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1
Land, Miriam L. "On measuring differential yielding abilities of wheat cultivars over varying environments." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9925.
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Goldammer, Teddy J. 1951. "Estimating wastewater demand by agricultural producers." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191918.
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The demand for wastewater effluent by Avra Valley and the Cortaro-Marana Irrigation District was evaluated. This was accomplished by the use of linear programming techniques. Evaluating the potential demand for wastewater effluent is important to the development of a water market in the Tucson Active Management Area. In Avra Valley there was no quantity of wastewater effluent demanded because of high conveyance costs. The Cortaro-Marana Irrigation District the annual quantity of wastewater effluent demanded was 11,385 acre-feet based on wastewater effluent supply of 18,600 acre-feet. The quantity of wastewater effluent demanded could have been greater had the quantity supplied been sufficient for all months. Relaxing the supply constraint for wastewater effluent the potential demand was 24,776 acre-feet. The nutrient constraints had the greatest influence on the demand for wastewater effluent. Relaxing the supply and nutrient constraints in favor of the blending ratios the quantity of wastewater effluent demanded was 34,480 acre-feet per year.
3
Zhang, Yinan [Verfasser]. "Conceptualising and estimating rationalised agricultural optimisation models / Yinan Zhang." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1170872255/34.
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Panhorst, Kimberly A. "Estimating Bacterial Loadings to Surface Waters from Agricultural Watersheds." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36433.
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Fecal bacteria and pathogens are a major source of surface water impairment. In Virginia alone, approximately 73% of impaired waters are impaired due to fecal coliforms (FC). Because bacteria are a significant cause of water body impairment and existing bacterial models are predominantly based upon laboratory-derived information, bacterial models are needed that describe bacterial die-off and transport processes under field conditions. Before these bacterial models can be developed, more field-derived information is needed regarding bacterial survival and transport. The objectives of this research were to evaluate bacterial survival under field conditions and to develop a comprehensive, spatially variable (distributed) bacterial model that requires little or no calibration. Three field studies were conducted to determine die-off or diminution (settling plus die-off) rates of FC and Escherichia coli (EC) over time in: 1) dairy manure storage ponds and turkey litter storage sheds, 2) pasture and cropland soils to which dairy manure was applied, and 3) beef and dairy fecal deposits. The dairy manure storage ponds were sampled just under the pond surface. The FC and EC diminution (settling plus die-off) rates for dairy manure storage ponds were 0.00478 day<sup>-1</sup> and 0.00781 day<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The five samples collected for turkey litter in storage were inadequate to draw any conclusions. Bacterial die-off rates in cropland and pastureland soils were found to be statistically different from each other at the α = 0.05 level. The FC and EC die-off rates in cropland soils were 0.01351 day<sup>-1</sup> and 0.01734 day<sup>-1</sup>, respectively, while the FC and EC die-off rates in pastureland soils were 0.02246 day<sup>-1</sup> and 0.02796 day<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Die-off rates for bacteria from dairy heifer, dairy milker, and beef cow fecal deposits were not statistically different from each other. The resulting die-off rate constants for fecal deposits were 0.01365 day<sup>-1</sup> and 0.01985 day<sup>-1</sup> for FC and EC, respectively. The EC/FC ratio was also evaluated for the fecal deposits and land-applied manure to determine if a quantifiable relationship was discernable. In general the EC/FC ratio declined over time, but no quantifiable relationship was discerned.</p>
<p>The bacterial model simulates die-off, bacterial partitioning between soil and water, and bacterial transport to surface waters in free (in solution) and sediment-adsorbed forms. Bacterial die-off was modeled using Chick's Law, bacterial partitioning was modeled with a linear isotherm equation, and bacterial transport was modeled using continuity and flow equations. The bacterial model was incorporated into the ANSWERS-2000 model, a continuous, distributed, nonpoint source pollution model. The model was tested using data from two plot studies. Calibration was required to improve runoff and sediment predictions. Bacterial model predictions underpredicted bacterial concentrations in runoff with a maximum underprediction error of 92.9%, but predictions were within an order of magnitude in all cases. Further model evaluation, on a larger watershed with predominantly overland flow, over a longer time period, is recommended, but such data were not available at the time of this assessment. The overall conclusions of this research were 1) FC and EC die-off or diminution under the examined field conditions followed Chick's Law, 2) measured die-off rate constants in the field were much less than those cited in literature for laboratory experiments, and 3) for the conditions simulated for two plot studies, the bacterial model predicted bacterial concentrations in runoff within an order of magnitude.</p><br>Master of Science
5
Darby, Kimberly Jeanne. "Consumer Preferences for Locally-Grown Berries: A Discrete Choice Model Estimating Willingness-To-Pay." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392043198.
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Herz, Ghersi Jeannette M. "Achieving a dream in the agricultural sector." The International Journal of Instructional Cases (IJIC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625674.
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Mike Arce is the owner of a 30-hectare farm in an agricultural area on the coast north of Lima, Peru. He must find a solution to the liquidity problem that arose at the end of 2016 and determine if he has adequate accounting information to make his decision. Students are challenged to review information from an accounting and financial perspective. In the resolution of the case, international rules concerning information to be submitted via financial statements must be considered, especially taking into account the rules concerning agriculture, property/plant and equipment and inventories. This case lends itself to analysis and projection of financial statements and to seeking alternative solutions.
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Woolley, Christopher. "Estimating population change and dispersal activity of spiders in an agricultural landscape." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1159.
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The principal aims of this work were to investigate dispersal activity of spiders commonly found in agricultural crops, and to study the influence of both crop type and farm operations on spider assemblages and populations. Work was also conducted to develop and test an improved trapping method for samplmg aerially dispersing (ballooning) spiders. Objectives were to determine whether common farmland species exhibited species-specific differences in dispersal activity. Behavioural data from wind chamber studies were also related to field data to establish i f seasonality in dispersal was related to seasonal changes in dispersal motivation or variation in ground population densities. Ground population data were used to determine if field-scale differences in spider assemblage were related to crop type, and if crop-specific management was associated with variable impacts on spider populations. The improved trapping method ('stick and bottle' trap) was observed to increase catch sizes significantly (F(i,i8) = 30.11, P < .0001) compared to climbing-sticks with trapping adhesive. Total catch size over an eleven day period was 564 spiders. The use of an 'interception net' increased catch sizes threefold. Average loss of spiders from the traps was 9.1% ± 7.7% for daylight hours between 09:00 and 17:00. 5 The common Imyphiid spiders Engom atra, Oedothorax fuscus and Tenuiphantes tenuis were observed to display different patterns of dispersal over time. Patterns were similar for closely related species. Under wind chamber conditions, ballooning related activity in E atra comprised almost one third of total activity time yet was vitually absent in O. fuscus. Erigone atra was observed to balloon more frequently than O. fuscus m the field - it is suggested that factors influencing the tendency to balloon are different for these species. Ground populations related positively to balloonmg activity for Oedothorax spp. females and dentipalpis males. For other species the high efficiency of the trapping method may have reduced applicability to local ground populations Seasonal differences in ballooning motivation observed in E atra females in the wind chamber were likely related to differences in seasonal temperature affecting activity and not ballooning motivation Variation in spider assemblage composition was observed for fields under different management and crop production. Correspondence analysis suggested vegetation structure may mfluence the abundance of some species Set-aside was observed to have a higher proportion of non-lmyphiid species than other fields Oedothorax fuscus was dominant in almost all crops which could relate to its affinity for grass leys which predommate m the landscape. Harvesting m cereals and grass were seen to negatively impact spider populations with declmes of 96% and 83% observed respectively withm nme days of harvestmg Post harvest emigration was thought to contribute to these reductions Harvesting in maize however had a neglible impact on spider populations with relative high densities of adults overwmtering in maize stubble
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Kaharabata, Samuel Kuniyoshi. "Non-disturbing methods of estimating trace gas emissions from agricultural and forest sources." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0028/NQ50198.pdf.
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Kaharabata, Samuel K. "Non-disturbing methods of estimating trace gas emissions from agricultural and forest sources." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35903.
