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Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural labourers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 May 2024

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1

Surender. "Agricultural Labour Status and Problems in India: An Analytical Study." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i07.012.

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The concept of “agricultural labourer” refers to all those engaged in different agricultural activities like preparation of the soil, ploughing operations, sowing, planting, weeding, harvesting etc. Agricultural labourers made up a significant portion of the workforce. They are generally landless and rely on wage labour in agriculture to survive. Problem like droughts, uncertain monsoons and seasonal periodical nature of agriculture, agricultural labourers often face the problems of unemployment and underemployment, eventually getting trapped by poverty. The scientific agricultural implements, high yielding variety seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, increased irrigational potential would not have shown the desired progress without the assistance of agricultural labourers. Unfortunately, the agricultural labourers are deprived of their legitimate share in the returns. Further, the rural labourers engaged in household enterprises have also been affected as the new industrial products and displaces them from their traditional activities. Female rural labour has also been affected in as much as their wages are lower than those of the male labourer. Rural labour poverty- stricken as they are compelled to take loan from money-lenders and big farmers for meeting their domestic needs. In the wake of their inability to repay the loan amount, rural labour is reduced to miserable status of “bonded labour”- serving as servitors in the houses of landlord - cum - moneylenders. It is also important to note that rural labour often migrate from one place to other in search of employment. It indicates uncertainty of employment at a particular place and at a particular point of time. Majority of the rural population belonging to the categories of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other depressed sections of the society. The problems of these sections are multifarious and peculiar in nature. The women who have been looked down upon for long have also been facing the problems in leaving their lives as agricultural labourers. These labourers are at bottom of society still now.

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2

Nguyen Thi, Hai Ninh. "Vietnam labour policies and its impact on rural wages: an experience from hired farm labourers in the Red River Delta." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2021.07.04.03.

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Purpose. The purpose of this article is to understand how Vietnamese policies for labour impacting on wage of rural labourers in agricultural sector. To do that, the paper particularly pays attention on analyzing wage of hired farm labourers in the Red River Delta region, the rice basket of Vietnam. Methodology / approach. Analyzing the above-mentioned impact of Vietnamese policies was performed by using data surveyed from 150 hired farm labourers in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. The survey on wages of rural labourers was conducted in Bac Ninh, Thai Binh and Hai Duong which are the three typical agricultural production areas in the Red River Delta in 2019. In this survey, the author interviewed 150 people who work as hired labourers in rice cultivation in Bac Ninh, clam farming in Thai Binh and pig raising in Hai Duong. The sample was randomly drawn among farm households which hire labourers in these provinces. This sample was divided into 2 groups of female and male labourers. The main purposes of this survey were to gather both qualitative and quantitative data on hired labourers including: age, gender, education level, money wage, wage in kind and other remunerations that they received from employers. Information relating to their participation in social insurance and vocational training were also collected like: number of years involving in social insurance; money that they used to purchase social insurance; frequency and time spending in vocational training courses. The personal interviews using a standard questionnaire with open and close questions were implemented separately with male and female hired farm labourers. They were interviewed in different places to ensure that their responses do not affect others. After checking for missing values, the author used the following methods: frequency distribution with mean and standard deviation for a description of respondents; cross tabulation and T-test were also used to test for differences in proportions and significant difference between groups; a linear regression model was applied to examine impact of wage regulation, social insurance and vocational training policies on wage of hired labourers in agricultural production (dependent variable was average money wage per month, it was estimated by sum of money wage and other remunerations that a labourer gets each month; independent variables were age, gender, education level and dummy variables which represented labourers’ participation in mentioned labour policies). Results. Among policies relating to agricultural sector, the ones about minimum wage and vocational training statistically impact the most on labour wage. Longer time of vocational training brings an additional 3 USD to a labourer’s monthly wage. Being supported by the policy of minimum wage, labourers can achieve higher wage when negotiating with employers. The author found that wage of a labourer who is aware of this policy is about 5 USD higher than that of others. Meanwhile, social insurance policies do not impact on wage of rural farm labourers. It is stated in the Labour Code that a part of social insurance fee of a contracted labourer is paid by his/her employer. However, hired agricultural labourers usually are excluded, because they mostly work under verbal agreements which are not specified by the Code. This loophole in the Labour Code need to be corrected in the future. Originality / scientific novelty. Despite the fact that industrialization process is rapidly developing in recent years, rural labour force still contributes a remarkable proportion in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. The transferring skilled and young labourers from farm to off-farm sectors, from rural to urban areas leads to the existence of un-skilled and old-age labourers for agricultural production. This labour force is working in the poor condition with unstable and low wage jobs. However, they are not much concerned by labour policies and there is still a gap in research on their wage. Therefore, this study takes the advance to shed the light on the impact of labour policies on wage of rural farm labourers as well as to propose recommendations to adjust labour policies regarding this issue. Practical value / implications. The author identifies that attending vocational training and understanding of minimum wage will increase the chance for labourers to obtain higher wage.

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3

K.H., Roopa. "Socio-economic Conditions of Agricultural Labourers in the Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh." International Journal of Agro Nutrifood Practices 2, no. 2 (August 11, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijanp/02.02.a001.

