Journal articles: 'Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama'

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Gilmore, Malinda Wilson, Dwaynia Wilkerson, and Razi Hassan. "The Effect of Preconceived Notions and the Lack of Fundamental Skills while Taking General Chemistry." Atlas Journal of Science Education 2, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5147/ajse.v2i1.78.

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Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) are vital areas of national interest. However, there has been a gradual decline in the number of Bachelor of Science (BS) degrees issued in STEM based disciplines from United States’ colleges and universities. Research indicates too few stu- dents are equipped with the mathematical and analytical skills necessary to be successful in college level mathematics and science courses. Data indicates that millions of people are discouraged from studying mathematics and science because of false assumptions about who has the ability to master these subjects. It has been shown that in General Chemistry courses some students perform exceptionally well, but a large number of students avoid and/or have a fear of General Chemistry, which results in a high drop/failure/ withdrawal (DFW) rate. This is coupled with the fact that they enter college ill-prepared in mathematics and lacking analytical and verbal reasoning/critical thinking skills. This initial negative attitude and deficiency results in a frustrating experience in General Chemistry. It is for these reasons that a study was performed to address the overall goal of deter- mining the attitudes and identifying the foundational levels of the students from Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University (AAMU), a Historically Black College and Univer- sity (HBCU), currently enrolled in General Chemistry and at- tempt to determine the effect on their overall success in Gen- eral Chemistry. Subsequently, it was determined that a large percentage of students believe that attitude determines their overall success, but most lack self-confidence. In addition, some appeared college ready with respect to their mathemat- ical skills, but, they were lacking in verbal reasoning/critical thinking skills. As a result of a negative attitude and a lack of foundational skills, their grades reflected such negativity and over 50% of the students earned a grade of “C” or below. These studies revealed supportive evidence as to why there might be a decline in the number of BS graduates in STEM.

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Pandian, B. J., P. Thukkaiyannan, and N. Thavaprakash. "Effect of weed management practices on the yield attributes and yield of wet-seeded rice." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.51.2003.4.12.

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Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Killikulam, India during the kharif (July to November) and summer (December to April) seasons of 1999 and 2000 in a randomized block design. The treatment consisted of three pre-emergence herbicides (pretilachlor + safener 0.3 kg ha-1 4 days after sowing [DAS], butachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 8 DAS and pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 8 DAS) and one early post-emergence herbicide (butanil 3.0 ha-1 15 DAS), each in combination with mechanical or hand weeding 30 and 45 DAS. In addition, green manure (Daincha) intercropping and incorporation, mechanical and hand weeding twice alone (25 and 50 DAS) were compared with the unweeded check. The results revealed that the pre-emergence application of pretilachlor + safener 0.3 kg ha-1 + hand weeding twice (30 and 45 DAS) promoted higher yield attributes and maximum yield in wet-seeded rice.

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Carlson, Albert D. "Insect Communication. 12th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 7-9 September, 1983, at the Imperial College Mechanical Engineering Theatre, Exhibition Road, London S.W.7.Trevor Lewis." Quarterly Review of Biology 61, no. 1 (March 1986): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/414868.

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Mullahey, J. Jeffrey, Donn G. Shilling, P. Mislevy, and R. A. Akanda. "Invasion of Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum) into the U.S.: Lessons Learned." Weed Technology 12, no. 4 (December 1998): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00044638.

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Tropical soda apple (SOLVI) is an introduced, perennial broadleaf plant that has invaded Florida agricultural land and natural ecosystems and has spread to other states (Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, Louisiana, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania). Tropical soda apple was first collected in Florida in 1988. In 1990, SOLVI-infested land was approximately 10,000 ha, in 1993, 162,000 ha, and in 1995, approximately 0.5 million ha were reported infested in Florida. Rapid spread of this invasive plant has occurred from seeds transported in cattle, hay, sod, grass seeds, water, and wildlife (deer, feral hogs, birds). Animals will not eat the foliage but will consume the fruits and spread the seeds in their feces. This exotic weed is an indeterminate plant with seed production averaging 50,000/plant/yr, seed germination of 70–90%, and seed longevity in soil of up to 1 yr. Integrated weed management strategies include prevention (avoidance of contaminated hay or grass seed, control of movement of cattle), control (mechanical, chemical), and monitoring. Seed production must be prevented and landowners should adopt a zero tolerance toward SOLVI. During the time (1990–1995) research (biology, ecology, control) was being conducted to control SOLVI from Florida, this weed had infested the entire state and escaped into other states. Risk assessment criteria for new plant introductions must be developed and implemented to prevent future biological pollution.

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Kleiner, Jane P., and Charles A. Hamaker. "Libraries 2000: Transforming Libraries Using Document Delivery, Needs Assessment, and Networked Resources." College & Research Libraries 58, no. 4 (July 1, 1997): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.58.4.355.

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The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (LSU) Libraries are transforming traditional research library practices by containing serial expenditures, implementing network developments, and attracting grant support. This paper describes three projects designed to utilize document delivery and electronic access to expand collections, identify faculty journal needs, and share resources among Louisiana libraries. It reports the results of document-delivery pilots and journal needs assessment surveys of LSU science and social sciences faculty and compares findings. Data on the use and cost of subsidized document delivery are included. The article also summarizes the libraries’ grant activities, which have been awarded more than $6 million in three years.

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Suleyman Abdureman Omer and Nuradin Abdi Hassen. "A Seminar Title On the History and Evolution of Agricultural Extension in the Ethiopia Country." International Journal on Integrated Education 3, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.710.

