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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agricultural Markets and Marketing'
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Wang, Chia-Hsing. "Three essays on economics of quality in agricultural markets." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1069824697.
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Jack, Claire. "An economic evaluation of price efficiency in argicultural markets with particular reference to beef and sheep marketing in County Fermanagh." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387884.
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Firch, Robert S. "Outlook on Cotton Markets and Marketing for 1985." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203914.
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Firch, R. S. "Outlook on Cotton Markets and Marketing for 1989." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204809.
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Firch, Robert S. "Outlook of Cotton Markets and Marketing for 1986." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219721.
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Firch, Robert S. "Outlook on Cotton Markets and Marketing for 1987." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204449.
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Firch, Robert S. "Outlook on Cotton Markets and Marketing for 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204499.
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Schmitz, Elizabeth Ann. "Farmers' Markets in Kentucky: A Geospatial, Statistical, and Cultural Analysis." TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/214.
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To assess what factors are driving the exponential growth of farmers’ markets in Kentucky, geospatial and statistical analysis of a database of 121 farmers’ markets was conducted. A statewide survey of market leaders and a case study of a single farmers’ market both identified reasons for growing support of farmers’ markets in Kentucky.
Market distribution, vendor levels, and gross sales were mapped against a backdrop of county urban classification, median household income, and education levels. Kruskal-Wallace analysis was used to identify if Kentucky’s rural, micropolitan, and metropolitan markets differ significantly in terms of their age, number of vendors, and market sales.
Geospatial analysis indicates that farmers’ markets are more concentrated in metropolitan areas of the Commonwealth. However, statistical analysis reveals that farmers’ markets have been established longer in micropolitan areas of the state. Markets across urban classes have significantly different ages and gross sales, but all markets tend to sustain a similar number of vendors. Population levels appear to have the strongest correlation with the variables studied, although education and household median income also may play a role in farmers' market strength.
Market stakeholders believe that markets are gaining popularity as consumers become more aware of food safety and environmental problems in the mass market system. Farmers’ markets are considered an important tool for strengthening the local economy, connecting farmers with consumers, and increasing local availability of fresh and nutritious foods.
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De, Bruyn Pietersarel. "Transaction cost as a basis for deciding on marketing channels in the rural meat markets of the northern communal areas of Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53198.
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Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Transaction cost economics has travelled a difficult and long path to general acceptance in current economic opinion. The general theory of transaction cost has however developed in various paradigms with little or no empirical backing. It is mostly the difficulty of measurement that caused economists to shy away from empirical testing and rather, to quote Coase (1992), "to write in prose". The last 10 years there has been a renewed thrust for the empirical measurement of transaction cost. This study is an attempt to measure transaction cost by using case study data gathered in the run of the NOLIDEP study in the meat markets of the Northern Communal areas of Namibia. Until recently the method of data analysis that has been used in most empirical studies was variations of the regression technique. Regression as a tool is most useful in economics, giving quick answers and general trends to the researcher. It is however a technique that is linear in nature and therefore some information in the data will always be sacrificed. In general- and multi industry surveys this do not pose a great problem as general trends can usefully be applied in making policy recommendations. In smaller and especially rural industries this is not the case. The dynamic interactions within the industry and its dynamic linkages with the rest of the economy will surely be underrated when using a linear method. Consequently, a non-linear technique was applied in this study - the Non-linear Dynamic Model. This model gave the interactions between all variables enabling one to describe the dynamics of the market. As mentioned elsewhere the first aim of this study was to measure transaction cost so that the second aim could be fulfilled. The second aim of this study was to prove that transaction cost has an important influence on marketing channel decision. The analysis of the data satisfied the above two aims: Firstly it showed that it was possible to measure transaction cost. Secondly that transaction cost has a large and sometimes overriding influence on marketing channel decisions. A third and last point that became apparent was that a non-linear method of data analysis allows for better description of a dynamic market.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit het 'n lang tyd gevat vir transaksie koste om as konsep in ekonomie aanvaar te word. Die algemene teorie van transaksie koste het egter ontwikkel binne verskeie paradigmas sonder werklike empiriese ondersteuning. Dit is meestal die meting van transaksie koste wat empiriese werk in die rigting belemmer het. Daar is egter in die laaste 10 jaar hernude pogings gewees om transaksie koste empiries te meet. Hierdie studie is 'n poging om transaksie koste te meet deur gebruik te maak van data wat verkry is gedurende die NOLIDEP studie in die noordelike kommunale gebiede van Namibia. Tot onlangs was die metode van data analise vir empiriese studies variasies op die regressie tegniek. As 'n hulpmiddel is regressie baie bruikbaar in ekonomie waar vinnige antwoorde en algemene tendense verwag word. Die tegniek is egter inhirent liniêr en daarom sal daar altyd interpretasies rondom data opgeoffer word. In algemene studies is dit egter nie 'n probleem nie en kan voldoende beleids aanbevelings gedoen word. Dit is egter nie die geval in kleiner en plantelandse industriëe nie. Die dinamiese interaksies binne die industrie en die dinamiese skakels met die res van die ekonomie word dan onderskat met die gebruik van 'n liniêre metode. Daarom is 'n nie-liniêre metode gebruik, die Non-linear Dynamic Model. Die model neem die interaksie tussen veranderlikes in ag wat die beskrywing van dinamika moontlik maak. Soos reeds genoem is die eerste doel van die studie om transaksie koste te meet sodat die tweede doelwit van die studie bereik kan word. Die tweede doel is om te bewys dat transaksie koste bemarkingskanaai besluite bëinvloed. Die data analise het beide bogenoemde doelwitte bevredig. Eerstens dat transaksie koste meetbaar is. Tweedens dat transaksie koste 'n groot en selfs oorweldigende effek het op bemarkingskanaai besluite. 'n Derde punt wat sterk na vore gekom het is dat nie-liniêre metodes 'n beter beskrywing van dinamika toelaat.
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Neagley, John P. O'Brien Robert T. "Market allocation of agricultural water resources in the Salinas River Valley." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA245767.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): Moore, Thomas P. Second Reader: Gates, William R. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 2, 2010. DTIC Identifier(s): Water Supplies, Irrigation Systems, Salinas River Valley (California), Theses, Free Market, Water Conservation, Public Policy, Salt Water, Policies, Farm Crops, Marketing. Author(s) subject terms: Groundwater Allocation, Groundwater Markets, Agricultural Groundwater, Salinas River Valley. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-94). Also available in print.
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Scheepers, Deon. "Applications and portfolio theory in the South African agricultural derivatives market." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05152008-142000.
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Gandee, Jesse E. "Modeling direct farm marketing in West Virginia a spatial, policy, and profitability analysis /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2842.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 87 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-87).
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Lowe, Caitlin Heather. "Determinants of maize marketing decisions for smallholder households in Tanzania." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15840.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Timothy J. Dalton
Smallholder farmers in Tanzania remain susceptible to food insecurity and poverty. To combat these challenges, the country and development organizations have turned to agriculture. In particular, value chains have been identified as a point of interest. Specifically, the maize value chain is of critical importance since maize is the staple crop of the country as well as the staple carbohydrate in the Tanzanian diet. Markets are beneficial because they enable households to specialize in agricultural production according to their comparative advantage. Specifically, markets have been shown to be one tool for increasing welfare, measured through the proxy income. The objective of this thesis is to identify the determinants of a household’s decision to participate in the maize market as well as identify the determinants of a household’s decision regarding how much maize to sell in a given market. This research examines formal and informal market participation among 908 households during the 2008 long rainy season. Probit models were estimated to determine market participation for the formal, informal, and aggregate sale market levels. A Heckman OLS model was used to further analyze the value sold by the household in a given market. Econometric results indicate that “quantity harvested” positively and significantly impacts market participation decisions as well as value sold decisions. The variable “male-headed households” was positive and significant in the formal market while the variable showed no significant impact in the informal market participation model. Both “radio ownership” and “mobile telephone ownership” proved to be positive and significant in the formal model while only the ownership of a radio was significant in the informal market. Additionally it was found that for the formal market participation decision, “bicycle ownership” was positive and significant. Overall, it appears that households participate in the informal market as a way to meet cash needs since farmers were not price-responsive. However, in the formal market farmers were found to be very price-responsive, following neo-classical economic theory.
