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1
Mabelebele, Maishibe Johanna. "Situational analysis of Agricultural businesses within Aganang Municipality." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2570.
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Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2011<br>The South African economic system is reliant to a greater extend on the availability of resources within this economy. Agricultural business opportunities should be properly explored to contribute significantly towards LED and the S.A economy at large. The aim of this study is to determine the situation of agricultural businesses, analyse the situation and give recommendations as input to the strategy that will assist to effectively improve the performance of agricultural businesses in Aganang municipality and their contribution to economic growth of the municipality.
A general census of all these agricultural businesses within Aganang municipality as registered in the municipal LED database was considered for the research. Two different questionnaires were distributed to the two categories in the population, one for the officials and the other for business owners/managers. The results indicated that agricultural businesses in Aganang municipality are not aware of agricultural business opportunities and support programmes offered by government. They therefore do not participate in such programmes, remain survivalist and thus do not contribute to the economic growth of the municipality. The study recommends that:
The younger generation should be involved in the agricultural sector. An active learning and entrepreneurship skill development programme at secondary school level should be considered. More farmers should be encouraged to engage in goat and cattle farming as the climate and soil structure dictates. There should be coordination of SMME including agricultural business development activities, within the municipality.
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Apedo-Amah, Dedevi S. Marie Christine. "Modelization and analysis of NGOs impact in developing countries." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0234.
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Cette thèse traite des mesures à prendre afin d'assurer le succès de projets de développement exécutés par des firmes privées, et plus particulièrement les Organisations Non Gouvernementales (ONGs). Les ONGs sont des firmes à but non lucratif qui sont semblables aux gouvernements dans leur préoccupation pour le bien-être des bénéficiaires et aux firmes privées standard sur le plan organisationnel. Leur participation aux projets de développement soulève la question de savoir si elles sont plus efficaces que ces entités similaires. Malgré la croissance rapide du secteur ONG, surtout des multinationales basées dans les pays riches avec des branches implantées dans les pays pauvres, peu de recherches en économie de développement se sont intéressées à comment la nature d’une organisation peut affecter son comportement dans l’implémentation des projets de développement. Les trois chapitres de cette thèse soulignent des différences entre Les ONG, les firmes privées et les gouvernements et examinent comment la nature même de chaque type d'organisation affecte sa fourniture de services publics. Les deux questions-clés sont donc pourquoi et sous quelles des conditions choisir une ONG comme fournisseur de biens et services dans le cadre d'un projet de développement, et comment s’assurer que les normes culturelles des bénéficiaires n’affectent négativement la réussite desdits projets<br>This thesis addresses the question of how to ensure the success of development projects executed by private firms, especially Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). NGOs are non-profit firms that are similar to governments in their concern about beneficiaries' welfare and to standard private firms in their organizational form. Their involvement in development projects raises the issue of how well they perform in service provision compared to alternative entities. Despite the rapid growth of the non-profit sector, especially international firms based in high-income countries that operate in low-income countries, the existing literature on economic development has hardly investigated the issue of non-profit performance and regulation. The three chapters of this thesis emphasize differences between NGOs and either private for-profit firms or governements, and examine how the very nature of each type of organization affects service provision. The two key questions are why and under which conditions to choose an NGO as goods or services provider in the framework of a development project, and how to ensure beneficiaries' cultural norms do not undermine the success of development projects
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Biswas, Margaret Rose. "FAO : its history and its achievements during the first four decades, 1945-1985." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0b79db50-0d09-422e-8a11-d0ef8e9d47c3.
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Florey, Anna Lea. "Incorporating natural disaster risk information into economic analyses of agricultural projects." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91094.
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The three principal objectives of this study were: (i) to identify the levels of agricultural project planning where an economic analysis, utilizing natural disaster risk information, could be introduced, (ii) to examine methods of incorporating natural disaster risk into economic analyses of agricultural projects, and (iii) to include this information in an economic analysis of an agricultural project, and to consider the potential effects of such information in planning.
Several economic analysis methods were investigated, and four were selected to incorporate natural disaster information into the planning of a case study project in st. Lucia. The first two methods selected were cut-off period and discount rate adjustment. Sensitivity analysis was also utilized to investigate the parameters of two key economic decision making variables, net present value and benefit-cost ratio. Finally, a stochastic simulation program was utilized to conduct mean-variance analyses on the project with and without a disaster mitigation measure, for comparison.
Results from cut-off period, discount rate adjustment and sensitivity analyses suggest that disaster information can be readily incorporated into agricultural project planning. This information greatly increases the amount of information available to project planners. Results from the mean-variance analysis suggested that disaster mitigation options could increase the benefits from a project. In turn, these more stable benefits could improve the development in developing nations.<br>M.S.
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Hansen, B. B. (Britt Bertram). "The impact of international funding on projects in developing countries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53644.
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Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This assignment seeks to critically analyse the impact of international funding on
the present state of development in developing countries. The aim of the
analysis is to provide recommendations to improve the methods and motives
behind giving funding in order to increase the impact of such funding.
International funding provided to developing countries is often based on rigid
guidelines, requirements, restrictions and conditions. It is these conditions that
need revising to be more appropriate for conditions in developing countries. Only
through viewing case studies and learning from them is it possible for
international funding to facilitate more innovative and effective development to
those in need.
The research findings are derived from analysis of the literature review of
international funding and through viewing the Danish International Development
Assistance (DANIDA) and the South African Police Service (SAPS), the two
organisations of this case study. The SAPS is one of many organisations
receiving international assistance and have benefited from assistance from
DANIDA since 1994. Funding for the project in the study was granted after the
project proposal was formulated to fit the requirements of the DANIDA Guideline
for Project Preparation, a set of guidelines prescribed to any organisation
wanting to receive funding from DANIDA. All funding organisations have similar
guidelines although it is evident that some are more rigid and prescriptive than
others. From this study a list of recommendations were developed pertaining to
the sets of guidelines used by international development organisations.
It appeared rational that the list of recommendations should be divided into
suggestions on the required structures of development organisations and on the
required aspects to be included in the project proposal and implementation. The
recommendations to the structures were to determine the level of involvement of
the funding organisation in the project; to determine the literacy level necessary
to comply with the funding requirements; to decide on the level of involvement of external consultants; to ensure frequent reviews; and finally to ensure conflict
resolution. The aspects to be included in the project proposal and implementation
were based on ensuring equal opportunity in terms of diversity and gender
awareness; to commit to the sustainability of the project; for all parties to be
involved in the compilation of project objectives and to ensure that the project
represents the overall development goals of the beneficial country.
Although a number of these recommendations are applied by some
organisations it is necessary for the successful outcome of a project that all are
considered. Each recommendation represents a building block of development
and these are all interdependent. The general conclusion of this study is
therefore that some level of conditionality is necessary. No one can expect
economic aid to be given without conditions but the conditions must be fair,
benefiting the recipient country and ensuring that development of those living in
poverty is indeed the outcome of all funding.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werkstuk het ten doelom die impak van internasionale befondsing op die
huidige stand van ontwikkeling in ontwikkelende lande krities te analiseer. Die
analise het die formulering van aanbevelings ter verbetering van die metodes en
motiewe agter die toestaan van befondsing ten doel ten einde die impak van
sulke fondse te verhoog. Internasionale befondsing vir ontwikkelende lande is
dikwels gebaseer op rigiede riglyne, vereistes, beperkings en voorwaardes. Dit
is hierdie voorwaardes wat hersien moet word ten einde meer toepaslik vir
toestande in ontwikkelende lande te wees. Slegs deur die ontleding van
gevallestudies en lesse daaruit geleer is dit moontlik vir internasionale
befondsers om meer innoverende en effektiewe ontwikkeling aan behoeftiges te
fasiliteer.
Die navorsingsbevindings is afgelei uit die analise van die literatuurstudie insake
internasionale befondsing, asook die analise van die twee organisasies in die
gevallestudie, naamlik die "Danish International Development Assistance
(DANIDA)" en die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie Diens (SAPD). Die SAPD is een van
vele organisasies wat internasionale bystand ontvang en word reeds sedert 1994
deur DANIDA ondersteun. Befondsing vir die projek waarop die gevallestudie
gebaseer is, was toegestaan nadat die projekvoorstel geformuleer is volgens die
vereistes van die "DANIDA Guideline for Project Preparation". Laasgenoemde is
'n stel riglyne wat voorgeskryf word aan alle organisasies wat vir befondsing wil
kwalifiseer. Alle befondsingsorganisasies het soortgelyke riglyne, alhoewel dit
duidelik is dat sommiges veel meer rigied en voorskrywend is as ander. Uit die
studie is 'n stel aanbevelings ontwikkel rakende die riglyne soos gebruik deur
internasionale ontwikkelingsorganisasies.
Dit blyk rasioneel om die lys van aanbevelings te verdeel volgens voorstelle
rondom die vereiste struktuur van ontwikkelingsorganisasies, asook voorstelle
aangaande die vereiste aspekte wat ingesluit moet word in die projekvoorstel en implementering. Aanbevelings insake die struktuur het ten doelom vas te stel
watter vlak van betrokkenheid van die befondser benodig word; om die nodige
geletterdheidsvlak vir die nakoming van die befondsingsvereistes te bepaal; om
die vlak van betrokkenheid van eksterne konsultante te bepaal; om gereelde
hersiening te verseker; en om konflik oplossing te verseker. Aspekte om in te
sluit in die projekvoorstel en implementering is gebaseer op die versekering van
gelyke geleenthede in terme van diversiteit en geslagsbewustheid; om
volhoubaarheid van die projek na te streef; vir alle partye om betrokke te wees in
die samestelling van die projekdoelwitte en om te verseker dat die projek die
oorkoepelende ontwikkelingsdoelwitte van die begunstige land verteenwoordig.
Alhoewel party van hierdie aanbevelings reeds toegepas word deur sekere
organisasies, is dit noodsaaklik om alle aanbevelings in ag te neem ten einde 'n
suksesvolle uitkoms van die projek te verseker. Elke aanbeveling
verteenwoordig 'n boublok van ontwikkeling en almal is interafhanklik tot mekaar.
Die algemene bevinding van hierdie studie is dat 'n bepaalde vlak van
voorwaardelikheid noodsaaklik is. Daar kan nie verwag word dat ekonomiese
hulp verskaf word sonder voorwaardes nie, maar laasgenoemde moet regverdig
wees, voordelig vir die begunstigde land wees, en verseker dat ontwikkeling van
diegene wat in armoede leef wel die uitkoms van alle befondsing is.
6
Eichler, Martina. "Knowledge Management in Product Development Projects in Developing Countries - A Case Study." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246327.