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Two approaches, one using an atmospheric diffusion model and the other an atmospheric tracer, were used to predict the source strength of trace gases from observations of the downwind concentration field. Both approaches do not disturb the prevailing environmental and physical conditions nor the existing biogenic processes. An analytical solution to the advection-diffusion equation was used to back-calculate the source strength from the downwind concentration measurements of (i) single and multipoint (4 and 16 points) trace gas (sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and methane (CH4)) release experiments conducted over microplots over an open field, and (ii) single point source SF6 release experiments conducted over a forested terrain. Best predictions of the source strength (to within +/-20%) were obtained from concentration observations made along the centreline of the diffusing plumes with the predictions improving when observations at the mean plume height were used. The diffusion model was then used to compute footprint estimates for neutral and unstable conditions, for tower and aircraft based observation platforms above the forest. They showed spatially constrained footprints in the surface layer, due to effective vertical coupling, so that observations from towers and low flying aircraft must be expected to be very site specific, and scaling up to larger areas will have to be done with careful consideration of surface mosaics. Above-canopy sampling of trace gases to determine volatile organic compound emissions were then interpreted in terms of footprint considerations. This was accomplished by defining the upwind canopy areas effectively sampled under the given wind and stability conditions. The analysis demonstrated, for example, that the variability observed in measured isoprene fluxes could be accounted for by varying numbers of randomly distributed clumps of emitter species within a varying footprint. It suggested that heterogeneity of the forest canopy, in ter<br>Sulphur hexafluoride was also used as an atmospheric tracer in order to estimate CH4 emissions from manure slurry and cattle housed in barns and feedlots. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Hendricks, Nathan. "Estimating irrigation water demand with a multinomial logit selectivity model." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/326.
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Yang, Boxuan. "Estimating the Impacts of Climate Changes on Agricultural Productivities in Thailand, Using Simulation Models." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235992.
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Miller, Noah James. "Estimating elasticities of input substitution using data envelopment analysis." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27656.
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Master of Science<br>Agricultural Economics<br>Jason S. Bergtold<br>The use of elasticities of substitution between inputs has become the standard method for addressing the effect of a change in the mix of input used for production from a technological or cost standpoint. (Chambers 1988) A researcher that wants to estimate this elasticity, or some other comparative static, typically would do so using parametric production or cost function (e.g. translog or normalized quadratic) with panel data. For a study with only cross-sectional data, the construction of such a function may be problematic. Using a dual approach, a nonparametric alternative in such a situation may be the use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Cooper et al. (2000) provided a methodology for estimating elasticities of substitution for the technical production problem using DEA. To our knowledge, this has not been extended to the cost efficiency problem, which would be equivalent to estimating Allen partial or Morishima elasticities of substitution between inputs using a cost function (or cost minimization framework). The purpose of this thesis is to show how elasticities of substitution can be derived and estimated for the technical production and cost (overall economic) efficiency DEA under variable returns to scale. In addition, an empirical example using Kansas Farm Management Association (KFMA) data is presented to illustrate the estimation of these elasticities. The results showed that input substitutability is relatively limited at the enterprise level
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Leister, Amanda Marie. "Estimating the effects of new product promotion on U.S. beef in Guatemala." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1884.
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Cartmell, David Dwayne. "Arkansas daily newspaper editors attitudes toward agriculture and the gatekeeping criteria used when publishing agricultural news /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3012956.
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Holmes, Beth. "Assessing regional volatility and estimating regional cotton acres in the United States." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15534.
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Master of Agribusiness<br>Department of Agricultural Economics<br>Vincent Amanor-Boadu<br>The objective of the research is to understand the volatility of cotton acres and estimate planted acres based on the factors that drive volatility in the United States at a regional level. Estimating cotton acres is important so that demand for cotton seed and technology can be anticipated and the appropriate investments in cotton seed production can be made.
Post Multi-Fiber Arrangement, the US cotton economy has entered a state of imperfect completion which makes cotton price, ending stocks and the relationship of cotton to other crops important in understanding volatility in cotton acres. Linear Regression, Random Forest and Partial Least Squares Neural Networks (PLS NN) were used to estimate cotton acres at a US and Regional Level. The modeling approaches used to estimate change in acres yielded similar performance for U.S. total, Southwest, and West. The PLS NN was slightly better for the Delta and Southeast, where more crop alternatives exist. Random Forest offered a different perspective on variable importance in all regions.
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Smith, Tiziana. "Estimating hydrologic fluxes, crop water use, and agricultural land use in China from multiple data sources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104166.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2016.<br>Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 95-99).<br>Crop production has significantly altered the terrestrial environment by changing land use (Ramankutty et al., 2008) and by altering the water cycle through both co-opting rainfall and surface water withdrawals (Postel et al., 1996). As the world's population continues to grow and individual diets become more resource-intensive, the demand for food - and the land and water necessary to produce it - will continue to increase. Quantitative data about water availability, water use, and agricultural land use are needed to develop sustainable water and agricultural planning and policies. However, existing large-scale data are susceptible to errors and can be physically inconsistent. China is an example of a large area where food demand is expected to increase and a lack of data clouds the resource management dialogue. Some assert that China will have insufficient land and water resources to feed itself, posing a threat to global food security if they seek to increase food imports (Brown and Starke, 1995). Others believe resources are plentiful (Lomborg, 2001). Without quantitative data, it is difficult to discern if these concerns are realistic or overly dramatized. This thesis presents a quantitative approach to characterize hydrologic fluxes, crop water use, and agricultural land use and applies the methodology in China using data from around the year 2000. The approach uses the principles of water balance and of crop water requirements to assimilate existing data with a least-squares estimation technique, producing new estimates of water and land use variables that are physically consistent while minimizing differences from measured data. We argue that this technique for estimating water fluxes and agricultural land use can provide a useful basis for resource management and policy, both in China and around the world.<br>by Tiziana Smith.<br>S.M.<br>S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Gwebu, Nomonde Nomfundo. "Estimating the value and economic contribution of agricultural production in the former homelands of South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60810.
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The value and economic contribution of agricultural production in the former homelands of South Africa has become increasingly important to measure because it is critical to our understanding of the role agriculture plays in household food security in these regions and the contribution by this section of the agricultural sector to the economy. Yet, two decades into the Democratic South Africa we still fail to consistently provide accurate estimates of this sectors value.
The fundamental premise of this dissertation is to estimate the value and economic contribution of agricultural production in the former homelands of South Africa so that the subsistence agricultural sector can be well understood in terms of its characteristics and its value. The main focus of this study is therefore placed on black subsistence farmers in the former homelands of South Africa, mostly because these areas are under great pressure to maintain food self-sufficiency.
The main hypothesis of this study is that, the value and economic contribution of agricultural production in the former homelands is significant when compared with the contribution by the commercial agricultural sector in South African. In order to test this hypothesis, three different data sets were analysed because none of these data sets individually provide exhaustive information for the purposes of this study. These data sets include primary data, such as the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) sample survey data from the OR Tambo District municipality conducted in 2015. The secondary data used in this study include the ARC sample survey 2013, the Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) 2010/2011 conducted by Statistics South Africa (Stats SA), and the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) waves 1 to 3 conducted by the Southern African Labour Development Research Unit (SALDRU).
The Gross Margin (GM) analysis approach was used in this study to estimate the economic contribution of agricultural production. In interrogating the NIDS waves and IES 2010/2011 data sets, two types of variables which can be used to estimate the economic contribution of agricultural production are provided. The first type of variables are the self-reported values of agricultural goods consumed from home production, which are found in both the NIDS and IES datasets. The second type of variables are quantities of agricultural goods harvested and the value of sales from home production, found in the NIDS datasets.
The variables to estimate the economic contribution of agricultural production would appear to be the self-reported values of agricultural goods consumed from home production. Using the NIDS data the estimated value of consumption from home production in current prices was R207 million based on wave 1 data, R80,5 million based on wave 2 data, and R529 million based on wave 3 data. Using the IES data the estimated value of production for home consumption in current prices was R359 million in 2010/2011. In investigating the 2010/2011 figures estimated in this study several issues arise with regard to the number of agriculturally active households and the value of agricultural goods consumed from home production. The most important issue, is that self-reported values of agricultural goods consumed by households introduce an added source of inequality to the measurement of output. According to the UNSD (2005), households can inaccurately assign values to self-produced goods because of a lack of information about local market prices. In order to avoid this source of inequality in the measurement of the agricultural sectors contribution, estimates of the economic contribution of agricultural production were pursued, based on local market prices.