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Indian economy mainly depends on the agriculture sector. At the time of independence, this sector contributed about 52% of Gross Domestic product (GDP) and employed over three-fourth of total work force in the country. In 1961, there were 31.5 million agricultural labourers in India, which accounts for around one-fourth of the agricultural work force. Some of the small and marginal landholders engaged as labourers, but these minute holdings cannot afford even bare subsistence for a family. These landholders’ major part of the income is derived from working on others farmer’s field. In this sense, these landholders are labourers. A large group of landless labourers belongs to the poorest and most depressed sections of society . Mostly the landless agricultural labour groups such as the Malas and Madigas are generally employed in the fields of the dominant ‘ryots’ as farm servants and seasonal labourers. Even though Coastal Andhra has irrigation facilities to a large extent and agricultural development is of the higher order in the region, the proportion of the agricultural labourers to the total agricultural workers has increased remarkably after the Green Revolution due to various technological advancements in the agrarian sector. Numerous agricultural labourers got displaced from the agricultural sector in rural areas due to agrarian transformation and mechanization during the green revolution period of post-independence era.

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4

Dyck, Ian. "Towards the ‘Cottage Charter’: The Expressive Culture of Farm Workers in Nineteenth-Century England." Rural History 1, no. 1 (April 1990): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679330000323x.

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A frequent complaint among English historians is that the farm workers were a ‘secret people’ who seldom interacted with the written or recorded word. If vaguely discernible in this or that statistic, or anonymous act of physical protest, the labourer's cultural and political consciousness was entombed (it is sometimes inferred) in that drudging physical pantomime which many nineteenth-century commentators assumed to be the primary attribute of ‘Hodge’. Even the labourers' contemporary friends harboured a ‘Hodge’ stereotype in their assumption that the labourers' aspirations, or ‘cottage charter’, were best represented and publicised by ‘articulate’ outsiders. William Cobbett, who for three decades argued that farm workers were capable of profound thought and articulation, implied as much in his observation that ‘Nobody (excepting himself) tells the tale of the labourer.’ In 1848, as a better known Charter was re-stated to the nation from the mass radical platform of the metropolis, Sidney Godolphin Osborne lamented that the labourer ‘has few to speak for him, few who care to face the odium of exposing the conduct of those individuals, or classes, or laws, who or which oppress him’. Five years later, with reference to the ‘peasant’ worker, Karl Marx made a similar assumption: ‘they must be represented’, he argued, and their representative ‘must appear as their master, as an authority over them.’ Even as late as 1880, shortly after the formation of the National Agricultural Labourers' Union, Richard Jefferies confidently proclaimed that ‘the country labourer possessed no clearly defined ‘Cottage Charter’ and no genuine programme of the future; that which is put forward in his name is not for him’.

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5

Heyer, Judith. "Landless Agricultural Labourers' Asset Strategies." IDS Bulletin 20, no. 2 (April 1989): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1989.mp20002005.x.

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6

Wader, Deepa G., and G. N. Kulkarn. "Trends in agricultural and non-agricultural wages in Karnataka state." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/185-190.

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The present study attempts to analyse trends in growth in agricultural and nonagricultural labourer across the districts of Karnataka state. For the study secondary data of twentyfive years for the period from 1991 to 2015 was collected from the Directorate of Economics and statistics, Karnataka state. Growth rate of both male and female average daily wages are significantly positive, which indicated increasing wage trend in both dry land and irrigated conditions in different study districts. Compound annual growth rate of daily wages of male agricultural labourers in dry land and irrigated condition is comparatively high in Dharawad, Raichur and Hassan districts. The compound growth rates in wages across districts in dry and irrigated regions for female agricultural workers remained almost the same between 9.1 to 13.1 per cent. It could be, therefore, ascertained that there has been only a marginal changes in the wages across the districts of the state. Growth rate in daily wages for carpenter, blacksmith and mochis in different districts ranged between 7.2 per cent to 12.7 per cent per annum. Comparison of the growth rates of agricultural labourer and non-agricultural labourer, showed that agricultural wages grew at a faster rate than non-agricultural wages across the districts. The daily actual wages of both male and female agricultural labourer were compared with minimum wage price in the state revealed that, more than 75 per cent of districts in state are paying below the minimum wages announced for male agricultural labourer, whereas for female agricultural labourer in all the districts of the state showed less than minimum wages.

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7

VijayKumar, B., and P. Murugesan. "A Study on Livelihoods of Agricultural Workers of RishivandhiyamVillage Panchayat in Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.3.1476.

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Agriculture is considered to be the key sector in India as a result of quite 70.0 % of the population is relying upon agriculture. As a result, a lot of stress has been created for development for agriculture through the setup amount. Such stress is absolutely even on the cluster that agriculture is allotted the key role, trying into the magnitude of the world in terms of employment and financial gain and also the importance of the agriculture merchandise during a developed country like India. Though there has been tremendous progress in India since independence this sector isn’t developed up to expect and is meriting of terribly special thought. so as to utilize their fullest capability for max production they must be supplied with a minimum of blank minimum needs i.e., enough food, shelter, cloth, medical facilities education etc., as a result, the agricultural productivity can increase. The steps taken to higher the condition of the staff through varied schemes and plans has not been denied however all those don’t seem to be enough of the quantum of efforts created and time concerned are put together taken in to thought whereas creating a “cost benefit” analysis of all rural economic development programs. The agriculture sector plays a vital and important role in development of the rural and national economy, agriculture labourer is socially and economically poorest section of the society they are landless people, unemployment,low wages and social backwardness constitute the poverty syndrome among agricultural labourers. In this study was conducted on the economic status of agricultural labours in Rishivandhiyam village panchayat in Villupuram district, further the study to analyse socio economic status, wage structure, nature of work and problem. Finally, the study was found that major findings on the basis empirical evidence and give to suitable recommendations for upward mobility of socio-economic condition of agriculture labours.