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The purpose of this master thesis is to contribute to the reduction of knowledge loss and reinvention inside and between organizations pursuing product development projects in developing countries to ensure growth and improved living standards. Investigation and to determination of existing knowledge sharing and knowledge storing practices in several stakeholders of a product development project in Quelimane, Mozambique will be studied. The involved stakeholders are non-profit and governmental organizations and a group of university students. The product development project involved the design and implementation of an anaerobic digester during the spring of 2018. Collaborations between some of the stakeholders started in 2015 and will exceed the project duration. Mixed research methods were used, and open-ended question interviews were conducted for the qualitative data collection. The data was analyzed by coding to find common patterns and relationships. A literature review and desk research were made to obtain detailed information about knowledge management and other related subjects. Results showed that all organizations involved in the product development process experienced at least one barrier to knowledge transfer related to their position as a nonprofit organization pursuing product development in a developing country. The definition of a knowledge management strategy is as important for non-profit organizations as it is for for-profit organizations, but the current methods for choosing a strategy need to be modified in order to fit the overall strategy of such organizations. The implementation of a knowledge management strategy and suitable knowledge management methods and activities could contribute to the reduction of knowledge loss and reinvention inside and between organizations pursuing product development projects in developing countries to ensure growth and improved living standards.<br>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra till en minska kunskapsförlust och återskapandet av tekniska lösningar inom och mellan organisationer som bedriver produktutvecklingsprojekt i utvecklingsländer för att säkerställa tillväxt och förbättrad levnadsstandard. En undersökning av befintlig kunskapsdelning och kunskapshantering hos flera aktörer i ett produktutvecklingsprojekt i Quelimane, Moçambique utfördes. De involverade aktörerna är ideella och statliga organisationer och en grupp universitetsstudenter. Produktutvecklingsprojektet involverade design och implementering av en anaerob rötkammare under våren 2018. Samarbetet mellan några av aktörerna startades 2015 och kommer att fortsätta efter projektets slutförande. Blandade forskningsmetoder användes och intervjuer med öppna frågor genomfördes för den kvalitativa datainsamlingen. Data analyserades genom kodning för att hitta gemensamma faktorer och relationer. En litteraturundersökning och skrivbordsarbete genomfördes för att få detaljerad information om kunskapshantering och andra relaterade ämnen. Resultaten visade att alla organisationer som deltog i produktutvecklingsprocessen upplevde minst ett hinder för kunskapsöverföring i samband med deras ställning som en ideell organisation som bedriver produktutveckling i ett utvecklingsland. Definitionen av en strategi för kunskapshantering är lika viktig för ideella organisationer som för vinstdrivande organisationer, men nuvarande metoder för att välja en strategi behöver ändras för att passa den övergripande strategin för sådana organisationer. En definiering av en kunskapshanteringsstrategi och lämpliga kunskapsförvaltningsmetoder och aktiviteter kan bidra till minska kunskapsförlust och återskapandet av tekniska lösningar inom och mellan organisationer som bedriver produktutvecklingsprojekt i utvecklingsländer för att säkerställa tillväxt och förbättrad levnadsstandard.
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Mbatha, Martha Senzangani. "A case study of development projects undertaken in developing countries : successes and failures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75974.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1986.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH<br>Bibliography: leaves [46]-[47].<br>by Martha Senzangani Mbatha.<br>M.C.P.
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Brown, W. S., and n/a. "A conservation framework for Australian development assistance projects." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1986. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060615.154934.
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1. It is now generally accepted that conservation is an important
consideration for developing countries. (l. 1 & 1.2)
2. This has been made clear in the World Conservation Strategy, published
in 1980, which sets out the essential link between conservation and
development. Three conservation objectives are identified:
- Maintenance of essential ecological processes
- Preservation of genetic diversity
- Ensuring sustainable utilisation of species and ecosystems (1.3)
3. Foreign aid donors have recognised the importance of conservation
considerations in their aid programs. The World Bank has had an environmental
program since 1970 and USAID since 1975. The emphasis has shifted
from the environmental impact of projects towards projects intended to bring
conservation benefits. Interest has recently been directed toward biological
diversity and wildlands. (1.4)
4. Although Australia has significant expertise in conservation, only in
the last couple of years has interest in the conservation aspects of
Australia's development assistance program been expressed. Australian
support for the World conservation Strategy indicates that conservation
concerns should be included in the aid program. (1.5)
5. Conservation and environmental assessment should be an integral part of
the processes of project appraisal and evaluation. The techniques used in
appraisal and evaluation such as the logical framework and cost benefit
analysis can be linked to environmental assessment, (chapter 2)
6. Many environmental guidelines are available, however these should not
be used directly for project appraisal and evaluation but rather to assist
in the preparation of project specific terms of reference. (2.6)
The intensification of some farming systems damages the ecological
processes on which they depend and hence reduces productivity. Other farming
systems can be intensified without ecological damage. The challenge is to
ensure that when farming is to be intensified it can be done without adverse
ecological consequences. (3.1, 3.2)
8. Constraints on the adoption of sustainable farming systems include the
perceptions, attitudes and knowledge of the society affected, economic
limitations and problems of land tenure. (3.3)
9. Foreign aid donors can make a contribution towards establishing
sustainable farming systems but past project designs have often not been
well suited to conservation. (3.4)
10. Projects can be developed with conservation goals which will conserve
the land, improve subsistence farming and assist with economic production.
There are three stages in these projects:
- Identify the causes of land degradation and the constraints to
countering them.
- Develop and demonstrate appropriate farming systems
- Extension (3.5)
11. A project is likely to have a greater impact if it leads to the
adoption of appropriate conservation techniques over a region than if it
intensively improves a restricted project area. A project must therefore
seek to develop techniques which will be adopted without subsidy. (3.4, 3.5)
12. The Australian projects in northern Thailand have successfully
demonstrated farming systems which would reduce erosion but these have yet
to be adopted on a significant scale by the population in the region. (4.2)
13. The NTT Livestock Development Project in Timor has not yet had
sufficient time to demonstrate suitable farming systems but it is expected
that such systems can be developed. (4.3)
14. In Sikka, Flores, Indonesia, the widespread planting of contour hedgerows
of leucaena has brought substantial conservation benefits. The key
factors in the adoption of this practice appear to have been that the
technique was readily undertaken by fanners, it increases crop yields and
that there was strong support from the local administration. (4.3)
15. It should be possible to introduce conservation farming systems to a
region in a period of about ten years. If success is to be achieved it is
essential that practices be capable of being adopted without subsidy, that
the introduction get strong support from the local administration and that
there be a vigorous extension campaign.
16. It is recommended that:
- Australia should have an explicit policy on conservation and
development assistance based on our commitment to the World
Conservation Strategy. (5.l)
- ADAB should have its focus of conservation within the appraisals
and evaluations area.(5.2)
ADAB should incorporate conservation considerations throughout the
project cycle. (5.3)
- The cost benefit guidelines provided by ADAB should be amended to
include conservation considerations. (5.4)
- ADAB should support and encourage conservation projects and should
seek to develop projects which will have a conservation impact
throughout the relevant region. (5.5)
- ADAB should cooperate with other agencies in its activities on
conservation and development. In particular we should play an active
role in OECD activities relating to environment and development. (5.6)
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Green, Barry Daniel. "Just compensation value and sustainable development for large scale mineral projects in developing economies." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2008/b_green_031908.pdf.
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Gebre-Selassie, Samuel. "The development of integrated management information systems for agricultural extension institutions of developing countries : the case of Oromia Agricultural Development Bureau of Ethiopia /." Aachen : Shaker, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009323076&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Liu, ShuMing. "A study of some most important policies for developing countries to attract foreign direct investment successfully." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433418.
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Nghonyama, Matimba George. "The sustainability of local economic development projects in Thulamela Municipality in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/631.
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Thesis (M.Dev.)) --University of Limpopo, 2011<br>Local Economic Development has been a focal point for the African National Congressled
government since the mid-nineties. It has been one of the ways to redress the
injustices of the apartheid regime and to make it possible for the historically
disadvantaged individuals to be incorporated into the formal economy and to engage in
poverty alleviation programmes which focus on them. The government has already spent
millions of rands in funding Local Economic Development projects whose primary goal is
poverty alleviation.
The purpose of this study was to determine the sustainability of Local Economy
Development projects in Thulamela Municipality with the main aim being to determine
those factors that enhance the sustainability of a project vis-a-vis those factors that
hinder the sustainability of a project. The study took place in Thulamela Municipality of
Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa. A qualitative study was conducted
with thirteen (14) participants that included 6 LED projects managers (Brick-Laying
Project A has 2 Managers), 6 Community Development Practitioners, a local LED
Manager and an LED Officer from the Department of Agriculture. Data was collected with
the use of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires.
The findings of the study largely confirm what other researchers have already
discovered, such as: the role played by the educational level of the beneficiaries of these
projects on the success of their projects. The managers of the two best performing
projects have post-matric qualifications while the managers of the least performing
projects have only grade 12. The two top performing projects also keep proper
accounting records and both use the services of an independent auditor to conduct their
audits, while the least performing projects (Brick-Laying Project A, Poultry Project C and
Poultry Project B) use ad-hoc accounting records and do not carry out financial audits.
The majority of the members of these projects, as in most rural areas, are women.
However, interestingly, the best performing projects have male managers. One
noteworthy finding is that all but one project (Cooperative Project E) had a large number
of members leaving the project since their establishment, with Cooperative Project D and
Brick-laying Project A being the worst affected. The researcher sees this as an indication
that most beneficiaries do not have the patience to persevere. They see LED projects as ‘get-rich quick’ schemes where they expect to earn a lot of money. When they realize
that they will not be earning as much as they had hoped for most beneficiaries become
de-motivated and leave. The researcher therefore suggests that further in-depth
research be conducted on the factors that lead to LED projects losing members as
opposed to employing more people. A research study could also be conducted to
determine the role of keeping proper accounting records in the sustainability of LED
projects. Furthermore, the fact that the least performing projects were those that are
headed by women, further research needs to be conducted to determine whether gender
plays a role in the success of projects.
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Afaunova, Marianna. "Why projects fail? Critical analysis of failure factors of development projects." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13113.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional<br>A tese analisa a importância da mobilização de recursos internos em países em via de desenvolvimento, em particular através da mobilização de receitas fiscais. A análise principal é dedicada à compreensão das implicações que a utilização abusiva de preços de transferência, tendências de desvio artificial de lucros e práticas de erosão da base fiscal têm sobre a mobilização de receitas fiscais em países em via de desenvolvimento. Procurou-se avaliar potenciais implicações que reformas anti-BEPS teriam em Angola, sobre a mobilização das receitas fiscais no país, por meio da introdução de mecanismos eficazes para combater a utilização abusiva de preços de transferência e desencorajar práticas de erosão da base fiscal e de desvio artificial de lucros pelos grupos multinacionais a operar em Angola. Apurou-se na análise que o atual rácio de impostos/PIB em Angola, tendo uma vez atingido os níveis requeridos pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milénio, entretanto tem vindo a diminuir nos últimos anos. Consequentemente, no caso de Angola, a particular importância das reformas anti-BEPS reside tanto no aumento das receitas fiscais, como em mudança gradual da estrutura da receita fiscal tornando-a mais sustentável, diversificando as fontes de receitas fiscais. Reduzindo a dependência em relação aos impostos das indústrias extrativas, por sua vez, será possível aumentar a parcela de receita fiscal não-petrolífera e alargar a base fiscal pela captação duma parte justa do valor criado por grupos multinacionais no território nacional, impedindo-os de desviar artificialmente os lucros de Angola para jurisdições com regimes fiscais mais favoráveis.<br>The dissertation analyzes the importance of internal resource mobilization in developing countries, in particular, through mobilization of tax revenues. The main analysis is dedicated to understanding the implications that transfer pricing abuse, profit shifting tendencies and base erosion practices have on the tax revenue mobilization in developing countries. An attempt was made to evaluate the potential implications that planned anti-BEPS reforms in Angola would have on the tax revenue mobilization through the introduction of effective mechanisms for combatting transfer pricing abuse and discouraging base erosion and profit shifting practices by the multinational groups operating in Angola. The analysis conducted herein concludes that the tax-to-GDP ratio in Angola, having achieved the levels that had been targeted by the millennium development goals, has, however, been declining over the past couple of years. Therefore, in the case of Angola, the particular importance of the anti-BEPS reforms lies in increasing the tax revenues , as well as gradually changing the structure of the tax revenue, making it more sustainable and diversifying sources of tax revenues. This way, dependency on the extractive industry taxes will be decreased, leading in turn, to an increased share of non-oil tax revenue items and broadening the tax base through capturing the fair share of value created by multinational groups in the national territory and preventing them from shifting the profits outside of Angola to the jurisdictions with more beneficial tax regimes.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Dube, Memory. "The WTO Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) negotiations and developing countries: In pursuit of the ‘development agenda’." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28451.
