Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Agricultural mechanization'
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Sarkar, Chinmoy. "Agricultural Mechanization in West Bengal: A comparative Study of Bardhaman and Dakshin Dinajpur Districts." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2016. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2145.
Full textAragón, Adrián Ramírez. "Rational planning of agricultural mechanization in Mexico using artificial neural networks." Kyoto University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126544.
Full text0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第14949号
農博第1790号
新制||農||976(附属図書館)
学位論文||H21||N4498(農学部図書室)
27387
UT51-2009-M863
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 清水 浩, 教授 近藤 直, 准教授 飯田 訓久
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Kibalama, Josephat S. "The assessment of agricultural mechanization in Uganda : perspective engineering options and strategies /." Connect to resource, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1195574781.
Full textMilan, M. "Improving operational management of harvest, transport and mechanization for sugar cane in Brazil." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282463.
Full textCamargo, Jose Marangoni. "Relações de trabalho na agricultura paulista no periodo recente." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285483.
Full textTese (dooutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Insituto de Economia
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos principais analisar as transformações técnico-produtivas ocorridas na agricultura paulista e os seus impactos sobre o emprego e as condições socioeconômicas da população ocupada no setor. O nível de emprego direto gerado pelas atividades agrícolas depende em grande medida da área cultivada, da composição das culturas e do desempenho da safra agrícola, sobretudo no curto prazo. O estágio tecnológico em que se encontram as culturas também é outra variável que afeta a ocupação agrícola. No caso específico de São Paulo, dado o esgotamento precoce de sua fronteira agrícola, a evolução da ocupação agrícola tem sido influenciada principalmente pelas mudanças da base técnica dos processos produtivos adotados pelos estabelecimentos agrícolas. Entre o início da década de 70 e meados da década atual, a agricultura paulista eliminou quase 700 mil postos de trabalho, o que representou uma redução de quase 40% da ocupação agrícola neste período. Observa-se também uma tendência de declínio da mão-de-obra residente nas propriedades, na medida em que quase 60% dos ocupados na agricultura paulista já residem fora das propriedades rurais em que exercem seu trabalho. Os assalariados temporários, que nos anos 80 tinham uma participação de 22% do total da população ocupada, passam a representar 19% em 2004. Concomitantemente, o novo ciclo de inovação tecnológica em curso na agricultura paulista a partir dos anos 90, apoiada, sobretudo na intensificação da mecanização em todas as fases do processo produtivo, tende a levar a uma preferência crescente por trabalhadores assalariados permanentes. Analisa-se também o comportamento da ocupação agrícola para as diferentes regiões do estado de São Paulo. Os dados sobre a ocupação agrícola para os anos 90 apontam que, apesar de todas as regiões apresentarem uma redução do emprego nesse período, os efeitos combinados de fatores como o grau de tecnificação das culturas, as mudanças dos indicadores desse nível de modernização e alterações nas áreas ou na composição das culturas, incidiram de forma diferenciada sobre as várias regiões do estado
Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to analyze the changes in production methods that have taken place in agriculture in São Paulo State and their impact both on jobs and the socio-economic conditions of the workers in this sector. The rate of direct employment generated by agricultural activities largely depends on the cultivated area, the crops grown and the abundance of the harvest, especially in the short term. The technological level of the agricultural activities is another factor that affects the numbers employed on the land. In the specific case of São Paulo, given the early exhaustion of the rural frontier, the evolving pattern of agricultural work has been influenced mainly by the changing technical basis of the production methods adopted by agricultural units. From the beginning of the 1970s until the middle of the present decade, agriculture in São Paulo lost nearly 700,000 jobs, representing a nearly 40% reduction in rural employment in the period. There is also a tendency for the resident work force to decline, since nearly 60% of those working on the land in São Paulo already live away from the rural properties where they do their work. The seasonal workers, who represented 22% of the total working population during the 1980s, fell to 19% in 2004. At the same time, the new cycle of technological innovation in progress in the agricultural sector in São Paulo since the 1990s, above all in the intensification of mechanization at all stages of the productive process, tends to favor a growing preference for permanent salaried workers. The profile of agricultural work in the different regions of São Paulo State is also analyzed. The numbers occupied on the land during the 1990s indicate that, while all regions suffered a reduction in the level of employment in that period, the combined effects of factors such as the degree of mechanization of cultivation, changes in the indicators of that level of modernization and alterations in the area under cultivation or type of crops had affected of differentiated form the various regions of the state
Tese (dooutorado) - Universida
Política Social
Doutor em Ciências Econômicas
Chisango, Future T. "Agricultural mechanization for sustainable agriculture and food security in Zimbabwe: a case of Bindura District in Mashonaland Central Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/348.
