any state in one way or another wants to be sure of the safety of all that he consumes and that the state or a number of states within the framework of an international organization are obliged to ensure this. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is no exception, it also faces similar tasks. The article analyzes the results of activities in the sphere of decision-making on SPS measures and the framework of the international organization of regional economic integration – the EAEU.
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Rigod, B. "The Purpose of the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)." European Journal of International Law 24, no. 2 (2013): 503–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/cht019.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures"
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Waterworth, Tayla. "Help or hindrance? a critical analysis of the agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and its effects on developing countries." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7090.
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WHILE it is accepted that the category of "developing country" is a broad one, it can nevertheless be acknowledged that the countries which fall within this categorisation share several common features. Such common features include their lack of financial resources and scientific capacity, and their reliance on trade in primary agricultural goods. The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was originally created to regulate trade in primary agricultural goods, and so its provisions are of great significance to developing countries. In its Preamble the Agreement acknowledges both the unique circumstances of developing countries and its desire to assist them in entering into and expanding within the international trading markets. As part of this endeavour, several provisions were included in the Agreement which purport to protect and provide for the interests of developing countries. In its inception, its Preamble, and the very nature of its content, the Agreement shows a desire to assist developing countries wherever possible. Unfortunately, a close analysis of the provisions of the Agreement shows that this desire has not been fulfilled. Many of the provisions of the Agreement are heavily skewed toward the interests of importing Members, often at the expense of developing Members - particularly those that export primary agricultural goods. Even the provisions of the Agreement which purport to provide protection and special and differential treatment specifically for developing countries frequently fall short, either as a result of ambiguous phrasing or poor textual interpretation by the dispute settlement bodies of the World Trade Organization. As a result, there exists a potential within the Agreement to have a significant detrimental impact on the international trading opportunities of exporting developing countries. In this thesis I analyse the provisions of the Agreement to determine where, why and how they are likely to have, or are having, a detrimental impact on developing countries (particularly exporting developing countries). After identifying these problems I examine and discuss several potential solutions and how they may be implemented to minimise - or even remove - the negative impact on developing countries and their international trading markets.
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Downes, Chris. "Much ado about nothing? Reassessing the impact of the World Trade Organization agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures on domestic food regulations." Thesis, University of Kent, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594235.
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Legal commentary on the World Trade Organization Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) commonly portrays the regime as a constraint on, and threat to, domestic policy-making. EU adminlstrators, by contrast, generally consider international legal obligations peripheral to their work. This thesis seeks to understand these differing perceptims and ascertain the real influence of the Agreement on domestic food regulations. Part I reviews the legal literature, to better understand the assumptions underlying the prevailing characterisation of the SPS regime. It identifies a dominant paradigm fur analysing the Agreement, one fixated on jurisprudence, predominantly interested in the Agreement's significance for state sovereignty, and informed by the belief that law directly regulates state behaviour. Comrrentators' expectation of constraint flow from this analytical approach, but generally lack empirical foundation. With reference to EU fuod policy, Part II reassesses assumptions about the Agreement. It challenges the prominent criticism that the Agreement inspires regulations based on science and neglecting other vahJ!s, demonstrating that EU SPS measures remain responsive to social values in policy areas vulnerable to WTO challenge.
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Serwadda, Muhsin. "An Assessment of the application of the Sanitary and phytosanitary agreement of the WTO and its impact on International Trade: A Sub-Saharan perspective." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5280_1255011225.
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<p>A lot of work has been done regart=ding the SPS agreement and its impact on iternational trade, though not so connclusive. The study, however, is going to deal specifically with an impact of the SPS agreement to the SSA countries, by analysing the balance beween protection of human, animal and plant life or health on the one hand and promotion of international trade in this region.</p>
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Kengni, Bernard. "Trade and environment: the environmental impacts of the agricultural sector in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1491_1363781507.
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Bondarczuk, Eduardo Henrique. "Funções do Comitê Sanitário e Fitossanitário da Organização Mundial do Comércio : o comitê como foro harmonizador e solucionador de conflitos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/134405.