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The Non-Agricultural Market Access Negotiations (NAMA) are being undertaken as part of the Doha Round of negotiations. NAMA negotiations are aimed at the trade liberalisation of industrial goods. Pursuant to the ‘development agenda’ adopted for the Doha Round, the NAMA negotiations also emphasise the development component. Particular emphasis is be made on tariff reductions in products of export interest to developing countries and the negotiations are to take special account of the needs and interests of developing countries, including through less than full reciprocity in accordance with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provisions on special and differential treatment (SDT). This research attempts to determine this ‘development agenda’ through the prism of special and differential treatment as provided for in the NAMA mandate. An analysis of the SDT provisions in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and their application within the multilateral trading system reveals that SDT is a very controversial concept. Developing countries have used SDT to escape the strictures of multilateral trading rules and developed countries have used it as a ‘carrot and stick’ tool, to gain concessions from developing countries in other areas. SDT has further been revealed as a concept whose meaning and content is not very precise. While the provisions in the GATT as well as the Enabling Clause make good political and economic sense, they are not really actionable. This is because the concept is characterised by best-endeavour provisions that lack any legal force and cannot be adjudicated in the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. Developed countries have thus not been called and cannot be called, legally, to account for lack of delivery on their commitments and obligations with regard to SDT. This has effectively constrained the use of SDT as a development tool within the WTO, and, being the only tool being utilised, there needs to be found an alternative way to address development needs in the WTO. The WTO has sought to address this through efforts to amend SDT to make it more precise, effective and operational. The content and meaning of the ‘development agenda’ itself in the Doha Round is very elusive and an effort is made in this paper to determine the appropriate meaning of development in relation to the multilateral trading system. Development as an objective in the WTO is not novel to the Doha Round. The WTO is littered with references to development and the betterment of the human condition in its preamble to agreements and other provisions. Development has to be considered in al its three dimensions: social, political and economical. While this paper does not advocate that the WTO become a fully fledged development institution, it can shape its development agenda in such a way that benefits on the economic front are designed to stimulate socio-economic development as well. An analysis of the NAMA modalities reveals that mercantilist objectives have triumphed in the negotiations and SDT has been lost by the wayside. Developed countries have sought for radical tariff reductions on the part of developing countries, with meagre flexibilities that are further constrained by requirements that no full sector be excluded from the formula cuts. SDT has not been considered and the commitments are not proportional to the development capacity of most developing countries. This is in direct contradiction to the SDT provisions in the GATT that are supposed to guide the negotiations as well as the provision on tariff negotiations. However, the modalities are not legally contestable because the SDT provisions do not hold any legal suasion. The NAMA negotiations reveal a development vacuity within the WTO that needs to be resolved by other means other than the traditional SDT. Taking into consideration the evolving power bases and the politics of the membership of the WTO, this is an imperative. This paper proposes that Aid for Trade is the best option available to the WTO system. The concept does find support in GATT/WTO provisions on SDT and can be modified to be more predictable and sustainable.<br>Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>unrestricted
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Mante, Joseph. "Resolution of construction disputes arising from major infrastructure projects in developing countries : case study of Ghana." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/333130.
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This study undertook a critical examination of developing countries’ experiences of infrastructure-related construction dispute resolution using Ghana as a case study. It investigated the dispute resolution processes and procedures which parties to infrastructure construction disputes employed to address such disputes. To gain a better understanding of the dispute resolution processes, the study also assessed the legal framework for procurement and contract formation and other contextual issues which influenced parties’ dispute resolution choices. Consequently, strategies for efficient and effective dispute resolution were developed. The main rationale for the study was the need for effective and efficient dispute resolution processes in the context of infrastructure projects in developing countries. The literature indicated that disputes often occurred on such projects in developing countries that were resolved at great cost mainly by arbitral tribunals in the developed world. However, there was limited information on the extent to which other dispute resolution mechanisms were utilised prior to resort to international arbitration. The study adopted a qualitative research approach informed by the interpretivist philosophical paradigm. Data was collected from fifty-six interviewees from the State as the Employer and foreign contractors through semi-structured interviews and documents and analysed using qualitative data analysis procedures associated with grounded theory research such as coding, constant comparison, memoing and diagramming, and doctrinal legal analysis. It was found that engineer’s determination, negotiation and international arbitration were the most used dispute resolution mechanisms. Others such as mediation were rarely used. The dispute resolution processes were characterised by high cost, low satisfaction with outcomes and negative effect on relationships. It was also found that the extant dispute resolution processes were the product of the nature of the parties, the context in which they operated and their responses to the context. Factors such as lack of coordination among the Employer’s sub-units, human resource constraints and political interference had varying negative impacts on dispute occurrence, dispute resolution system design and the dispute resolution processes. To deal with these challenges and achieve efficient and effective dispute resolution processes, four sets of remedial strategies (condensed into a model called the Dispute Resolution Efficiency Cycle (DREC)) were proposed. The study has provided empirical evidence which has addressed some of the gaps identified in the literature on issues such as absence of information on pre-international arbitration dispute processes. The study has also highlighted the impact of context and dispute system design on dispute resolution. Contributions to practice included diagnosing challenges with the extant dispute resolution processes and proposing possible remedial strategies.
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Jamieson, Elizabeth Anastasia. "The challenges of managing community-based non-formal youth education development projects in developing countries: perceptions of project managers." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-39406.
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As a result of increasing emphasis in global development agendas on the provision of education to create positive and sustainable change in developing countries, the number of youth education development projects in some of the world’s poorest and remote regions has burgeoned. While the benefits these projects can bestow and the success factors behind them have been studied by many past researchers, knowledge of the everyday challenges faced in their management is surprisingly limited, and is mainly only reflective of those projects run by international non-governmental organisations (INGOs), inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) and national governments in developing countries. The intention of this study is to develop an understanding of the challenges faced by community-based non-formal youth education development project managers in developing countries. It questions the richness of existing knowledge in the field of education development project management, showing that more research is needed into smaller project types due to contextual factors that make them dissimilar to the internationally- and governmentally-affiliated projects that are the focus of past research.
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Vien, Kim Cuong. "Foreign direct investment attraction policies in transitional economies lessons from Vietnam? : a dissertation [thesis] submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business at Auckland University of Technology, 2005." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004.
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Osah, Umeoniso Joshua. "A process assessment framework for rural ICT projects in developing countries: an exploration of the Siyakhula Living Lab, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001623.
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Rural development can be supported by information and knowledge which are key strategic resources for socio economic development. ICTs enable the facilitation and communication of information between remotely dispersed individuals or groups and more developed regions. While it has become common place that ICTs possess capabilities to potentially support rural development, the concept of ICT for development (ICT4D) is still fraught with challenges and barriers, which impede the success and sustainability of ICT4D projects. It is therefore essential to evaluate rural ICT projects, as such an analysis may aid in revealing information related to the need, effectiveness, impact, and sustainability of these projects. This research seeks to further the implementation and exploration of the Rural ICT Comprehensive Evaluation Framework (RICT-CEF), through the application of the Process Assessment domain in a real life rural ICT project environment. The RICT-CEF framework consisting of 7 evaluation domains has the primary objective of evaluating rural ICT projects from their inception stages to post implementation. A process assessment seeks to determine whether or not a rural ICT project is operating to implement its intended functions in the intended way specified in the projects plan. Such an assessment is invaluable to a comprehensive evaluation. Evaluation questions for a process assessment are centred around critical themes of project performance. Critical themes are aspects of a programme or projects implementation which must be enacted in order to achieve desired project outcomes. This research study is aimed at identifying critical themes of process assessment relevant to rural ICT4D projects. To identify critical themes, assessment approaches on social programme process assessments, evaluation of information systems in use, and rural ICT4D project evaluation case studies are comparatively analysed. Fourteen assessment approaches from these three categories are selected based on criteria. To analyse selected assessment approaches, a template is created based on the research questions, foundational literature on process assessment and identified challenges applicable to process assessments of rural ICT4D projects. Comparing and contrasting critical themes from these assessment approaches highlight critical themes essential to assess in the iterative implementation phase of rural ICT projects. Accentuated critical themes include, service utilization, organizational function and external project factors. These themes, along with suggested guiding principles from literature for conducting process assessments enable the creation of a framework for conducting process assessments of rural ICT projects. The framework is labelled "the Rural ICT Project Process Assessment Framework (RICTP-PAF)". The application of the RICTP-PAF in a real life rural ICT project through a design science case study provides lessons learned (suitability and shortcomings) from applying the framework. This essentially demonstrates the sensitivity of the RICTP-PAF to rural contexts in which it is implemented in. For instance, the implemented prototype of the RICTP-PAF reveals that the framework places a great deal of emphasis on rural beneficiary perspectives. A practice which has been lacking in such evaluation exercises. Furthermore, the guiding principles elucidated, bring to mind best practices to deal with issues such as stakeholder conflict, unreliable data elicitation and unethical assessment practices. The RICTP-PAF represents a fundamental tool for process assessments of rural ICT projects, and may be adopted and customized to various rural ICT project contexts in developing countries.
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Akramov, Kamiljon T. "Governance and foreign aid allocation." Santa Monica, CA : RAND, 2006. http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgsd_issertations/RGSD202/.
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Tjale, Malose Moses. "The impact of local economic development projects funded by the Department of Health and Social Development on poverty alleviation in Bakenberg area of Mogalakwena Municipality, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/625.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2011<br>The study investigates the impact of LED projects funded by the DHSD on poverty alleviation in the Bakenberg area of the Mogalakwena Municipality. The DHSD established more than ten different types of projects in the area to alleviate poverty in the local area. The Bakenberg area is part of the Mogalakwena Municipality and is characterized by high poverty rate and unemployment. It is also regarded as one of the rural areas of the Municipality.
The study used a case study methodology and a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research designs. The stratified random sampling method with a sample size of sixty (60) was used to collect data from various projects in the six categories. Data were collected by using the unstructured face-to-face interview method. The data were then analysed using the Moonstats Windows 14.0 to describe frequency tables, plotted pie and bar graphs for the quantitative study and the thematic method of analysis for the qualitative study.
The key findings of the study were based on core issues, such as the profiles of the respondents that indicated that the majority of the research participants were females. Most of the LED projects had a problem of marketing their products, and this needed urgent attention. LED projects make an impact on job creation, sustainable livelihoods and social capital among project members and their communities. The study recommends that committed individuals who take part in poverty alleviation should be considered for funding rather than to provide state grants only to groups of people. Resources such as transport should be provided to projects in local areas to access any type of market. LED projects should install palisade and electric security fences around projects to prevent theft within the projects. The study also recommends that a stipend of R500 should be paid to each youth who joins the LED projects to encourage the youth to participate in LED projects.