Full textTieppo, Rafael Cesar. "Demanda de energia e custo operacional no planejamento de sistemas mecanizados na produção de grãos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-28042015-103545/.
Full textThe partial or full outsourcing is an alternative to acquire new agricultural machinery in order to reduce the sub utilization or insufficient fleet. Besides the economics factors, sustainability of the production system depends on the rational use of energy resources. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a deterministic model to predict the operational cost and energy demand of mechanized operations in soy bean and maize crops. The algorithm is compound by three modules, one for sizing the fleet, one to predict the operational cost and one to predict energy demand. By using the developed model, outsourcing viability for sowing, spraying and harvest in a farm and a scenario with three classes of machinery power of different sizes were determined. The developed model was consistent in predicting fuel consumption, operational costs and energy demand of sowing, spraying and harvest operations. The scenario simulation showed that there is not relation between operational costs and energy demand in order to choose the more economic machine, evidencing the importance of determining both of them when one is seeking for energy efficiency.
Matos, Marcos Antonio. "Modelo informatizado para o planejamento operacional e econômico de sistemas mecanizados com a consideração da pontualidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-17082007-094322/.
Full textMechanization is one of the most important stages inside the productive process, being responsible for making possible production systems and raising the competitiveness of national agriculture. However, the use of agricultural machinery can represent until 40% of the total production cost, what justifies the necessity of its planning, promoting a search for the improvement in the management systems, optimizing the productive resources. The planning of mechanized systems is considered complex due to lots of factors that must be analyzed for supplying the necessities of an agricultural property. Among theses factors, the high sensitivity of the crops to the times of mechanized operations accomplishment, therefore the delays in the operations cause damages in the quality and/or amount of products, concept associated to the timeliness losses, little known in Brazil. On the other hand the characteristics of the adopted production system can also influence in the profit activity. No-tillage system beyond the environmental benefits, for being a conservationist system, has low necessity of agricultural machinery, because the reduction of the operations number due to absence of the periodic tillage system. With the consolidation of this system, the improvement of techniques became indispensable to get an improvement in the efficiency of the mechanized operations. One of these techniques is the pre-fertilization, carrying out on the previous crop, and can be associated to a reduction of operational costs in agriculture. Considering the mechanization economic importance, the characteristics of agricultural environments and the crops, the purpose of this work was to develop a model for the operational and economic planning to the mechanized systems. The model considered the timeliness and its influences in the crop profits in production systems. The model showed consistent data by verification and validation, regarded to programming routine and the results, being able to be applied considering the timeliness in the agricultural operations. The time of accomplishment of sowing period had affected the crops yield, characterizing its importance when considering the timeliness in this operation. The increase of the sowing period, aiming to get a reduction in the number of machines and greater number of annual hours of use, influenced the crop mechanization cost. However, the analysis of the timeliness in the sowing period considering the production system was an important factor to raise the profit in soybean crop. The pre-fertilization system showed viable, reducing the number of sets, the operational and total cost, what made possible to increase the profits, when compared with the traditional system, independently of the sowing period. Analyzing the size of the farm as a critical variable when the mechanized systems are planned, it was conclude that there are ideal modules for the agricultural machines use, reducing its operational cost due to a greater exploitation of the number of machines used, what depends on the production system adopted.