It was determined that only the NIDS and the ARC data sets have variables to directly estimate the economic contribution of agricultural production based on the GM approach. The variables include: quantities of crop and livestock goods harvested and the value of sales from own production. Using the ARCs data it was estimated that the annual GM per household per year in 2012 prices was R1 985.32 based on the 2013 data and R8 892.85 based on the 2015 data. Using the NIDS waves 1 and 3 data, it was estimated that the annual GM per household was R1 017.85 based on wave 1 data and R3 535.42 based on wave 3 data in 2012 prices. The NIDS wave 2 data set does not provide farm input cost and livestock production variables. As a result, it was only possible to estimate the annual Gross Farm Income (GFI) per household which was R1 973 in 2010/2011 in 2012 prices. The latter results are somewhat consistent with the ARC 2013 and 2015 figures, although not directly comparable. The Agricultural Research Council-Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (ARC-DRDLR) project introduced in the OR Tambo District municipality has played a key role in terms of changing the mind-set of farmers. Therefore, programmes such as the ARC-DRDLR project should be introduced with more vigour. Such programmes should, however, not undermine subsistence households consumption type activates.<br>Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development<br>MSc (Agric)<br>Unrestricted
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Eldridge, Simon Michael. "An Improved Technique for Estimating Plant Available Nitrogen Supply from Recycled Organic Wastes Applied to Agricultural Land." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367482.
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In order to integrate organic fertilisers into mainstream agriculture, it is necessary to be able to predict with reasonable accuracy the supply of nutrients from a given product. This will allow organic fertilisers to be applied to the soil at correct rates (on their own and in combination with inorganic fertilisers) to meet the crop nutrient requirements and avoid any excess supply that might harm the environment. The focus of the research within this thesis was on the supply of plant available nitrogen (PAN) from recycled organic (RO) wastes and its prediction. The research documented in this thesis addressed the following four hypotheses; • Hypothesis 1 – The NLBAR (i.e. Nitrogen Limited Biosolids Application Rate) formula (New South Wales biosolid guidelines) and its percentage organic N mineralisation assumptions provide an accurate prediction of the mineral N supply from biosolids in the first year of a crop. • Hypothesis 2 – RO waste composition affects the proportion of its organic N mineralised in the soil. • Hypothesis 3 – Certain composition characteristics of RO wastes can provide a reliable prediction of the mineral N supply from RO wastes under controlled conditions. • Hypothesis 4 – Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to accurately predict the mineral N supply and recalcitrant C pools from RO wastes applied to the soil, under controlled conditions.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Griffith School of Environment<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Aue, Kelly Elizabeth. "An application of the Hayakawa-Lowry News Bias Categories to identify news bias when reporting on a contemporary agricultural issue in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354720930.
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Carter, Jonathan Edward David. "Estimating the economic rate of return to research in the South African deciduous fruit industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70205.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1999.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Historically, commercial agricultural research in South Africa has been state supported,
but due to recent political changes in South Africa this is changing. The political
transition has been accompanied by changing economic policies, causing a tightening of
public funds allocated to agricultural research. In 1992 the Agricultural Research
Council was formed, primarily to enable greater industry involvement in research as a
result of the expected long term budget cuts in publicly funded research. As a result there
has been an increased recognition of the need to evaluate research in terms of the
economic returns to investment so that decision makers have hard evidence on which to
prioritize their investments.
This study employs the well known production function approach to evaluate the
economic benefits of publicly funded research in the South African deciduous fruit
industry. In reporting the results of the research the study proceeds from an overview of
the deciduous fruit industry, as well as an analysis of the structure of deciduous fruit
research in South Africa. This is followed by a description of the economics of research
expenditure, a description of ex post methods of evaluating the economic benefits of
research, and the manner in which the data for the analysis was collected. The analysis
suggests there is a statistically significant relationship between research and development
and industry output as well as industry prices and output. However the results should be
interpreted with care, and more effort should be made to ensure that required data are gathered. Nevertheless, the results show that increased research expenditure m the
industry is justified.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Histories gesien is kommersiele landbou-navorsing in Suid Afrika deur die owerheid
ondersteun, maar as gevolg van die onlangse politieke veranderinge in Suid Afrika is
hierdie toedrag van sake besig om te verander. Die politieke oorgang in die land het
gepaard gegaan met 'n verandering in ekonomiese beleid, wat 'n inkorting van
owerheidsbefondsing aan die Landbounavorsingsraad meegebring het. Hierdie Raad is in
1992 gestig, met die primere doe! om grater privaatsektor betrokkenheid in navorsing
vanuit die betrokke sektor te verseker, as gevolg van die verwagte onttrekking van
owerheidsteun. As gevolg hiervan, is daar nou 'n toenemende erkenning aan die
behoefte om navorsingsprojekte te evalueer in terme van die ekonomiese opbrengs op
sulke investering, sodat besluitnemers geldige bewyse het waarvolgens
bestedingsprioriteite gemaak kan word.
Hierdie studie gebruik die bekende produksie-funksie benadering om die ekonomiese
voordele van navorsing in die Suid-Afrikaanse sagtevrugte bedryf te evalueer. Die studie
begin met 'n oorsig oor die sagtevrugtebedryf, insluitend 'n analise van die
navorsingstruktuur wat tans heers. Bogenoemde word gevolg deur 'n beskrywing van die
bestaande ex post metodes om ekonomiese voordele van navorsing te evalueer, sowel as
die wyse waarop die data vir die analiese ingesamel is.
Die resultate wys dat daar 'n beduidende statiese verhouding is tussen besteding op
navorsing en pryse en die opbrengs behaal deur produsente in die bedryf Hierdie
resultate moet egter met sorg gelnterpreteer word, en meer moeite moet gedoen word om
te verseker dat die nodige data ingesamel word. Nietemin toon die resultate dat
verhoogde navorsingsbesteding in die bedryf geregverdig is
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Mndeme, Shafii Hussein. "An econometric approach to estimating the unit cost of procducing milk in the South African dairy industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2227.
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MScAgric<br>ABSTRACT: Small dairy farms in South Africa are observed to have higher costs than larger farms, and
whether those higher costs are due to technology or inefficiency has implications for policy.
This research focused on finding the curve that best represents the relationship between
average cost and level of output. That was done by relating average cost to actual output.
However, it was found to be more appropriate to relate average cost to planned output on the
basis that costs are more likely to reflect what the farmer expects output to be. As a result, a
pragmatic two-step procedure was adopted. In the first step, the farmer’s planned output was
determined by estimating a production function based on the farmer’s actual use of inputs,
i.e., land, number of cows in the herd, labour, feed and veterinary costs. In the second step,
the long-run average cost (LAC) curve was estimated where average cost is calculated as
total cost divided by planned output and this is then related to the level of planned output. To
identify the determinants of production cost thus the drivers of higher costs on small farms,
the cost of milk production by farm size was decomposed into frontier and efficiency
components with a stochastic cost curve and long run cost curve using data from dairy farms
in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). Financial data of 37 farms for the period 1999 to 2007
were used in econometrics estimation of long run average cost curve (LAC) function for
different level of production (as a proxy of planned output). Results show that average cost
curves exhibiting variation in unit cost with output thus suggesting the existence of
economies of size with larger farms being able to produce any given level of output at lower
costs compared to their smaller counterparts. The study found that long-run average cost
curve (LAC) for the sample of dairy farms is L-shaped rather than U-shaped.
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Jaen, Celada Jaeljattin R. "Estimating the potential returns to research and development from sorghum value added products in El Salvador and Nicaragua." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13179.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Agricultural Economics<br>Timothy J. Dalton<br>Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is a drought tolerant crop able to adapt to hot and dry weather. It has excellent chemical and physical properties, which make it a grain of good quality for processing different types of products. This research is an impact assessment study that estimated the potential impacts of new uses of sorghum by using an equilibrium displacement model. The data used was drawn from interviews developed in July 2011. Using total quantity production, prices, prices elasticities and cost shares 8 potential market scenarios were simulated. Results between countries were similar. Thus, the analysis was applied for both countries. Producers gain when the sorghum flour demand is shifted between $6,000 and $ 30,000. When the feed demand curve shifted the producer benefit was between $3 million and $ 13 million. In the scenario where the sorghum grain curve shifted and the demand curve for feed and sorghum flour, producer net benefit is between $300,000 to $2.5 million. Interpreting these results suggest that increasing yield and promoting sorghum as a substitute of maize for feed and sorghum as a substitute of wheat for sorghum flour can benefit producers while helping them to increase yield.
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Muller, Jacob. "Estimating the marginal value of agricultural irrigation water: A methodology and empirical application to the Berg River Catchment." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25409.