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Após a criação do Acordo Geral Sobre Pautas Aduaneiras e Comércio (GATT) em 1947, as barreiras não tarifárias passaram a ser o principal instrumento utilizado pelos países para a proteção do mercado nacional. Os países que buscavam a liberalização do comércio internacional passaram, então, a buscar soluções a fim de conter tais barreiras. Havia uma dificuldade em identificar quando uma medida que restringia o comércio internacional era uma proteção disfarçada ao comércio de quando ela perseguia fins legítimos como a proteção da saúde humana e animal. Com o advento da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), alguns acordos anexos foram assinados que visavam diferenciar essas medidas e proteger a liberdade comercial alcançada nas rodadas do GATT. Entre esses acordos, entrou em vigor o Acordo sobre Barreiras Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias (SPS) que trata de medidas que visam proteger a vida e a saúde humana, animal e vegetal. Esse acordo, apesar de essencial para um país exportador de commodities como o Brasil, recebeu pouca atenção da academia jurídica brasileira. Buscando amenizar essa lacuna, o presente trabalho se propôs a aprofundar o estudo do acordo sob uma perspectiva jurídica. Assim, sua origem, seu escopo de aplicação, seus princípios e características, e sua aplicação no Sistema de Solução de Controvérsias (SSC) da OMC são explanados no primeiro capítulo dessa dissertação O Acordo SPS também estabeleceu a criação do Comitê sobre Barreiras Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias (Comitê SPS) que administra a aplicação e o debate dos temas relacionados ao acordo. E é sobre esse comitê que o segundo capítulo dessa pesquisa se debruça. O objetivo da dissertação é demonstrar e melhor compreender que, apesar do comitê possuir diversas funções, duas são de extrema relevância, a saber, seu papel como harmonizador internacional e como solucionador de conflitos. Na persecução desses objetivos, o comitê conta com diversos instrumentos como as notificações e as preocupações comerciais específicas (PCEs) que são estudadas e detalhadas no presente trabalho. Para desenvolver essa pesquisa, foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos, documentais e jurisprudenciais junto à OMC e a outras instituições e, a partir dos dados coletados, foi aplicado o método hipotético-dedutivo. Os resultados vieram a comprovar e a limitar o escopo da natureza harmonizadora e solucionadora de conflitos do Comitê SPS, esclarecendo os meandros do trabalho diplomático no seio do comitê. Resta claro que o comitê é um ator essencial e ativo no comércio internacional.<br>After the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947, the non-tariff barriers have become the main instrument used by countries to protect their national markets. Countries seeking liberalization of international trade began, then, to seek solutions in order to restrain such barriers. There was a difficulty in identifying when a measure that restricting the international trade was a disguised trade protection from when it pursued legitimate purposes such as the protection of the human and animal health and lives. With the advent of the World Trade Organization (WTO), some attachments agreements were signed in order to differentiate between these measures and to protect the free trade achieved in the GATT rounds. Among these agreements, entered into force the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Barriers (SPS) that deals with measures to protect human, animal and plant health and lives. This agreement, although essential to a commodities exporter such as Brazil, received little attention from the Brazilian legal academia. Seeking to mitigate this gap, this study aimed to further study the agreement in a legal perspective. Thus, its origin, its scope of application, its principles and features, and its application in the WTO Dispute Settlement System (SSC) are explained in the first chapter of this dissertation. The SPS Agreement also established the creation of the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Barriers (SPS Committee) that manages the application and discussion of issues related to the agreement. Moreover, it is on this committee that the second chapter of this research focuses The purpose of this research is to demonstrate and to understand that, although the committee has several functions, two are of utmost importance, namely its role as international harmonizer and as conflict solver. In pursuing these objectives, the committee uses several instruments such as the notifications and the specific trade concerns (STCs) that are studied and detailed in this paper. To develop this research, bibliographical, documentary and jurisprudential surveys within the data of WTO and other institutions were conducted, and based on the data collected, it was applied the hypothetical-deductive method. The results came to prove and to define the scope of the SPS Committee as an international harmonizer and as a conflict solver, explaining the intricacies of diplomatic work within the committee. Therefore, it is clear that the committee is an essential and active player in international trade.