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Malovha, Shandukani Shedwin. "Contribution of community development projects towards poverty alleviation in Thulamela Local Municipality, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1420.
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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2013<br>The research study investigated the contribution of community development projects towards poverty alleviation in Thulamela Local Municipality of Limpopo province. This research study seeks to investigate the factors that hinder community development projects from contributing positively towards the improvement of the lives of rural communities in the area of the study. This study is also concerned with the development of effective strategies that will enhance the capacity of community development project managers and change their perception and that of other stakeholders with regard to the implementation of community development projects. The literature review established the relationship between community development project and project management. In this regard, the study showed that community projects run by project managers with proper knowledge of and skills in project management impact positively on the improvement of the lives of the rural communities. In this study, a mixed research design approach was used in the investigation of the factors that hinder community projects to contribute positively towards poverty alleviation in Thulamela Local Municipality. Questionnaires and structured interviews were used to collect data from the target population.
The findings of the study suggest that most managers of the community development projects lack training in project management.They also revealed that there were inadequate resources; there is a lack of community participation in decision-making, and shortage of funds hampered the sustainability of community development projects.
To conclude, it is expected that the recommendations of this research study will highlight the strategies that could be put in place to improve the management of community development projects in order to improve the livelihoods of people in the Thulamela Local Municipality.
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Hashimoto, Kazuaki. "An evaluation framework for educational reform projects for teacher quality improvements in developing countries : a case study of Egyptian education reform." Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29387/.
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The role of the evaluation for Official Development Assistance (ODA) enterprises including educational development has become critical after increasing “aid fatigue” experienced by the international community in the 1990s. To date, however, monitoring and evaluating outcomes of the projects has been limited to the project life. Consequently these have been mainly through the international aid agencies. Furthermore, the monitoring and evaluation led by international aid agencies have paid little attention to aspects of the sustainability of technical cooperation in educational development. To sustain the impact of technical cooperation, the reinforcement of evaluation has drawn increasing attention in light of the emerging modalities in international development. Therefore this research was inspired to investigate alternative evaluation frameworks for an educational reform project for teacher quality improvement that may increase possibilities for long term sustainability. Importantly, the new modalities in international development and educational issues provide new options. In addition, the research reviewed theoretical and practical issues surrounding evaluation in general, and highlighted the evaluation of education reform projects. The research reported explored via case studies, the evaluation processes employed by the Egyptian education reform projects implemented by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The case studies used three data sources (archival and relevant documents, a survey questionnaire and interviews) to illuminate the contextually-embedded evaluation processes. The research found that process evaluation is a potential alternative method since it is likely to be locally institutionalised, which may yield long-term sustainability of the projects.
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Pade, Khene Caroline Ileje. "The development and implementation of an evaluation for rural ICT projects in developing countries: an exploration of the Siyakhulu Living Lab, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002767.
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Rural development is a priority for poverty alleviation and development in developing countries, as the majority of the poor live in rural areas. Information and knowledge are key strategic resources for social and economic development as they empower rural communities with the ability to expand their choices through knowing what works best in their communities. Information and communication technologies (ICT) play a significant role in supporting rural development activities through providing supportive development information and creating essential interconnectivities between rural areas and more developed regions. However, rural ICT for development (ICT4D) is still at best a ‘working hypothesis’, faced with barriers and challenges associated with implementation and use in the rural environment; which threaten the success, sustainability or relevance of an ICT intervention. Many key questions remain largely unanswered, with no concrete or credible data to support a wide range of claims concerning the use of ICT for development. The evaluation of rural ICT projects is indispensable as it determines the need, effectiveness, impact, sustainability and extent of the awareness of the contribution such projects or programmes can make in poverty alleviation and development. Even so, existing ICT4D evaluations are confrontedwith shortcomings and challenges which influence the accuracy and reliability of evaluation conclusions. These shortcomings highlight the need to embark on a more comprehensive evaluation approach, sensitive to the rural environment. This research study was aimed at developing a comprehensive rural ICT evaluation framework to assess ICT projects and interventions that work toward supporting poverty eradication in rural communities. A multi-method approach was used to determine the multiple variables and components associated with rural ICT evaluation, and then to determine how these variables interrelate. The approach is founded on programme evaluation, ICT for development evaluation, and information systems evaluation. Firstly, key domains of programme evaluations combined with an exploration of the need and shortcomings of ICT4D evaluation, contributed to the development of a template to analyse existing ICT4D evaluation frameworks and information systems frameworks, based on a selection of criteria. The combined analysis of the two groups of frameworks compares and contrasts key characteristics that form the structure of a comprehensive evaluation. This analysis and a review of programme evaluation enabled the development of a Rural ICT Comprehensive Evaluation Framework (RICT-CEF) that encompasses the key components essential for a comprehensive evaluation of rural ICT projects. The theoretical framework aims to inform ICT intervention to improve and support rural development, through the application of fundamental and interconnected evaluation domains sensitive to the rural environment, throughout the project’s lifecycle. In order to obtain a better understanding and application of the RICT-CEF, a real-life case study investigation of the Siyakhula Living Lab reveals the lessons learned (shortcomings and suitability) from applying a prototype of the framework in a rural environment. The study is characteristically a rich case study, as the investigation occurs at two levels: 1) The actual evaluation of the project to obtain results to improve or guide the project, through applying domains of the RICT-CEF, and 2) Observing and investigating the application of the RICT-CEF framework to learn lessons from its evaluation process in a real-life context. The research study reveals the compatibility of the RICT-CEF framework in a real-life rural ICT intervention case, and builds lessons learned for enhancing the framework and guiding future evaluations in ICT4D. The RICT-CEF can possibly be viewed as a platform for the key domains and processes essential for the evaluation of ICT4D interventions; which can be customised for a variety of ICT projects, such that a comparative assessment of projects can provide measurement and further awareness of the impact of rural ICT in developing countries.
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Kirumira, Tony Mark. "Barriers to external knowledge transfer between Sweden and Uganda : A c a s e ab o u t d e v e l o pme n t p r o j e c t s." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9365.
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<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Problem: </strong>The desire for development in less privileged countries like Uganda has created the need for the privileged countries like Sweden to embark on external knowledge transfer through different projects, as one of the objectives to achieve development. However, some factors tend to limit the success of this external knowledge transfer process.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this research is to find out the factors that lead to the barriers and limitations of knowledge transfer in development projects. Since there are differences in objectives between nonprofit and profit making projects, the research is also aimed at highlighting the extent to which the affecting factors hinder the achievement of objectives and goals. <strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Qualitative methods were used in this research. Telephone interviews were conducted after sending questionnaires to four respondents from different organizations that were actively involved in the projects. In order to have balanced results, two respondents each from Uganda and Sweden were interviewed. Trustworthiness and ethical issues were put into consideration while conducting the interviews, in a bid to create a desirable atmosphere for conducting the study.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Result: </strong>External knowledge transfer is affected by factors like culture, individual factors, and knowledge management factors. Apart from the mentioned factors, research found that instead of organizational factors that would affect profit making projects to a greater extent, factors like the political will, ownership and local needs are the ones that affect development projects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The factors that affect the external knowledge transfer process are to a greater extent human, and are controllable. In development projects, the recipient country should identify the needs that would initiate the external knowledge transfer process. Most of the affecting factors would be controlled through building of relationships and strong ties, local ownership, and political considerations. All this put into consideration, external knowledge transfer between developed and developing countries stand a high chance to succeed.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>
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Ahammed, A. K. M. Rafique. "Development of environmental impact assessment in Bangladesh." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva285.pdf.
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Wright, Alan. "An evaluation of the University of the Witwatersrand refugee research programme : the impact of research findings on implementation of projects." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52109.
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Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The viability of a research programme is dependent on its sustainability. The life
span of a programme is determined by the sustainability achieved as a result of its
activities. Within any successful research initiative, there is a progression from the
research findings to the implementation of those findings.
This study examines the effect that the implementation of research findings has on
the initiation of new research projects within a research programme. The distinctions
between academic research programmes and the implementation of the research
findings were identified. By unobtrusively applying these definitions to a process of
self-evaluation, a theoretical model was identified for the evaluation of the University
of the Witwatersrand Refugee Research Programme and one of its projects.
Advocacy research, which focused on policy intervention, was not seen as being
sustainable as a programme output, as it is dependent on funding. Sustainability in
advocacy is linked to research skills enabling pilot intervention. Pilot intervention in
tum requires funding that research programmes sometimes use for their basic
survival. This should not be interpreted as contributing to the sustainability of the
research programme as funding activities are driven by the needs of the pilot
intervention. This is significant as these needs can through demands from the
funders of pilot intervention, contribute to changes in policies, goals and objectives of
the research programme.
It was found that the progression to implementation within a rural academic research
programme does limit the initiation of new research proposals. Research initiatives
tend to become tools of funding agencies with the focus being placed on the
implementation of the research findings.
This study recommends that the implementation of research findings should be
limited to pilot projects, that there should be defined time frames for pilot
implementation and, that there should be a clear division of responsibility between
research activity and pilot implementation.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om lewensvatbaar te wees moet 'n navorsingsprogram gehandhaaf kan word. Die
lewensduur van 'n program word bepaal deur sy handhawing as gevolg van sy
aktiwiteite. Binne enige suksesvolle navorsingsinisiatief is daar 'n progressie van
navorsingsbevindings tot die implementering van daardie bevindings.
In hierdie studie word die effek van implementering van navorsingsbevindings op
inisieëring van nuwe navorsingsprojekte binne 'n navorsingsprogram ondersoek. Die
verskil tussen akademiese navorsingsprogramme en die implementering van
navorsingsbevindings is geïdentifiseer. Deur op 'n onopvallende wyse hierdie
definisies toe te pas op 'n proses van selfevaluasie is 'n teoretiese model
geïdentifiseer wat gebruik is om die Universiteit van die Witwatersrand se Vlugteling
Navorsingsprogram en een van sy projekte te evalueer.
Voorspraaknavorsing wat fokus op beleidsintervensie is nie gesien as handhaafbaar
in terme van programopbrengs nie aangesien dit afhanklik is van befondsing.
Handhawing van voorspraak is gekoppel aan navorsingsbekwaamheid wat dit
moontlik sal maak om intervensie te loods. Intervensie loodsing op sy beurt benodig
befondsing wat soms deur navorsingsprogramme gebruik word vir hul eie oorlewing.
Dit moet nie gesien word as bydraend tot die handhawing van die navorsingsprojek
nie, want befondsingsaktiwiteite word gedryf deur die benodighede van die
intervensie. Dit is belangrik aangesien hierdie behoeftes deur die eise van die
befondsers van die intervensie kan bydra tot veranderinge in beleid en doelwitte van
die navorsingsprogram.
Dit is bevind dat die progressie tot implementering binne 'n landelik akademiese
navorsingsprogram inisieëring van nuwe navorsingsvoorstelle beperk.
Navorsingsinisiatiewe neig om middels van befondsingsagentskappe te word met die
plasing van die fokus op die implementering van die navorsingsbevindings.
Hierdie studie beveel aan dat die implementering van navorsingsbevindings tot loods
projekte beperk moet word, dat daar 'n gedefinieerde tydraamwerk vir
implementering van loodsprojekte moet wees en dat daar 'n duidelike verdeling van
verantwoordelikheid tussen navorsingaktiwiteite en loodsprojek implementasie moet
wees.