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This study aims to facilitate effective and efficient intersectoral water allocation policy in South Africa, where limited water supplies are increasingly constraining necessary economic development. The study develops an economic model of irrigated agricultural production that recognises the multi-output nature of irrigated agriculture as well as the institutional setting in which commercial irrigation water is allocated in South Africa. The model is then used to econometrically estimate the marginal value of commercial irrigation water in the Berg Water Management Area (WMA), using a Translog functional form, Tobit censored regression model, including controls for heterogeneity, and accounting for heteroscedasticity. The estimates are obtained for 16 irrigated crops in the region and range from an overall mean of 4.84 R/m³ for peaches to 0.14 R/m³ for wheat, but vary significantly between sub-regions and according to soil productivity as well as between crops. Furthermore, the estimates differ substantially from the average value of production per m³ of irrigation water, reflecting a revenue-water elasticity that differs from unity for all crops. The results imply that potential efficiency gains are possible from the intersectoral reallocation of water away from agriculture. A further implication is that reallocation within the agricultural sector would be most efficiently undertaken by farmers themselves, due to the large number factors that affect irrigation water productivity but are unobservable by policymakers or are difficult to account for in the formulation of policy.
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Bonifacio, Henry F. "Estimating particulate emission rates from large beef cattle feedlots." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15530.
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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering<br>Ronaldo G. Maghirang<br>Emission of particulate matter (PM) and various gases from open-lot beef cattle feedlots is becoming a concern because of the adverse effects on human health and the environment; however, scientific information on feedlot emissions is limited. This research was conducted to estimate emission rates of PM[subscript]10 from large cattle feedlots. Specific objectives were to: (1) determine feedlot PM[subscript]10 emission rates by reverse dispersion modeling using AERMOD; (2) compare AERMOD and WindTrax in terms of their predicted concentrations and back-calculated PM[subscript]10 emission rates; (3) examine the sensitivity of both AERMOD and WindTrax to changes in meteorological parameters, source location, and receptor location; (4) determine feedlot PM[subscript]10 emission rates using the flux-gradient technique; and (5) compare AERMOD and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in simulating particulate dispersion from an area source.
PM[subscript]10 emission rates from two cattle feedlots in Kansas were determined by reverse dispersion modeling with AERMOD using PM[subscript]10 concentration and meteorological measurements over a 2-yr period. PM[subscript]10 emission rates for these feedlots varied seasonally, with overall medians of 1.60 and 1.10 g /m[superscript]2 -day. Warm and prolonged dry periods had significantly higher PM emissions compared to cold periods. Results also showed that the PM[subscript]10 emissions had a diurnal trend; highest PM[subscript]10 emission rates were observed during the afternoon and early evening periods.
Using particulate concentration and meteorological measurements from a third cattle feedlot, PM[subscript]10 emission rates were back-calculated with AERMOD and WindTrax. Higher PM[subscript]10 emission rates were calculated by AERMOD, but their resulting PM[subscript]10 emission rates were highly linear (R[superscript]2 > 0.88). As such, development of conversion factors between these two models is feasible. AERMOD and WindTrax were also compared based on their sensitivity to changes in meteorological parameters and source locations. In general, AERMOD calculated lower concentrations than WindTrax; however, the two models responded similarly to changes in wind speed, surface roughness, atmospheric stability, and source and receptor locations.
The flux-gradient technique also estimated PM[subscript]10 emission rates at the third cattle feedlot. Analyses of PM[subscript]10 emission rates and meteorological parameters indicated that PM[subscript]10 emissions at the feedlot were influenced by friction velocity, sensible heat flux, temperature, and surface roughness. Based on pen surface water content measurements, a water content of at least 20% (wet basis) significantly lowered PM[subscript]10 emissions at the feedlot.
The dispersion of particulate from a simulated feedlot pen was predicted using CFD turbulence model ([kappa]-[epsilon] model) and AERMOD. Compared to CFD, AERMOD responded differently to wind speed setting, and was not able to provide detailed vertical concentration profiles such that the vertical concentration gradients at the first few meters from the ground were negligible. This demonstrates some limitations of AERMOD in simulating dispersion for area sources such as cattle feedlots and suggests the need to further evaluate its performance for area source modeling.
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Reynolds, Curt Andrew 1960. "Estimating crop yields by integrating the FAO crop specific water balance model with real-time satellite data and ground-based ancillary data." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192102.
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The broad objective of this research was to develop a spatial model which provides both timely and quantitative regional maize yield estimates for real-time Early Warning Systems (EWS) by integrating satellite data with groundbased ancillary data. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Crop Specific Water Balance (CSWB) model was modified by using the real-time spatial data that include: dekad (ten-day) estimated rainfall (RFE) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites derived from the METEOSAT and NOAA-AVHRR satellites, respectively; ground-based dekad potential evapo-transpiration (PET) data and seasonal estimated area-planted data provided by the Government of Kenya (GoK). A Geographical Information System (GIS) software was utilized to: drive the crop yield model; manage the spatial and temporal variability of the satellite images; interpolate between ground-based potential evapotranspiration and rainfall measurements; and import ancillary data such as soil maps, administrative boundaries, etc.. In addition, agro-ecological zones, length of growing season, and crop production functions, as defined by the FAO, were utilized to estimate quantitative maize yields. The GIS-based CSWB model was developed for three different resolutions: agro-ecological zone (AEZ) polygons; 7.6-kilometer pixels; and 1.1-kilometer pixels. The model was validated by comparing model production estimates from archived satellite and agro-meteorological data to historical district maize production reports from two Kenya government agencies, the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and the Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS). For the AEZ analysis, comparison of model district maize production results and district maize production estimates from the MoA (1989-1997) and the DRSRS (1989-1993) revealed correlation coefficients of 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. The comparison for the 7.6-kilometer analysis showed correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.94, respectively. Comparison of results from the 1.1-kilometer model with district maize production data from the MoA (1993-1997) gave a correlation coefficient of 0.94. These results indicate the 7.6-kilometer pixel-by-pixel analysis is the most favorable method. Recommendations to improve the model are finer resolution images for area planted, soil moisture storage, and RFE maps; and measuring the actual length of growing season from a satellite-derived Growing Degree Day product.
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Topp, Jessie Marie. "The role of sustainability reporting in the agri-food supply chain." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19082.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Communications and Agricultural Education<br>Jason D. Ellis<br>Agricultural sustainability is a growing concern for the general public because of agriculture’s considerable use of land, water, and other natural resources. In response to this growing concern, companies have started to publish sustainability reports to highlight sustainable practices. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of sustainability reporting from companies in the agri-food supply chain. The research objectives of this study were (1) determine the prevalence of sustainability reporting among food system companies, (2) identify, to what extent, the three components of the triple bottom line model are represented in sustainability reports, (3) determine if/how sustainability reporting differs among sectors of the agriculture supply chain, (4) assess how companies describe stakeholder engagement in sustainability reports, and (5) explore which aspects of reputation are included in sustainability reports. In total, 66 agribusinesses were included in this study of which 16 had published sustainability reports. Data for the quantitative content analysis were collected using a scorecard based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines. Results indicated that sustainability reporting is limited among companies involved in the agriculture and food supply chain. Though better than sectors studied in previous research, agribusinesses also struggle to explain stakeholder engagement and need to focus sustainability report content to align more closely with the three components of the triple bottom line model – environment, economic, and social.
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Stephens, Daren. "Hedonic bull pricing models: estimating the value of traits of bulls sold following performance testing." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20575.
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Master of Agribusiness<br>Department of Agricultural Economics<br>Ted Schroeder<br>Selection of a herd sire has always been of paramount importance given the initial financial investment and their contribution and effect on the genetic make-up of a beef herd. Data was collected from the nation’s longest consecutively run bull test conducted at the University Farm of Oklahoma Panhandle State University (OPSU). The Bull Test and Bull Sale data utilized were collected from 2008-2013. Performance data was collected over a 112 day test period with data collection occurring at 28 day intervals. The top seventy bulls from each year’s test were selected based upon a performance index of ½ ADG and ½ weight per day of age (WDA), and a semen quality and motility score of excellent and sold at auction. Angus bulls were the focus of the study as they represented the vast majority of individuals sold. Three hedonic pricing models were created to try to determine what attributes buyers at the OPSU bull test sale were placing emphasis on. The initial hedonic model contained production data that included BW, ADG, WDA, Julian age, final test weight ultrasound data, and a dummy variable for sale year. The second model utilized all production data and added genetic variables in the form of production EPDs (Calving Ease Direct (CED), BW, Weaning Weight and Yearling Weight) and maternal EPDs (Calving Ease Maternal, Maternal Milk). The third model included the variables from the first and second models with the inclusion of carcass EPDs (Marbling, Ribeye Area (REA) and FAT). Year was significant in all three models however there was less of an effect on price as more variables were included. In model one, the production facts that were of significance were: ADG (P<0.01), BW (P<0.01) and final test weight (P<0.01). In the second model, ADG, BW and final test weight retained their significance at the P<0.01 level. The only production EPD that was significant (P<0.05) was CED. In the third model, years, ADG and BW were still significant (P<0.01). Final test weight (P=0.70) and CED (P = 0.132) had substantial changes. The carcass EPD ribeye area had a P value of 0.057. Producers who are placing bulls on test can utilize the given information to assist with their selection. It cannot go unsaid that while single trait selection can be very detrimental; ADG was significant across all models. The study indicates that performance and growth are of utmost importance to buyers, followed by birth weight consideration.