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Agricultural extension service began work in Ethiopia since 1931, during the establishment of Ambo Agricultural School. But a formal Agricultural extension started since Alemaya Imperial College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (Haramaya) was constructed since 1953.The extension activities of Ethiopia during the last 50 years reveals that a range of extension approaches has been used. The approaches tended differ with each successive political regime. Different extension approaches in different political regimes, during the imperial regime the responsibility for national extension administration to the Ministry of Agriculture, extension service became one of the departments in the Ministry. And during the military regime the land reform proclamation banned the private ownership of rural lands and declared that land would be distributed to the tillers without compensation to former owners. Because of the political instability and major structural changes in the rural areas, including the formation of peasant associations and producers' cooperatives as well as the implementation of the land reform, it was not possible to carry out this plan. There was not much organized and coordinated extension work in the country until the beginning of the 1980. At the current Extension service of Ethiopia in 1991 the T & V extension approach was adopted as a national extension system with major government financing until its replacement by the Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System in 1995. The latter was adopted from the SaSakawa Global 2000 (SG 2000) extension strategy. Agricultural extension service in Ethiopia can be given by different mandatory level such as at federal level by ministry of Agriculture, At Regional level Bureau of Agriculture, At Woreda level Agricultural and Natural Resource office, and at Farmer Training center level Development agent and different stockholders have responsibility of giving extension especially agriculture related extension to need holders. In Ethiopia there are different extension approaches model such as Chilalo agricultural development model (CADU), minimum package project I and II, Peasant Agricultural Development program, participatory demonstration and training extension system, farmers field school, Farmers training center and Agricultural technical and Vocational Education training (ATVET) these are the different extension approaches in Ethiopia starting from the begging up to current extension service respectively.

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Lee, Kelvin. "Reviewer Acknowledgements." Journal of Biology and Life Science 10, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jbls.v10i2.15346.

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Journal of Biology and Life Science (JBLS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JBLS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 2Adeline Chia, Taylor’s University, MalaysiaAlireza Heidari, California South University, USAAmobi Maduabuchi Inwele, Federal University of Kashere, NigeriaAnbalagan Jaganathan, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, USAAnirban Chakraborty, Stanford University, USAArshia Tabassum, University of Karachi, PakistanBalaji Thas Moorthy, University of Miami, IndiaBratko Filipič, CIETO, SloveniaChandra S Bathula, Louisiana State University, USADjallel Eddine Gherissi, Souk Ahars University, AlgeriaGeonyzl Lepiten Alviola, Davao Doctors College, PhlippinesGhulam Nabi, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, PakistanGodswill Ntsomboh Ntsefong, IRAD, CameroonJayalaxmi Sastri, VLP Therapeutics, USAJiban Shrestha, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, NepalKelechi Nkechinyere, ESUT, NigeriaKhyati Hitesh Shah, Stanford University, USAMeenakshi Agarwal, Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University, USAMeltem Sesli, Turkish Biotechnology, Turkish RepublicMirza Hasanuzzaman, Kagawa University, JapanMohsen Kerkeni, University of Monastir, TunisiaMustafa Öztop, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, TurkeyP. Joser Atauchi, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, PeruRam Prasad, Amity University, IndianSridhar Mandali, UCLA, USASuma Jaini, New York Genome Center, USATiaojiang Xiao, National Institutes of Health, USA Kelvin LeeEditorial AssistantJournal of Biology and Life Science-------------------------------------------Macrothink Institute5348 Vegas Dr.#825Las Vegas, Nevada 89108United StatesTel: 1-702-953-1852 ext.510Fax: 1-702-420-2900E-mail: jbls@macrothink.orgURL: http://jbls.macrothink.org

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Makpo, JK, SM Ameh, A. Asarya, and YP Gambo. "Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water Contaminated with Petroleum Products in Keffi Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 3, no. 3a (November 15, 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.199.

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This work assessed the presence of heavy metals in water contaminated with petroleum products in Keffi Local Government Area. Two water sampling station were selected based on the stratified method of sampling of Antau River. Station A is located along Federal Government College Keffi popularly known as Antau Bridge where Agricultural and mechanical activities, with sales of petroleum product take place. Station B was located at Dadin Kowa known as Gada Manu where human activities such as bathing and washing takes place which served as control. The distance between stations is 1km. The procedural plan of this study was monthly sampling of water from both Stations. Materials such as funnel, sampling container, distilled water, conical flask, filter paper, 50ml polypropylene centrifuge tube, cooler were used. Heavy metal concentration was determined using X – ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy (XRF) at the Center for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. The water parameters of the four samples were determined using the Extech instrument. The result on Physico – chemical parameters revealed the values obtained from contaminated water samples to be pH (7.31), Dissolved Oxygen (1.14), Electrical Conductivity (8.22), Total Dissolved Solid (4.13), Temperature (27.45) and Salinity (0.091) while the controlled Station at point B were pH (7.43), DO (7.35), EC (3.14), TDS (1.54), Temperature (26.75), Salinity (0.o94) respectively. From the result obtained, the heavy metal contaminated samples had the following values: Mg (29.31±), Al (218.69±), Si (230.12±), S (1153.65±), Cl (54.25±), Ca (106.56±), Ti (23.66±), Cr (3.15±), Fe (15.92±), Cd (7.54±). For the control sample at point B, the following values were obtained: Mg (27.49±), Al (223.71±), Si (243.21±), S (94.84±), Cl (23.52±), Ca (28.44±), Ti (32.99±), Fe (16.63±), Cd (7.67±) respectively. The P-value was 0.8105 (p>0.05) for the water quality parameters while for the concentration of heavy metal P-value was 0.2054 (p>0.05). This implies that there was no significant difference between the concentrations of elements. However, the concentration values of heavy metals in the contaminated water at Station A and control water samples at Station B were higher than the World Health Organization values (Standard) for drinking water

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Scaranello Drudi, Fernanda, Murilo Battistuzzi Martins, João Vitor Paulo Testa, Carlos Renato Guedes Ramos, and Kléber Pereira Lanças. "DESEMPENHO ENERGÉTICO DE COLHEDORAS DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR EM DIFERENTES PRODUTIVIDADES AGRÍCOLAS E VELOCIDADES DE TRABALHO." ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 34, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2019v34n2p180-186.