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Ayala, Oyanguren Angélica María, and Ticona Yesnny Shanneley Orihuela. "Factores que influyen en el nivel de exportaciones de aceite de pescado con partida arancelaria 1504.2010.00 entre Perú y la República Popular de China durante el período 2007-2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626051.
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La presente investigación se realizó con el fin de encontrar los factores que influyen en la exportación de aceite de pescado (1540201000) a China, durante los años 2007 al 2017. Por tal motivo, se analizó todos los factores que se consideraron influyente al tema, siendo estas: las Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias, el Valor FOB y los Fenómenos Ambientales-El Niño.
Debido a esto, se investigó sobre las Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias presentadas por China, para poder exportar y entrar a su país con este producto, ya que debido al Tratado de Libre Comercio, en el 2010, este tipo de medidas fueron más rigurosas, lo cual fue una barrera comercial para los exportadores porque eran nuevos requerimientos por obtener.
Así también, se revisaron los valores FOB exportados a China del aceite de pescado, que vienen influenciados por la poca o la mucha producción de dicho producto, dependiendo de la temporada.
Además, se analizó el impacto que causan ciertos fenómenos ambientales, tales como el Niño, que afecta directamente a la producción, a la biomasa de la anchoveta y su consecuencia con las exportaciones al mercado de China.
Para la realización de esta proyecto, se utilizó el método de investigación cualitativo, tomando en cuenta información de expertos relacionado al tema de empresas exportadoras de aceite de pescado a China, y entidades como IMARPE, SANIPES y la Sociedad Nacional de Pesquería, con la finalidad de poder obtener una información más confiable para el desarrollo de la tesis, así mismo se utilizaron herramientas metodológicas como datos estadísticos de SUNAT y MINCETUR.<br>The present investigation was conducted in order to find the factors that influence the export of fish oil (1540201000) to China, during the years 2007 to 2017. For this reason, factors that were considered influential to the subject were analyzed, being these, the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, the FOB Value and the Environmental-El Niño Phenomena.
Due to this, it is investigated which are the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures presented by China, to be able to export and enter their country with this product, since due to the Free Trade Agreement, in 2010, this type of measures were more rigorous, which was a commercial barrier for exporters because they were new requirements to obtain.
Likewise, the FOB values exported to China from fish oil were reviewed, which are influenced by the low or high production of said product, depending on the season.
In addition, we analyzed the impact caused by certain environmental phenomena, such as El Niño, which affects production, anchovy biomass and its consequence with exports to the Chinese market.
To carry out this project, the qualitative research method was used, taking into account information from experts related to the topic of fish oil exporting companies to China, and entities such as IMARPE, SANIPES and the National Fisheries Society, with the purpose of of being able to obtain a more reliable information for the development of the thesis, likewise, methodological tools were used as statistical data of SUNAT and MINCETUR.<br>Tesis
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Mkimer-Bengeloune, Laïla. "Modélisation des barrières non tarifaires et leur impact sur les échanges internationaux : une application aux pays méditerranéens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUL2004.
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La doctrine du libre-échange a favorisé la création d’un cadre multilatéral en 1947 avec l’accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) puis avec l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) en 1995. Les négociations commerciales multilatérales sous l’égide du GATT puis de l’OMC, aboutissent à une réduction considérable des droits de douane au niveau mondial. Or, devant la diminution progressive des droits de douane, un fort accroissement des barrières dites non tarifaires (BNT) apparaît.En effet, l’expansion du commerce international et l’extension des règles commerciales multilatérales à de nouveaux domaines, autrefois protégés, tels que l’agriculture, les services et la propriété intellectuelle ont amené beaucoup de pays à faire un usage plus intensif, voire « abusif » des barrières non tarifaires, une issue pour contourner la règle « libre-échangiste ».Ces barrières non tarifaires viennent ainsi compléter, voire remplacer les droits de douane et peuvent réduire, voire annuler la valeur des consolidations tarifaires. De plus, les BNT sont deux fois plus restrictives que les droits de douane, CNUCED, (2005) et elles limitent nettement plus l’accès aux marchés que les droits tarifaires, CNUCED, (2012). Egalement, les BNT peuvent prendre différentes formes, elles n’ont pas le même degré de restrictivité et ne s’appliquent pas de la même méthode. Elles varient en fonction des pays et des produits et correspondent à différents objectifs.La présente thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre des travaux de quantification des barrières non tarifaires et vise l’évaluation du degré de restrictivité des BNT tarifaires appliquées sur les importations des pays sud-méditerranéens (MED) en provenance des pays de l’Union Européenne (UE) dans