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Hansen, Marc [Verfasser], Wilhelm [Gutachter] Löwenstein, Helmut [Gutachter] Karl, and Markus [Gutachter] Kaltenborn. "Essays on the theory-based impact evaluation of projects in developing countries / Marc Hansen ; Gutachter: Wilhelm Löwenstein, Helmut Karl, Markus Kaltenborn ; IEE, International Development Studies." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1205976337/34.
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Sia, Dian Mariska [Verfasser], Josef [Akademischer Betreuer] Zimmermann, Thomas [Gutachter] Lützkendorf, and Josef [Gutachter] Zimmermann. "Sustainable Development Criteria of Real Estate Projects in Developing Countries from The Perspective of the Indonesian Housing Industry / Dian Mariska Sia ; Gutachter: Thomas Lützkendorf, Josef Zimmermann ; Betreuer: Josef Zimmermann." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1150399171/34.
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Hårsmar, Mats. "Heavy clouds but no rain : agricultural growth theories and peasant strategies on the Mossi Plateau, Burkina Faso." Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/UF/lib/agraria439.pdf.
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Britain-Renecke, Cézanne. "Potential alternative sources of funding South Africa's land redistribution programme in its agricultural sector." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3048.
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Songelwa, Thuthuka Siphumezile. "An evaluation of government housing projects against the breaking new ground principles in Wells estate in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14378.
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Despite the array of polices adopted to address the housing issue in South Africa in the post ’94’ dispensation, South Africa in 2015 remains riddled with the same housing challenges as at 1994 even despite the significant improvements that have been achieved. Subsidised housing projects completed between 1994 and 2004 are characterised by poor design, poor quality, late delivery, poor location, and spatial marginalisation. To address these shortfalls, the Department of Human Settlements adopted the Breaking New Ground (BNG) principles in 2004 and the housing code of 2009 to mitigate shortfalls in the provision of low cost housing and thereby creating sustainable human settlements. It was in such context that this study sought to assess whether the BNG and housing code of 2009 was implemented in the building of the low-cost houses of the Wells Estate Human Settlement in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM), constructed post-2004. An exploratory study using both the quantitative and qualitative data collection methods was used to conduct the study. A questionnaire with open and closed questions was used to collect data. To complement the use of the questionnaire, transect walks were also undertaken. The findings of the study were that; firstly: The majority of the beneficiaries belonged to the productive age that is between 18 and 60; Wells Estate depicts a pre ‘94 spatial planning given its peripheral location there by affecting cost to work and job searching; The quality of houses complied with the tenets of the BNG and housing code of 2009; Access to services and facilities like police station, community halls, clinics, and schools remained a challenge because their availability is determined by the population size and utilisation rate, and Access to socio economic opportunities was still a challenge. The beneficiaries of Wells Estate even in the case for businesses owned this; these were for subsistence only such as street vending, shoe repairing, and painting. Given the above findings, the study recommends that: There is need to focus on human capital development through skill development to the productive age group which is unemployed. With skills, the unemployed have an opportunity to look for employment thereby improving their livelihoods; The provision of housing alone cannot alleviate the socio-economic challenges affecting the poor, however there is a need for a multi-pronged approach to address other socioeconomic determinants such as access to employment and education, and There is need to for a collaboration approach between the NMBM and other government departments for instance with the Department of Basic Education for scholar transport.
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Ben, Nasr Maaouia. "La sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement : cas de la Tunisie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E047.
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La sécurité alimentaire telle qu’elle est définie aujourd’hui combine quatre dimensions, à savoir la disponibilité, la stabilité, l’accessibilité et la salubrité. Ces dimensions forment un tout et garantissent une alimentation saine à tout à chacun. C’est justement pour cette raison qu’elles sont indissociables. Les pays en développement sont les plus touchés par l’insécurité alimentaire. L’évaluation de la sécurité alimentaire doit s’effectuer en lien avec les stratégies de développement économique adoptées. Pour la plupart d’entre eux, ce sont les politiques agricoles mises en œuvre qui sont pour une grande part responsable de l’état de leur sécurité alimentaire. La Tunisie compte parmi ces pays qui ont négligé la construction d’une structure de production agricole centrée totalement sur la réalisation de la sécurité alimentaire au sens d’un auto-approvisionnement local prédominant dans l’alimentation humaine. Elle a longtemps privilégié le recours au marché international profitant, faut-il le dire, de la tendance baissière des prix mondiaux. Cette stratégie est désormais caduque du fait que le contexte mondial a marqué un retournement qui s’est traduit par l’enclenchement d’une flambée des prix de produits agricoles et alimentaires inégalée. A ceci s’ajoute une dégradation des fondamentaux économiques et tout particulièrement la capacité d’importation ainsi que la dégradation des comptes publics et ce à un moment où d’une part la facture alimentaire explose et la poursuite de la politique de subvention atteint ses limites. Par ailleurs, la problématique de la sécurité alimentaire ne doit pas être traitée uniquement en rapport avec la production agricole mais aussi avec la situation d’endettement des pays en développement. La sécurité alimentaire se trouve pratiquement au centre d’un ensemble de problèmes liés aux vraies stratégies de croissance et de développement économique de plusieurs pays dont la Tunisie. En outre, elle devient d’autant plus problématique que la poursuite forcée vers la mondialisation qui place dorénavant l’agriculture dans le monde face à la menace de généralisation des échanges la poussant à une spécialisation qui n’est pas facile à réussir<br>Food security is defined today through four dimensions, namely the food availability, stability, access and safety. These dimensions form an entity and ensure a healthy diet for everyone. It is precisely for this reason that they cannot be dissociated. Developing countries are the most affected by food insecurity. The food security assessment must be connected to the economic development strategies adopted in each country. For the most of developing countries, the implemented agricultural policies are largely responsible for the state of the food security. Tunisia is among the countries that have neglected the construction of an agricultural production structure that totally focuses on achieving food security ensured by prominent local self-sufficiency in food. For a long time, Tunisia has favored the use of the international market to take advantage of the world prices drop tendency. This strategy is now obsolete because of changes in the international context which are expressed by significant unexampled increases in the prices of agricultural products and food. In addition, there is a deterioration in the economic fundamentals especially the import capacity, as well as a deterioration in public accounts while the food bill raises and the pursuit of the subsidy policy reaches its limits. Moreover, the treatment of the food security issue should not be related only to agricultural production but also to the debt situation of the developing country. Food security is usually the focal point of all problems related to real growth strategies and economic development of many countries including Tunisia. It becomes even more problematic than the forced evolution towards globalization which now places agriculture in the world faced to the threat of widespread trade pushing it to a specialization which is not easy grasp
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Mulenga, Chipasha. "Trade distorting provisions under the multilateral agreement on agriculture : addressing the question of Africa’s limited participation in agricultural trade." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30055.
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Agbodjan, Prince Hervé. "Le droit de l’omc et l’agriculture : analyse critique et prospective du système de régulation des subventions agricoles." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40053/document.
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Du GATT de 1947 à l’OMC, l’encadrement juridique de l’agriculture demeure un processus difficile et laborieux tant dans ses aspects processuels, normatifs qu’institutionnels. Le cadre décisionnel de l’OMC marqué du sceau du « consensus », peine à instituer un cadre normatif satisfaisant. De plus, la conclusion d’un Accord global sur les politiques agricoles est retardée par des stratégies de blocage ou des coalitions de circonstance lors des négociations multilatérales successives. La question agricole se retrouve donc coincée entre des enjeux nationaux et des logiques d’économie politique que ni le droit positif de l’OMC, ni les processus décisionnels en vigueur à l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce ne parviennent à résorber. Par ailleurs, le processus de démantèlement des barrières tarifaires a laissé place à des politiques nationales de subventionnement massif que les accords sur l’agriculture et celui sur les subventions et mesures compensatoires tentent en vain d’endiguer. Cette thèse jette donc un regard critique sur ce phénomène à travers une réflexion approfondie du statut juridique de l’agriculture en général et du traitement particulier des subventions agricoles. De cette analyse, il ressort que l’impasse de Doha relève d’une triple carence du système de régulation des subventions agricoles. D’abord, une carence du cadre normatif découlant du « péché originel » de l’exception agricole largement décrite dans la première partie de la thèse. Ensuite, et telles que décrites dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, une carence institutionnelle relevant de l’inadaptation de l’architecture de l’OMC, principalement le processus décisionnel face au phénomène du subventionnement agricole et une carence structurelle liée au déroulement des négociations multilatérales. La thèse démontre donc que cette triple carence explique pourquoi il demeure difficile au processus de Doha de déboucher sur des engagements contraignants en terme d’élimination des subventions agricoles et en terme de politiques de développement favorables aux PED et PMA. La thèse démontre aussi que l’impuissance du « système OMC » face aux divergences agricoles animées notamment par les États-Unis, l’UE, le groupe de Cairns et le groupe africain sur le coton découle de cette triple carence. Prospectivement, il s’est donc avéré nécessaire de formuler des alternatives nouvelles reposant sur l’introduction des logiques d’efficacité lors de l’élaboration et de l’application des mesures anti-subvention ainsi que dans les techniques de négociations commerciales multilatérales<br>From GATT 1947 to WTO, the legal framework of agriculture remains a difficult and laborious process in its procedural aspects as well as in its normative and institutional ones. The decision framework of the WTO is marked by the seal of "consensus" and hardly allows to establish a satisfactory regulatory framework. A comprehensive agreement on agricultural policy has been postponed by blocking strategies or ad hoc coalitions at the critical times of the successive multilateral negotiations. Therefore, the agricultural question is being smothered by national issues and the logic of political economy which neither positive law of the WTO, nor the decision-making processes in force at the World Trade Organization have been able to resorb. The process of dismantling trade barriers has given way to national policies of massive subsidizing that the agreements on Agriculture and on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures have tried to stem in vain. This thesis reviews this phenomenon with a critical eye through an extensive consideration of the legal status of agriculture in general and the special treatment of agricultural subsidies. This analysis shows that the dead-end situation in the Doha negotiations result from a triple deficiency of the regulatory system on agricultural subsidies: (1) a deficiency of the regulatory framework resulting from the "original sin" of the agricultural exception, (2) an institutional deficiency coming from the inadequacy of the architecture of the WTO, mainly the decision-making process in relation to the phenomenon of agricultural subsidies and (3) a structural deficiency related to the conduct of the multilateral negotiations. This thesis demonstrates that these three deficiencies explain why it remains difficult for the process of Doha to bring binding commitments on the elimination of agricultural subsidies and development policies which would favour of developing countries and LDCs. The thesis also reveals that the inability of the "WTO system" to cope with diverging views over agriculture mainly livened up by the United States, the EU, the Cairns Group and the African Group on cotton results from those three deficiencies. A prospective analysis leads to the formulation of new alternative solutions based on the introduction of logics of efficiency in the elaboration and application of anti subsidy measures altogether with multilateral trade negotiation techniques
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Ngom, Abdoulaye. "L'OMC et l'accès des pays en développement au marché agricole de l'Union Européenne : entre traitement spécial et différencié et statut particulier de l'agriculture." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G003.