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DESEMPENHO ENERGÉTICO DE COLHEDORAS DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR EM DIFERENTES PRODUTIVIDADES AGRÍCOLAS E VELOCIDADES DE TRABALHO FERNANDA SCARANELLO DRUDI1, MURILO BATTISTUZZI MARTINS2, JOÃO VITOR PAULO TESTA3, CARLOS RENATO GUEDES RAMOS4, KLÉBER PEREIRA LANÇAS5 1 Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual Paulista, rua: José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Jardim Paraiso, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil, fernandadrudi@gmail.com 2 Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Unidade Universitária de Cassilândia, Rodovia MS-306 – km 6,4, 79540-000, Cassilândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, murilo.martins@uems.br 3 Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual Paulista, rua: José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Jardim Paraiso, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil, joaovitortesta@outlook.com 4 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Rodovia PA-140, s/n, Açaizal, 68682-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil, ramos.ufra@gmail.com 5 Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual Paulista, rua: José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Jardim Paraiso, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil, kp.lancas@unesp.br RESUMO: A expansão das lavouras de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil é um dos fatores que mais favorece a utilização e, principalmente, o desenvolvimento do sistema de colheita mecanizada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho energético de colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar, através da repetitividade de ensaios com colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar realizados pelo Núcleo de Ensaio de Máquinas e Pneus Agroflorestais (Nempa), utilizando metodologia de diferentes autores. As colheitas ocorreram em canaviais com diversas produtividades agrícolas e em diferentes localidades do país e exterior. Foram avaliados a capacidade de colheita efetiva, o consumo de combustível (L h-1 e L t-1). Foram feitas avaliações com o dispositivo que controla a rotação do motor. Com o uso desse dispositivo, o consumo de combustível foi mais baixo para o consumo horário e por tonelada colhida. O consumo de combustível é influenciado pela produtividade da área e pela velocidade de trabalho da máquina. A metodologia utilizada no ensaio a campo de colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar, através dos dados obtidos pelo Nempa, apresentou resultados compatíveis entre si e com a bibliografia consultada, mostrando ser confiável em relação aos parâmetros de desempenho operacional da colhedora, tanto para colhedoras de uma linha como para de duas linhas. Palavras-chaves: capacidade efetiva, colheita mecanizada, consumo de combustível, mecanização agrícola, saccharium spp ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF SUGARCANE HARVESTERS IN SEVERAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITIES AND FORWARD SPEED ABSTRACT: The expansion of sugarcane plantations in Brazil is one of the factors that most favors the use and, especially, the development of the mechanized harvesting system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy performance of sugarcane harvesters, based on the methodology used by the Nucleus of Agroforestry Machines and Tires (Nempa) of the College of Agricultural Sciences (FCA), Unesp, Campus of Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. The sugarcane harvests occurred in fields without prior burning with different agricultural yields and in different Brazil and abroad location. It was evaluated the crop effective capacity, fuel consumption (L h-1 and L t-1). For these evaluations, flow meters were installed in the harvester fuel supply system as well as an electronic device was used for data acquisition. Evaluations were carried out with a engine device speed control. According to this device the fuel consumption was lower for the hourly consumption and per harvested tonne. The fuel consumption is influenced by the area productivity and by the machine work speed. The methodology used in the sugar cane field trial, through the data obtained by Nempa, shown compatible results between themselves and with literature, shown be reliable in relation to the parameters of operational performance of sugarcane harvester, for a line or two. Keywords: effective capacity, mechanical harvesting, fuel consumption, agricultural mechanization, saccharium spp

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Sholberg, P. L., P. D. Haag, S. Hambleton, and H. Boulay. "First Report of Brown Rot in Wine Grapes Caused by Monilinia fructicola in Canada." Plant Disease 87, no. 10 (October 2003): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.10.1268b.

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A survey was conducted in 2001 and 2002 to determine incidence of fruit pathogens in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera), an important crop in the southern interior of British Columbia (BC), Canada. Grape clusters were sampled every 2 weeks from June to October at eight vineyard sites located from Osoyoos in the south to Kelowna, approximately 100 km to the north. In the laboratory, the berry clusters were surface disinfested for 0.5 min in 70% ethanol, followed by 1 min in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and rinsed twice in sterile distilled water. The berries were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 15 ml/liter of 85% lactic acid and incubated at 20°C for 1 week. During the 2002 survey, a fungus resembling Monilinia fructicola (G. Wint.) Honey was observed sporulating on immature ‘Pinot noir’ grapes from Kelowna that were sampled on 14 August. Later in the growing season, a similar fungus was detected on ‘Riesling’ grapes from Summerland sampled on 11 September. There was no evidence of brown rot near the vineyard in Kelowna, but diseased stonefruit were present near the vineyard in Summerland. Subsequent identification of the fungus from ‘Riesling’ as M. fructicola was based on morphological characters and DNA sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal rRNA genes. The sequenced isolate was deposited in the Canadian Collection of Fungus Cultures as DAOM 231119, and the ITS sequence was accessioned in GenBank as AY289185. Colony growth on PDA was rapid and in concentric rings with the colony margin complete, microconidia abundant, and macroconidia 12 to 13 μm long. Macroconidia germinated with a long germ tube before branching. These characteristics distinguished this fungus from M. laxa, a closely related species that is slow growing with lobed colony margins, produces few microconidia, and germ tubes that branch close to the conidium (1). The complete ITS sequence for DAOM 231119 was a 100% match to other sequences deposited for M. fructicola (Z73777, AF010500, and U21815). On the basis of comparisons of available data, ITS sequences for M. fructicola (three complete ITS, seven partial ITS) and M. laxa (8 complete ITS, 10 partial ITS) differed consistently at four nucleotide positions. The fungus identified as M. fructicola was tested for pathogenicity on mature surface-sterilized ‘Pinot noir’ and ‘Riesling’ grapes. Under humid conditions, buff-colored sporodochia bearing conidia developed over the surface of the infected berries. This indicates that M. fructicola can cause decay of wine grapes and could be confused with bunch rot caused by Botrytis cinerea. Previously, M. fructicola was reported on grapes in Oklahoma, but likely these grapes were not Vitis vinifera (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of brown rot caused by M. fructicola on wine grapes in North America. References: (1) L. R. Batra. World Species of Monilinia (Fungi): Their Ecology, Biosystematics and Control. Mycologia Memoir No. 16. Gerbrüder Borntraeger, Berlin/Stuttgart, 1991. (2) D. A. Preston. Host Index of Oklahoma Plant Diseases, Tech. Bull. No. 21. Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College, Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, 1945.