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8

Ramanji, R. S., A. Sarkar, C. S. Mhatre, and S. D. Argade. "Assessing Drudgery Perceived by Agricultural Labourers in Chikkaballapur District of Karnataka." International Journal of Economic Plants 10, May, 2 (May 22, 2023): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2023.0506b.

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The present study was conducted in Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka, India during 2019 to investigate amount of drudgery faced by agricultural labourers. Primary data collected for 13 selected farm operations from randomly selected 200 (144 men and 56 women) agricultural laborers using structured interview schedule for assessing drudgery perceived by them in performing these 13 operations. The results revealed that women labourers were perceived more drudgery in farm operations as compared men labourers. Women labourers perceived weeding, stubble collection and pesticide application were highest drudgery prone activities whereas men labourers perceived weeding, stubble collection and harvesting were highest drudgery prone activities. Out of thirteen selected farm activities, seed treatment was significantly lowest drudgery prone and weeding was the highest drudgery prone activity for both men and women labourers in the study area. Experience, family size and duration of employment were found to have significant and negative relationship with average drudgery and age & income were positively related with average drudgery. The drudgery among both men and women labourers can be reduced by gaining work experience, using ergonomically refined tools and proper management of employment pattern, duration and income.

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9

Jhansi, Bojjagani. "Knowledge of Women Labourers Involved in Post-harvest Activities of Dry Chilli - A Comparative Study." Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 22, no. 5 (December 1, 2022): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/dec_spl/44-49.

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India is the largest agricultural dependent country wherein; the culturally diverse population still depends on ‘agriculture’ and for them it is not merely a business but is the “True Culture of India”. In Indian agriculture, women play multiple roles right from sowing to harvesting. She also plays crucial role in post-harvesting operations. Women are therefore key contributors in agricultural production. A comparative study to know the Knowledge of fi eld level women labourers involved in post-harvest activities of dry chilliA comparative study in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Study was undertaken in Haveri district of Karnataka and Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 120 respondents were selected for the study (60 respondents from Karnataka and 60 respondents from Andhra Pradesh). The data was collected through personal interview method with the help of pre-structured interview schedule. Statistical tools viz., frequency, percentages, class interval and t-test were used to analyze the data. The overall knowledge index of fi eld level labourers knowledge index was 63.48 in Haveri and 63.61 in Guntur districts respectively. Regarding fi eld level women labourers knowledge there was no signifi cant diff erence between Byadgi and Guntur district fi eld level women labourers.

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10

Mamanshetty, Sangappa V. "Agricultural labourers migration: Impact on the farming." Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR) 8, no. 1 (2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2019.00004.1.

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11

LANE, PÁDRAIG G. "Agricultural Labourers and Rural Violence, 1850-1914." Studia Hibernica 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/sh.1993.27.5.

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12

Reddy, I. Venkata, T. Gopi Krishna, P. V. Sathya Gopal, Y. Radha, and V. Srinivasa Rao. "Livelihood Security of Agricultural Labourers in Andhra Pradesh, India." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 42, no. 24 (August 10, 2023): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2023/v42i244176.

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The present study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh state during the year 2018-20 with an objective to study the livelihood security of agricultural labourers in Andhra Pradesh. An Ex-post facto research design followed for the study. Three districts from the three regions of Andhra Pradesh, Srikakulam from North Coastal, Guntur from South Coastal and Kurnool from Rayalaseema region of the Andhra Pradesh state were purposively selected based on the highest number of agricultural labourers. Two mandals from each region were selected by using simple random sampling. From each of the selected mandal, four villages selected by using simple random sampling procedure coming to a total of 24 villages. From each of the selected village, ten respondents were selected by using simple random sampling procedure thus coming at total of 240 respondents. The results indicated that majority of agricultural labourers in Andhra Pradesh had medium asset security (52.50%), food and nutritional security (41.25%), educational security (62.92%), habitat security (48.34%), social security (63.75%), clothing security (67.50%), (71.66%) health security (67.50%), transport security (60.00%) and information security (64.16%).The Overall Livelihood Security Index of agricultural labourers in Andhra Pradesh was medium (62.92).

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13

Deshpande, R. S., and S. Subramanian. "Rural and Agricultural Employment Conundrum." Review of Market Integration 10, no. 2 (August 2018): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974929218774407.

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The changing employment scenario is opening a few puzzles. While cultivators are declining, the number of operational holding is increasing very fast. Similarly, agricultural labourers are increasing but farmers indicate almost unanimously non-availability of farm labour. Age cohorts’ analysis indicates increasing average age of cultivators for future too. The central theme of this article is to bring forth this dual puzzle and decipher the changes. Our attempt here is to highlight three issues, namely, disappearing cultivators, increasing non-cultivating holdings and increasing farmers’ average age. Besides, even with increasing number of agricultural labourers, farmers indicate non-availability of farm hands. These posers are highlighted with the help of Census data data. JEL: J08, J18, J21

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14

Ahmad, S. Rehan Ahmad. "Impact Assessment of COVID-19 on Indian Agriculture." Current Research in Agriculture and Farming 3, no. 5 (October 28, 2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-7146.176.