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Prakash, Adam B. "The transmission of signals in a decentralised commodity marketing system : the case of the UK pork market." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299181.
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Muchetu, Rangarirai Gavin. "Restructuring agricultural cooperatives in the state-market vortex : the cases of Zimbabwe and Japan." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13140072/?lang=0, 2020. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13140072/?lang=0.
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It might seem impossible to compare developing Zimbabwe to a well developed Japanese agrarian, but a deeper examination of the two countries reveals numerous similarities especially in the agrarian sector (land reform, grain policy and the rural political economy). The thesis examined Japan's radical land reform and the development of her cooperatives in conjuction with the path taken by Zimbabwe leading to her land reform and beyond. The author collected and analyzed data from six villages, three in Japan, and three in Zimbabwe to understand different types of cooperatives, their growths, and constraints. The British-Indian type of cooperatives currently obtaining in Zimbabwe needs to be restructured.The central argument is that the FTLR, just as the land reform in Japan, increased the potential for the development of robust, genuine grassroots cooperatives from below. The new movement can learn a lot from Japan's 70-year experience in cooperative development. Based on a global political economy reading of agricultural production, the thesis selects the pros from the Japanese agricultural cooperative system and fuses it with knowledge systems from the Zimbabwe movement to advance an agricultural cooperative development framework for Zimbabwe and other post-colonial states.博士(グローバル社会研究)
Doctor of Philosophy in Global Society Studies
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Kennedy, Carrie M. "The Role of Information in Agricultural Marketing Decisions: Using Virginia's Soft Red Winter Wheat, Grain Sorghum and Barley, and Cotton Markets to Illustrate Three Different Aspects." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36894.
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Participants in the agricultural marketing system include commodity producers, grain elevators, feed processors, flour millers, bakers, exporters, and retail outlets. Every firm in the marketing system is concerned with creating expectations regarding supply, demand, quality, and price in the physical market. The role of market information plays in the agricultural marketing system is considered in the three chapters of this thesis. Chapters 1 and 2 were completed with financial support from the Virginia Small Grains Board and the Virginia Agricultural Council.
The futures market is used by a number of firms, private and public, to create price expectations. Firms rely on the futures market to provide market signals and manage risk. Chapter 1 examines what might happen in the soft red winter wheat marketing system if the price signals from the futures market become less accurate because Federal grades fail to account for all of the grain characteristics desired by millers and bakers.
Expected returns from competing crops are a factor in a producer's decision-making process. Chapter 2 examines the role first-level handlers play in expanding the market share of grain sorghum and barley in Virginia. The objective of the first-level handler survey was to determine if factors, such as limited market information, prevented the expansion of the grain sorghum and barley markets. Contrary to a priori expectations that price risk would be the limiting factor, results showed that inconsistent local supply was the main barrier to the expansion of grain sorghum and barley.
Chapter 3 is an example of a pricing guide written for Virginia cotton producers. It uses a balance sheet approach, which illustrates how information regarding the cotton crop can be translated into price expectations.Master of Science
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Cuthbert, Ronald Hugh, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The strategic planning process of agricultural niche marketers : a case study approach." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 1995, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/40.
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This study is based on the premise that it is important to understand how niche marketers manage the process of farm level adaptive change. A review of the relevent literature revealed the limitations of research on the strategic planning process pertaining to small business. A normative model of the strategic planning process was synthesised and used as an anyalystical framework to assess the planning behaviour of agricultural niche marketers in the study. On completion of a review of research methodologies for the social sciences, the multiple-case holistic design was selected. Data was collected and analyzed. The principal analytical method used was pattern matching. The technique of explanation building was applied in order to draw conclusions about the correspondence between the normative model and the actual planning practices of agricultural niche marketers. A revise model of the planning process is then proposed.viii, 100, vi leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.
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Foko, Emmanuel. "Transforming mature industries into growth industries : the case of US peanuts." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/809.
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Williamson, Sara. "A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF CONSUMERS’ BELIEFS, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOCALLY PRODUCED FOOD AND FARMERS’ MARKET PATRONAGE." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/21.
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While farmers’ market vendors rely on loyal and frequent patrons to purchase their products, it is unclear how the intrinsic differences among farmers’ market shoppers serve as indicators of potential shopping frequency at farmers’ markets. The objectives of this thesis are to identify consumers’ intrinsic values associated with characteristics of local foods, examine how these values are reflected in consumption behaviors among farmers' market shoppers, and explore the relationship between consumption activities and shopping frequency at farmers' markets. Results suggest that the differences between frequent and infrequent farmers’ market shoppers could be explained by the individual’s levels of high and low involvement in consumption activities that reflect intrinsic values associated with benefits of locally produced foods. Market patrons who generally exhibit higher levels of involvement in these activities are more likely to be frequent farmers’ market shoppers; this is particularly true for those who are drawn to activities associated with public life or group settings. This information can be used by farmers’ market managers and vendors to develop targeted marketing strategies for retention of frequent market shoppers and also for increasing market patronage for less frequent market shoppers.
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Mandizvidza, Kudzai. "Price transmission in tomato markets of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1272.
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Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Agricultural Economics) --University of Limpopo, 2013The Limpopo Province is home to South Africa’s major tomato producer, who is also the largest producer of the commodity in the Southern Hemisphere. Regardless of its importance in the tomato industry of the country, there are few studies analysing the mechanism through which prices of tomatoes are determined and transmitted from the farm gate in Limpopo to the various provincial, local and international markets. This study attempts to fill the knowledge gap on the performance of Limpopo Province’s tomato markets by examining vertical price linkages amongst successive marketing levels. With the aid of both surveys and document analysis, daily tomato prices were collected at three levels that reflect the marketing chain of Limpopo produced tomatoes. Through marketing margin analysis, it was established that the farmers’ portion of the consumer’s Rand is low. About 85.1% of the consumer’s Rand goes to pay for marketing margins. Granger causality tests show that both the wholesale and retail prices are caused by farm gate prices, whereas an independent causal relationship was found between wholesale prices and retail prices. The study also found a long run cointegration relationship between farm gate prices and retail level prices, and not the same for the relationship between farm gate and wholesale prices. Furthermore, it was found that retailers are quick to react to increases in farm gate prices and slow in adjusting to price decreases. On the other hand, wholesale prices were found to be symmetrical to farm gate prices. These results suggest that the transmission of price information is more efficient between the farm and wholesale markets than between the farm and retail markets. Nonetheless, there is scope for increasing efficiency of tomato marketing in the province. Key words: Price transmission, marketing margins, vertical price linkage, market dominance, tomato markets, Limpopo Province
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Blackholly, Helen. "Market opportunities for the fruit and vegetable industry : a study of the UK fresh fruit and vegetable industry with particular reference to production, distribution channels, marketing and consumption." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234690.
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Eastham, Jane Francesca. "An analysis of the success of UK agricultural marketing cooperatives : can they effectively redress power imbalances in current market conditions?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4917/.
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This is exploratory research that has examined the efficacy of agricultural marketing cooperatives in the UK as a mechanism to redress power imbalances when faced with highly consolidated downstream markets. This issue would appear to be of particular significance in the light of the continued UK government emphasis on the cooperative action as a means of supporting farm gate prices following the deregulation of European Markets. This research draws upon, and examines the possible linkages between two key bodies of literature, Power Dependency Theory and literature based on the issue of common property and the free-rider problem and presents, through the exploratory framework, the idea that cooperative success is contingent upon an iterative relationship between leverage and cohesion (Emerson, 1962: Olson, 1965). This understanding is used to examine the three diverse marketing cooperatives, and findings from which suggest that cooperatives in current market structures are unable to improve their leverage position over the longer term. The research also suggests that there is not necessarily an iterative relationship between cohesiveness and improved leverage. What is apparent is that Cooperatives endure because they offer other types of benefits to farmers and currently play an important role is sustaining a failing farming sector.
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Keleme, Mamontshi G. "Cartel detection in the South African bread market : a review of the studies by the Competition Commission and National Agricultural Marketing Council." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46271.