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Wittebol, Laura. "Refinement and verification of the nocturnal boundary layer budget method for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from Eastern Canadian agricultural farms." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66706.
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Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions directly at the farm scale is most relevant to the agricultural sector and has the potential to eliminate some of the uncertainty arising from scaling up from plot or field studies or down from regional or national levels. The stable nighttime atmosphere acts as a chamber within which sequentially-measured GHG concentration profiles determine the flux of GHGs. With the overall goal of refining the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) budget method to obtain reliable flux estimates at a scale representative of the typical eastern Canadian farm (approximately 1 km2), fluxes of CO2, N2O, and CH4 were measured at two agricultural farms in Eastern Canada. Field sites in 1998 and 2002 were located on an experimental farm adjacent to a suburb southwest of the city of Ottawa, ON, a relatively flat area with corn, hay, and soy as the dominant crops. The field site in 2003 was located in the rural community of Coteau-du-Lac, QC, about 20 km southwest of the island of Montreal, a fairly flat area bordered by the St. Lawrence River to the south, consisting mainly of corn and hay with a mixture of soy and vegetable crops. A good agreement was obtained between the overall mean NBL budget-measured CO2 flux at both sites, near-in-time windy night eddy covariance data and previously published results. The mean NBL-measured N2O flux from all wind directions and farming management was of the same order of magnitude as, but slightly higher than, previously published baseline N2O emissions from agroecosystems. Methane fluxes results were judged to be invalid as they were extremely sensitive to wind direction change. Spatial sampling of CO2, N2O, and CH4 around the two sites confirmed that [CH4] distribution was particularly sensitive to the nature of the emission source, field conditions, and wind direction. Optimal NBL conditions for measuring GHG fluxes, present approximately 60% of the t<br>Les don nées sur les émissions des gaz à effet de serre (GES) obtenues au niveau des fermes entières agricoles sont pertinentes au secteur agricole et ont le potentiel d'éliminer une partie de l'incertitude qui se produit quant à l'extrapolation du niveau de la parcelle jusqu'au niveau du champ. La couche limite nocturne (CLN) agit comme une chambre virtuelle dans laquelle on fait plusieurs ascensions pour déterminer les fluxes de GES. Dans le but géneral de raffiner la méthode du budget de la CLN afin d'obtenir de plus fiables estimées au niveau de la ferme typique (environ 1 kilomètre carré), les fluxes de CO2, N2O, et CH4 ont été mesurés sur deux fermes agricoles dans l'est du Canada. En 1998 et 2002, les sites d'étude se trouvaient sur une ferme près d'une banlieue au sud-ouest d'Ottawa (Ontario), où le terrain est relativement plat et les principales cultures sont le maïs, le foin et le soya. En 2003, le site d'étude se situait dans la communauté rurale de Coteau-du-Lac (Québec), environ 20 km au sud-ouest de Montréal. Bordé par le fleuve St-Laurent au sud, ce terrain est plat et on y cultive surtout le maïs, le foin et un mélange de soya et de légumes. Le flux moyen de CO2 mesuré aux deux sites par la méthode du budget de la CLN correspondait bien avec celui mesuré par la technique de la covariance des fluctuations et aussi avec ce qui est rapporté dans la littérature. Considérant toutes les directions de vent et toutes les pratiques agricoles, la moyenne des flux de N2O mesurés par la technique de NBL était du même ordre de grandeur, quoiqu'un peu plus élevée, que ce qui est rapporté dans la littérature pour les émissions de base de N2O des écosystèmes agricoles. Les résultats pour le CH4 ont été jugés non-valides car l'échantillonage concurrente des trois gaz aux alentours des deux sites a confirmé que le CH4 était particulièrement sensible à la
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Kim, Dongjin. "Estimating nutrient loads from diffuse pollution sources in agricultural watersheds : A case study on the daechung watershed in South Korea." Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516571.
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Okwo, Adaora. "Next-generation biofuels: the supply chain approach to estimating potential land-use change." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47603.
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Biofuels, including ethanol and biodiesel, are important components of energy policy in the U.S. and abroad. There is a long history of ethanol production from corn (maize) in the United States and from sugarcane in Brazil. However, there has been a push for greater use of next-generation biofuels (including those derived from cellulosic feedstocks) to mitigate many of the environmental and potential food system impacts of large scale biofuel production.
Farmer willingness to grow biomass crops and ensuring adequate feedstock supply are two important challenges impeding large scale commercialization of next-generation biofuels. The costs of transporting bulky, low density biomass will be substantial. Consequently, in the near term, the economic success of next-generation biofuels will hinge on the supply of locally available biomass. As such, agricultural contracts are expected to be an important tool in overcoming the feedstock acquisition challenge. The broad objective of this study is to understand the effect of contracting for non-food energy crops (cellulosic feedstocks) on the agricultural landscape via the displacement of commodity (food) crops on productive cropland.
We develop an analytical framework for evaluating the design and use of two different contract structures for securing cellulosic feedstock in a representative supply chain with a biorefinery and farmer. We study the dynamics of scarce land and indirect competition from commodity market production on a biorefinery's equilibrium pricing strategy and the resultant supply of cellulosic biomass. And we consider its sensitivity to various production characteristics and market conditions.
We develop a method for quantifying the biorefinery's tradeoff between profit margins and competing for land in order to secure the requisite feedstock for biofuel production. And we characterize the loss of efficiency in the decentralized system, relative to a vertically integrated system, that can be attributed to the need to compete for the farmer's scarce land resource versus that which results from the biorefinery's desire to make a profit.
Then we extend our framework to consider multi-year contracts for biomass production and evaluate the importance of land quality, yield variability and contract structure on a farmer's willingness to accept a contract to produce cellulosic feedstock as well as the resulting impact on the agricultural landscape through the displacement of commodity crops. Using switchgrass production in Tennessee as a case study, we develop feedstock supply curves for each contract structure considered and evaluate the conditions and contract prices at which land devoted to various field crops would be displaced by switchgrass based on field trials of switchgrass production in Tennessee and recent USDA data on crop prices and production.
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Petraglia, Elizabeth Ellen. "Estimating County-Level Aggravated Assault Rates by Combining Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1439027433.
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Rahman, Baishali. "Estimating the Economic Benefits of Automatic Section Control in the North Dakota Prairie Pothole Region." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28870.
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The impact of Automatic Section Control (ASC) as a tool of Precision Agricultural Technology as considered in the more efficient application of inputs to produce the four major crops, corn, soybean, HRSW, and canola in the North Dakota Prairie Pothole Region. Reduction in machinery overlap in the sample 105 fields was calculated by simulating the routing paths of a 60-feet wide planter with 24 sections controlled and a 120-feet wide boom sprayer with individual nozzle control. The dollar and percentage seed and chemical costs that a farm can save by reducing overlapping area were calculated. Impact of field parameters on net savings were estimated by developing and estimating an econometric model. Results show that ASC can save substantial cost in the sample fields while field shape had the highest significant impact on net cost savings.<br>North Dakota State University. Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics
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Moscardini, Leo A. "Estimating the Effectiveness of a Seasonal Gas Tax for Controlling Episodic PM2.5 Concentrations in Cache County, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3870.
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For several years, residents of Cache County, Utah have suffered from the recurrence of what has come to be known as the winter-inversion, or “red-air-day” season. Each year during this season – which occurs primarily in the months of December, January, and February – particulate matter concentrations measuring two and half micrometers or less (commonly known as PM2.5) rise and languish (for periods of days or even weeks) above federally mandated standards, causing extensive harm to community health and confounding what have thus far been the relatively tepid control efforts undertaken by local and state policymakers.
Through time-series regression modeling, we establish a statistical relationship between PM2.5 concentrations and vehicle use in Cache County, and further calculate a gas-price elasticity for the region. Next, we analyze the benefits and costs associated with a potential seasonal gas tax which, if set appropriately and enforced effectively, could decrease vehicle use and thereby lower health costs through concomitant decreases in PM2.5 concentrations. Specifically, we find a relatively strong positive relationship between percentage of vehicle trips reduced and associated reductions in PM2.5concentrations, and a gas price elasticity of approximately -0.31 in what we call a “high price variability environment.”