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The economic ramifications of COVID-19 propelled agriculture into the mainstream of conversation. The impact of the labourers' reverse migration to India's hinterlands varies by location. While the well-off regions' agricultural operations are about to suffer, the hinterlands will have a surplus of labourers, creating new difficulties and opportunities. To shed light on the strategies the sector will need to adapt to recover more effectively in this setting, it is useful to revisit the role of agriculture in economic development. The effects of the lockdown on agriculture are discussed in this article. There is also a discussion of how the economic downturn may affect agriculture.

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15

Page, Andrew N., and Lyn J. Fragar. "Suicide in Australian Farming, 1988–1997." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36, no. 1 (February 2002): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00975.x.

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Objectives: To identify and describe suicide data for occupational classifications relating to farm managers and agricultural labourers for Australia for the period 1988 to 1997, and to relate resultant suicide rates to farmers’ terms of trade. Method: Descriptive and linear regression analysis of aggregated mortality data. Results: In the period 1988 to 1997, 921 suicides were identified. The majority of these suicides were farm managers (67.4%). Farm manager suicides occurred predominantly in older age groups (55 + years). In comparison agricultural labourer suicides were younger, with the majority of suicides occurring in the 15–39 years age group. The most common methods for both groups were firearms (particularly hunting rifles and shot guns), hanging and motor vehicle exhaust gas. These methods accounted for approximately 81% of all male farm suicides. Firearms accounted for 51% of male farm suicide, in comparison to 23% for the wider Australian male population for the same period. Estimated age standardized rates per 100 000 for male farm managers for the 10-year period ranged from 24.8 to 51.4. For male agricultural labourers these rates ranged from 23.5 to 41.9. Analyses also revealed a negative correlation (r = −0.75, p < 0.01) between farm manager suicide rates and farmers’ terms of trade. Conclusion: Male farm manager and agricultural labourer suicide rates are higher than male national rates and rates in the wider rural population, particularly in the later years of the period investigated. Firearms prefigure as the most common method of suicide, despite decreases in this method in the wider rural population. Establishing more accurate denominator data for the farming community is a priority, as is preventative action that accounts for unique aspects of farm life.

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16

N.R, PADMANABAN. "INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN TUTICORIN DISTRICT." Madras Agricultural Journal 85, september (1998): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00780.

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A study was conducted in Tuticorin district to analyse the income and employment pattern of agricultural labourers. The study indicated that the average annual employment per family was 494.25 mandays for males and 335.45 for females. Agriculture contributed a major share of 53.78 per cent of employment for males and 58.21 percent for females. The annual per capita employment for males in the study area was 268.83 mandays and for females it was 247.97 mandays. The average annual income per family was Rs. 22965.41, of which wage income accounted for 68.73 percent and non-farm income 22.78 percent. The mean annual per capita income was Rs. 7319.56.

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17

Balakrishnan, Dhanusha, and Preethu K. Paul. "Social Exclusion of Tribal Agricultural Labourers of Kerala." JOURNAL OF EXTENSION EDUCATION 29, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 5966. http://dx.doi.org/10.26725/jee.2017.4.29.5966-5971.

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18

Asiwal, R. C., R. C. Sharma, and Basant Kumar Sharma. "Factors Affecting Migration of Agricultural Labourers in Rajasthan." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, no. 4 (2016): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00209.2.

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19

Singh, Gurmanpreet, and Kamaljit Singh. "Employment Patterns among Agricultural Labourers in Rural Punjab." Social Change 46, no. 3 (August 2016): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085716654815.

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20

Deepa, C., M. Rama Devy, PV Sathya Gopal, Dr M. Martin Luther, and V. Srinivasa Rao. "Perceived Skills possessed by the women agricultural labourers." International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development 7, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 560–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26180723.2024.v7.i3g.469.

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21

Babu, Dr Sanjay. "Approach to the Social and Political Problems of Female Agricultural Labourers." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-2 (February 28, 2019): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd20292.

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22

Krishna J, Pooja. "Push and Pull Factors Influencing Migration among Tribal Agricultural Labourers : A Critical Gender Analysis." Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 22, no. 5 (December 1, 2022): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/dec_spl/13-17.

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The present study has been done on the basis of qualitative and quantitative data collected from primary sources and explored the pattern of migration among tribal agricultural labourers, the push and pull factors associated with migration and the infl uence of social discrimination and land alienation leading to migration of tribal labourers. About 55 per cent of the country’s tribal population now resides outside their traditional habitats. While men were generally daily and seasonal migrants, women migrated permanently after marriage. Migration is associated with many economic, social, physical and political factors. While considering the male agricultural labourers, the major push factors forcing them to migrate were low wages, unemployment due to seasonality of jobs and growing indebtedness and the pull factors included better opportunity for higher wages, better employment opportunities and job security. In the case of female agricultural labourers, decline of natural resources, indebtedness, natural calamities and unemployment were the major push factors for migration and pull factor was dependency movement. While social discrimination, land alienation and substance use had a positive and signifi cant eff ect on migration, self-confi dence, health and nutrition, access to common property resources, political orientation and awareness about the about the developmental programmes and their rights had a negative and signifi cant eff ect on migration.