Alcântara, Milla Reis de 1982. "Dinâmica das mudanças na base técnica do setor agrícola do estado de São Paulo." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256780.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: A evolução tecnológica da agricultura no mundo, em particular no Brasil, determinou mudanças na estrutura e no funcionamento dos sistemas agroindustriais, resultando numa nova dinâmica organizacional baseada em alguns fatores chaves como a especialização e a flexibilidade. Uma análise da dinâmica das mudanças técnicas ocorridas no setor agrícola do Estado de São Paulo se faz necessária, uma vez que o desenvolvimento desse setor contribui de forma direta no crescimento econômico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar e interpretar a dinâmica das mudanças na base técnica do setor agrícola do Estado de São Paulo nas últimas duas décadas e determinar fatores estratégicos para manter e aumentar a competitividade desse setor. Para a realização desta pesquisa a unidade de análise foi o Estado de São Paulo representado pelos seus 645 municípios, sendo selecionadas vinte e quatro atividades agrícolas, dentre às sessenta e quatro existentes no Estado, nas quais foram analisadas três variáveis: área plantada, produção e rendimento médio. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa essas três variáveis foram analisadas num período de vinte anos utilizando as técnicas de análise de componentes principais (ACP) e Análise de Cluster (AC). Na segunda etapa foram analisadas as respostas dos especialistas sobre as principais mudanças na base técnica das culturas e na terceira etapa foi realizada a integração dos resultados das etapas anteriores. Os resultados mostraram que no período estudado, das vinte e quatro atividades, sete tiveram aumento na produção, área plantada e rendimento médio e as mesmas foram responsáveis em 2009 por 96,23% do valor da produção agrícola do Estado. Quanto à mudança na base técnica ocorrida nos últimos vinte anos, a inovação biológica representada pelo desenvolvimento de novas variedades foi o principal elemento da mudança na base técnica da agricultura paulista. A inovação mecânica representada pelas soluções em mecanização agrícola voltadas para o plantio, a colheita e a pós-colheita das culturas também contribuiu nessa evolução. Os fatores estratégicos apontam para manutenção e aumento nos investimentos para pesquisa de inovações biológicas representadas por novas variedades e a pesquisa em inovações mecânicas representadas pela mecanização agrícola
Abstract: The technological evolution development in world's agriculture, particularly in Brazil led to changes in the structure and functioning of agribusiness systems, resulting in a new organizational dynamics that is based on some key factors such as specialization and flexibility. An analysis of the dynamics of technical change occurred in the agricultural sector of the State of São Paulo is necessary, since the development of this sector contributes directly to economic growth. This study aimed to analyze and interpret the dynamics of changes in the technical base of the agricultural sector of the state of São Paulo in the last two decades and determine strategic factors to maintain and enhance the competitiveness of this sector. The unit of analysis of this research was the São Paulo State represented by its 645 municipalities, where twenty-four agricultural activities were selected among the sixty-four being explored in the State with three variables analyzed: area planted, production and average yield. In the first stage of the research these three variables were analyzed over a period of twenty years using the techniques of principal component analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). In the second step the responses of experts on major changes in the technical base of crops were analyzed and the final step was the integration of the previous results. The results showed that during the study period, seven of the twenty-four activities had increases in production, acreage and average yield and these seven activities accounted in 2009 for 96.23% of the value of agricultural production in the state. As for the change in the technical base within the last twenty years, the biological innovation represented by the development of new varieties was the main element of change in the technical base of Sao Paulo's agriculture. The mechanical innovation represented by agricultural mechanization solutions focused on planting, harvesting and post-harvest operations also contributed in this evolution. Strategic factors point out to the need of increased investment and maintenance for biological research innovations represented by new varieties and research in mechanical innovations represented by agricultural mechanization
Mestrado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Mestra em Engenharia Agrícola
Cardoso, Terezinha de Fátima 1969. "Cenarios tecnologicos e demanda da capacitação da mão-de-obra do setor agricola sucroalcooleiro paulista." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256925.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: No Brasil, o setor sucroalcooleiro viveu um momento de grandes investimentos, impulsionado principalmente pelo aumento da frota de automóveis do tipo "flex fuel", e pela expectativa de aumento das exportações, considerando a meta de adição de etanol à gasolina no mundo todo. Governo e organizações privadas estão se conscientizando da necessidade de ações para aumentar a produção e a produtividade. Dentre tais medidas, estão a ampliação das áreas de plantio, a otimização do processo de plantio e colheita da cana-de-açúcar, bem como a otimização da produção de etanol. No entanto, as referidas medidas para elevar a produtividade implicam questões ambientais, econômicas, sociais e tecnológicas, ganhando expressão com o processo de mecanização. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a qualificação de mão-de-obra no processo de implantação da mecanização do setor agrícola sucroalcooleiro. Para tanto, foram considerados quatro cenários de mecanização: Cenário I - Tradicional, Cenário II - Mecanizado, Cenário III - Informatizado e Cenário IV - Auxílio Mecânico, e o grau de qualificação da mão-de-obra requerida em cada um deles. Foram visitadas três usinas sucroalcooleiras, duas que representam o cenário I e uma unidade que representa o cenário II, de acordo com o índice de mecanização empregado, e realizada uma projeção para os cenários III e IV, visando identificar as carências de qualificação da mão-de-obra no setor. Verificou-se que a mecanização assim como as tecnologias associadas, como a agricultura de precisão, exige funcionários com escolaridade e capacitação acima da encontrada no quadro de funcionários das usinas pesquisadas, principalmente no que se refere ao plantio e corte manual, situação que aponta para a necessidade de um programa mais abrangente de qualificação e treinamento para o setor
Abstract: The Brazilian sugar and alcohol sector is going through a process of large investments driven mostly by the growing fleet of flex fuel automobiles, and also by expectations about increasing exports of ethanol for worldwide blending with gasoline. Government and private organizations are becoming aware of the need for actions required to increase production and productivity. Among these actions are the increase of farming areas, optimization of the planting and harvesting processes as well as the ethanol production process. Along with those changes several questions arise related to environmental, economical, social and technological matters, in which agricultural mechanization is included. The objective of this work is to analyze the need for labor qualification in the processes of rapid mechanization that is taking place. For the study three mechanization sceneries were considered: scenery I- Traditional, scenery II- mechanized, scenery III- computerized and scenery IV- mechanically aided. Labor qualification required was analyzed in all three cases. Three sugar mills were visited, two of them can be included in scenery I and the third one in scenery II; scenery III and scenery IV are just a future view according to the present trends. In all cases labor qualification shortages were identified. It was found that increasing mechanization labels are associated with higher level of labor qualification at the mills. Mechanizations of the planting and harvesting operations together with the still incipient applications of precision farming require higher qualified labor than manual planting and harvesting operations
Mestrado
Maquinas Agricolas
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
Franck, Cristian Josue. "MODELAGEM MATEMÁTICA PARA DOSADORES DE FERTILIZANTES POR DELINEAMENTO COMPOSTO CENTRAL ROTACIONAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7592.
Full textThe world population growth poses to modern agriculture a number of challenges, one of the main ones is the assurance of the food supply. For this, the rational and appropriate use of fertilizers that can provide increased productivity is required. Accordingly, a technology that can be used is Precision Agriculture, by applying to variable rates. To this end, electronic controllers, based on algorithms are used. However, these algorithms probably do not consider the effect of longitudinal and transverse inclination on the rate of fertilizer application. Aiming to enhance such algorithms, the present study aimed to develop mathematical models capable of predicting the rate of fertilizer application on the basis of longitudinal and transverse gradients and drive speed by of a central composite rotational design, which can be used as a tool to fix the rate of fertilizer application in precision agriculture. The experiments were performed at the Laboratory for Research and Development of Agricultural Machinery (Laserg), linked to the Federal University of Santa Maria. Five types of fertilizer metering mechanism of seed and fertilizer drills in lines and three types of fertilizers were used. Through central composite rotational design mathematical models were generated for each type of fertilizer metering mechanism and fertilizer, totaling fifteen models. With regression analysis, it was proven the efficiency of the models, simulations were performed to determine the minimum and maximum rates and the recommended operation parameters for each fertilizer metering mechanism and type of fertilizer. To determine the best parameters, the models were adjusted for the rate of speed and spacing. Then, the corresponding drive speeds to application rates of 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg ha-1 for longitudinal and transverse inclination zero were determined. The drive speed was fixed and longitudinal and transverse inclination was varied until values on which the application rate reached 5% variation. Graphs with intervals of longitudinal and transverse inclination from the values that caused the maximum permitted variations of 5% were developed, and by analyzing the graph area, the fertilizer metering mechanism were classified according to their performance and are considered more efficient ones with larger area. The efficiency of mathematical models generated from the central composite rotational design was proven, since their coefficients of determination, R ², were high and their relative and absolute errors low. The classification of the fertilizer metering mechanism as the best performance on the change in the rate of fertilizer application was: auger-type transverse discharge with overflow, auger-type with overflow and discharge to the side, auger-type with discharge by gravity, fluted cylinder and star wheel.