le cadre de l’intégration euro-méditerranéenne. Ce travail de recherche introduit deux modèles économétriques : le premier modèle est une équation d’ « importations », il évalue l’ampleur des barrières non tarifaires appliquées sur les importations (corrigées des tarifs) des pays MED en provenance du partenaire UE et ceci à travers le calcul des équivalents tarifaires ad-valorem. Le second modèle est une équation gravitationnelle, il estime le rôle des BNT et les coûts de commerce dans les échanges UE-MED pour aboutir à une analyse plus fine de l’impact des BNT et d’autres barrières à l’échange à savoir : les droits de douane ; les coûts de transport ; la performance logistique ; les facteurs de la proximité culturelle et les facteurs institutionnels sur le commerce euro-méditerranéen<br>The doctrine of free trade has promoted the creation of a multilateral framework in 1947 with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and then with the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. Multilateral trade negotiations under the GATT and the WTO have resulted in a considerable reduction of tariffs worldwide. However, before the gradual reduction of tariffs, a strong increase in non-tariff barriers (NTBs) appeared.Indeed, the expansion of international trade and the expansion of multilateral trade rules to new areas previously protected, such as agriculture, services and intellectual property have led many countries to make more intensive use of non-tariff barriers, a way to overcome the " free-market " rule.These non-tariff barriers thus complement or replace tariffs and may reduce or cancel the value of tariff bindings. In addition, NTBs are twice as restrictive tariffs and imply a much more limited market access than tariffs. In addition, NTBs can take different forms, they do not have the same degree of restrictiveness and do not apply the same method. They vary across countries and products, and correspond to different objectives.This thesis aims to quantify non-tariff barriers and to assess their degree of restrictiveness on imports of Southern Mediterranean countries (MED) from the European Union (EU) in the framework of the Euro- Mediterranean integration. This research introduces two econometric models: the first model is an equation of "imports". It assesses the magnitude of non-tariff barriers applied by MED countries to the EU and other partners through the calculation of ad valorem tariff equivalents. The second model is a gravity equation. It considers the role of NTBs and trade costs in the EU -MED trade to achieve a more detailed analysis of the impact of NTBs and other barriers to trade, such as tariffs, transport costs, logistics performance as well as cultural proximity and institutional factors on the Euro- Mediterranean trade
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Mkimer-Bengeloune, Laïla. "Modélisation des barrières non tarifaires et leur impact sur les échanges internationaux : une application aux pays méditerranéens." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01004671.
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La doctrine du libre-échange a favorisé la création d'un cadre multilatéral en 1947 avec l'accord général sur les tarifs douaniers et le commerce (GATT) puis avec l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) en 1995. Les négociations commerciales multilatérales sous l'égide du GATT puis de l'OMC, aboutissent à une réduction considérable des droits de douane au niveau mondial. Or, devant la diminution progressive des droits de douane, un fort accroissement des barrières dites non tarifaires (BNT) apparaît.En effet, l'expansion du commerce international et l'extension des règles commerciales multilatérales à de nouveaux domaines, autrefois protégés, tels que l'agriculture, les services et la propriété intellectuelle ont amené beaucoup de pays à faire un usage plus intensif, voire " abusif " des barrières non tarifaires, une issue pour contourner la règle " libre-échangiste ".Ces barrières non tarifaires viennent ainsi compléter, voire remplacer les droits de douane et peuvent réduire, voire annuler la valeur des consolidations tarifaires. De plus, les BNT sont deux fois plus restrictives que les droits de douane, CNUCED, (2005) et elles limitent nettement plus l'accès aux marchés que les droits tarifaires, CNUCED, (2012). Egalement, les BNT peuvent prendre différentes formes, elles n'ont pas le même degré de restrictivité et ne s'appliquent pas de la même méthode. Elles varient en fonction des pays et des produits et correspondent à différents objectifs.La présente thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des travaux de quantification des barrières non tarifaires et vise l'évaluation du degré de restrictivité des BNT tarifaires appliquées sur les importations des pays sud-méditerranéens (MED) en provenance des pays de l'Union Européenne (UE) dans le cadre de l'intégration euro-méditerranéenne. Ce travail de recherche introduit deux modèles économétriques : le premier modèle est une équation d' " importations ", il évalue l'ampleur des barrières non tarifaires appliquées sur les importations (corrigées des tarifs) des pays MED en provenance du partenaire UE et ceci à travers le calcul des équivalents tarifaires ad-valorem. Le second modèle est une équation gravitationnelle, il estime le rôle des BNT et les coûts de commerce dans les échanges UE-MED pour aboutir à une analyse plus fine de l'impact des BNT et d'autres barrières à l'échange à savoir : les droits de douane ; les coûts de transport ; la performance logistique ; les facteurs de la proximité culturelle et les facteurs institutionnels sur le commerce euro-méditerranéen.