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23

YASHAVANTH, B. S., and ARNAB KUMAR LAHA. "Disparity in the wages of agricultural labourers in India: An interval-valued data analysis." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 6 (June 14, 2018): 916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i6.80644.

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This study explores the interval-valued data analysis techniques to witness the spatial disparity in the wage rates of farm labourers in India. Farm labourers constitute more than half of the total workforce engaged in Indian agriculture. Also, farmers' expenses towards labour charges account for more than 50 per cent of the total variable cost of production for most crops.Using the time series data on the nominal farm wage rates paid at different agriculturally important states, the interval-valued series are built. The inflation-adjusted real wage rates are found and both nominal and real wage rate data are used to find the average range of the farm wage rates over the agricultural years for a decade. Using the time series analysis techniques, viz. autoregressive integrated moving average-artificial neural network (ARIMA-ANN) hybrid model and vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) model, the interval-valued data on nominal wage rates are modelled and the best model for forecasting is identified using forecast evaluation methods. The results established the presence of spatial disparity and the forecasts indicated that this disparity is not going to narrow down in future unless some policy intervention takes place.

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Janifar, A. "Problems Faced by Agricultural Landless Laborers in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu: A Status Analysis." Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2019): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.2.1568.

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India is the second the largest part populous country of the world and has changing socio-economic condition and political demographic and morbidity patterns that have been illustration global thought in current years. Though in recent times enacted MGNREGA, 2005 provides 100 days guarantee of employment in a year, there is great deal of fraud in issuing job cards. Moreover, gather rolls are not maintained accurately and work is not provided to job seekers who really are in need of such support. The problem of agricultural landless laborers is part of the wider problem of unemployment and under-employment in rural areas. Research is primarily a study of how the problems of agricultural workers face. The study is conducted among the farmers in the Parangipettai block in Cuddalore district. Multi-stage purposive sampling method was adopted for selection of the respondents. In this, contexts were selected from 3 select villages of Parangipettai block, Cuddalore district. Size of the primary inclusion is 120. Hence the agricultural landless labourers play an important to role in agriculture sector where the production depends on both the agricultural landless labourers and landowning farmers.

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Wahyuni, Reshi, Nurlaili Fitri Gultom, Dewi Meidalima, and Chuzaimah Chuzaimah. "THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION ON THE INCOME OF FEMALE FARM LABOURERS IN SUNGAI DUA VILLAGE, RAMBUTAN DISTRICT BANYUASIN REGENCY." Journal of Integrated Agribusiness 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jia.v4i2.3518.

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This study aims Calculate the work out time, the income of female farm labourer on swamp rice fields, and to analyze the impact of agricultural mechanization to the work out time and income of female farm labourer on swamp rice field. The research method was used survey method and sampling method was a simple random sampling. The data were processed by tabulation and analyzed quantitatively by a paired sample t-test. The result showed that the work out time of female farm labourer before agricultural mechanization was 49.70 HOK per year and after agricultural mechanization decreased to 16.08 HOK per year. Meanwhile, the average income of female farm labourer before agricultural mechanization was Rp. 3.454.333 per year and the average income after agricultural mechanization is Rp. 1.043.667,- per year. This showed that there was a decrease in the income of female farm labourer in rice fields in Sungai Dua Village after the mechanization of agriculture, which amounted to Rp. 2.410.666 per year. The results of the t test showed that there were differences in work out time and income of female farm labourer on rice field activities before and after agricultural mechanization.

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Mand, Maninder Singh, and Mini Goyal. "Socio-economic Conditions of Migrant Agricultural Labourers in Punjab." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, no. 1 (2016): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00018.4.

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Breman, Jan. "Silencing the Voice of Agricultural Labourers in South Gujarat." Modern Asian Studies 33, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x99003194.

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. . . according to Manu, for slandering a Vaisya or a Shudra the fines are only twenty-five or twelve panas, respectively. For members of the lower orders who slander their betters the penalties are much more severe . . . the equality of the law was never admitted in ancient India, and was quite contrary to most Indian thought. (A. L. Basham, The Wonder That Was India, 1954: 120).

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S, PALANISAMY, and RAJAGOPALAN V. "A Study on the Wage Structure of Agricultural Labourers." Madras Agricultural Journal 65, May (1987): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a03081.

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The wages to the agricultural labourers were generally paid in cash and kind. Only kind payment was made for harvesting of grain crops. Wages were paid on contract basis for piece work, and 34.94 per cent of total farm expenses was accounted for by the total wages including imputed value of family labour. Paid wages per unit of gross cropped area increased as the farm size increased.

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Pavithra, R. H. "Socio-Economic Condition of Female Agricultural Labourers- With Special Reference to Mandya District." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 7, no. 3 (June 28, 2017): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n3.p7.

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<div><p>Women in rural India are involved in various stages of agricultural operations starting from sowing of seeds to hand weeding, harvesting and post-harvest activities. Over time, as technological change in agriculture has brought about a substantial change in labour-land use pattern, the nature of work of rural women has also undergone a change. Women spend a substantial part of their time not only in various activities directly related to agriculture but also in the management of livestock, poultry, etc. (Sisodia, 1985; Agarwal, 1988). However, the true picture of female work and their contribution to family expenditure is usually not clearly presented. Many economically productive activities performed by women go unrecorded as such or are subsumed within ‘domestic work’. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the socio economic condition of female agricultural labourers, and suggest suitable measures for improving their living condition.</p></div>

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YAMAMOTO, CHIAKI. "Two Labour Markets in Nineteenth-Century English Agriculture: The Trentham Home Farm, Staffordshire." Rural History 15, no. 1 (March 17, 2004): 89–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793303001109.