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The South African Competition Commission has analysed most levels of the food supply chain by investigation of alleged anti-competitive behaviour by producers, input suppliers, storage companies, processors and retailers. The numbers of these cases include cartels and, to a lesser extent, restrictive vertical constraints and abuse of dominance position. Sexton (2012) states that the recent development in the agricultural market, where large companies are vertically integrating, renders the perfect competition model inappropriate. This brings doubt that the law based on perfect competition will work in oligopolistic markets. Despite the identified number of detected cartels in the grain industry, it might be possible that some cartels in other food chains are still undetected.
Through the application of the market screening approach, the aim of this study is to establish whether the National Agricultural Marketing Council (“NAMC”) and the Competition Commission could have detected the bread cartel using secondary data in the absence of the information from the whistle-blower. As the first step, the study carried out a structural assessment of the bread industry. This assessment indicated that the bread market has a number of factors that may facilitate collusive behaviour. The study found that the history of information sharing played a crucial role for bakeries to coordinate their conduct. The second step was to conduct an in-depth behavioural assessment that focused on bread prices to see whether there has been a structural break in the period under investigation. The idea was to estimate the price equation of brown bread as a function of the SAFEX wheat price, petrol price (cost shifters), and 1 kg of maize meal (demand shifters). The study used the OLS to estimate three regressions using the data for the whole period and two sub-breaks (before the break point, and after the break point) to perform a Chow test. The question that the Chow test asked is: was there a structural break in March 2007, after the Competition Commission received the information from the whistle-blower? In other words, had the price of bread increased or decreased at a certain period without any changes in the demand or cost variable. The Null hypothesis states that there was no structural break, while the alternative hypothesis states that there was a structural break in March 2007.
The Chow test result shows that at a 5 per cent significant level, the F-critical value is F_5, 90 = 2.68 and the F test statistics is 20.59 with a p value of 0.00. This indicates that we cannot reject the null hypothesis and conclude that a structural break did not occur in March 2007. The screening approached failed to prove the existence of cartel in the bread industry.
Therefore, the study concludes that in the absence of the whistle-blower, it would not have been easy for the Competition Commission and the NAMC (2009) to detect a cartel by just using secondary data. This proves that screening alone cannot prove the existence of cartel without prior knowledge of the conduct and of the industry as a whole. Nevertheless, a market screening approach is important as it can be used as a warning mechanism to detect an emerging cartel, since it can flag potentially suspicious behaviour. Nevertheless, this calls for the policy makers to combine the scoping study by the Competition Commission and the monitoring of food prices by the NAMC, as this will provide the best enforcement tool in detecting cartel behaviour in the food industry.Dissertation (MInst Agrar)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MInst Agrar
Unrestricted
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Wang, Xiaojin. "ESSAYS ON AGRICULTURAL MARKET AND POLICIES: IMPORTED SHRIMP, ORGANIC COFFEE, AND CIGARETTES IN THE UNITED STATES." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/41.
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This dissertation focuses on topics in areas of agricultural and food policy, international trade, agricultural markets and marketing. The dissertation is structured as three papers. The first paper, Chapter 1, evaluates the impact of agricultural trade policies. Imported shrimp, which comprises nearly ninety percent of all United States shrimp consumption, have become the subject of antidumping and countervailing duty investigations in the past decade. I estimate the import demand for shrimp in the United States from 1999-2014, using the Barten’s synthetic model. I test the hypothesis of possible structural breaks in the import demand introduced by various trade policies: antidumping/countervailing duty investigations and impositions, and import refusals due to safety and environmental issues. Results show that these import-restricting policies have significant effects on the import shrimp demand, indicating that the omission of them would lead to biased estimates.
Chapter 2, the second paper, examines how the burden of state cigarette tax is divided between producers/retailers and consumers, by using the Nielsen store-level scanner data on cigarette prices from convenience stores over the period 2011–2012. Cigarette taxes were found more than fully passed through to retail prices on average, suggesting consumers pay excess burden and market power exists in the cigarette industry. Utilizing information on the attributes of cigarette products, we demonstrated that tax incidence varied by brand and package size: pass-through rates for premium brands and carton-packaged cigarettes are higher than those for discount brands and cigarettes in packs, respectively, indicating possibilities of different demand elasticities across product tiers.
Chapter 3, the third paper, focuses on identifying the demographic characteristics of households buying organic coffee, by examining the factors that influence the probability that a consumer will buy organic coffee, and which factors affect the amount organic coffee purchased. Using nationally representative household level data from 55,470 households over the period of 2011 to 2013 (Nielsen Homescan), and a censored demand model, we find that economic and demographic factors play a crucial role in the household choice of purchasing organic coffee. Furthermore, households are less sensitive to own-price changes in the case of organic coffee versus conventional coffee.
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Carvalho, Diana Mendonça de. "Comercialização de hortifrutigranjeiros em Itabaiana-SE." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2010. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5619.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe present study of agricultural marketing in Itabaiana city analyzed the structure, form, function and process, from the identification and demonstration of the main horticultural imports and exports for this market. In this sense, the research aimed to reflect the dynamic socio-spatial and economic for the marketing of fresh produce in the city. This was justified in desire to contribute to the knowledge of trade and to check the flows and networks established in this space. Therefore, it assumed the direct and indirect observations of facts, through field work, with interviews of various social actors, including: farmers, traders, wholesalers, market traders and supermarkets, interviews and survey data federal, state and municipal and literature research. Information obtained testified that agricultural marketing is a complex activity among those involving the steps of the agriculture production, because it includes several segments that appropriate the production. This process is found in Brazil in the state of Sergipe and more specifically in Itabaiana city, the integration of various social actors in the production chain. In Itabaiana, the establishment of several chains of agricultural products was favored by natural conditions, the suitable farming practices, the historical events that made the city a crossing point between the coast and hinterland, the economic base in trade and agriculture; the "truck culture" that encouraged the import and export of these products. These chains and more specifically agricultural marketing in Itabaiana have been controlled by agents that promote the import and distribution of horticultural and thus feed the formal and informal markets, both local and regional scale. In this way, agricultural marketing has contributed to Itabaiana firm as the largest wholesale market in Sergipe, competing in terms of commercial appeal, with the major wholesaler markets in the Northeast.
O presente estudo de comercialização agrícola na cidade de Itabaiana analisou a estrutura, a forma, a função e o processo, a partir da identificação e demonstração dos principais hortifrutigranjeiros importados e exportados por esse mercado. Neste sentido, a pesquisa teve por objetivo refletir a dinâmica sócio-espacial e econômica decorrente da comercialização de hortifrutigranjeiros no município. Essa se justificou na pretensão de contribuir para o conhecimento das relações comerciais e para verificar os fluxos e as redes estabelecidas nesse espaço. Para tanto, partiu-se de observações diretas e indiretas dos fatos, através do trabalho de campo, com realização de entrevistas entre diversos atores sociais, entre os quais: agricultores, intermediário-atacadistas, feirantes e supermercados; de entrevistas e levantamento de dados com órgãos federais, estaduais e municipais; e de pesquisa bibliográfica. As informações obtidas atestaram que a comercialização agrícola é uma atividade complexa dentre aquelas que envolvem as etapas da cadeia produtiva da agricultura, pois abrange diversos segmentos que se apropriam da produção. Esse processo é verificado no Brasil, no Estado de Sergipe e mais especificamente no município de Itabaiana, pela integração de diversos atores sociais na cadeia produtiva. Em Itabaiana, a constituição de várias cadeias de produtos agrícolas foi favorecida pelas condições naturais, aptas as práticas da agricultura; pelos fatos históricos que fizeram do município um ponto de passagem entre o litoral e o sertão; pela base econômica no comércio e na agricultura; e pela cultura do caminhão que estimulou a importação e exportação desses produtos. Essas cadeias e mais especificamente a comercialização agrícola, em Itabaiana, têm sido controladas por intermediários que promovem a importação e a distribuição dos produtos hortifrutigranjeiros e, conseqüentemente, alimentam os mercados formal e informal, tanto em escala local quanto regional. Deste modo, a comercialização agrícola tem contribuído para que Itabaiana se firme como o maior mercado atacadista do Estado de Sergipe, competindo em termos de atração comercial, com os maiores mercados atacadistas do Nordeste.