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GRUSZCZYNSKI, Lukasz. "Regulating human and environmental health risks under the agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures. A critical analysis." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13595.
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Defence date: 04 October 2008<br>Examining Board:
Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann (EUI/Supervisor)
Prof. Francesco Francioni (EUI)
Prof. Joanne Scott (UCL)
Prof. Thomas Cottier (University of Bern)<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses<br>No abstract available
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KARTTUNEN, Marianna B. "Transparency and dispute settlements : a study of the agreements on sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/44490.
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Defence date: 12 December 2016<br>Examining Board: Professor Petros C. Mavroidis, European University Institute (Supervisor) ; Professor Bernard M. Hoekman, Global Economics at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies ; Professor André Sapir, Université Libre de Bruxelles-ECARES ; Professor Robert Wolfe, Queen's University<br>Transparency of trade regulations by all WTO Members is essential for open, fair and predictable trade relations. Because of the negative integration process followed by the WTO Agreements, a myriad of different regulations apply in all WTO Members and have the potential of affecting international trade. With the progressive lowering of tariffs since 1947, these differing regulations remain the most significant barriers to trade, and the most difficult to reduce. The Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures and on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) provide the most comprehensive frameworks to address the costs arising from such regulatory diversity, through extensive obligations on regulatory transparency and cooperation and introducing elements of positive integration. Does transparency, within the SPS and TBT Agreements prevent disputes from rising, or ensure all Members access necessary information to raise more and better disputes? Through a presentation of the legal obligations and institutional framework of the two agreements (Part I), an in-depth analysis of the issues encountered by WTO Members in the implementation of the two Agreements and raised as trade concerns in the SPS and TBT Committees (Part II), and a study of the factors leading to disputes and transparency's role in addressing them (Part III), this thesis will demonstrate that transparency as it exists under the two agreements has the potential to both complement dispute settlement, by giving equal access to information for Members to raise disputes, and substitute dispute settlement, by fostering dialogue between Members before their frictions escalate to formal disputes. In this sense, the strength of the WTO legal and institutional system goes well beyond its dispute settlement system, with enforcement of WTO obligations fostered by better information sharing and dialogue among Members themselves, through non-judicial means.
Books on the topic "Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures"
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Scott, Joanne. The WTO agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures: A commentary. Oxford University Press, 2007.
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UNCTAD/WTO, International Trade Centre, and Commonwealth Secretariat, eds. Influencing and meeting international standards: Challenges for developing countries. ITC, 2003.
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author, Xu Jiarong, ed. WTO "SPS xie ding" yu wo guo nong chan pin ying dui SPS cuo shi dui ce yan jiu. Zhi shi chan quan chu ban she, 2015.
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National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources., ed. Incorporating science, economics, and sociology in developing sanitary and phytosanitary standards in international trade: Proceedings of a conference. National Academy Press, 2000.
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Azevêdo, Maria Nazareth Farani. A OMC e a reforma agrícola. Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2007.
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Azevêdo, Maria Nazareth Farani. A OMC e a reforma agrícola. Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2007.
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1955-, Yamashita Kazuhito, ed. Shoku no anzen to bōeki: WTO, SPS Kyōtei no hō to keizai bunseki = World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Nihon Hyōronsha, 2008.