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L’adoption par l’OMC de mesures de TSD utiles pour promouvoir l’agriculture des PED par le commerce agricole a favorisé l’accès des PED au marché rémunérateur de l’UE par des schémas multiples qui ne sont pas encore répartis équitablement entre les PED. Les préférences tarifaires de l’UE accordées aux PED figurent parmi les plus importants instruments de développement commercial utilisés par les pays développés. Cependant, l’effectivité des mesures de TSD reste relative à cause des limites inhérentes à leur contenu influencé par le statut particulier de l’agriculture à l’OMC. L’UE continue de bénéficier d’arrangements spéciaux et pratique un protectionnisme agricole très complexe et très décrié sur le plan externe. Les politiques commerciales, agricoles, sociales, environnementales et sécuritaires en vigueur dans le marché agricole européen neutralisent les efforts consentis par les PED, plus particulièrement les PMA et les pays ACP, pour exploiter les préférences. L’avenir de l’accès des PED au marché agricole de l’UE est actuellement lié à l’aboutissement incertain des négociations du Cycle Doha sur le TSD et l’agriculture. Les Conférences ministérielles de Bali (décembre 2013) et de Nairobi (décembre 2015) ont permis de mettre sur pied des accords partiels et a minima qui semblent maintenir le déséquilibre subtil entre un TSD peu contraignant et un statut particulier de l’agriculture toujours résistant à l’OMC, sans apporter une solution définitive au statu quo de l’accès des PED aux marchés agricoles des pays développés. Les enjeux et les perspectives de l’accès des PED au marché agricole de l’UE dépendent de la direction que prendront les travaux en cours pour répondre aux questions de développement et de libéralisation agricole dans le cadre d’un vrai cycle de développement<br>The adoption by the WTO of special and differential treatment (SDT) measures that are useful for promoting the agriculture of developing countries through agricultural trade has favored the access of developing countries to the remunerative market of the EU through multiple schemes that are not yet evenly distributed between developing countries. EU tariff preferences for developing countries (DCs) are among the most important trade development instruments used by developed countries. However, the effectiveness of SDT measures remains relative because of the limitations inherent in their content influenced by the special status of agriculture in the WTO. The EU continues to benefit from special arrangements and practices agricultural protectionism that is very complex and highly criticized externally. The commercial, agricultural, social, environmental and security policies in force in the European agricultural market neutralize the efforts made by developing countries, in particular least developed countries (LDCs) and ACP countries, to exploit preferences.The future access of developing countries to the agricultural market of the EU is currently linked to the uncertain outcome of the Doha Round negotiations on SDT and agriculture. The Ministerial Conferences in Bali (December 2013) and Nairobi (December 2015) have led to the establishment of partial and minimum agreements that seem to maintain the subtle imbalance between a non-constraining SDT and a particular status of agriculture that is still resistant to The WTO without providing a definitive solution to the status quo of DCs access to agricultural markets in developed countries. The challenges and prospects of developing countries' access to the EU agricultural market depend on the direction of work in progress to address agricultural development and liberalization issues within a real development cycle
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George, Kelvin Michael. "Key Performance Indicators' Effects on Public Sector Infrastructure Project Efficiency in Grenada." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7474.
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Grenada is 1 of 15 developing countries in Caribbean Community known as CARICOM. The infrastructure capital projects in these developing countries are plagued with an array of issues: unethical practices, inadequate supervision, lack of transparency and accountability, inadequate monitoring and evaluation, cost overruns, and inefficiencies. In the 1980s and 1990s, the International Monitory Fund and World Bank introduced a balanced scorecard engineered under the structural adjustment program, but it was unable to improve infrastructure project efficiencies. This qualitative case study sought to understand the role of management key performance indicators (KPIs) on public sector infrastructure capital project efficiency on the island of Grenada. An institutional assessment and development framework and a classical management theoretical framework methodology were used to explore the effects of management KPIs on public sector infrastructure capital projects efficiencies in developing countries. The research incorporated a constructivist philosophy that underpins the evaluation and perception of the government, the National Water and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA), project teams, systems, and stakeholders. A purposive sampling strategy with elements of snowballing was used to obtain 12 representative participants for interviews, and a systematic approach of transcribing, coding, and thematic analysis was done. Findings indicate inadequacies in the BSC performance measure system on infrastructure projects, which justifies the use of comprehensive management KPIs. Positive social change implications of this study include recommendations for comprehensive management KPIs and policies to improve public sector infrastructure project efficiency in Grenada.
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Brink, Klas Marcus. "Organic Coffee for a Sustainable Development in Peru : A qualitative study on how Peruvian coffee farmers’ development is affected by choosing organic cultivation and certification." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-22152.
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Abstract Title: Organic Coffee for a sustainable development in Peru -‐ A qualitative study on how Peruvian coffee farmers’ development is affected by choosing organic cultivation and certification Seminar date: 2013-‐05-‐31 University: Mälardalen University Västerås Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering Level: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration Course name: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, FÖA 300, 15 ECTS Author: Marcus Brink 1987-‐05-‐10 Tutors: Birgitta Schwartz Examiner: Peter Dobers Pages: 145 Attachments: List of interviews, Interview questions to coffee farmers Key words: Sustainable development, organic, coffee, certifications, coffee farmers, small scale farmers, Peru, bachelor, conventional coffee, organic certification, profitability, environment, social entrepreneurship, context, coffee producers Research question: In what way are small-‐scale coffee farmers in the region of Junín, Peru, able to benefit from “Organic” certifications or conventional coffee cultivation to develop sustainable? Purpose: The purpose of this field study was to get an understanding of how and if organic farming is an adequate solution for sustainable development of small-‐scale coffee farmers in developing countries or not. Method: This bachelor thesis was done as a field study financed by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) under the program of Minor Field Studies provided by the International Programme Office for Education and Training. For the field study a qualitative method has been used to better submit how the people involved understand and interpret their surrounding reality and to get a deep insight in their lives. The nature of the research question and the test subjects provided for a qualitative method rather than a quantitative. Qualitative measuring methods used for primary data gathering were, in-‐depth interviews, observations, participations, spontaneous conversations, videos and photographs. Secondary sources used include literature, news magazines, public documents, and statistical data provided by organizations, institutions, webpages, and libraries through both Internet and physical form. The theoretical framework that lays a ground for the study has been based upon scholarly journals, scientific studies, scientific articles and other relevant existing research. The data that was gathered were later analyzed by qualitative methods. Conclusion: Small-‐scale coffee farmers in developing countries are able to benefit from organic certification but it cannot be considered a sustainable development. There’s too little emphasis on the social and economical aspects and too much focus on the environmental factors by the organic certification to make it interesting to many farmers. For a small-‐scale coffee farmer to benefit from the organic certifications he need to have a very low intense cultivation from the beginning, before becoming certified. The organic certification incurs increased costs for the farmer and is more labor intense while it at the same time provides limited productivity ability and only gives a slightly better price to the farmer for his product. Farmers that grows conventional coffee and have a somewhat managed plantation will not benefit from certifying organic as it would give them the same income or less. The organic growing procedure also prohibits the use of important pesticides as insecticides and herbicides that makes organic farmers further susceptible and sensible for diseases and plagues on their crop. The numerous facts that make organic growing low productive labor intense makes it more motivating for many farmers to chose conventional coffee cultivation instead of organic and working with certification.<br>Resumen Titulo: Café Orgánico para un desarrollo sostenible en el Perú – Un estudio cualitativo sobre como el desarrollo de los agricultores peruanos de café es afectado por elegir trabajar con café orgánico y certificaciones Fecha de examen: 2013-05-31 Universidad: Universidad de Mälardalen Facultad: Facultad de Negocios, Sociedad e Ingeniería Nivel: Tesis de licenciatura en Administración de Empresas Nombre de curso: Tesis de licenciatura en Administración de Empresas, FÖA 300, 15 ECTS Autor: Marcus Brink 1987-05-10 Tutor: Birgitta Schwartz Examinador: Peter Dobers Paginas: 145 Adjuntos: Lista de las entrevistas, Preguntas de entrevista para agricultores de café Palabras clave: Desarrollo sostenible, orgánico, café, certificaciones, agricultores de café, agricultores de pequeña escala, Perú, bachiller, café convencional, certificación orgánica, rentabilidad, medio ambiente, empresariado social, contexto, productores de café. Pregunta de investigación: ¿De que manera se pueden beneficiar los productores de café en la región Junín, Perú, con las certificaciones orgánicos o con los cultivo de café convencional para desarrollarse de una manera sostenible? Propósito: El propósito de este estudio fue obtener conocimientos sobre si es y como la agricultura orgánica es una solución adecuada para desarrollo sostenible de pequeños agricultores de café en países de desarrollo o no. Método: Esta tesis de licenciatura se realizó como un estudio de campo financiado por la Agencia Sueca de Desarrollo Internacional (ASDI) bajo el programa de “estudio de campo de menor envergadura” proveído por la Oficina del Programa Internacional de Educación y Formación. Para el estudio de campo un método cualitativo ha sido usado para de una mejor manera presentar como la gente involucrada entiende y interpreta su realidad circundante y para obtener una visión profunda de sus vidas. La naturaleza de la pregunta de investigación y los sujetos dio razones e hizo relevante usar un método cualitativo en vez que un cuantitativo. Métodos cualitativos usados para coleccionar datos primarios eran entrevistas en profundidad, observaciones, participaciones, conversaciones espontáneas, vídeos y fotografías. Las fuentes secundarias utilizadas incluyen literatura, revistas de actualidad, documentos públicos y datos estadísticos de empresas, instituciones, paginas web y bibliotecas a través de internet y de la forma física. El marco teórico que establece una base para el estudio se ha basado en revistas especializadas, estudios científicos, artículos científicos y otras investigaciones de interés al respecto. Después los datos coleccionados han ido analizados con métodos cualitativos. Conclusión: Los agricultores pequeños de café en países en desarrollo pueden beneficiar de la certificación orgánica, pero no se le puede considerar un desarrollo sostenible. Hay poco énfasis en los aspectos sociales y económicos en comparación con los factores ambientales en la certificación orgánica que desmotiva a los agricultores a adaptarlo. Para que un pequeño agricultor se beneficie de la certificación tiene que ser un agricultor con muy baja productividad y falta de manejo adecuado antes de volverse certificado. La certificación orgánica aumenta los gastos o costos para el agricultor, parte de esto por el incrementado de la mano de obra y la capacidad de productividad limitada mientras el café orgánico solo recibe un precio que es un poco mejor que la del café convencional. Agricultores convencionales que tienen una chacra un poco o bien manejado no van a beneficiarse al volverse certificados orgánicos porque les daría el mismo ingreso o menos. El manejo orgánico de café también prohíbe diferentes pesticidas como herbicidas y insecticidas que hacen a los agricultores orgánicos mas susceptibles y vulnerables de enfermedades y plagas en sus cultivos. Los numerosos hechos que hacen que el cultivo orgánico tenga baja productividad y necesita mano de obra intensa y pesada motiva a muchos agricultores a escoger cultivar café convencional en lugar de trabajar con la certificación orgánica.
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Dlamini, Agrineth Nokwethemba. "An assessment of development extension projects by women in the Simdlangentsha district , Kwa-Zulu Natal." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/817.
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Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Community Work in the Department of Social Work University of Zululand, 2000.<br>The purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency of womens' development projects particularly agricultural extension projects with the aim of investigating their administration and impact on womens' livelihoods. The central view held by this study was that the important role played by women and the potential to fulfil an even greater role has been overlooked to a large extent in South Africa. Although there are numerous organisations and projects aimed at development at the rural and community level, very little attention has been paid to the role of women and the enhancement thereof. Special focus of the study was on women only development projects as it was assumed that these projects are starting points from which developing areas can start a movement of planned development. It was discovered that womens' development projects are still having some flaws because the recognition of such projects is still lacking from the work of development planners.