O crescimento da população mundial lança à agricultura moderna uma série de desafios, um dos principais é a garantia do fornecimento de alimentos. Para isso, é necessária a utilização racional e adequada de fertilizantes, que podem propiciar o aumento da produtividade. Neste sentido, uma tecnologia que pode ser empregada é a Agricultura de Precisão, através da aplicação a taxas variáveis. Para tal, são utilizados controladores eletrônicos, baseados em algoritmos. Porém, é provável que tais algoritmos não considerem o efeito de inclinações longitudinais e transversais sobre a taxa de aplicação de fertilizantes. Com o intuito de aprimorar tais algoritmos, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos capazes de predizer a taxa de aplicação de fertilizantes em função de inclinações longitudinais e transversais e velocidade de acionamento, através do delineamento composto central rotacional, que possam ser empregados como ferramenta para correção da taxa de aplicação de fertilizantes em agricultura de precisão. Os experimentos foram realizados no Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Máquinas Agrícolas (Laserg), vinculado a Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Foram utilizados cinco tipos de dosadores de fertilizante de semeadoras-adubadoras e três tipos de fertilizantes. Através do delineamento composto central rotacional foram gerados modelos matemáticos para cada tipo de dosador e fertilizante, totalizando quinze modelos. Com a análise de regressão, foi comprovada a eficiência dos modelos e foram realizadas simulações para determinação das taxas de aplicação máxima e mínima e os melhores parâmetros recomendados à operação para cada dosador e tipo de fertilizante. Para determinação dos melhores parâmetros, os modelos foram ajustados em função da velocidade de deslocamento e espaçamento entre linhas. Em seguida foram determinadas as velocidades de acionamento correspondentes as taxas de aplicação de 200, 300, 400 e 500kg ha-1 para inclinações longitudinais e transversais iguais a zero. A velocidade de acionamento foi mantida fixa e variou-se as inclinações longitudinais e transversais até valores em que a taxa de aplicação atingiu variação de 5%. Foram desenvolvidos gráficos com os intervalos de inclinações longitudinais e transversais a partir dos valores que ocasionaram as variações máximas permitidas de 5% e, através da análise da área gráfica, os dosadores foram classificados quanto ao seu desempenho, sendo considerados mais eficientes aqueles com maior área do gráfico. Foi comprovada a eficiência dos modelos matemáticos gerados a partir do delineamento composto central rotacional, pois seus coeficientes de determinação, foram elevados e seus erros relativos e absolutos baixos. A classificação dos dosadores quanto ao melhor desempenho na alteração da taxa de aplicação de fertilizante foi: helicoidal com descarga por transbordo transversal, helicoidal com descarga por transbordo lateral, helicoidal com descarga por gravidade, rotor acanalado e rotor dentado.
Carreira, Marcio Luis. "Desempenho operacional, econômico e energético do transporte de cana de açúcar: um estudo de caso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-24052011-095440/.
Full textSugar cane is an important culture for the country and it is used as raw material for fuel for motor vehicles, power generation, food production, chemicals and others. With yields that may exceed 120 tons per hectare, the transportation of sugar cane from the farm to the mill is mainly based on roads and represents a challenge. This challenge is associated to the delivery time, quality and costs as well as the spent energy by the transport system and these factors are affected by the variables involved on the system. Thus the aim of this study is to assess the impact of the variables on operational, economical and energetic performance of a sugar cane transport system. A model was developed on a spreadsheet in which the input data, regarding the operational performance of the transport system were obtained from a mill. The results showed that the variables associated to the operational performance may show large amplitudes which affect the raw material cost and the use of energy. The pay load is one of the main factors that influence the raw material transportation cost, and its increasing has a major impact on the energy efficiency of transportation and the fuel consumption is the principal responsible for the spent energy.