Based upon these results, benefit-cost analysis suggests a potentially positive social net benefit for Cache County associated with imposing a seasonal gas tax to reduce PM2.5 concentrations during the winter-inversion season. Our benefit-cost analysis, which uses quantitative estimation techniques on both sides of the ledger, yields a first-of-its-kind social net benefit estimate for controlling elevated PM2.5 concentrations in Cache County through the imposition of a seasonal gas tax.
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Mojsilovic, Ognjen. "Estimating bioaccessibility, phytoavailability and phytotoxicity of contaminant arsenic in soils at former sheep dip sites." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1142.
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Recognition that the bioavailability of soil As (As) is influenced by its soil dynamics has initiated research into development of more accurate, site-specific soil guideline values, departing from the assumption that the total soil As content is bioavailable. With the aim of deriving predictive models, the relationship between soil properties and As bioavailability (bioaccessibility and phytotoxicity) was examined on a set of naturally contaminated sheep dip soils (n = 30). Sampled soils were extensively characterised, bioaccessibility was estimated through an in vitro procedure, and soil As toxicity and availability to plants were evaluated using an early growth wheat bioassay. The in vitro bioaccessibility was consistently less than the total soil As content. Arsenic bioaccessibility was negatively correlated to soil iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and aluminium (Al) contents, and it was positively related to the soil As loading. The in vitro extractable soil As concentrations were successfully modelled using linear combinations of soil As content, soil Fe and Mn determinations and soil pH. Differences in As phytotoxicity, expressed in terms of effective toxic concentration (EC50), between soils were directly related to soil Fe, Mn and Al contents. Available soil phosphorous (P) exerted an ameliorating effect on As toxicity, with the available soil As/P ratio representing the single best predictor of plant growth suppression. Plant P nutrition appeared to influence the relative selectivity for As and P by wheat, with greater selectivity for P demonstrated under P deficient conditions. Plant As uptake, its distribution, and also the plant nutrient status were all adversely affected by increasing soil As exposure. Co-contamination by Zn corresponded to a substantial elevation in proportion of the plant As allocated in shoots. Plant As levels exhibited a saturation-dependent relationship with increasing soil As. The best linear predictors of plant As levels in the non-toxic range were RHIZO-extractable and effective soil As concentrations, the latter based on the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique. Despite the complexity of soil As dynamics, large proportions in the variances exhibited by the two measures of bioavailability were explained using a small set of readily-available soil properties.
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Klopfenstein, Andrew A. "An Empirical Model for Estimating Corn Yield Loss from Compaction Events with Tires vs. Tracks High Axle Loads." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461316924.
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O'Brien, Patricia Ann, and patricia o'brien@rmit edu au. "COncepts and costs for the maintenance of productive capacity: a study of the measurement and reporting of soil quality." RMIT University. Accounting and Law, 1999. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20040930.170346.
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This thesis studies the role accounting plays in the monitoring and reporting of soil quality in one sector of the agricultural industry, broadacre farming. A survey was conducted with broadacre farmers in the Loddon Catchment, Victoria, Australia. The primary aim was to determine the effectiveness accounting plays in providing information to decision makers relative to the productive capacity in soil quality and not just on profits. The capital asset in this study was defined as soil quality. Soils and soil quality in particular, are major elements in determining land value. The concern is decisions are being made by potential buyers and other decision makers, particularly policy makers, with regards to soil quality on the basis of incomplete and often misleading information. It is proposed that a major reason is due to the fact that different participants in the agricultural and accounting industries require and use different information. The accounting systems used by farmers are those that have been developed for the manufacturing sector which may not be appropriate for managing long-term, complex resources such as soil. The farmers themselves did not find formal accounting reports useful for decision making because these reports are based on uniform standards and market prices. The topic of soil quality and land degradation is viewed from two perspectives. In one perspective, the proprietary view; the accounting emphasis is on the ownership of assets and the change, both in income and capital, in these assets over time. In this case the accounting equation is seen as assets - liabilities = equities. The proprietor takes all the risk. A more recent perspective in accounting, the entity view, emphasises the assets whether financed from equity or debt and where the accounting equation is seen as assets = equities. The emphasis changes to the income flow from these assets and more interest is shown in current market prices as a reflection of the future value of these assets Profit is not necessarily a good indicator of what farmers are doing for their capital asset. There needs to be greater emphasis on costs undertaken for the conservation of soil. Those costs should be considered an investment and put into the balance sheet and not the profit and loss statement. The major finding of study demonstrates that decision making groups have different
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Van, Dyck Sybrand Stefanus. "Tyd-ruimtelike klimaat-datastelselmodellering as inset tot 'n oesskattingsmodel." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10778.
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Ph.D. (Geography)<br>Skillful management and planning of the earth's natural resources and of agricultural production necessitates a great deal of Information regarding the resources and relevant soclo-economlc factors, as well as better Information on crop yield expectations throughout the year. These Intricate processes can often be simplified Into models. Most of Nature's systems (for example climatic systems) are, however, too complex to allow realistic models to be evaluated numerically and are therefore examined by means of simulation models through which the Interaction with time between physical processes Is established. The purpose Is to understand these processes In order to forecast the results of these changes and Interactions. The aim of this study Is to construct a composite climate model that (1) computes missing climate values, and (2) extrapolates climate values until the expected date of harvesting, by simulation using the random sampling of values from reference ("look-up") tables, In order that (3) the climate files, with simulated climate values, could be used with the parameter files as Input files for the CERES-Maize model. The CERES-Maize model uses dally values to simulate the growth, development and yield of the maize plant. The respective crop forecasting results obtained for actual and simulated climate values are then to be evaluated. Climate files, with four variables, were obtained on magnetic computer tape from the South African Weather Bureau for the study area In the Eastern Transvaal. The preliminary processing was done by the use of SA5-programmes and these files were then exported from the mainframe computer to a personal computer and stored on floppy disks. Climate reference flies were compiled from the original climate flies by sorting the climate data according to the Julian date. The missing values In the climate reference flies and the original climate files were restored from the files of neighbouring weather stations, as calculated orestimated values by.means of a suitable method of computation. Some of the methods used, were derived after comparing the graphs of the time-series of a number of climate files. Aclimate simulation model was compiled In which climatic elements were simulated by sampling values a set number of times randomly from the climate reference files. The mean of these sampled values were adjusted by multiplying It with a factor representing the climatic change over time. A climate file, also containing simulated values, and a theoretical parameter Input file were then used as the Input flies for a revised edition of the CERES-Maize model. A comparison of the results obtained for the 1986/87 growing season when the climate files, with actual and simulated values respectively, were used as Inputs for the CERES-Maize model, Indicated very promising results. The values predicted for two climate flies (1962-1987) differed by about 18%, whereas a difference of only about 8% between those predicted for two smaller climate files (actual and simulated values respectively), representing only the 1986/87 season, was recorded. The difference between values predicted for the climate file, mentioned last, and consisting only of simulated climate values, and those forecasted for the original and complete climate data file, was only 5%. As Indicated by the arithmetic mean, there is again a tendency towards the mean values.
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Sandham, Luke Alan. "Landsatondersteunde oesskatting as beplanningshulpmiddel vir uitbreidings aan 'n graansilonetwerk in Suidoos-Transvaal." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/12192.
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Goldammer, Teddy J. "Estimating wastewater demand by agricultural producers." 1986. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1986_606_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Kasaona, Marthin Kaukaha. "An assessment of community understanding of the Human Animal Conservancy Self-Insurance Scheme and the impact of human-wildlife conflicts : a case study from the Kwandu conservancy, north-east Namibia." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/234.