Essentially, the problem encountered among project participants was that of dual or multiple roles performed by women and such environmental problems like lack of access to markets, transportation and theft of produce. Training, management and organisation, empowerment and capacity building is still lacking in project participants. Basically those women who participate in projects do so from destitution. They are old, uneducated and poverty- stricken such that very little about these projects seems to be attractive and very little income is being generated from them The study revealed that an awareness of the importance of development of women has started to surface, and some efforts are being made to accommodate women and to raise them.
(v)
The critical view of extension projects was that they comprise strengthening the autonomy of women to alleviate poverty. This suggests that women should be brought fully into the development projects and must be given opportunity to put their abilities to full use at every stage of the development process. Extension projects must be seen therefore to be acknowledging this reality. To achieve this, womens' extension projects have to be reconsidered so that they lead to women becoming effective and efficient managers, administrators and decision -makers. Ongoing support and training is needed to ensure that the skills and expertise of women who are project participants are gradually being improved and they are afforded a chance to develop and have equal access to opportunities at all levels in the society.<br>National Research Foundation and University of Zululand
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Malan, Christiaan Pieter Naudé. "Deelname in navorsing en ontwikkeling by die Tshikonelo-landbouprojek in die Noordelike Provinsie." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6515.
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M.A.<br>The success of participation in research for development depends upon its ability to change power relations in the development setting. The central problem adressed by this study is the question whether participatory methodologies are able to change power relations. A case study is made of the Tshikonelo irrigation scheme of the Agricultural Corporation of Venda, now called the Agricultural and Rural Development Corporation (Pty) Ltd. This case study identifies obstacles relevant to developmental interventions which cast a critical light upon the claims of participatory methodologies. The following methodologies are discussed: Action Research, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), and the Actor-oriented perspective on rural development. The origin of the methodologies that use participation in research is located in the use of social scientific knowledge for development. Consequently, the use of social scientific knowledge is fundamental to the realisation of Participatory Development. This relationship problematises the role of social scientific knowledge for the development process, as social scientific knowledge for development cannot be limited to the context of the development project, and its ability to critique development efforts should be primary. Action Research is relevant to intervention if collaboration with other similar projects is possible. The focal point of this methodology is the degree to which Apartheid and the accompanying strategy of "Separate Development" continues to affect the lives and activities of the farmers involved in the Tshikonelo project. In this respect, it can be used to disseminate alternative agricultural techniques. This approach is important as it can bring about changes in the agricultural establishment. PRA is a positive contribution to the field by virtue of the innovative way in which it approaches development problems. The efficacy of PRA, however, depends upon factors that are external to the project context, such as the receptivity of the agricultural and development establishment to the participation of small farmers in the research process. Problems with PRA are highlighted which run parallel to the problematics of the use of social scientific knowledge for the development process. The strength of the Actor-oriented perspective lies mainly in the possibility of exposing the hidden power relations and dynamics of the irrigation project. As such, it has a unique and important role to play vis-à-vis the other methodologies, with regard to intervention in this project. A debate is constructed between the methodologies in question, covering the following: The degree of homogeneity of target groups; the "vision" of what participatory development should be like; and the identity of the community that has to validate the knowledge under discussion. "Participation" as paradigm for development should be refined in terms of these issues if it is to address deeper methodological problems. It can be seen as a methodological innovation as the community that is responsible for the final validation of knowledge is strange compared to the scientific community. The strategy of participation in development promotes the interests of the participants in two ways. Within the arrangement of how research is done, it promotes the interests of the participants before those of the individual scientist, and it is capable of promoting the interests of marginalised groups in terms of the present political economy. Participatory development is strongly influenced by those participating in the development process and is by no means an easy solution providing a more justifiable establishment.
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Ramabulana, Vusani. "Empowerment of women in the Mangondi and Tshisahulu gardening projects in the Northern Province." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5634.
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M.A.<br>In the former Republic of Venda, many people lost their jobs when industries that had mushroomed during the 1980's pulled out of the area. This happened just prior to the collapse of the Bantustan government. The most affected were women who, because of lack of education, could not get employment within and outside of the province. As a way of alleviating poverty, people resorted to selfemployment and community development projects. Different community development projects were started throughout Venda. Some non-governmental organisations (NGOs) helped women who were unemployed by giving them training and help them to start projects such as sewing, knitting, chicken farming, creches and small-scale gardening. The training of people in different skills was done as a way of helping to equip communities so that they may start projects that they could manage, and that could become selfsustainable. The new South African government, through its Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP), also assisted the poverty-stricken rural areas to start generating projects that would generate jobs for the people. These programmes involved the communities, the NGOs and the government through the RDP. Short and long term projects that were considered suitable by the members and community developers in the different areas were started. In order to maintain the smooth running and the co-ordination of all their projects, many communities instituted Community Development Committees (CDC). The CDC was an umbrella body within a community whose members had been elected by the community itself. The main task of the CDC was to help the different `Community Development Project' (CDP) committees responsible for the different projects within the community to obtain funds from different sources. They also helped to organise training for interested project members. In most cases, they worked hand in hand with the civic association committees and the traditional leaders, as well as the community members themselves. In this study, I have compared the activities of the community gardening projects within two rural communities. These two gardening projects are at Mangondi and Tshisahulu rural areas in Venda within the Northern Province. In their attempts to fight unemployment and poverty, these two communities (like many other communities within the Province and Venda in particular) embarked on the establishment of several community development projects, gardening being one of them. Most of the gardeners in these two projects are women. These women vary in age, education and family situations. The aim of this study was to establish the problems facing rural women in their attempts to free themselves from the grip of poverty and unemployment that continues to render them marginalised. The provision of government policy on the problem of women's rights on land ownership was also examined. The method of research used in the collection of data during field work was the interview method. This method was most preferred because it allowed me an opportunity to ask questions directly to these gardeners most of whom cannot read or write. A literature study was done on the role and activities of women in small gardening projects and the development process. It is my wish that this work be of assistance to the development workers and the policy-makers as well as the RDP officers of the Northern Province under which this area falls.
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Bates, Reid A. "Mechanisms which encourage beneficiary participation in decision making in rural development assistance projects in developing countries." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33528.
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This study was designed to discover how beneficiary participation in decision
making can be encouraged and enhanced in rural development assistance projects in
developing countries. The study sought to increase the understanding about how
beneficiary participation occurs through the identification of patterns, processes or
techniques in development assistance projects that enhance the ability of local people to
gain control of the benefits and decision making processes in projects affecting their
lives.
The data for this study were obtained from telephone interviews with seven
individuals who are or have been rural development assistance project managers. A
constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis was employed.
The findings indicated that community participation is encouraged and enhanced
in projects that involve a few salient activities, relatively less complex inputs and
consequently less money than larger, more complex projects. These projects should be
based on a felt need in the community and be designed to fit community capabilities. As
such, they enhance the power of participation to produce a recognizable benefit and to
provide a sense of progress toward community established goals. In addition, community
participation is encouraged when some investment is required from the community.
Investment creates ownership and tests the value and appropriateness of the activity to
the community.
The case studies suggested that participation is a process that requires support at
the community level, from intermediary organizations and from donor agencies and
national governments. At the community level, the most practical and effective vehicle
through which to implement participatory projects is existing community organizations.
These organizations generally possess the necessary skills to be, and by definition,
should be involved in all phases of the project from design to evaluation. Locally
identified leaders, while a two-edged sword, are necessary for the effectiveness of local
organizations and for the endorsement of project activities.
Intermediary organizations emerge in this study as key actors in the
participatory development process. These organizations act as catalysts and linkages by
informing and sharing information with communities; by helping communities gather
data about themselves in identifying the most critical problems; by mediating in conflict
resolution; and in obtaining funds and other forms of assistance from outside the
community. Their role is characterized by an approach to rural communities that is
both understanding and interactive.
Donor organizations and national governments are seen in the role of development
coordinators. The coordinator role is responsive to community desires and strives for
equality among diverse groups and communities. They emphasize a "process" approach
to development administration. As a result of effective participation, rural poor
communities are able to meet their basic needs, solve their problems, and achieve the
power to control their lives.
In terms of mechanisms encouraging beneficiary participation, this study
recommends the following: 1) Participatory development should be viewed as a process of trial and error learning whose goal is community empowerment. Empowerment signifies the degree to which
people have gained the capacity to obtain results which they intend to obtain from their
involvement in decision making in the development process.
2) Intermediary organizations must assume a key role in the participatory development
process. These organizations are composed of sensitive and understanding people who are
dedicated to community participation. The function of these organizations is twofold.
First, they act as links between donor agencies or national governments and local
communities. Second, they function as catalysts in participatory development. The goal
of these organizations is to facilitate the building of community capacity in terms of
skills and knowledge to the point that the community no longer needs their assistance.
3) The appropriate roles of donor agencies and national governments in participatory
development is as coordinators of development assistance projects. This role requires
them to provide funds specifically for participatory development; to strive for equity in
funding different groups and communities; and to adopt a "process" style of project
administration that is seen as most conducive to participatory development.
4) Projects aiming at encouraging beneficiary participation should start small, with a
few relatively simple activities that respond to local needs. These activities are most
effectively implemented through existing local organizations that are characterized as
having control of financial resources, legal authority, involvement in all project
activities from design to evaluation and are led by community appointed leaders.
5) It is more important to emphasize "how" projects are implemented rather than
"what" is accomplished. This "how" necessarily involves beneficiary participation
which is defined as the participation of beneficiaries in their own development by
controlling resources, defining needs and making decisions about how these needs can
best be met.<br>Graduation date: 1992
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Hatsu, Sylvester. "A framework for benchmarking e-governance projects in developing countries." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26186.
Full textAbstract:
Investigations reveal that the failure rate of e-governance projects in developing countries is between 35% and 50% whereby, 35% is classified as a total failure and 50% is considered a partial failure. Furthermore, previous e-governance frameworks lack reliable project discipline to deliver e-governance systems effectively to stakeholders for further exploits. This is one of the major reasons why e-governance projects fail to deliver the expected value to the citizenry and thereby, negatively impacting on socio-economic development.
The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for benchmarking e-governance projects for socio-economic development in developing countries. The Design Science Research methodology was relied upon for the purpose of the study in order to answer its various research questions.
Preliminary research investigations led to the identification of a range of critical success factors necessary for effective and efficient delivery of an e-governance project that fulfils expectations throughout the project lifecycle. Further investigations demonstrated that the foregoing critical success factors represent crucial and effective mechanisms for performing project assurance in the ambit of Monitoring and Evaluation. A generic framework for benchmarking e-governance projects was proposed. Further evaluation and validation exercises were undertaken on the framework through a survey involving a comprehensive sample of participants recruited from the Ghana ecosystem, a country considered a developing country. Experts who had comprehensive knowledge of challenges experienced when engaging in e-governance projects were also recruited from the international community as additional respondents in the survey. The study used a combination of simple random sampling and purposive sampling. Simple random sampling method was used to select 19 practising project managers, while purposive sampling method was employed to include e-governance experts in academic and research institutions as well as non-governmental organizations, with valuable insights concerning the research questions being addressed. The data collected was analysed using thematic analysis, and Pearson Chi-square test. The outcome of the evaluation and validation exercises produced an improved framework of which an appropriate prototyped proof of concept was developed for the purpose of enabling e-governance project stakeholders to perform project quality assurance throughout its lifecycle. Such as prototype, if implemented in real-life will go a long way in addressing many challenges faced in the entire e-governance project value chain from a prioritization, learning, cost, quality, time and impact perspectives.