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Traditionally, historians have tended to accept the view that agricultural labourers in nineteenth-century England were subject to seasonal unemployment. In this article, however, it is argued that this is an over-simplification, and that there were in fact two coexisting labour markets. Using two sets of micro data, a wage book and the Census Enumerators' Books, it will be revealed (1) that there were two groups of agricultural labourers: those who were employed throughout the year (core workers) and those employed only in the busiest season (casual workers); (2) that the core workers and casual workers performed different tasks; (3) that they had different places of residence; and (4) that the casual workers' wages were more market-dependent. The movement of wages at the time of the arrival of Irish migrant labourers sheds further light on the different natures of the two markets. While core workers' wages appear to have been unaffected by this change in labour demand, English casual workers' and women's wages increased sensitively.

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Reghunath, Namitha, and G. S. Sreedaya. "Constraints in Implementation of Land Reforms Policies as Perceived by Agricultural Labourers of Erstwhile Cannanore District of Kerala, India." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 41, no. 12 (December 12, 2023): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i122299.

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Kerala state was formed in 1956 by the amalgamation of three political units Travancore, Cochin and Malabar and agrarian relations were developed independently in these three units. The term land reforms refers to the redistribution of agricultural land from existing public or private landowners to tenant farmers and agricultural labourers who work on such land without owning it. The land reforms implemented in Kerala is considered and propagated as a model one. Land reform resulted in the end of feudalistic production relations and reduction in caste inequality. But the fact is that actual tillers of the soil failed to get benefits from the land reform policies. The present study was conducted in Erstwhile Cannanore district of Kerala state (Present Kannur, Kasargod and North Wayanad). Thirty agricultural labourers each from five selected blocks of three districts (Kalliasseri & Taliparamba from Kannur, Kanhangad &Nileswaram from Kasargod and Panamaram from North Wayanad.) were identified randomly and the total number of respondents was 150. A well-structured interview schedule was used for collecting data from the respondents. Delphi technique was used to identify the constraints. The data were tabulated and inferences were drawn after appropriate statistical analysis. The results shows that constraints like ‘Most beneficiaries of land reforms were from upper part of the society’ is having highest total score (297) among the others and it is considered as the most severe constraint perceived by the agri. labourers followed by ‘Agricultural labourers are not much benefitted by the law’ (283) and ‘During tenancy reforms, bigger share of benefits went to richer sections than the actual tillers of soil’ (273).

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Nazir, Saima, Izhar Ahmad Khan, Ashfaq Ahmad Maan, and Babar Shahbaz. "An Analysis of Socio-Economic Vulnerability of Women Waged Labourers in Agriculture Sector in Punjab, Pakistan." Journal of Education and Social Studies 4, no. 2 (August 28, 2023): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jess.2023.4206.

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Rural women are the key players in agricultural development in Pakistan. Despite their considerable role as waged labourers, they are vulnerable under the broader patriarchal societal construct. Considering these facts, this study analyzed the socio-economic vulnerability of women-waged labourers in the agriculture sector in Punjab, Pakistan. A multistage sampling technique was adopted for sample selection. At the initial stage, Punjab province was selected purposively. In the second stage, three cropping zones (rice-wheat, cotton-wheat- maize and vegetable-mixed cropping), and subsequently, in the third stage, three districts (Nankana Sahib, Vehari, and Faisalabad) were selected purposively. Six union councils (two from each district) were selected randomly in the fourth stage. In the fifth stage, 450 respondents, 150 from each district, were interviewed using snowball sampling. A structured interview schedule was developed in accordance with research objectives. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that the majority of the labourers, 55.0 percent, were 30 and above year’s age group, and 65.1 percent were illiterate. 70.0 percent of respondents were married, and 41.8 percent worked more often on 1-2 km distant agricultural farms. 46.4 percent spend seven and above working hours, and 35.4 percent’s daily wages were Rs. 251-300. 54.0 percent of respondents’ employers preferred the mode of payment as daily wages, while 69.1 percent of labourers preferred the daily mode of payment. 60.9 percent experienced gender disparity mainly due to socio-cultural aspects that contribute to their economic vulnerability. It was recommended that education facilities should be provided in such remote areas. Women’s work should be recognized by eliminating gender disparity in socio-economic aspects in particular and in all aspects in general to upgrade their socio-economic well-being.

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Nandi, Debmita, and Sumana Sarkar. "Seasonal Migration as a Livelihood Strategy of Women Agricultural Labourers in Soul Ponamara Mouza of Hirbandh Block, Bankura District, West Bengal." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 3 (November 29, 2020): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v8i3.886.