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Ramos, Ana Cristina Loureiro. "Ajuda Alimentar Europeia: cooperação ou neo-proteccionismo? Estudo de impacto da BSE." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3700.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalOs efeitos de longo prazo da subnutrição constituem um dos mais sérios problemas dos países subdesenvolvidos: um crescimento físico e psicológico prejudicados pela fome poderão encurralar gerações inteiras em ciclos de pobreza. A ajuda alimentar foi pioneira na transferência de recursos dos países ricos para os pobres, com graves carências alimentares. Entretanto, as políticas agrícolas de alguns doadores conduziram ao surgimento de grandes excedentes, transformando a ajuda alimentar numa espécie de subproduto destas políticas. Este dumping de produtos altamente subsidiados provocou deficiências no funcionamento dos mercados alimentares dos países em desenvolvimento, desacreditando a ajuda alimentar. Desde os anos 90 que as decisões de ajuda alimentar europeia são tomadas num contexto de novas políticas e directrizes institucionais: o Tratado de Maastricht (que coloca a política de cooperação acima de todas as outras); orçamentos restritivos; políticas agrícolas em mutação; competição comercial intensa com os EUA; negociações da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC), que restringem o recurso a subsídios à exportação, transformando novamente a ajuda alimentar numa solução atractiva para os problemas de excedentes; colapso do mercado europeu de carne de bovino em virtude da BSE ("doença das vacas loucas"). O ressurgimento da doença em 2000 (e uma crise de consumo sem precedentes), fazem com que a Comissão Europeia, tentando criar uma alternativa a uma intervenção e armazenagem incomportáveis em termos orçamentais, proponha um programa de "aquisição para destruição": abate dos animais com mais de 30 meses ou permissão da sua entrada na cadeia alimentar apenas após testes laboratoriais de sanidade animal. Esta política faz reemergir questões importantes: não deveria a ajuda alimentar constituir a resposta lógica ao problema ético da incineração de carne quando milhões de pessoas morrem à fome? Poderia tal ser considerado uma solução conhecendo os riscos sobre os mercados dos países recebedores? Seria ético "despejar" carne possivelmente infectada com BSE no "Terceiro Mundo", após as pessoas do "Primeiro" a terem rejeitado? Através do estudo do manuseamento dos excedentes de carne de bovino, esta dissertação pretende reflectir sobre a ajuda alimentar europeia - terá deixado de ser um subproduto da política agrícola?
Among the most serious problems facing people in developing countries are the long lasting effects of malnutrition: a damaged health and mental development can trap entire generations in poverty. Food aid pioneered the transfer of significant resources from the richest to the poorest countries, inflicted with hunger. In the meanwhile, some donors' agricultural policies have led to large food surpluses, transforming food aid into a sort of by-product of these policies. This dumping of subsidized food caused the inhibition of the efficient functioning of food markets in the developing countries, thoroughly discrediting food aid. Since the 90s, European food-aid decisions are being taken in a new policy environment and implemented under changing institutional guidelines: the Maastricht Treaty (that puts cooperation policies above all others); constrained budgets; changing agricultural policies; intense commercial competition with the USA; World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations that restrain the use of export subsidies, transforming again food aid in an attractive solution to food surplus problems; collapse of the beef market in the EU due to BSE ("mad cows disease"). Due to an outbreak of the disease in 2000 (and an unprecedented European consumption crisis), in an attempt to provide a cost efficient alternative to intervention and expensive storage, the European Commission proposed a "purchase for destruction" scheme: animals aged over 30 months would either be destroyed or only enter the food chain if tested negatively. Such option brought again important issues: shouldn't food aid be the answer to the ethical problem of incinerating meat while millions starve? Would this be a solution knowing there is a risk of ruining domestic markets in developing countries? Would it be ethical to dump BSE-infected beef onto the Third World, after the people of the First World rejected it? By studying the handling of beef surplus during the last decade, the present dissertation intends to analyse European food aid - is it no longer an European agricultural policy by-product?
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Gambin, Márcio. "Análise da eficiência dos derivativos agropecuários na gestão da variabilidade de preços." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/54517.
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O agronegócio brasileiro vem apresentando importantes avanços quantitativos e qualitativos, ocupando posição de destaque na economia brasileira e no comércio internacional. Entretanto, essa nova realidade introduz ao processo de formação de preços, novas variáveis macroeconômicas que influenciam os arranjos negociais e aumenta à variabilidade de preços, exigindo do produtor rural a ampliação do conhecimento e da prática de gestão de riscos, seja para o êxito de seu negócio e/ou para o bem da economia como um todo. O risco de mercado intrínseco na atividade agropecuária gera impactos de diferentes proporções aos agentes envolvidos e configura-se como um grande problema para o agronegócio. Como solução deste problema é apresentado o mercado de derivativos agropecuários, analisando sua eficiência na gestão da variabilidade de preços, através de diferentes estratégias de comercialização da soja nas três últimas safras. Como a comercialização da produção através do mercado futuro se propõe a garantir determinado preço ao produtor, simularam-se os resultados obtidos por uma propriedade-padrão que negociou sua produção via contratos futuros, comparativamente aos obtidos através da venda no mercado spot local. Quanto à efetividade dos instrumentos derivativos, nota-se que sua utilização resguarda o produtor de oscilações de preços que possam comprometer sua atividade, mesmo que ele não enfrente adversidades em relação à produtividade de sua lavoura. Evidentemente, dada a amplitude e a diversidade de operações, o conjunto de estratégias não pôde ser esgotado.Brazilian agribusiness has been showing significant quantitative and qualitative advances, occupying a prominent position in the Brazilian economy and international trade. However, this new reality introduces the process of pricing, new macroeconomic variables that influence the negotiating arrangements and increases price variability, requiring the farmer to increase the knowledge and practice of risk management, either to the success of his business and/or for the good of the economy as a whole. The market risk inherent in agricultural activity generates impacts of different proportions to those concerned, and configures itself as a major problem for agribusiness. As a solution to this problem, the agricultural derivatives market is presented, analyzing their effectiveness in the management of price variability through different marketing strategies of soybeans in the last three seasons. As the commercialization of the production through the futures market aims at guaranteeing a certain price to the producer, it was simulated the results obtained by a standard property which negotiated its production through futures contracts, compared to those obtained by selling in the spot market place. As for the effectiveness of derivative instruments, note that its use protects the producer price changes that may compromise his activity, even if he does not face adversity in relation to the productivity of his crop. Of course, given the breadth and diversity of operations, the set of strategies could not be exhausted.
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Peter, Nicole A. "The effects of individual crop payments on the cost of food." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17739.
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Master of AgribusinessDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Hikaru Hanawa Peterson
This thesis focuses on the question of the effect of commodity pricing and Federal programs on the cost of food in the United States. For many decades the debate around subsidy payments has been argued in the halls of Congress and in farm fields across the country. Corn, wheat, and soybeans are the three largest crops subsidized in the United States today; arguably, the prices of these crops are influenced by subsidy payments. The goal of this thesis is to determine the effects of the prices of the top three subsidized crops on the thrifty market basket for families for four published by the USDA, factoring in transportation costs, market spread, agricultural technology advancements, and market value share. Previous studies have focused on direct subsidy payments as a whole and their aggregate influence on the price of food. This paper builds on the past studies by evaluating the effects of crop-specific programs on the cost of food. Econometric regression analysis was used to analyze the data gathered to support or refute the hypothesis that commodity prices and Federal payments do influence the cost of food. Initially data were gathered from January 1960 to December 2012. The data were adjusted for inflation using the Producer Price Index and Consumer Price Index where appropriate. After multiple attempts of modeling it was discovered that data from 1960 to 1970 needed to be discarded due to the difference in the market basket price calculations from the rest of the series. Furthermore, the model was adjusted based on the presence of multicollinearity, and the Hildreth-Lu Method was utilized to correct for the autocorrelation in error. The regression results illustrated that the only commodity of the three considered in the study that had a positive and statistically significant impact on the cost of food over the sample period was corn (p-value = 0.005). The coefficients on wheat and soybean prices were statistically insignificant. The historical fuel price had the expected positive sign and was statistically significant. The agricultural technology factor was not significant. The results also suggested that the cereal grains supply chain has significantly increased the cost of food. Both the cereal grain farm value share and the retail-to-farm spread for cereal grains were statistically significant (p-value < 0.000) with positive coefficients. The price spread of fruit was statistically significant, (p-value = 0.000), but the farm value was not. The regression results were initially surprising for the crop price variables. The overall analysis supports previous studies that crop subsidies alone may not have impacted food prices per se, but biofuel policies may have had unintended consequences. Crop-specific results provide more information to consider when discussing The Farm Bill and the implications of such a complicated and omnibus piece of legislation.