The overall outcome of this study showed that despite the reality that the failure rate of e-governance projects remains high in developing countries, there is strong evidence indicating that the aforementioned situation could be circumvented. The research found that success is achievable by embarking on a rigorous process of monitoring and evaluation based on well-defined performance metrics that embody time, quality, budget and scope. As such, the significant minimization of the failure rate of e-governance projects in developing countries would become reality provided that sound monitoring and evaluation are performed in all phases of the project even after its deployment.<br>Information Science<br>Ph. D. (Information Systems)
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MacKenzie, David Richard. "Many paths to modernity : human rights, development and the World Bank." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9743.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis argues that development requires policies which promote comprehensive
human development, rather than simple economic growth. While international law and the
human rights system mandate that the individual be the central focus of the development
paradigm, there are other reasons in addition to legal obligation to engage in people centred
development planning. It also addresses the broad support for participatory processes found in
the development planning literature.
The World Bank is a multilateral development agency charged with providing low
interest loans to developing nations. Frequently the development interventions financed by these
loans violate the human rights of neighbouring residents. Such violations are contrary to the
Bank's international legal obligations as a member of the United Nations system. This thesis
enumerates steps the Bank must take to align its project planning and implementation policies
with international human rights law.
Chapter One summarizes World Bank history, addresses its structure, and discusses its
lending policy then moves on to comment on the human rights system, providing the theory and
methodology to be used throughout the thesis. The following chapters address specific Bank
policies regulating project planning.
Chapter Two discusses the policy regarding involuntary resettlement arising from
development, and summarize the Bank's indigenous policy.
Chapter Three concerns the Bank's environmental assessment policy. Chapter Four
investigates two areas where no Bank policy has been developed, contrary to the requirements of
the human rights system: formation of national development policies, and the detriments
suffered by project affected people not covered by other policies.
Each chapter discusses the nature of the relevant human rights issues, outlines Bank
policy (where it exists), and recommends modifications and courses of action to bring the Bank
into accordance with the human rights requirements. Chapter five reviews the conclusions
reached in earlier chapters and offers a brief case study demonstrating how human rights can be
practically applied in development projects.
The World Bank must create policies consistent with international civil, political,
economic, social and cultural rights to meet the challenges, and the legal obligations, of human
development.
44
de, Roux Nicolas. "Essays on Development Economics." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8J3950H.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation contains three essays in Development Economics. The first two chapters relate to the provision of credit for agricultural production in a developing country. The third chapter explores methodological issues in the measurement of risk aversion using laboratory experiments. Risk aversion has been suggested as a theoretical explanation for credit constraints in agricultural settings in developing countries. Better measures of risk aversion can be used to empirically validate these theories.
In Chapter 1 of this dissertation, I study the consequences of the use of credit scoring systems for agricultural lending in developing countries. Credit scoring has become a widespread tool to assess the creditworthiness of prospective borrowers, and has been found to increase efficiency and welfare in many settings. This chapter identifies a shortcoming in existing credit scoring systems that may lead to a market failure in agricultural lending in developing countries: Farmers' scores -- and their access to credit -- decline because of exogenous short-term weather shocks that do not reduce their likelihood of future repayment. I use data on the near universe of formal agricultural loans for coffee production in Colombia to show that excess rainfall shocks cause lower concurrent loan repayment, lower credit scores, and more frequent denial of subsequent loan applications. Then, I draw on the agronomic literature on coffee production and use survey data to show that productivity, income and repayment behavior recover faster from these shocks than farmers' credit histories. In the chapter I argue that these additional loan denials create costs for both farmers and the lender that could be avoided. The results presented in this chapter suggest that incorporating verifiable information on individual level shocks into credit scores would increase the efficiency of credit markets.
In Chapter 2, together with Jairo Esquivel, Margarita Gáfaro, Guillermo Otero and Moisés Mahecha, I study the determinants of repayment of loans to a public development bank. In particular, we investigate whether the public nature of a lender affects the repayment behavior of its borrowers. We conducted a field experiment where customers who receive reminder phone calls before a payment installment of loans were randomly assigned to different phone call scripts. The loans are from a public agricultural bank in Colombia. In our main treatment, we include a sentence to remind the customer of the public nature of the lender. We find strong and positive effects on repayment performance: farmers in this treatment have probabilities of ever being overdue and of entering into a period of 30 days past due that are respectively 10\% and 22\% lower than those of farmers treated with the traditional script. We interpret this finding as evidence that farmers are more like to repay their loans because of the public nature of the bank. Results from heterogeneity exercises show that some measures of state presence increase the magnitude of the effect of the public treatment, which suggests that state deterrence is a potential mechanism behind our findings. Furthermore, results from treatments where sentiments of altruism and peer pressure are induced by the script suggest that these motives explain part of the effect that the public nature of the lender has on repayment.
In Chapter 3, together with Juan Camilo Cárdenas, Christian Jaramillo and Luis Roberto Martínez, I address a methodological concern common in laboratory experiments. The house-money effect, understood as a person's tendency to be more daring with easily-gotten money, is a behavioral pattern that poses questions about the external validity of experiments in economics. We ran an economic experiment with 122 students, who received an amount of money with which they made risky decisions involving losses and gains; a randomly selected treatment group received the money 21 days in advance and a control group got it the day of the experiment. With our preferred specification, we find a mean CRRA risk aversion coefficient of 0.34, with a standard deviation of 0.09. Furthermore, if subjects in the treatment group spent 35\% of the endowment (as they did, on average) their CRRA risk aversion coefficient is higher than that of the control group by approximately 0.3 standard deviations. We interpret this result as evidence of a small and indirect house money effect operating though the amount of the cash in advance that was actually spent. We conclude in this chapter that the house money effect may play a small role in decisions under uncertainty, especially when involving losses.
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Kiilu, Florence Ndilo. "Assessing funding and support for development projects : a comparative study of Kenya and South Africa." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4388.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the study was to assess funding and support provided for
development projects in Kenya and South Africa. The focus was to identify
comparisons and differences in development, funding and national development
priorities in both countries.
The study was carried out in Kenya and South Africa. Through purposive
sampling, six organizations were selected as the units of analysis. Data was
collected by means of questionnaires, interviews, national policies and written
records.
Six major themes emerged from the data collected. They included (a) the
purpose and internal structure of the organization (b) programs and projects
supported (c) sustainability and continuation (d) internal and external factors
affecting the organization (e) conditions (f) the aid-chain.
The findings indicated that despite the differences in both countries, poverty
remained a national priority. In both countries, factors such as inflation rates,
conditions tied to aid and internal and external factor affected the development
organizations and their operations. Suggestions were made to development
organizations for optimal development.<br>Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Abiaka, Innocent N. "Basic needs, development and International Monetary Fund- supported adjustment programs a theoretical and empirical analysis /." 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33470759.html.
Full text
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Taoana, Seisa. "A cost effectiveness evaluation of interventions to reduce traffic deaths and injuries in South Africa." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2469.
Full textAbstract:
The global burden of road traffic casualties is estimated at US$5l8 billion in direct economic costs. Road traffic crashes are now preventable and predictable as demonstrated by the existence of many proven and cost effective intervention strategies, a result of three decades of research and development in high income countries. While remarkable progress has been made towards the provision of safe, sustainable and affordable means of
transport in high income countries where road traffic deaths are on a declining trend, the global road traffic safety situation is however expected to get worse by 2020, in view of increasing deaths in the low to middle income countries, due to rapid motorization against the background of inadequate road infrastructure with poorly maintained roads, passive traffic law enforcement and corruption, inadequate health services, lack of funds, and
inadequate data collection and research. These countries have thus experienced little or no success in resolving the problem of road traffic safety. Since South Africa falls into this latter category, this paper supports the thesis that the issue with road traffic deaths and injuries is a global problem requiring national capacity to be part of a global cooperation and responsibility. Given the recent institutionalized framework for planning, organizing and implementing the strategy for road safety management (the Road to Safety 20012005), the relatively high mortality rate of 27 per 100000 population and the R13.8 billion in direct social costs to the economy, remains the challenge to build a strong political advocacy to enable the achievement of conditions for a sustainable national road safety capacity to manage road traffic safety. This calls for a comprehensive set of cost effective countermeasures. Most country successes have had a good political will complemented by a systems approach. Despite a good start with the Road to Safety 2001-2005, successes
and mistakes made in high income countries as well as in low to middle income countries, can benefit South Africa in the design and implementation of a multisectoral national road safety strategy with the health sector playing a major role, in order to achieve significant reductions in road traffic deaths and injuries on our roads.<br>Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.
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Taghvaee, Ali A. (Ali Akbar). "Planning strategies to reduce rural-urban disparities in developing countries, with particular reference to Iran / Ali A. Taghvaee." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18581.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 237-254.<br>xxi, 276 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm.<br>Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.<br>This thesis asserts that rural-urban disparities and inequalities contribute to over-urbanisation and rural backwardness in developing countries. It also acknowledges that developed countries have minimised rural-urban disparities and inequalities through the provision and expansion of various urban services and facilities in rural areas.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Design, 1996?
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Sangham, Anilrai I. "Barriers to and determinants of funding sustainable development projects in developing countries : a case study of the eThekwini Municipality." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2604.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017.<br>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the barriers to and the determinants of funding sustainable development through the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism at the Bisasar Road and Mariannhill landfill sites.
The Clean Development Mechanism is an economic construct, arising out of the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC 2004:10), and formulated to promote social and economic welfare by transferring technology in such a manner, that it promotes sustainable development and ecological renewal. The stated goal of CDM (UNFCCC: 10) is to reduce harmful emissions and thereafter, to produce sustainable development and ecological renewal.
This research utilised the case study methodology as advocated by Eisenhardt (1989:538). The study employed multiple data collection methodologies which included face-face interviews, within case analysis, triangulation, field notes and photographs. An important component of the data collection methodology was to access financial records of revenue flows for the CDM implementation process from January 2009 to December 2015.
The research found that there is no conclusive evidence to suggest that the Clean Development Mechanism, as implemented at Bisasar Road and Mariannhill, reduced carbon emissions. Further, the study found that the production of clean energy produced financial losses rather than revenues for funding sustainable development.
The relevance and value of this research lies in the presentation and formatting of the Systematic Sequential Analysis Model. The purpose of the Systematic Sequential Analysis Model is to introduce a series of financial, macro-economic, micro-economic, and technical sustainability filters for the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism in developing countries.<br>D
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Vhulahani, Ndivhudzannyi Frances. "A study on strategies to enhance participation in community development projects." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7661.
Full textAbstract:
M.A.<br>The aim of this study was to explore and describe participation in community development projects and the factors that affect participation. Projects experience problems with regard to participation which in turn has an impact on the success and sustainability of these projects. Projects in the far North region, Northern Province were targeted as the population and 30 respondents were interviewed from 3 sampled projects. Purposive sampling, which is a non-probability sampling method, was utilised to select sample. Interview schedule was utilised to collect data from respondents to measure 3 elements, i.e. demographic data, project formulation and role performance, and project management with specific reference to participation. The researcher discovered that participation in development projects is influenced by the level of involvement by project members in decision making and project management and their involvement in project roles and responsibilities. Availability of financial resources and the project's ability to meet abstract and material needs of members also influence participation in projects.