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The research problem of this mini-dissertation involves the conflicts between human and wildlife populations and the trialing of ‘compensation’ payouts that are emerging as a critical test within the conservancy. Crop raiders such as elephants, buffaloes, hippopotamus, bush pigs and small rodents, diminish farmers’ resource bases and cash crops, while carnivores are responsible for livestock losses. The aim of the research is to assess the level of community understanding of the compensation scheme and the impact of human wildlife interaction within the conservancy. This mini-dissertation investigated the level of community understanding about the Human Animal Conservancy Self-Insurance Scheme (HACSIS), and the impact of human-wildlife conflicts within the Kwandu Conservancy. Some of the research data were obtained from the conservancy game guards’ event book system, and the actual field research data were collected from the 1st August to 20th August 2006. The researcher conducted a total of 35 interviews, whereby 32 involved face-to-face interviews with single individuals, and 3 separate focus group discussions that consisted of four, five and two conservancy members. The interviews averaged 30 minutes in length. Each interview was preceded by a careful explanation of the purposes of the work, stressing that the intent was to evaluate their understanding and perceptions on HACSIS, the impact of human-wildlife conflicts and to explore better management strategies. The researcher has taken into account that the communities might exaggerate the wildlife problem based on his previous experience with the adjacent conservancy, in the hopes of gaining more compensation – they also use the researcher as a way to vent their frustration at the problem. On the assumption that there may be an element of exaggeration verification of these was obtained from the Event Book System (a manual book used by the Community Game Guards for recording both crops and livestock incidents on daily basis). This mini-dissertation reveals that 74.3 % (n = 26) of respondents are aware of the existence of the HACSIS program and its role, while 17.1 % of respondents had no idea about the scheme’s presence and its involvement to minimize the impact felt by communities when they lose livestock to predators. The percentage of respondents who claimed that they had heard of the scheme’s existence but had no knowledge of its role was 8.6 %. In addition, most respondents (n = 15) claimed that the conservancy committee did not explain to them why their claim forms were rejected. In contrast, some respondents (n = 6) did received feedback on rejected claim forms. HACSIS was not formed to compensate livestock losses based on market value, nor was it intended as a ‘compensation’ scheme. Its aim was to test a conservancy-run process – local verification of claims and monitoring by conservancy committee and traditional authority. In addition, the authorization of payments for a type of ‘self-insurance’ is drawn from conservancy income to partially offset the losses of conservancy members versus the overall gains that wildlife brings to the conservancy (direct conservancy income and local jobs through tourism, trophy hunting, own use game harvesting). Conservancy committees and the support NGO, IRDNC, agreed on the amount to be refunded for animal losses before the scheme was started, initially using donor funding in the trial phases. The amount was deliberately kept low as it was acknowledged from the start that conservancies themselves would take over the repayments from their own income. Once the conservancy was used to its own income to finance the scheme, conservancy members could vote to increase amounts paid for predator losses. The crucial aspect, according to IRDNC, was that the process itself be tested and that the scheme be run by the conservancy, with Ministry of Environment and Tourism and IRDNC merely monitoring and providing assistance as needed. Compensation is based on this pre-determined amount that is less than the livestock value. However, the research reveals that respondents (n = 19) were dissatisfied with the amount paid (N$ 800-00 per ox killed), because they claim that the amount paid to relieve the immediate impact from wildlife is too little to sustain the affected member. In contrast, some respondents (n = 8) were satisfied with the amount paid as compensation. Despite criticisms about the amount paid for livestock losses, none of the respondents (n = 22) who were familiar with the scheme wanted it to be abolished. The respondents emphasized the need for the conservancy committee to review the amount paid as compensation, especially for cattle. They suggested an increase from the current N$ 800-00 to N$ 1000-00 per ox loss. The research reveals that community livestock management practices have not changed to deliberately benefit from the compensation. In fact community management strategies have improved because of the condition set by the review committee dealing with the compensation scheme. Wildlife incidents have increased because animals are habituated to techniques used by communities to deter them and this has contributed to high livestock incidents. For human-wildlife conflicts, the research acknowledges that the conflict exists. Between 2003-2005, the Kwandu Conservancy reported 1508 incidents of damage to crops by wildlife. Species that were responsible included elephants with 30.2 % damage, bush pigs (29.8 %), hippopotamus (12.7%), antelopes (12.7 %), porcupine (7.5 %), and baboons/monkeys (7.2 %). Most of the crops destroyed by crop raiders, as suggested by the respondents, were maize (30 %), sorghum (26 %), millet (17 %), groundnuts (14 %), pumpkins (8 %) and beans (5%). During the same period of crop losses, the conservancy reported 98 livestock incidents. Animals responsible for livestock incidents were crocodile with 32 incidents (32.7 %), then hyena (23 incidents, 23.5 %), leopard (22 incidents, 22.4 %) and lion (21 incidents, 21.4%). The role of community game guards was found to be extensive. From a total 35 responses, 74.3 % (n = 26) of members stated that community game guards effectively record incidents, chased problem-causing animals from the community crop fields by shouting or shooting in the air, and assessed or verified killed livestock for compensation purposes. In addition, community game guards conduct crop assessment for record-keeping purposes. The scheme for crop compensation is to be introduced in 2007. Currently there is no proper formula to use in assessing the value of crops and the method to use to compensate the affected members. Other methods used by communities to deter wildlife include sleeping in the field to guard crops, cracking a whip, construction of human statues, hanging tins on the fence, chilli coils, watchtowers and digging trenches. Respondents had different views on the best management practices for problem-causing animals. The response was generally based on the degree of threat that the animal posed. Most (43.8 %, n = 14) preferred the monitoring of problem-causing animals that are sighted in an area as a best practice, while 40.6 % (n = 13) of respondents preferred the animal to be captured and relocated to parks. Only 25.6 % (n = 5) of respondents preferred that the animal be destroyed. The management practices preferred by respondents when an animal kills a person are different from when an animal is simply sighted in the area. If an animal kills a person, only 12.5 % (n = 4) of respondents preferred that the animal be captured and relocated to parks, while 87.5 % (n = 28) of respondents preferred the problem-causing animal to be destroyed. None of the respondents suggested monitoring as the best management option for this degree of threat. In conclusion, the research revealed that Human Animal Conservancy Self Insurance Scheme does not treat the cause of the problem but the symptom. This approach does not decrease the level of the problem given that the cause of the problem is not addressed. Therefore, the researcher stressed the need to fully explore and implement the recent piloted lion, crocodile fencing, and elephant proof fencing and elephants chilli coil to address and reduce the problem within Kwandu Conservancy. In addition, the research revealed that the scheme has very lengthy delays before compensation is paid and the review panel does not arrange meetings on the stipulated dates. This causes a back-log in the number of claims that need to be reviewed and approved. On Human Wildlife Conflict the research findings recommend the need to strengthen and improve existing problem-causing animal management strategies that are in place. Innovative strategies include reducing the number of stray livestock at night and developing static fences. Communities should be advised, as is being done by IRDNC, to herd their livestock during the day and to build strong kraals. This is the most effective and cheapest way to prevent livestock from being taken by predators at night. Further more the research revealed that the combination and rotation of the methods yield high success rather than deploying a single method over a long period, for the prevention of crop losses methods include guarding the crop field, cracking a whip, shooting in the air, watchtowers, human statues and beating drums.<br>Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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Dutton, Jennifer Michelle. "Estimating the value of brand and attributes for retail fresh beef products." 2007. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-2342.pdf.
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Shuttleworth, Christina Cornelia. "Financial reporting and its interpretation for management purposes in the agricultural environment." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1551.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines whether financial reporting, in its present state, complies with
the modern farmer's need for efficient financial management. Although decision
making is the ultimate outcome, the emphasis in this study is on the way the
presentation and interpretation of financial reporting assist that outcome.
The following issues are addressed to establish the usefulness of agricultural
financial statements:
(1) the nature and quality of current financial statements in agriculture
(2) the stakeholders in need of financial management information
(3) the methods used to acquire financial information for management purposes
(4) new trends in the presentation of financial statements
The following are some interesting facts emanating from the study:
(1) Farmers must realise that they are principal users of their financial reports.
(2) Financial decision making can only be done if financial statements are
presented timeously, and are accurate and comprehensible.
(3) Farm managers need to keep up with the changing financial and technological
environment in which they operate.<br>Auditing<br>M.Comm (Accounting))
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Donahue, Dustin J. "Estimating Cropland Use in a Multi-County Region of the Southeastern United States." 2009. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/73.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, a model to analyze land use in a multi-county region of the Southeastern United States is presented. Farmer planting decisions are assumed to follow a non-stationary first order Markov decision process. The non-stationary transition probabilities are estimated as a function of the prior year‟s land usage and a set of exogenous variables using annual county level data from 1981 to 2005 using the maximum entropy method suggested by Golan et al. (1996). The transition probabilities are applied to each county‟s prior period crop production to estimate crop production in the current period. The model is graphically validated. A discussion is included on difficulties encountered in estimation of the model. Acreage elasticities are estimated and used to analyze the marginal effects of the explanatory variables on crop land use.
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"An analysis of the financial reporting compliance of South African public agricultural companies." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14020.