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Seasonal migration is a common livelihood strategy among marginal and landless people of the western part of West Bengal. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) and Census data have failed to provide information on seasonal migration and livelihoods at the micro-level. The present study focuses on the nature, characteristics and factors of seasonal migration with its importance as a livelihood strategy among women agricultural labourers (WALs) in Soul Ponamara mouza of Hirbandh block at the micro-level. The study is based on primary data collection using a purposive sampling method and a semi-structured questionnaire, personal interview and focus group discussion. This study reveals that seasonal migration from Soul Ponamara to the adjacent agriculturally prosperous districts viz. Purba Bardhaman and Hooghly (4 to 6 times in a year) is a common livelihood strategy among WALs in the study area, and its proportion is almost equal to when compared to male migrants. The small size of agricultural land holding, existing monoculture system, lack of irrigation facilities, a limited job opportunity in the Soul Ponamara mouza and its surrounding area (Amjhuri, Bijardihi, Chaka Doba, Moshiara, Bamni and Rangametia) provoke women labourers to move out in searching of works. In contrast, high wage and massive demand for skilled and semi-skilled agricultural labourers during sowing and harvesting season in the destination area, that is, paddy and potato fields of Purba Bardhaman and Hooghly districts acted as a magnet to absorb these immigrants into the workforce. This study concludes that seasonal migration opted for employment and income generation is the primary livelihood strategy adopted by the rural WALs of this mouza to cope up with the existing poverty and food insecurity.

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Bose, Dibakar, Saikat Kumar Kar, and Piyasi Das. "Trends and Challenges of India’s Agricultural Labourers amid Lockdown-2020." Journal Of Exclusion Studies 11, no. 1 (2021): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-4555.2021.00006.1.

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Deshpande, R. S., Amalendu Jyotishi, and A. Narayanamoorthy. "Indebtedness among Agricultural Labourers from Deprived Castes: Towards an Explanation." Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 43, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2001): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/2001/v43/i1-2/115854.

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Thangaraj, M. "Agricultural Labourers Social Security and Welfare Scheme in Tamil Nadu." Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 43, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2001): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/2001/v43/i1-2/115862.

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Boyce, James K. "Population growth and real wages of agricultural labourers in Bangladesh." Journal of Development Studies 25, no. 4 (July 1989): 467–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388908422124.

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Ouweneel, Arij. "Eighteenth-Century Mexican Peonage and the Problem of Credits to Hacienda Labourers." Rural History 8, no. 1 (April 1997): 21–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001126.

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The transition to modern, capitalist agriculture is usually marked by the replacement of traditional forms of farm service by a free labour market based on short-term contracts and cash payments. This process is often described in terms like ‘pauperisation’ and ‘proletarianisation’. But, of course, proletarianisation is not an inevitable consequence of the rise of day-labouring in capitalist agriculture; a point emphasized, for example, with particular reference to eighteenth-century Scotland by Alex Gibson and Alastair Orr. Contrary to much of southern England, where the forces of production developed rather fast, in Scotland traditional forms of farm service survived largely intact well into the nineteenth century despite the development of capitalist agriculture. As late as 1861 over 60 per cent of the total agricultural work-force in some Scottish regions were servants on long hires as opposed to day-labourers.

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Halder, Soumik, and Sayani Mukhopadhyay. "Transitional Phase in Agriculture Towards Modernisation: A Perspective on Paddy Cultivation." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 29, no. 2 (December 2019): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120912129.

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The contribution of agriculture in GDP of India is dramatically reduced though a large number of people are associated with this occupation. To increase the GDP contribution of agriculture and to raise the income of farmers, the use of modern machineries is an utmost necessity. The aim of this study is to identify the status of mechanisation of agriculture at Rampurhat: I block in Birbhum district to assess the impact of modern machineries on farming and livelihood status of farmers and agricultural labourers. To reduce the cost of agricultural production, farmers resort to farm mechanisation without changing the overall cultivation practice in this area. This region is in a transitional stage of modernisation of agriculture. This research also investigates and discusses the problems associated with the prospects of mechanisation of agriculture in this area.

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Roy, Subrata K., and Tanaya Kundu Chowdhury. "Differences in Selected Health Traits between Occupational Groups among Oraons of Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal." Journal of Anthropology 2013 (December 26, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/582036.

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Occupational health deals with diseases or injuries caused due to work. Different types of work cause different types of ill-effect on health and may cause changes in health traits; empirical studies on the issues are scanty. The present study aims to investigate the differences in selected health traits between two occupational groups of the same ethnic origin. Cross-sectional data collected on 357 adult Oraon labourers engaged in two different occupations, namely, agriculture and brickfield in Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal, of which are 62 male and 43 female agricultural labourers and 136 male and 116 female brickfield labourers. Data consists of anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and haemoglobin traits. Health status assessed in terms of BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and haemoglobin level following standard cut-off values. Mean values of both the occupational groups show similar trends in case of selected anthropometric and health traits. Individuals are ecto-mesomorphic irrespective of sex and occupation. Majority of individuals of either sex of both the occupational groups are underweight but hypertensive. In anthropological data, the trend of mean values is important than mere statistical significance. Data indicates that both the occupational groups have similar health condition, maybe due to their heavy manual activity.

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Gopalasundar, R. "The Socio-Economic Conditions of Women Agricultural Labourers in Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu in India." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 8, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v8i4.3272.

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The seasonal nature of agriculture and low productivity reduce demand for female labor and as a result, forced idleness is higher among women than men. Women’s productivity in agriculture also suffers from uneconomic holdings and subsistence nature of agriculture in which the family consumes the produce. Tasks performed by women are labor-intensive and mostly done by hand. This has reduced the work efficiency of women. Regardless of these variations, there is hardly any activity in agricultural production.