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Santana, José Wagner Costa de. "Comercialização agrícola no estado de Sergipe." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2005. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5549.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThese study of the agricultural market of Sergipe analyse the his bases, structure and importance to start of the identify of the principal imports and exports products, that destine to the supply of the markets. These meaning, were adopts of the principles of the ,search direct and indirect that counted with the stand of the infomations of field, following of extensive prospectus bibliography, visit about ten trade fair and interview with professionals, management, producers, intermediary and the consumer. In Sergipe, the agricultural market introduction multiple forms, with emphasis in the market retail of Aracaju and the wholesaler of Itabaiana. The informal agricultural market predominate, with prominence for trade fair that make up the principal canal of the sale of fruit and vegetable present at 98,6% of the sergipanos towns. The market occurrence of form difusse and range, observe the happening of change through of the hidroponics and organics, complete with the diversity chain of distribution and the market carry out in the irrigation perimeter. The crystallize of market give with the sale of the principals agricultural products that estabilish import link between the internal and external market, while the reach space of the products is difference on yours chains. The agricultural market is a economical activite primary that proportionate the integration of the markets of forms multiple and give backing in the seedling resulting of the global that apply adjust of the agent wrap and for the competitiveness from on news challenge.
Este estudo da comercialização agrícola de Sergipe analisa as suas bases, estruturas e importância, a partir da identificação dos principais produtos importados e exportados, que se destinam ao abastecimento dos mercados. Nesse sentido, foram adotados os princípios da pesquisa direta e indireta que contou com o levantamento de dados censitários e de campo, seguido de extensa prospecção bibliográfica, visitas a dezenas de feiras e entrevistas com profissionais, gestores, produtores, intermediários e os consumidores. Em Sergipe, a comercialização agrícola apresenta múltiplas formas, com ênfase no comércio varejista de Aracaju e o atacadista de Itabaiana. O comércio agrícola informal predomina, com destaque para as feiras que compõem o principal canal da venda de hortifrutigranjeiros, presente em 98,6% dos municípios sergipanos. A comercialização ocorre de forma difusa e ambivalente, já se observando a ocorrência de mudanças, sobretudo através dos produtores hidropônicos e orgânicos, cujo corolário, se completa com as diversas cadeias de distribuição e a comercialização realizada nos perímetros irrigados. A cristalização da comercialização se dá com a venda dos principais produtos agrícolas que constituem importante elo entre o mercado interno e o externo, enquanto o alcance espacial dos produtos é diferenciado em suas cadeias. A comercialização agrícola é uma atividade econômica fundamental que proporciona a integração dos mercados de forma multilateral e ganha respaldo nas mudanças decorrentes da globalização que requer ajustes dos agentes envolvidos e prima pela competitividade diante dos novos desafios.
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Bego, Marcelo da Silva. "Three essays on agricultural markets." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/18066.
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Esta tese apresenta três ensaios que investigam três questões relevantes sobre mercados agrícolas: escolha de hedge dos agricultores; imposto ótimo do governo; e reações do governo à volatilidade dos preços. O primeiro ensaio preenche uma lacuna teórica provando que agricultores mais ricos fazem mais hedge que agricultores menos ricos. O segundo ensaio examina imposto ótimo do governo e mostra como políticas do governo de Ramsey competem com o mercado financeiro. O terceiro ensaio mostra o efeito da casualidade da volatilidade dos preços nos subsídios do governo utilizando dados do mercado de trigo dos Estados Unidos. Ele também mostra que o governo reage a volatilidade dos preços, principalmente, quando preços estão baixos o suficiente, e as reações acontecem independente do plano agrícola.
This dissertation presents three essays that investigate three relevant issues about agricultural markets: farmers’ choice of hedge; government optimal taxation; and government farm program reactions to price volatility. First essay fills a theoretical gap showing that high profitable farmers hedge more than low profitable farmers. Second essay examines government optimal taxation and shows how Ramsey government policies compete with financial markets. The third essay shows the causality from price volatility to government subsidies using US wheat market data. It also shows that government reacts to price volatility, mainly, when prices are low enough, despite the farm program design.
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Santana, José Wagner Costa de. "Redes emergentes de comercialização agrícola em Sergipe." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5466.
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The study of emerging networks of agricultural marketing, in Sergipe, aims to analyze bases, structures, spatial configuration and contributions to agriculture challenges established by the expansion of the global economy which involves transformations of agriculture, driven by the dynamics of the internal and external markets. The analysis of emerging networks of agricultural marketing considers as fundamental elements the activities developed around the production and commercialization involving the countryside and the city, the family agriculture and market, the provision of technical-scientific-informational services, the network infrastructure that allows access to the markets of production and consumption, through actions that involve the presence of actors that constitute the system of networks installed amount and downstream of the primary production and processing of this production. To unveil the complexity that involves the various stages of marketing, was made wide bibliographical survey, being also conducted surveys of five-year census data, annual production and marketing, available in publications of national and international institutions and bodies, of representative institutions of classes. In addition, fieldwork was conducted, from visits to dozens of trade shows by sergipanas cities, to free capital markets and several commercial establishments of agricultural products and production processing. Interviews with professionals have been applied yet, managers, producers, intermediaries and consumers. This study focused on the sweet potatoes, milk, corn and poultry and eggs together in the last decade, are contributing to the dynamics of the contemporary economy and emerging marketing networks form. The expansion of these networks is enabling the access of small production developed by family farmers and agriculture the agricultural market shopping local, regional, national and global levels, seeking to monitor the dynamics of market agriculture operated by global integration of production and consumption. At the same time, the emerging agricultural marketing networks through its multiple forms, will be inserting in the competitive market through the agricultural access and adherence to formal and informal marketing dichotomous. Emerging networks are by crystallizing as occupying a prominent position in the economy and contribute significantly to changes in the landscape of Sergipe, forming new channels with streams of objects, things and linking capital markets, production and processing of internal and external consumption, increasing the visibility of the State as a producer, processor and exporter of consumer goods diversified.El estudio de nuevas redes de comercialización agrícola, en Sergipe, pretende analizar las bases, estructuras, configuración espacial y contribuciones a los desafíos de la agricultura establecidas por la expansión de la economía mundial que implica transformaciones de la agricultura, impulsado por la dinámica de los mercados internos y externos. El análisis de nuevas redes de comercialización agrícola considera como elementos fundamentales de las actividades desarrolladas por la producción y comercialización que involucra el campo y la ciudad, la granja y mercado, la prestación de servicios técnicos-científicos-informativos, la infraestructura de red que permite el acceso a los mercados de producción y consumo, a través de acciones que implican la presencia de actores que constituyen el sistema de redes instalados aguas arriba y aguas abajo de la producción primaria y el procesamiento de esta producción. Para dar a conocer la complejidad que implica las distintas etapas de comercialización, se realizó encuesta amplia bibliográfica, siendo también realizó estudios de los datos del censo de cinco años, la producción anual y comercialización, disponible en publicaciones de instituciones nacionales e internacionales y organismos, de instituciones representativas de las clases. Además, el trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo, desde visitas a docenas de comercio muestra por las ciudades de sergipanas, para liberar a los mercados de capitales y varios establecimientos comerciales de productos agrícolas y el proceso de producción. Entrevistas con profesionales han sido aplicadas, directores, productores, intermediarios y consumidores. Este estudio se centró en la batatas, leche, maíz, aves de corral y huevos juntos en la última década, está contribuyendo a la dinámica de la economía contemporánea y emergente forma redes de la comercialización. La expansión de estas redes está permitiendo el acceso de la pequeña producción desarrollada por familias de agricultores y la agricultura el mercado agrícola de compras a nivel local, regional, nacional y mundial, tratando de controlar la dinámica de la agricultura de mercado operado por integración global de producción y consumo. Al mismo tiempo, el emergente agrícola marketing redes a través de sus múltiples formas, va ser insertando en el mercado competitivo con el acceso a productos agrícolas y la adherencia al marketing formal e informal dicotómico. Redes emergentes se están desarrollando como ocupando una posición prominente en la economía y contribuyan significativamente a los cambios en el paisaje de Sergipe, formando nuevos canales con las secuencias de objetos, cosas y enlace a los mercados de capitales, producción y procesamiento de consumo interno y externo, aumentar la visibilidad del estado como productor, procesador y exportador de bienes de consumo diversificado.