Full textAbstract:
M.Com. (International Accounting)<br>This minor dissertation assesses the extent to which South African public companies that are engaged in agricultural activities are complying with the recognition, measurement and disclosure requirements of IAS 41, Agriculture, as well as whether they are providing any additional voluntary disclosures about their biological assets. Sixteen large South African public companies with material holdings of biological assets in their statements of financial position were selected for analysis. The study used the last published annual financial statements for reporting periods beginning before 1 January 2013 in order to assess compliance with IAS 41 prior to the implementation of IFRS 13. The financial statements of these companies were analysed to identify the existence of both the compulsory disclosures listed in IAS 41, as well as the extent of any voluntary disclosures relating to their biological assets. The results of the analysis show that the majority of South African agricultural companies are using fair value to measure their biological assets at initial recognition as well as at the end of each reporting period. None of the companies, however, is using the quoted price in an active market as the fair value for these assets, implying that companies need to incur additional costs to obtain fair valuations which comply with the requirements of IAS 41. While companies also state that they are using fair value to value their agricultural produce, none of them is providing any further information on how the fair values for their agricultural produce ar e calculated. Most of these companies are complying with the compulsory disclosure requirements of IAS 41, and are also providing certain of the recommended disclosures listed in IAS 41. In total, companies with material holdings of plants as biological assets are complying more fully with the compulsory disclosure requirements of IAS 41 than those with livestock. These companies are also providing more detailed voluntary disclosures about their biological asset holdings than the companies with material holdings of livestock as biological assets. The study concludes that the measurement methods used by companies to value their biological assets and the nature and extent of both compulsory and voluntary disclosures of these assets are sector-specific. This is consistent with the findings of previous research. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a baseline on the financial reporting of agricultural entities in South Africa prior to the implementation of IFRS 13.
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Maina, Peter Njuguna. "Recognition, measurement and reporting for cap and trade schemes in the agricultural sector." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21522.
Full textAbstract:
The pressing global demand to transform to a low-carbon business community, which is required by the urgency of mitigating climate change, significantly alters the operating procedures for carbon emitters and carbon revenue generators alike. Although agricultural activities are not considered as heavy carbon emission source, the increased public focus on climate change has catapulted the exploitation of sustainable agricultural land management mitigating strategies as intervention by the sector. Additionally, the focus on market-based mechanism to address climate change, which has led to the evolution of cap-and-trade schemes, makes the agricultural sector become a source of low-cost carbon offsets. However, the fact that cap-and-trade schemes in the agricultural sector are voluntary has resulted into not only very diverse farming practices but also diverse accounting practices. The consequences of the diversity practices are that, the impacts on financial performance and position are not comparable. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to investigate the recognition, measurement and disclosure for cap-and-trade schemes in the agricultural sectors
This study was conducted through literature reviews and empirical test. A qualitative research approach utilising constructivist methodology was employed. Primary data was collected in Kenya by administering three sets of semi-structured questionnaires to drafters of financial statements, loan officers and financial consultants. Secondary data involved content analysis of financial statements and reports of listed entities across the globe. It was established that proper accounting for cap-and-trade schemes adaptation activities is critical to the success of an entity’s environmental portfolio. Additionally, a model for valuing an organisation's carbon capture potential as suggested by this study enables entities to better report the impact of the adaptation activities on the financial performance and financial position. The outcome of this study enables entities to integrate the carbon capture potential on an entity sustainability reporting framework.<br>Colleges of Economic and Management Sciences<br>D. Phil. (Accounting Science)
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Zhang, Fan. "The case of the fraudulent financial reporting of Wanfu biotechnology (Hunan) agricultural development CO., Ltd." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15439.
Full textAbstract:
The fraudulent financial reporting of Wanfu Biotechnology (Hunan) Agricultural
Development Co., Ltd. is a representative one in China. The fraud scheme was committed
by overstatement of profits and assets. But there are some early-warning signals of fraud
existing in the company which are artificial earnings management, CEO duality,
ownership structure, incentives for IPO and concealement of losses. The primary fraud
presented in its financial statements are assets, unusual growth rate in comparison to the
industry, out-of-logic financial and economic ratios’ and, significant changes in short
accounting periods without being reported.<br>Wanfu Biotechnology (Hunan) Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. é uma empresa
chinesa que falsificou o relato financeiro. O esquema de fraude foi cometido através da
sobrevalorização de activos e da criação de transacções fictícias, entre outras. Existem
alguns sinais de pré-aviso de existência de fraude na empresa tais como criação artificial
de lucros, dualidade CEO e gestão, estrutura accionista, incentivos financeiros para ir a
IPO e ter medo de ser um insucesso. A primeira fraude apresentada nos relatórios
financeiros são os activos, anormal taxa de crescimento da indústria, apresentação de
rácios desproporcionais e a alterações significativas nas contas de curto prazo sem um
suporte minimamente razoável.
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Kim, Taeyoon. "Three essays on applied economics Rural electric cooperative call center demand, fertilizer price risk, and estimating efficiency with data aggregation /." 2009. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/Kim_okstate_0664D_10355.pdf.
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Maina, Peter Njuguna. "Fair value reporting challenges facing small and medium-sized entities in the agricultural sector in Kenya." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4093.
Full text
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Huang, Shu-Chuan, and 黃淑娟. "Estimating the Economic Impacts of Exotic Plants on Taiwan Agricultural Sector—The Evidence from Mikania Micrantha H.B.K." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/avzupj.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>應用經濟學系所<br>98<br>The invasion and spread of alien species is the one of the main influences factors, which destroy the native ecological conservation, bio-diversity, and reduce the agricultural production. Specially, Mikania micrantha H.B.K., which can be seen everywhere in the central and southern Taiwan, has covered over 4 -5 million hectares and induced a large number losses in the ecology, landscape and agriculture within the past 20 years.
Therefore, this study assessed the economic losses of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. by the market value and non-market value. From the view of the market value, this study adopted the change/loss rates of endangered crops, and the control cost to assess the market value. On the other hand, this study used the expenditure function developed by the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), and the optional-closed questionnaire with single-bounded dichotomous characteristics, to estimate the willingness to pay by person for various conditions under three kinds of loss rates.
This study estimated the economic losses due to the agricultural land invasion of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. during the period of 2002 to 2008. Based on the outcomes of market value assessment, the economic losses for the crop loss rates of 10%, 15% and 30% are 4.0 billion NTD, 5.7 billion NTD and 10.7 billion NTD, respectively. Moreover, the non-market value assessment shows that the willingness to pay of each person for the forest damage area of 10%, 15% and 30% are 743 NTD, 857 NTD and 1,489 NTD, respectively. In addition, above costs based on non-market value can be valued by per hectare, and the corresponding values for the forest damage area of 10%, 15% and 30% are 320 thousand NTD, 370 thousand NTD and 650 thousand NTD, respectively.
In general, after summing the economic losses of market/non-market values, the total economic losses per hectare induced by Mikania micrantha H.B.K., are 396,940 NTD (10% loss rate), 475,181 NTD (15% loss rate) and 838,230 NTD (30% loss rate), individually. If the economic losses of 2008 are only calculated, the total losses are 9.2 billion NTD (10% loss rate), 10.7 billion NTD (15% loss rate) and 18.6 billion NTD (30% loss rate), respectively. Above enormous economic losses shows that the prevention and the control of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. are still not reach the objective of effective control.
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Chen, Sheng-Chyuan, and 陳勝全. "A Study on Estimating Soil Loss and Runoff in a Small Agricultural Watershed after Developing and managing." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47517695588036598264.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>水土保持學類<br>84<br>The main purpose of slopeland development has changed from
simple production to multiple conserving utilization in order to
develop a sustainable-slopeland agriculture. The objective of
this study is to monitor the soil erosion, runoff and sediment
yield after the development of an agricultural watershed in
Tainan county. The measured soil erosion, runoff and sediment
yield were also compared with output from the AGNPS model. The
results are summarized as follows : 1.The measured soil
erodibility factor (K) in the experimental area is 0.09. 2.From
April, 1995 to March, 1996, the soil erosion and sediment yield
measured at the experimental site are 544.5 t/ha and 188.8 t/ha,
respectively. 3.The cover and management factor (C) is dynamic
and time dependent. The function of C factor is :Y=0.9685*
EXP(-0.009152*X) where Y : C factor X : time(day) 4.The measured
runoff coefficients (Cr) are between 0.40 and 0.45. The sediment
delivery ratio is about 34.7%. 5.The values of soil erosion,
sediment yield, sediment delivery ratio and runoff coefficient
simulated by AGNPS are 449.7 t/ha, 155.7 t/ha, 34% and 0.28,
respectively. Comparison of measured and simulated results
indicated that AGNPS is suitable for estimating soil erosion and
sediment yield in agricultural watershed and also as a tool for
making the necessary management decisions.