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Julianto, Rudy, Ratih Apri Utami, and Aldi Kurniawan. "The Community's Perception and Adaptation to The Conversion of Agricultural Land Into Housing in Wirolegi Village Sumbersari District Jember Regency." JURNAL MANAJEMEN AGRIBISNIS (Journal Of Agribusiness Management) 11, no. 2 (February 20, 2024): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jma.2023.v11.i02.p01.

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The purpose of this study was to find out how the community's perception and adaptation to the conversion of agricultural land into housing in Wirolegi Village, Sumbersari District, Jember Regency. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method that aims to obtain data and be able to collect complete information, the practice in this study is to describe the perspectives and adaptation of the community to the conversion of agricultural land into housing in Wirolegi Village, Sumbersari District, Jember Regency. The location of this research is in Wirolegi Village, Sumbersari District, Jember Regency. The informant in this study was the head of the RT in Wirolegi Village, Sumbersari District, Jember Regency. Data collection techniques in this study are using interviews and documentation. The results showed that the community was very aware of the conversion of agricultural land into housing. The community hopes that, even though there is a housing development, at least the community will be assisted with road construction so that it is mutually beneficial. The majority of the people work as farm labourers. After the conversion of agricultural land to housing, the people still became agricultural labourers, but in another village.

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PRADHAN, DIBYAPRAVA. "Factors affecting involvement of gender in childcare activities of agricultural labourers." ASIAN JOURNAL OF HOME SCIENCE 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ajhs/9.2/370-374.

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Singh, Gian, Anupama ., Rupinder Kaur, Gurinder Kaur, and Sukhveer Kaur. "Levels of Living of Farmers and Agricultural Labourers in Rural Punjab." Journal of Rural Development 38, no. 1 (March 10, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25175/jrd/2019/v38/i1/144920.

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Krishnamurty, Sunanda. "Real wages of agricultural labourers in the Bombay Deccan, 1874-1922." Indian Economic & Social History Review 24, no. 1 (March 1987): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946468702400104.

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BURNETTE, JOYCE. "How skilled were English agricultural labourers in the early nineteenth century?" Economic History Review 59, no. 4 (November 2006): 688–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00363.x.

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Balasangu, K. "IFAM model approach on the impact of pesticides on agricultural labourers." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (February 20, 2011): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2011/v4i2.15.

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LAMBRECHT, THIJS. "Reciprocal exchange, credit and cash: agricultural labour markets and local economies in the southern Low Countries during the eighteenth century." Continuity and Change 18, no. 2 (August 2003): 237–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416003004624.

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This article examines the labour market for day labourers in the Southern Low Countries during the eighteenth century from the perspective of reciprocal exchange. In particular I will look at wage payment structures and their economic and social foundations. In contrast with other agricultural regions, wage payments in proto-industrialized inland Flanders were highly diversified. Large farmers and day labourers engaged in a system of reciprocal exchange of labour, goods and services in which monetary payments played only a secondary role. I find that both employers and employees had strong reasons for maintaining this exchange relationship and that they both, in their own ways, benefited from this mutual dependency.

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Saxena, K. B. "Book review: Anand Chakravarti, Is This ‘Azaadi’? Everyday Lives of Agricultural Labourers in a Bihar Village." Social Change 49, no. 4 (December 2019): 720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719873493.

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Anand Chakravarti, Is This ‘Azaadi’? Everyday Lives of Agricultural Labourers in a Bihar Village, Tulika Books, 2018, 280 pp., ₹750. Tulika Books, No 44 first floor, Shahpur Jat, New Delhi – 110049. ISBN 978-81-934015-3-8. Hardbound.

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Sudarto, Aye, Muhamad Bisri Mustofa, and Anas Malik. "Economic Exploitation of Children: Returning Child Labor to the World of Education Through Interpersonal Communication Towards Equal Education." HUMANISMA : Journal of Gender Studies 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/humanisme.v6i2.5870.

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<p class="abstrak">Low family incomes force children to support households and become Child Labourers (PA) in the agricultural and household sectors. The agricultural sector is still the main source of income for most Indonesians; at least 70% of the archipelago's population is dependent on the agricultural sector. However, rural poverty remains relatively high. At least 16% of rural areas are poor compared to 9.9% of urban areas. Farm labourers have not been able to benefit significantly from economic growth, as it is undeniable that several problems have caused the agricultural sector to lag behind other sectors. This qualitative study will describe the processes that influence and shift the mindset of children and parents of child laborers to change their mindset and desire to continue their education. Economic exploitation in children is actually carried out by families, for example, by placing, allowing, and telling children to work as a form of economic exploitation. Good economic exploitation will result in good child development, but bad exploitation will have a bad impact on children, including lying, insensitivity, low self-esteem, developmental disorders, oppressing the weak, difficulty forming and interacting with the environment, anxiety, low self-esteem, and personality disorders. Equality education is another way for children to re-enter school. It is necessary to optimise all stakeholders to eliminate child labour and return child labourers to school. It is necessary to strengthen equivalency schools in various places so that they can be reached by children with economic difficulties or difficulties integrating into public schools. Preventive efforts must be made to ensure that children do not drop out of school and are prepared to enter the global workforce, including introducing and raising awareness of the importance of education, as well as providing affordable education to all.</p>

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