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Iynedjian, Marc. L' accord de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce sur l'application des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires: Une analyse juridique. L.G.D.J., 2002.
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Rüdiger, Wolfrum, Stoll Peter-Tobias, and Seibert-Fohr Anja, eds. WTO, technical barriers, and SPS measures. Martinus Nijhoff Publsihers, 2007.
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Gruszczynski, Lukasz. Regulating health and environmental risks under WTO law: A critical analysis of the SPS agreement. Oxford University Press, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures"
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Haque, Ziaul, and Mujeebur Rahman Khan. "International regulations." In Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247367.0017.
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Abstract The World Trade Organization (WTO)-Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement allows countries to use different standards and different methods of inspection for products. To achieve the targets, international standards need to be developed and the WTO-SPS agreement has assigned responsibilities to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) to develop standards for plant health and International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM). This chapter describes the IPPC as the international standard-setting body for developing international standards, guidelines and recommendations with respect to phytosanitary measures related to trade in food and agriculture. It also discusses the ISPMs, which are the standards, guidelines and recommendations recognized as the basis for phytosanitary measures applied by members of the WTO under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the WTO-SPS Agreement). Details of ISPMs related to plant-parasitic nematodes, how to determine their invasiveness and the subjects dealt with in this chapter are summarized.
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Prévost, Denise, and Peter Van den Bossche. "The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures." In The World Trade Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis. Springer US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-22688-5_7.
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Koul, Autar Krishen. "WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)." In Guide to the WTO and GATT. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2089-7_26.
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Naidu, Suwastika. "Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Trade Measures." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_4352-1.
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Naidu, Suwastika. "Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Trade Measures." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66252-3_4352.
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Lukasz, Gruszczynski. "Introducing the SPS Agreement." In The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192845191.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement). According to the agreement’s preamble, the agreement is conceived as an elaboration of the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) exception. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures are those which apply to protect human, animal, plant life or health, or to prevent other damage within the territory of an importing Member. In the above context, the chapter examines the scope of the SPS Agreement’s application, and its relationship to other parts of the WTO package, in particular the GATT and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. The chapter concludes by introducing the idea of Member autonomy in determining the appropriate level of SPS protection pursued. Later chapters will consider the extent to which this so-called right has, in practice, been undermined by the pronouncements of the WTO dispute settlement bodies.
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Lukasz, Gruszczynski. "Looking Beyond the SPS Agreement." In The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192845191.003.0010.
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This chapter considers the relationship between the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) and free trade agreements (FTAs). The chapter explains growing interest among WTO Members in regional economic integration and the shift in the attention of FTAs from border measures to non-tariff barriers (NTBs), including SPS matters. It discusses the specific requirements of the FTAs, such as harmonization, science-based obligations, regionalization, and equivalence. Altogether the analysis covers five FTAs: EU–Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), the EU–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (EU–Japan EPA), the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA).
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"Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures." In WTO - Technical Barriers and SPS Measures. Brill | Nijhoff, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004145641.i-565.41.
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Lukasz, Gruszczynski. "The SPS Agreement and Developing Countries." In The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192845191.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses of the developing country dimension of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement). In this context, it elaborates on the key concepts of special and differential (S&D) treatment and technical assistance as well as related proposals for reform. The chapter also considers private standards as a challenge for developing countries. It then looks into the contrast between the high politics of systemic reform and the concrete achievements secured in the less high-profile world of the Committee governance.
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Lukasz, Gruszczynski. "The Transparency Obligations." In The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780192845191.003.0006.
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This chapter explains the transparency and notification requirements of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement). Transparency implies the duty of disseminating information and a burden of justification attached to Members, enhancing their accountability in regulation. Since transparency is increasingly viewed as a regulatory tool or instrument in its own right, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is in line with other developments on the national and international regulatory landscape. The chapter also details the role of the WTO Secretariat in relation to transparency under the SPS Agreement.
Reports on the topic "Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures"
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Norman, Terry. Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures in NAFTA: The Canada Experience. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006647.
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Canada's Experience in Implementing the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) provisions of the North American free trade agreement (NAFTA). The NAFTA has been a major success story for Canada since its entry into force on January 1, 1994.