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Nikles, David E. "Materials Science in General Chemistry for Freshman Engineering Majors." MRS Proceedings 632 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-proc-632-hh8.10.

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ABSTRACTThe College of Engineering at the University of Alabama is a member of the Foundation Coalition. We have created a new freshman engineering curriculum that integrates subject matter from calculus, chemistry, physics and general engineering studies courses. To motivate the study of chemistry, materials science themes were incorporated into the general chemistry course sequence.

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Morado, Lonel I., and Benjamin D. Varela. "Mathematical Dispositions of Graduating Students of the College of Engineering, University of Eastern Philippines (UEP)." Asian Research Journal of Mathematics, February 6, 2021, 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arjom/2020/v16i1230253.

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This study was conducted to determine the mathematical disposition of graduating engineering students of the UEP College of Engineering in the School Year 2016-2017. Specifically, the study assessed the profile of the graduating students in terms of their age, sex, average grade in calculus and academic performance in professional subjects; the mathematical disposition in terms of self-efficacy component; math as sensible component; and perseverance component; the relationship between the profile and mathematical disposition of students, and between the mathematical disposition and academic performance in professional subjects of the respondents. The 132 graduating students taking up Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering (BSAE), Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (BSCE), Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE), and Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (BSME) who are officially enrolled in the second semester of the school year 2016-2017 were the respondents of this study. The study found out that there were more graduating engineering students whose age is beyond 22 to 24 years old; more males; and have passing performance in calculus subjects. Generally, the graduating engineering students for the school year 2016-2017 have good mathematical disposition, specifically described as more efficacious, sensible, and more persevering. The students’ performance in calculus subjects was significantly related to mathematical disposition, while the age and sex of respondents have nothing to do with mathematical disposition. Specifically, respondents’ age and sex did not affect the three components of mathematical disposition, while average grade in calculus subjects was found to have something to do with their sensibility and perseverance level in mathematics. On the relationship between mathematical disposition components and the academic performance in professional subjects of graduating engineering students, it was found out that only the math as sensible component affected their performance in professional subjects. The result of this study also revealed that these students who were more efficacious, more sensible and more persevering performed good in their professional subjects.

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Saranya, M., S. J. Nelson, M. Paramasivam, and C. A. Mahalingam. "Evaluation of different solvent extracts of sweet flag rhizome, Acorus calamus (L.) on pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)." Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research, of (July 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijare.a-5200.

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Investigation was conducted to test the insecticidal activity of sweet flag rhizome (Acorus calamus L.) extracts on Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on cow pea in storage during 2016-2017 at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore. Sweet flag (SF) extracts obtained by different extraction methods (soxhlet and mechanical shaker extraction) using various solvents viz., hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol exhibited varied levels of insecticidal action on Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Pulse beetle on cow pea seeds, there was a positive correlation between the concentration of the sweet flag extracts and the insecticidal action. The LC50 value of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of SF obtained in soxhlet extraction for C. maculatus was 0.042, 0.230 and 0.069 per cent at 48 hours, respectively. The LC50 value of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of SF obtained in mechanical shaker extraction for C. maculatus was 0.009, 0.275 and 0.069 per cent at 48 hours, respectively. Hexane extract of SF obtained from both extraction methods (soxhlet and mechanical shaker) showed cent per cent mortality at 0.09 and 0.1 per cent on 5th day after treatment (DAT). For ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of SF obtained from both extraction methods (soxhlet and mechanical shaker), caused more than 80 per cent mortality was observed on 6th DAT at 0.09 and 0.1 per cent on pulse beetle respectively. On 90 DAT, hexane extract of SF obtained from both extraction methods and of ethyl acetate extract of SF obtained from mechanical shaker extraction, there was no progeny development of C. maculatus at 0.05, 0.07, 0.09 and 0.1per cent concentrations. Cent per cent mortality and there is no progeny development C. maculatus in 0.09 and 0.1 per cent of hexane extract of SF (both extraction methods) and ethyl acetate extract of SF (mechanical shaker extraction) treated cowpea seeds upto 90 days when compared to untreated control.

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Salazar, Ramil E., and Riza C. Basierto. "Classroom Learning Environment and Self-Efficacy in Mathematics of Freshmen Engineering Students of the University of Eastern Philippines." Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, April 8, 2021, 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2021/v15i230371.