O estudo de redes emergentes de comercialização agrícola, em Sergipe, tem como objetivo analisar bases, estruturas, configuração espacial e as contribuições para a agricultura frente aos desafios estabelecidos pela expansão da economia globalizada que envolve transformações da agricultura, impulsionada pela dinâmica dos mercados internos e externos. A análise de redes emergentes de comercialização agrícola considera como elementos fundamentais as atividades desenvolvidas em torno da produção e comercialização que envolvem o campo e a cidade, a agricultura familiar e a de mercado, a prestação de serviços técnico-científicos-informacionais, a infraestrutura de redes que possibilita o acesso aos mercados de produção e de consumo, através de ações que envolvem a presença de atores que constituem o sistema de redes instaladas a montante e a jusante da produção primária e de transformação dessa produção. Para desvelar a complexidade que envolve as diversas etapas da comercialização, foi feita vasta prospecção bibliográfica, sendo, também, realizados levantamentos de dados censitários quinquenais, de produção anual e de comercialização, disponíveis em publicações de instituições e organismos nacional e internacional, de instituições representativas de classes. Além disso, foi realizado trabalho de campo, a partir de visitas a dezenas de feiras pelas cidades sergipanas, às feiras livres da capital e vários estabelecimentos comerciais de produtos agrícolas e de transformação da produção. Ainda foram aplicados questionários com profissionais, gestores, produtores, intermediários e consumidores. Este estudo focou a batata doce, o leite, o milho e a avicultura de corte e ovos que juntas, na última década, estão contribuindo para a dinâmica da economia contemporânea e formam redes emergentes da comercialização. A expansão dessas redes está possibilitando o acesso da pequena produção desenvolvida por agricultores familiares e da agricultura comercial ao mercado agrícola local, regional, nacional e global, procurando acompanhar a dinâmica da agricultura de mercado comandada pela integração global de produção e consumo. Ao mesmo tempo, as redes emergentes de comercialização agrícola, através de suas múltiplas formas, vão se inserindo no competitivo mercado agrícola mediante o acesso e aderência à dicotômica comercialização formal e informal. As redes emergentes estão se cristalizando à medida que ocupam posição de destaque na economia e contribuem significativamente para as mudanças na paisagem sergipana, formando novos canais com fluxos de objetos, coisas e capitais que ligam os mercados de produção, de transformação e de consumo interno e externo, ampliando a visibilidade do Estado como produtor, transformador e exportador de bens de consumo diversificado.
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Kurzweil, Marianne. "Interdependencies between agricultural and labour markets." Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/999600532/04.
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Aleknavičius, Marius. "Modeling the evolution of agricultural land markets." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20071204_101606-14316.
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This is a summary of doctoral dissertation. Dissertation represents analysis of agricultural land markets development. The analysis was performed by proposing a complex analytical model system and applying it for the investigation of land market development and evolution in Lithuania.Tai yra daktaro disertacijos santrauka. Disertacijoje pateikiama žemės ūkio paskirties žemės rinkų raidos analizė, pagal apžvelgtą teorinę medžiagą pasiūlant kompleksinę tyrimų schemą ir pritaikant ją Lietuvos žemės rinkos kūrimuisi ir vystymuisi tirti.
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Alamri, Yosef Abdulrahman. "THREE ESSAYS ON SAUDI ARABIA AGRICULTURAL MARKETS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/79.
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The first essay compares six common models, linear, quadratic, Cobb-Douglas, translog, logarithmic, and transcendental, to estimate wheat yield and area functions for Saudi Arabia. Data cover 1990-2016 for all the variables that affect wheat supply. After testing the models using Box-Cox, multicollinearity, and autocorrelation tests, we decide that the Cobb-Douglas models provide the best fit for both yield and area. We find the price elasticity of wheat is inelastic. Yield price elasticities are more inelastic than area elasticities. The impact of government policy number 335 has a larger effect on area than yield. The cultivated area of wheat, the one-year lag of yield, and the number of machines per hectare are the most influential factors affecting wheat yield. The primary factors influencing the area models are a one-year lag of both cultivated area and yield, as well as the number of machines per hectare.
The second essay estimates the residual demand elasticity that rice exporters face in Saudi Arabia. The inverse residual demand methods, as proposed by Reed and Saghaian 2004, are used for rice exporters to Saudi Arabia during the period 1993-2014. Estimation results of the elasticities of the residual demand indicate that Australia, India, and Pakistan enjoy market power, while Egypt faces a perfectly elastic demand curve. We find Thailand and the US had positive inverse residual demand which means they also have no market power.
The last essay is about the virtual water trade in Saudi Arabia. Using the concept of virtual water introduced by Allan 1994 and developed by Hoekstra and Hung (2002), we estimate virtual water trade for 20 crops of Saudi Arabia during 2000-2016. Our result shows the average virtual water trade was 12.5 billion m3/year. Saudi has net virtual water imports, with the most significant virtual water imports coming from cereals & alfalfa and vegetables; and there is net virtual water export of fruit. Saudi virtual water trade reduces pressure on water resources by 52%. Distance plays a role in Saudi virtual water export; we found that more than 90% of exports go to neighboring countries, including 45% to GCC countries. More than 30% of virtual water imports come from Europe.
A Gravity model is used to investigate whether water scarcity variables influence trade. We compare the OLS, Fixed effects, Random effects, and PPML estimators to get the best model. The AIC, and tests for multicollinearity, and heteroskedasticity assist in determining estimation procedures and the final models. We cluster the errors by distance to improve the specific country effect variables such as economic mass variables. For the cereals and alfalfa group, we find that water-related variables influence virtual water imports of cereals, millet, sorghum, corn, barley, and sesame. Therefore, we suggest that a basic gravity model be applied to the other crops. In the vegetable group, we find that related water variables impact virtual water trade for all crops except marrow. Dates are the only fruit crop that are not influenced by the water-related variables.
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Yamaura, Koichi. "World markets of vertically differentiated agricultural commodities: a case of soybean markets." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13963.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Tian Xia
This dissertation presents the development of a new approach to include the interaction of vertically differentiated products, a subject that has been largely ignored in previous studies, to analyze the market power of exporters and importers in the world markets of agricultural commodities. Three theoretical models, a residual demand elasticity (RDE) model, a residual supply elasticity (RSE) model, and a two-country partial equilibrium trade model, are developed, and the corresponding empirical models are specified for U.S.-Japan soybean trade. Genetically modified (GM) and non-genetically modified (non-GM) soybeans are vertically differentiated products in the sense that GM soybeans are largely defined as an inferior substitute to non-GM soybeans. I compare two versions of these models: a new approach in which the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans is taken into account and the traditional approach in which the interaction is ignored. In each of the three models (the RDE model, the RSE model, and the partial equilibrium trade model), the traditional approach overestimates the market margin of U.S. non-GM soybean exporters and that of Japanese non-GM soybean importers. By considering the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans, the new approach greatly reduces the estimates of the corresponding market margins of U.S. exporters and Japanese importers to improve the accuracy of such estimates. The statistical significance of the coefficient estimate of the interaction term, the U.S. GM soybean price or the Japanese GM soybean price, in all three models suggests that the new approach, which includes the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans, is necessary and preferred. The partial equilibrium trade model includes both an RDE equation and an RSE equation in a system to address the possible contemporaneous cross-equation correlation. Thus, the estimation results of the partial equilibrium trade model are further improved, compared to those of the RDE model and the RSE model. Using the traditional approach to estimate the partial equilibrium trade model, I find that the U.S. non-GM soybean exporters’ market margin is 56.5% and the Japanese non-GM soybean importers’ market margin is 16.1%. However, the results obtained by using the new approach show that the market margins of U.S. exporters and Japanese importers are 33.2% and 6%, respectively. By taking into account the interaction between non-GM and GM soybeans, the new approach improves the accuracy of the estimates of market margins of soybean exporters and importers. U.S. non-GM soybean exporters do have a significant market margin in international markets, but it is not as large as the one suggested by the traditional approach. Although Japanese non-GM soybean importers enjoy some market margin, it is relatively small. The theoretical and empirical models and results in this dissertation provide new and more accurate estimates of residual demand and supply elasticities and market power and improve the understanding on world soybean markets. These results can be useful for industry participants in international soybean markets, academic researchers, and policy makers.