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Aims: To determine the classroom learning environment in terms of goal orientation, physical facilities, student-student interaction, teacher-student interaction, method of teaching, and the degree of self-efficacy in mathematics; and establish if there is a significant relationship between their classroom environment and the degree of self-efficacy in mathematics. Study Design: Descriptive correlational research design. Place and Duration of Study: College of Engineering, University of Eastern Philippines, Catarman, Northern Samar in the school year 2012-2013. Methodology: Complete enumeration of 260 freshmen students from the College of Engineering courses: Bachelors of Science in Agricultural Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering enrolled in Mathematics were surveyed using the 50-item Learning Environment Schedule developed by Sunitha and Mathematics Self-efficacy Survey developed by Betz and Hackett. The data gathered were tabulated, analyzed, and treated statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 16.0 Version). Results: With the total score of 50594 out of 65000 and a mean of 3.89, the respondents found the classroom learning environment in terms of goal; orientation, physical facilities, student-student interaction, teacher-student interaction, and methods of teaching to be favorable; that the total score of 17634 and a mean of 3.61 showed that respondents had much confidence or had high self-efficacy in Mathematics; and that the Pearson r of .187 with the respective significant value of .001, ,000, ,011, and,000, goal orientation, student-student interaction, teacher-student interaction and methods of teaching were found to have a significant relationship with self-efficacy in mathematics; and only physical facilities was not significantly correlated to self-efficacy in mathematics. Conclusion: Classroom learning environment variables are significantly related to self-efficacy in mathematics.

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Omprabha, V. M. Victor, A. K. Chandraker, and Nawang Palden Bhutia. "Energetics and Cost Economics of Laying Plastic Mulch in Vegetable Cultivation." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, December 31, 2020, 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i4831193.

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The use of plastic mulch in agriculture is increasing day by day due for increasing crop yield. Mulch film are available in different types but plastic mulching requires less efforts. This paper highlights a new developed mulch laying machine for spreading of polyethylene black plastic mulch on soil. Animal drawn plastic mulch laying machine was developed at the SV College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IGKV, Raipur and was evaluated for its performance by conducting field trials. The average field capacity and average field efficiency was found to be 0.115 ha/h and 71% respectively. The average speed of operation was found 1.35 km/h for developed machine and 0.226 km/h for traditional method of mulch laying. The cost of operation was found to be Rs.1343/ha. Energy requirement of developed machine in mulch laying operation was found 187.34 MJ/ha it was found very less than the energy requirement 754.60 MJ/ha of traditional method of mulch laying. This machine will avoid the wages of labours used for laying plastic mulch and covers the plastic mulch with the soil on its either side edges. Using the mechanical system, the accuracy and ease during plastic laying was achieved.

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Masilamani, P., T. Eevera, T. Ramesh, and S. Venkatesan. "Harvesting and Threshing Methods on Seed Quality of Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata)." LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Of (July 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/lr-4642.

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Background: The present investigation is an attempt to study the effect of different harvesting and threshing methods on germination and seedling vigour of dhaincha. The use of a combine harvester to harvest dhaincha will be an effective alternative method that has not been widely tried. However, work on different methods of harvesting and threshing of dhaincha is limited. Hence, a study was conducted to evaluate the impact of various harvesting and threshing methods on germination and seedling vigour of dhaincha. Methods: This study was conducted at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu. The dhaincha crop was harvested and threshed using four different methods viz., manual harvesting and manual threshing, manual harvesting and threshing by tractor treading, manual harvesting and mechanical threshing and harvesting and threshing by combine harvester. The resultant seeds were tested for mechanical damage and germination potential. The experiment was laid in completely randomized block design. Germination was tested by roll towel method using 100 seeds in four replications. Germination percentage, root and shoot length were measured in seven days after sowing from ten randomly selected seedlings in each replication. For the estimation of dry matter production, ten seedlings were selected at random and kept in a hot air oven maintained at 85oC for 24 hours after measuring their root and shoot length and vigour index was calculated. Mechanical damage to seeds was observed by ferric chloride test. Seed recovery per cent was calculated based on the 100 kgs of dhaincha seeds were cleaned and graded treatment wise using cleaner cum grader and the seeds retained on the bottom sieve were weighed and expressed as per cent of total quantity of seed. Result: The results revealed that the significant difference was found among the different harvesting and threshing methods. The seeds harvested and threshed by manual method recorded 85 per cent germination followed by seeds harvested manually and threshed by mechanical threshing (84 per cent) and seeds harvested manually and threshed by tractor treading (80.5 per cent). The lowest germination of 80.0 per cent was recorded by combine harvesting. From this study, it could be inferred that combine harvester is a modern method for harvesting of dhaincha that saves time and labour when compared to all other methods.