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Leppäniemi, M. (Matti). "Mobile marketing communications in consumer markets." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514288159.
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Abstract
This dissertation aims to examine the theoretical and empirical foundations of the mobile marketing phenomenon. While numerous studies have yielded important insights into this topic, the existing mobile marketing literature appears to be inconsistent and somewhat fragmented. With the help of two action research projects, interviews of mobile marketing practitioners, and an online survey, this study aims to contribute to our understanding of the nature of mobile marketing communications in consumer markets.
This thesis consists of an introductory section and five papers. The first paper evaluates the current state of mobile marketing research based on a review and an analysis of extant literature that focuses on mobile (or wireless) applications aimed at marketing or advertising. Various definitions of mobile marketing are evaluated and a more technologically-agnostic definition is provided. The second paper presents a framework of the mobile marketing communications environment that delineates how mobile marketing should be integrated into a company's integrated marketing communications strategy. A comprehensive overview of divergent mobile marketing activities is provided, along with representative examples derived from popular press. In addition, a detailed description of mobile marketing campaign planning and its implementation process is provided. The third paper provides a conceptual model of the relationships between interactive integrated marketing communications and database management in a mobile context. The results from empirical research suggest that consumers are willing to participate in Short Message Service (SMS) marketing in a retailing context.
The fourth and fifth papers utilize data collected by means of an online survey (n = 4,062) and examine the factors associated with consumers' intention to receive mobile advertising messages and responses to SMS direct-response campaigns. The results suggest that consumers' intention to receive mobile advertising messages is related to the relevance of the message, permission to receive mobile advertising messages, the benefits of receiving the message and the privacy of personal data. In addition, the results suggest that women and men differ significantly in their responses to SMS call-to-action campaigns, consumers aged 36–45 years are most likely to respond to SMS call-to-action in a TV program and participate in SMS sweepstakes and other competitions, and that employment status has a substantial impact on consumers' SMS campaign activity.
Overall, this thesis provides a conceptual and theoretical foundation intended to guide research efforts focused on mobile media and to aid practitioners in their quest to achieve mobile marketing success.
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Kurzweil, Marianne [Verfasser]. "Interdependencies between Agricultural and Labour Markets / Marianne Kurzweil." Aachen : Shaker, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1161301208/34.
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Wang, Yuanfang. "Alternative measures of volatility in agricultural futures markets." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1111610770.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 121 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-121). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Chaudhry, Muhammad Imran. "Essays on Agricultural and Financial Markets in Pakistan." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1470400809.
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Luensmann, Claire. "Implied volatility spillover in agricultural and energy markets." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17276.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Ted C. Schroeder
In recent years, the agricultural markets have been subject to increased prices and unusual levels of elevated volatility. One likely driver of this is the mandated ethanol expansion in the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Previous research has identified relationships in market prices and variability between the energy and grain markets, but little has been done to evaluate volatility spillover across a broader spectrum of agricultural commodities. Additionally, few studies have assessed causal linkages across market implied volatilities. This research examines implied volatility spillover in futures markets across major agricultural commodities and energies. The analysis also determines the time path and magnitude of volatility translation across the markets and compares the causal relationships between pre-ethanol boom and post-ethanol boom time periods. Granger causality tests are conducted using multivariate and bivariate vector autoregressive modeling techniques, and impulse response functions are employed to obtain time paths of the reactions. Overall, results indicate that strong implied volatility spillover relationships exist between the grain markets and between the live cattle and feeder cattle markets. The analysis also finds that the agricultural markets have evolved from lean hogs being the primary volatility leader in the pre-ethanol boom era to corn being the primary volatility leader in the post-ethanol boom era. Despite a high correlation between crude oil and corn volatilities in the post-ethanol boom time period, the causal linkage between the two commodities’ volatilities may not be as definite as other literature suggests.
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Vergel, Eleuterio Pedro. "Essays on agricultural commodity spot and forward markets." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2015. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/162/.
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This thesis explores several topics related to agricultural commodities. It is comprised of three empirical chapters: In Chapter 2, we show the validity of investing capital in fertilizer mining companies, both from a market return perspective for individual or institutional investors, and from a hedging standpoint for insurance companies and other economic actors exposed to inflation risk and high agricultural commodity prices. First, we explore the relationship between corn, wheat, and fertilizers, showing how price spikes in corn and wheat, followed by a price spike in fertilizers, made fertilizers visible to investors for the first time. We then analyse an exhaustive sample of listed fertilizer-mining companies and look at the sensitivities of their stocks to agricultural indexes and the fertilizer index in order to better explain the high returns they offered at the time of the first food crisis. Chapter 3 focuses on corn and wheat and is twofold. Firstly, we argue that the coefficient of variation and standard deviation of prices are more informative measures of uncertainty than the volatility of returns, since it is food prices and their “volatility” that matter for the survival of human beings. Secondly, we compare the quality of future price prediction provided by individual forward contracts with the geometric average of the forward curve introduced by Borovkova and Geman (2006).
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Kelso, George Seaton 1964. "Spatial integration of feeder cattle markets." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291614.
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Previous analyses of market integration often ignore the spatial aspect of economic activity. A model of imperfect competition with changed implications for pricing structures is used to analyze spatial pricing relationships between ten feeder cattle markets. The econometric model is applied to reveal price structures over a six year period, a two year period, and to identify changes in price structures corresponding with the change from physical delivery to cash settlement of feeder cattle futures contracts. The six year analysis indicates that all markets are integrated through a lagged adjustment process. The two year analysis reveals short-term patterns of price independence or nearly instantaneous price matching among some locations. The change to cash settlement corresponds with changes towards either independence or instantaneous price matching activity for the markets involved. Four high volume central plains locations act as an integrated central market which the other locations match.
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Le, Vay C. "The microeconomic theory of agricultural cooperation." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382238.
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Zheng, Chen. "Integration of Chinese agricultural commodity markets : a cointegration approach." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44484.
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The integration of spatially separated markets was accelerated by intense trade in the last few decades. China started to open its markets since 1978 and now it plays an important role in world trade. However, China’s impact is less pronounced on agricultural commodity markets, and its impact varies across different commodities. This study discusses the prices performance of corn, soybean, and wheat in China and the U.S. We examine the integration process of Chinese agricultural commodity markets after China’s entry to WTO (i.e. 2004-2012). This study applies the cointegration test with and without a structural change. We detect the cointegration relationship between soybean prices in China and the U.S., but we observe such relationship does not exist in corn and wheat markets within China and the U.S.
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Hirsch, Cornelius, and Harald Oberhofer. "Bilateral Trade Agreements and Trade Distortions in Agricultural Markets." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5428/1/wp240.pdf.
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Agricultural support levels are at a crossroad with reduced distortions in OECD countries and increasing support for agricultural producers in emerging economies over the last decades. This paper studies the determinants of distortions in the agricultural markets by putting a specific focus on the role of trade policy. Applying various different dynamic panel data estimators and explicitly accounting for potential endogeneity of trade policy agreements, we find that an increase in the number of bilateral free trade agreements exhibits significant short- and long-run distortion reducing effects. By contrast, WTO's Uruguay Agreement on Agriculture has not been able to systematically contribute to a reduction in agriculture trade distortions. From a policy point of view our findings thus point to a lack of effectiveness of multilateral trade negotiations.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Berger, Jurij [Verfasser]. "Essays on European Agricultural and Trade Policies, and their Effects on Agricultural Markets / Jurij Berger." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1239894651/34.
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Liu, Hong. "Markets, marketing, and marketing behaviour : an empirical examination in China and Britain." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/35752/.
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China's economic reform initiated in 1979 has brought about the partial functioning of markets and the growing interest in Western marketing on the part of academics, practitioners, and governmental bodies. In the West, despite the repeated espousal since the 1950s, marketing orientation has only been partially practised by UK and American firms, with a resultant decline in international competitiveness. Meanwhile, a number of related fundamental issues remain unexplored. This study addresses the compatibility of Western marketing with China's new setting, with a focus on the general factors encouraging and discouraging marketing orientation and the consequences thereof. A postal survey involved 254 UK firms and 636 Chinese enterprises, supplemented by two in-depth interviews. Principal component, regression, and discriminant analyses, together with t-test and analysis of variance, were performed for data analysis. The major issues in the study include: 1) characteristics of the firm adopting marketing orientation; 2) associations of marketing orientation with market structure and (governmental and corporate) control; 3) relationships between marketing orientation and performance; and 4) linkages between innovation and marketing orientation. Within this framework, the following are further examined: a) relationships among market structure, control, marketing orientation, and firm size; b) differences between the UK and China business environment and between (UK) corporate investment control and (Chinese) governmental investment control; c) structure of business orientation in UK and Chinese enterprises; and d) issues particularly relating to the Chinese context such as business behaviour and environment in different regions and enterprises of different type. The research demonstrates the nature of the embryonic stage of markets and marketing-related behaviour in China, and provides insights into business orientation in Western surroundings. A number of problems in the business orientation of UK firms and key parameters in terms of business decision and further research have been identified.
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Wilson, Amanda Janice. "Database Marketing Management Strategies for Agricultural Lenders." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36734.
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This study examines the use of databases to improve marketing techniques and
customer segmentation in lending institutions. Specifically, this study examines the use
of products and services by agricultural customers, and then determines the relationship
between the use of those products and services with farm business characteristics.
Information is also obtained on the interest rate sensitivity of the producers and correlated
with farm business characteristics. The importance of technology and strategic alliances
and other influences in the decision making process are determined after survey analysis.
The survey was sent to producers who had some type of loan. Respondents from
this study used an average of 3.2 loan products and 7.6 services for a total of 10.8 loans
and services. Only 1 percent of the respondents indicated that they did not have a
personal checking account. Twelve percent of the respondents indicated that they did not
use a credit card. Only 16 percent of the respondents indicated that they used leasing
services. Investment products did not have a high percentage of use. Thirty-three percent
indicated they were using certificates of deposit, while only 21 percent indicated the use
of money market funds, and 30 percent indicated the use of mutual funds. Thirty-seven
percent indicated they were using IRAs. However, most of the respondents were using
some form of insurance. Three-fourths of the respondents were using life insurance,
while only 21 percent indicated that they did not possess disability insurance. Other
services were also analyzed in this study. Only 15 percent of the respondents indicated
that they were utilizing estate planning services, despite the 67 percent of respondents
who were greater than age 41 and the 58 percent of respondents with greater than
$500,000 in assets. Seventeen percent of the respondents were using an appraisal service.
Due to the lower levels of usage for the investment products, this study focused
on the relationship between farm characteristics and the investment products. This study
showed that a relationship existed between farm and non-farm income with IRA usage. iii
Only farm income had a relationship with money market fund usage and mutual fund
usage. While, the use of estate plans was related to asset level.
The analysis on interest rate sensitivity was determined by the amount an interest
rate would have to decrease for a producer to switch lending institutions. The producers
who were found to be less interest rate sensitive were those who had lower farm and non-farm
incomes, lower asset levels, lower education levels, higher debt-to-asset ratio, and
those who owned a computer. This implies that these are the more loyal customers to an
institution or perhaps these producers have fewer opportunities to switch institutions.
Producers in this study indicated that when selecting a lender/service provider, a
competitive interest rate (76 percent of respondents) and the institution being a
dependable source of credit (75 percent) was important. Knowledge of agriculture was
also very important (69 percent of respondents). Internet banking and educational
seminars rated as the characteristics that were least important, 3 percent and 9 percent,
respectively. However, in the decision making process, lenders (69 percent of
respondents), accountants (53 percent), and veterinarians (38 percent) were shown to be
very important. The spouse/partner has considerable influence also on decision making.
Sixty-seven percent of the respondents indicated that the spouse/partner had a
considerable influence on investment decision, while sixty-one percent of the respondents
indicated that the spouse/partner had a considerable influence on credit decisions.
Five specific recommendations were made to the institutions following this study.
These recommendations include: use of technology, institutional use of databases, use of
influencers, and targeting and segmenting the marketplace.Master of Science
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Mashamaite, Makwena Phistos. "Price asymmetry in South African futures markets for agricultural commodities." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/942.
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Thesis (M.Sc. ( Agricultural Economics )) --University of Limpopo, 2005The deregulation of agricultural markets in South Africa led to the establishment of a futures market for agricultural products, which was opened in January 1995. The marketing of Agricultural products act No. 47 of 1996 was passed at the end of 1996. The new Marketing of Agricultural Products Act (Act No. 47 of 1996) in South Africa has created an environment in which farmers, traders and processors are able to react positively to transparent prices that are market related. Agricultural futures markets serve several important functions, such as price risk management, price discovery and forward pricing. Economists around the world have studied vertical and spatial price relationships, and the behaviour of price changes in futures markets using asymmetry tests. Price asymmetry results in futures markets have a number of important implications. Firstly, traditional models in time series may be slightly biased when forecasting future prices, because they assume price symmetry. Secondly, asymmetry results may imply that the weak-form efficient markets hypothesis appears to be contradicted, thus indicating that past prices do affect current prices and do contain information. Lastly, if persistent asymmetry is found in futures markets, market regulators and policy makers may wish to use asymmetric information to improve the functioning and stability of futures markets through improved price limit and margin policies. Implementing policies iv accounting for asymmetric behaviour may help avoid market crashes and sudden unexpected price adjustments adversely affecting market participants. This study tests the existence of price asymmetry in South African futures markets for white and yellow maize, wheat and sunflower seeds using a dynamic price asymmetry model. The sum of coefficients test and the speed of adjustment test are used to determine whether or not prices move up in the same fashion as they move down, over daily and weekly data frequencies. Out of the four commodity futures markets studied over varying data frequencies, only daily wheat is price asymmetric. Wheat daily prices respond faster to price decreases than to price increases. The implication of the results is that past prices do affect current prices and contain information. Hence, the weak-form efficient market hypothesis appears to be contradicted for wheat futures market. Another important implication of the results is that implementing policies accounting for asymmetric behavior through price limit and margin policies will improve the functioning and stability of wheat futures market in South Africa.
National Research Foundation, and the University of Limpopo
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Ortez, Amador Mario Amado. "Forecasting volatility in agricultural commodities markets considering market structural breaks." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18995.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Glynn Tonsor
This decade has seen movements in commodity futures markets never seen before. There are many factors that have intensified price movements and volatility behavior. Those factors likely altering supply and demand include governmental policy within and outside of the U.S, weather shocks, geopolitical conflicts, food safety concerns etc. Whatever the reasons are for price movements it is clear that the volatility behavior in commodity markets constantly change, and risk managers need to use current and efficient tools to mitigate price risk. This study identified market structural breaks of realized volatility in corn, wheat, soybeans, live cattle, feeder cattle and lean hogs futures markets. Furthermore, this study analyzes the forecasting performance of implied volatility, historical volatility, a composite approach and a naïve approach as forecasters of realized volatility. The forecasting performance of these methods was analyzed in the full period of time of our weekly data from January 1995 to April 2014 and in each identified market regime for each commodity. Previous research has analyzed forecasting performance of implied volatility, a time series alternative and a composite method. However, to the best of my knowledge, they have not worried about market structural breaks in the data that might influence the performance of the mentioned forecasting methods in different periods of time. Overall, results indicate that indeed there are multiple market structural breaks present in the volatility datasets across all six commodities. We found differences in the forecasting performance of the analyzed methods when individual market regimes were analyzed. There seems to be evidence that corroborates the idea in the literature about the superiority of implied volatility over a historical volatility, a composite approach and a naïve approach. Additionally, implied volatility encompassed all the information contained in the historical volatility and the naïve measure across each identified market regime in all six commodities. Our results show that when both implied volatility and historical volatility are available, the benefit of combining those measures into a composite forecasting approach is very limited. Our results hold true for a short term 1 week ahead realized volatility forecast. It would be of interest to see how results vary for longer forecasting time horizons.