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Sk, Farooq. "Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 Journal > Journal > Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 > Page 6 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE-ETHANOL BLENDS ON PFI-SI ENGINE Authors: D.Vinay Kumar ,G.Samhita Priyadarsini,V.Jagadeesh Babu,Y.Sai Varun Teja, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00051 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Alcohol based fuels can be produced from renewable energy sources and has the potential to reduce pollutant emissions due to their oxygenated nature. Lighter alcohols like ethanol and methanol are easily miscible with gasoline and by blending alcohols with gasoline; a part of conventional fuel can be replaced while contributing to fuel economy. Several researchers tested various ethanol blends on different engine test rigs and identified ethanol as one of the most promising ecofriendly fuels for spark ignition engine. Its properties high octane number, high latent heat of vaporization give better performance characteristics and reduces exhaust emissions compared to gasoline. This paper focuses on studying the effects of blending 50 of ethanol by volume with gasoline as it hardly needs engine modifications. Gasoline (E0) and E50 fuels were investigated experimentally on single-cylinder, four-stroke port fuel injection spark ignition engine by varying engine speed from 1500 rpm to 3500 rpm. Performance Characteristics like torque, brake power, specific fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency and exhaust emissions such as HC, CO, CO2, NOx were studied.. Keywords: Ethanol,Emissions,Gasoline,Port fuel Injection, Refference: I Badrawada, I. G. G., and A. A. P. Susastriawan. “Influence of ethanol–gasoline blend on performance and emission of four-stroke spark ignition motorcycle.” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (2019): 1-6. II Doğan, Battal, et al. “The effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine through exergy analysis.” Applied Thermal Engineering 120 (2017): 433-443. III Efemwenkiekie, U. Ka, et al. “Comparative Analysis of a Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Performance Using Local Ethanol and Gasoline Blends.” Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019): 1079-1086. IV Galloni, E., F. Scala, and G. Fontana. “Influence of fuel bio-alcohol content on the performance of a turbo-charged, PFI, spark-ignition engine.” Energy 170 (2019): 85-92. V Hasan, Ahmad O., et al. “Impact of changing combustion chamber geometry on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder SI (spark ignition) engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline blends.” Fuel 231 (2018): 197-203. VI Mourad, M., and K. Mahmoud. “Investigation into SI engine performance characteristics and emissions fuelled with ethanol/butanol-gasoline blends.” Renewable Energy 143 (2019): 762-771. VII Singh, Ripudaman, et al. “Influence of fuel injection strategies on efficiency and particulate emissions of gasoline and ethanol blends in a turbocharged multi-cylinder direct injection engine.” International Journal of Engine Research (2019): 1468087419838393. VIII Thakur, Amit Kumar, et al. “Progress in performance analysis of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69 (2017): 324-340. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS FOR CUSTOMIZED AFO USING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Authors: Gamini Suresh,Nagarjuna Maguluri,Kunchala Balakrishna, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00052 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Neurodegenerative conditions and compressed nerves often cause an abnormal foot drop that affects an individual gait and make it difficult to walk normally. Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) is the medical device which is recommended for the patients to improve the walking ability and decrease the risk of falls. Custom AFOs provide better fit, comfort and performance than pre-manufactured ones. The technique of 3D-printing is suitable for making custom AFOs. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a 3D-printing method for custom AFO applications with the desired resistance and material deposition rate. Generally, FDM is a thermal process; therefore materials thermal behaviour plays an important role in optimizing the performance of the printed parts. The objective of this study is to evaluate the thermal behaviour of PLA, ABS, nylon and WF-PLA filaments before manufacturing the AFO components using the FDM method. In the study, the sequence of testing materials provides a basic measuring method to investigate AFO device parts thermal stability. Thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DSC) was carried out before 3D printing is to characterize the thermal stability of each material. Keywords: Additive Manufacturing,Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO),FusedDeposition Modelling,ThermalAnalysis, Refference: I. J. Pritchett, “Foot drop: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology,” Medscape Drugs, Dis. Proced., vol. 350, no. apr27_6, p. h1736, 2014. II. J. Graham, “Foot drop: Explaining the causes, characteristics and treatment,” Br. J. Neurosci. Nurs., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 168–172, 2010. III. Y. Feng and Y. Song, “The Categories of AFO and Its Effect on Patients With Foot Impair: A Systemic Review,” Phys. Act. Heal., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8–16, 2017. IV. J. H. P. Pallari, K. W. Dalgarno, J. Munguia, L. Muraru, L. Peeraer, S. Telfer, and J. Woodburn” Design and additive fabrication of foot and ankle-foot orthoses”21st Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF 2010 (2010) 834-845 V. Y. Jin, Y. He, and A. Shih, “Process Planning for the Fuse Deposition Modeling of Ankle-Foot-Othoses,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 42, no. Isem Xviii, pp. 760–765, 2016. VI. R. K. Chen, Y. an Jin, J. Wensman, and A. Shih, “Additive manufacturing of custom orthoses and prostheses-A review,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 12, pp. 77–89, 2016. VII. A. D. Maso and F. Cosmi, “ScienceDirect 3D-printed ankle-foot orthosis : a design method,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 12, pp. 252–261, 2019. VIII. B. Yuan et al., “Designing of a passive knee-assisting exoskeleton for weight-bearing,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2017, vol. 10463 LNAI, pp. 273–285. IX. R. Spina, B. Cavalcante, and F. Lavecchia, “Diment LE, Thompson MS, Bergmann JHM. Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of 3D printing: a systematic review.,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 1960, 2018. X. M. Srivastava, S. Maheshwari, T. K. Kundra, and S. Rathee, “ScienceDirect Multi-Response Optimization of Fused Deposition Modelling Process Parameters of ABS Using Response Surface Methodology ( RSM ) -Based Desirability Analysis,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1972–1977, 2017. XI. E. Malekipour, S. Attoye, and H. El-Mounayri, “Investigation of Layer Based Thermal Behavior in Fused Deposition Modeling Process by Infrared Thermography,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 26, pp. 1014–1022, 2018. XII. A. Patar, N. Jamlus, K. Makhtar, J. Mahmud, and T. Komeda, “Development of dynamic ankle foot orthosis for therapeutic application,” Procedia Eng., vol. 41, no. Iris, pp. 1432–1440, 2012. XIII. Y. A. Jin, H. Li, Y. He, and J. Z. Fu, “Quantitative analysis of surface profile in fused deposition modelling,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 8, pp. 142–148, 2015. XIV. M. Walbran, K. Turner, and A. J. McDaid, “Customized 3D printed ankle-foot orthosis with adaptable carbon fibre composite spring joint,” Cogent Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2016. XV. N. Wierzbicka, F. Górski, R. Wichniarek, and W. Kuczko, “The effect of process parameters in fused deposition modelling on bonding degree and mechanical properties,” Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 283–288, 2017. XVI. S. Farah, D. G. Anderson, and R. Langer, “Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 367–392, 2016. XVII. S. Wojtyła, P. Klama, and T. Baran, “Is 3D printing safe ? Analysis of the thermal treatment of thermoplastics : ABS , PLA , PET , and,” vol. 9624, no. April, 2017. XVIII. G. Cicala et al., “Polylactide / lignin blends,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2017. XIX. S. Y. Lee, I. A. Kang, G. H. Doh, H. G. Yoon, B. D. Park, and Q. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical properties of wood flour/talc-filled polylactic acid composites: Effect of filler content and coupling treatment,” J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 209–223, 2008. XX. Y. Tao, H. Wang, Z. Li, P. Li, and S. Q. Shi, “Development and application ofwood flour-filled polylactic acid composite filament for 3d printing,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1–6, 2017. XXI. D. Lewitus, S. McCarthy, A. Ophir, and S. Kenig, “The effect of nanoclays on the properties of PLLA-modified polymers Part 1: Mechanical and thermal properties,” J. Polym. Environ., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 171–177, 2006. XXII. H. J. Chung, E. J. Lee, and S. T. Lim, “Comparison in glass transition and enthalpy relaxation between native and gelatinized rice starches,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 287–298, 2002. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 CFD STUDIES OF MIXING BEHAVIOR OF INERT SAND WITH BIOMASS IN FLUIDIZED BED Authors: B.J.M.Rao,K.V.N.S.Rao, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00053 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Agriculture deposits, which remains unused and often causes ecological problems, could play an important role as an energy source to meet energy needs in developing countries ‘ rural areas. Moreover, energy levels in these deposits are low and need to be elevated by introducing efficient operative conversion technologies to utilize these residues as fuels. In this context, the utilization of a fluidized bed innovation enables a wide range of non-uniform-sized low-grade fuels to be effectively converted into other forms of energy.This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of fluidized conversion method for transformation of agricultural by-products such as rice husk, sawdust, and groundnut shells into useful energy. The present investigation was conducted to know the mixing characteristics of sand and fuel have been found by conducting experiments with mixing ratio of rice husk (1:13), saw dust(1:5) and groundnut shells (1:12), the variation of particle movement in the bed and mixing characteristics are analyzed. The impact of sand molecule size on the fluidization speed of two biofuel and sand components is studied and recommended for groundnut shells using a sand molecule of 0.6 mm size and for rice husk, sawdust 0.4 mm sand particle size. Also, establish that the particle size of sand has a significant effect on mingling features in case of sawdust. In the next part of the investigation, the CFD simulations of the fluidized bed are done to investigate the mixing behavior of sand and biomass particles. A set of simulations are conducted by ANSYS FLUENT16; the state of the bed is the same as that of the test. The findings were presented with the volume fraction of sand and biomass particles in the form of contour plots. Keywords: Biomass,sand,mixing behavior,Volume Fraction,CFD model, Refference: I Anil Tekale, Swapna God, Balaji Bedre, Pankaj Vaghela, Ganesh Madake, Suvarna Labade (2017), Energy Production from Biomass: Review, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, Volume 2, Issue 10, ISSN No: – 2456 – 2165. II Anil Kumar, Nitin Kumar , Prashant Baredar , Ashish Shukla (2015), A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India, Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Reviews 45-530-539. III Zhenglan Li, ZhenhuaXue (2015), Review of Biomass Energy utilization technology, 3rd International Conference on Material, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering. IV Abdeen Mustafa Omer (2011), Biomass energy resources utilisation and waste management, Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development Vol. 3(8), pp. 149 -170 V Rijul Dhingra, Abhinav Jain, Abhishek Pandey, and Srishti Mahajan (2014), Assessment of Renewable Energy in India, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 5, No. 5. VI Paulina Drożyner, Wojciech Rejmer, Piotr Starowicz,AndrzejKlasa, Krystyna A. Skibniewska (2013), Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy, Technical Sciences 16(3), 211–220. VII Souvik Das, Swati Sikdar (2016), A Review on the Non-conventional Energy Sources in Indian Perspective, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue: 02. VIII Maninder, Rupinderjit Singh Kathuria, Sonia Grover, Using Agricultural Residues as a Biomass Briquetting: An Alternative Source of Energy, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE), ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 1, Issue 5 (July-Aug. 2012), PP 11-15. IX H.B.Goyal, DiptenduldDeal, R.C.Saxena (2006) Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 12, Issue 2Pages 504-517. X Digambar H. Patil, J. K. Shinde(2017) A Review Paper on Study of Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier, International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 4 XI Neil T.M. Duffy, John A. Eaton (2013) Investigation of factors affecting channelling in fixed-bed solid fuel combustion using CFD, Combustion and Flame 160, 2204–2220. XII Xing Wu, Kai Li, Feiyue and Xifeng Zhu (2017), Fluidization Behavior of Biomass Particles and its Improvement in a Cold Visualized Fluidized, Bio Resources 12(2), 3546-3559. XIII N.G. Deen, M. Van Sint Annaland, M.A. Van der Hoef, J.A.M. Kuipers (2007), Reviewof discrete particle modeling of fluidized beds, Chemical Engineering Science 62, 28 – 44. XIV BaskaraSethupathySubbaiah, Deepak Kumar Murugan, Dinesh Babu Deenadayalan, Dhamodharan.M.I (2014), Gasification of Biomass Using Fluidized Bed, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 2. XV Priyanka Kaushal, Tobias Pröll and Hermann Hofbauer, Modelling and simulation of the biomass fired dual fluidized bed gasifier at Guessing/Austria. XVI Dawit DiribaGuta (2012), Assessment of Biomass Fuel Resource Potential and Utilization in Ethiopia: Sourcing Strategies for Renewable Energies, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol.2, and No.1. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 AN APPROACH FOR OPTIMISING THE FLOW RATE CONDITIONS OF A DIVERGENT NOZZLE UNDER DIFFERENT ANGULAR CONDITIONS Authors: Lam Ratna Raju ,Ch. Pavan Satyanarayana,Neelamsetty Vijaya Kavya, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00054 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: A spout is a device which is used to offer the guidance to the gases leaving the burning chamber. Spout is a chamber which has a capability to change over the thermo-compound essentials created within the ignition chamber into lively vitality. The spout adjustments over the low speed, excessive weight, excessive temperature fuel in the consuming chamber into rapid gasoline of decrease weight and low temperature. An exciting spout is used if the spout weight volume is superior vehicles in supersonic airplane machines commonly combine a few sort of a distinctive spout. Our exam is surpassed on the use of programming like Ansys Workbench for arranging of the spout and Fluent 15.0 for separating the streams inside the spout. The events of staggers for the pipe formed spouts have been seen close by trade parameters for numerous considered one of a kind edges. The parameters underneath recognition are differentiated and that of shape spout for singular terrific edges by using keeping up the gulf, outlet and throat width and lengths of joined together and diverse quantities as same. The simultaneous component and throat expansiveness are kept regular over the cases.The surprise of stun became envisioned and the effects exhibited near closeness in direction of motion of Mach circle and its appearance plans as exposed in numerous preliminary considers on advancement in pipe molded particular spouts with assorted edges four°,7°, 10°, Occurrence of stun is seen with higher special factors Keywords: Nozzle,Supersonic Rocket Engine,Divergent edges, Refference: I. Varun, R.; Sundararajan,T.; Usha,R.; Srinivasan,ok.; Interaction among particle-laden under increased twin supersonic jets, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2010 224: 1005. II. Pandey,K.M.; Singh, A.P.; CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2010, ISSN: 2010-0221. III. Natta, Pardhasaradhi.; Kumar, V.Ranjith.; Rao, Dr. Y.V. Hanumantha.; Flow Analysis of Rocket Nozzle Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622,Vol. 2, Issue five, September- October 2012, pp.1226-1235. IV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh. K.M.Pandey, Member, IACSIT and S.K.YadavK.M.Pandey and S.K.Yadav, ―CFD Analysis of a Rocket Nozzle with Two Inlets at Mach2.1, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Vol 5, No 2, 2010, pp- 308-321. V. Shigeru Aso, ArifNur Hakim, Shingo Miyamoto, Kei Inoue and Yasuhiro Tani “ Fundamental examine of supersonic combustion in natural air waft with use of surprise tunnel” Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, Japan , Acta Astronautica 57 (2005) 384 – 389. VI. P. Padmanathan, Dr. S. Vaidyanathan, Computational Analysis of Shockwave in Convergent Divergent Nozzle, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622 , Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.1597-1605. VII. Adamson, T.C., Jr., and Nicholls., J.A., “On the shape of jets from Highly below improved Nozzles into Still Air,” Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol.26, No.1, Jan 1959, pp. Sixteen-24. VIII. Lewis, C. H., Jr., and Carlson, D. J., “Normal Shock Location in underneath increased Gas and Gas particle Jets,” AIAA Journal, Vol 2, No.4, April 1964, pp. 776-777. Books IX. Anderson, John D.Jr.; Modern Compressible Flow with Historical Perspective, Third edition, 2012 X. Versteeg. H.; Malalasekra.W.; An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics The Finite Volume Method, Second Edition,2009. XI. H.K.Versteeg and W.Malala Sekhara, “An introduction to Computational fluid Dynamics”, British Library cataloguing pub, 4th version, 1996. XII. Lars Davidson, “An introduction to turbulenceModels”, Department of thermo and fluid dynamics, Chalmers college of era, Goteborg, Sweden, November, 2003. XIII. Karna s. Patel, “CFD analysis of an aerofoil”, International Journal of engineering studies,2009. XIV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh “CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software,2017. XV. P. Parthiban, M. Robert Sagayadoss, T. Ambikapathi, Design And Analysis Of Rocket Engine Nozzle by way of the usage of CFD and Optimization of Nozzle parameters, International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol.Three., Issue.5., 2015 (Sept.-Oct.). View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF DRIVE SHAFT FOR AN AUTOMOBILE APPLICATIONS Authors: Govindarajulu Eedara,P. N. Manthru Naik, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00055 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: The driveshaft is a mechanical instrument that is used in automobiles. The other name of the drive shaft is driveshaft is prop shaft. It has one long cylindrical structure consist of two universal joints. By using the driveshaft it transfers the rotary motion to the differential by using the helical gearbox. By using this rotary motion the rare wheels will run. The 3dimensional Model of automobile drive Shaft is designed using CATIA parametric which enables product development processes and thereby brings about an optimum design. Now a day’s steel is using the best material for the driveshaft.In this paper replacing the composite materials (Kevlar, e-glass epoxy) instead of steel material and itreduces a considerable amount of weight when compared to the conventional steel shaft. The composite driveshaft have high modulus is designed by using CATIA software and tested in ANSYS for optimization of design or material check and providing the best datebook Keywords: The driveshaft ,CATIA,automobile,steel,composite materials,ANSYS,Kevla,e-glass epoxy, Refference: I A.R. Abu Talib, Aidy Ali, Mohamed A. Badie, Nur Azienda Che Lah, A.F. Golestaneh Developing a hybrid, carbon/glass-fiber-reinforced, epoxy composite automotive driveshaft, Material and Design, volume31, 2010, pp 514 – 521 II ErcanSevkat, Hikmet Tumer, Residual torsional properties of composite shafts subjected to impact Loadings, Materials, and design, volume – 51, 2013, pp -956-967. III H. Bayrakceken, S. Tasgetiren, I. Yavuz two cases of failure in the power transmission system on vehicles: A Universal joint yoke and a drive shaft, volume-14,2007,pp71. IV H.B.H. Gubran, Dynamics of hybrid shafts, Mechanics Research communication, volume – 32, 2005, pp – 368-374. V Shaw D, Simitses DJ, SheinmanI. Imperfection sensitivity of laminated cylindrical shells in torsion and axial compression. ComposStruct 1985; 4(3) pp:35–60. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AN SI ENGINE USING E10 EQUIVALENT TERNARY GASOLINE- ALCOHOL BLENDS." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 15, no. 7 (July 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00056.

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