Cortez, Jorge Wilson [UNESP]. "Culturas de cobertura, manejo da adubação e de resíduos vegetais em semeadura direta de milho e soja." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105243.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência dos sistemas de adubação (na pré-semeadura e na semeadura) e dos consórcios de culturas intercalares (milho + feijão-mucuna-cinza-anã, milho + feijão-guandu-anão e milho + feijão-lab-lab) na cultura do milho no primeiro ano; e no segundo ano avaliar a influência dos sistemas de adubação (na pré-semeadura e na semeadura) e dos manejos de resíduos (rolo-faca, roçadora e triturador de palhas) na cultura da soja. O experimento foi realizado na FCAV- UNESP utilizando-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso no esquema fatorial (2 x 3) com quatro repetições nos dois anos agrícolas. Os componentes avaliados foram na máquina, no solo e na planta. O diâmetro do colmo, a altura de inserção da primeira espiga e a altura de plantas de milho resultaram em maiores valores para o sistema de adubação na semeadura. O número de fileiras, espigas viáveis, índice de espiga, estande final, biomassa seca no solo, produtividade, fluxo de palha, fluxo de sabugo, fluxo de grãos e as perdas na colheita não foram afetados pelos sistemas de adubação e pelos consórcios, na cultura do milho. A avaliação da distribuição longitudinal de plantas de soja na semeadura, e o fluxo de material de soja na colhedora não foram afetados pelos sistemas de adubação e pelos manejos dos resíduos. As plantas de soja obtiveram maior altura de inserção da primeira vagem e número de vagens no manejo com rolo-faca. A produtividade da soja não foi afetada.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the fertilization systems (at pre-sowing and sowing) and those consorts of intercalated crops (corn + bean-Stizolobium deeringianum, corn + bean-Cajanus cajan and corn + bean-Dolichos lab lab) in corn crop during the first year; and to evaluate, in the second year, the influence of the fertilization systems (at pre-sowing and sowing) and the management of chaff (knife roller, rotary mower and straw crusher) in the soybean crop. The experiment was done at FCAV-UNESP with totally randomized delineation, on factorial scheme (2x3) with four repetitions during the two agricultural years. The components evaluated were: machine, soil and plant. The stalk diameter, the insertion height of the first cob and the height of corn plants presented higher values for the fertilization system at sowing. The number of rows, viable cobs, cob rate, final stand, dry mass on soil, productiveness, flow of straw, cob and grains and the losses in the harvest were not affected by the fertilization systems and by the consorts in the corn crop. The evaluation of longitudinal distribution of soy plants at sowing and the soybean material flow in the harvester were not affected by the fertilization systems and by the management of chaff. The soybean plants presented higher height of insertion of the first string bean and the number of string beans in the knife roller management. The soybean yield was not affected.
Balestra, Mônica Regina Gonzatti. "Efeitos da aquisição de tratores agrícolas por meio do Pronaf Mais Alimentos na região Central do Rio Grande do Sul – da economia à segurança." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2016. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3769.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Com o aquecimento da economia e com os subsídios advindos do governo, a agricultura familiar foi estimulada a se inserir no mercado, de forma mais organizada e competitiva. No aspecto social, representa uma retomada aos valores da terra e do meio ambiente, pois produz em menor escala e de forma diversificada. Com a demanda por produtos originados da agricultura familiar e com a facilidade na aquisição de máquinas e equipamentos agrícolas, a pequena propriedade rural está substituindo o trabalho realizado de forma braçal pela realização de tarefas de forma mecanizada. Fatores como a escassa mão de obra, a demanda por alimentos e o mercado de máquinas e equipamentos agrícolas, expandido pelos incentivos fornecidos pelo Governo Federal, proporcionaram que esses estabelecimentos se tornassem mais produtivos, aderindo à mecanização parcial ou total de suas atividades. Desta forma, este estudo teve como principal objetivo diagnosticar como a aquisição de tratores agrícolas por meio do Pronaf Mais Alimentos modificou o cenário e a economia das propriedades rurais. O trabalho foi desenvolvido através de análise de 243 projetos para aquisição de tratores agrícolas, elaborados pela Emater/Ascar-RS, que utilizaram a linha de crédito do Pronaf Mais Alimentos na Região Centro do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Na pesquisa de campo desenvolvida em 69 propriedades rurais verificou-se que mesmo com a parcela do financiamento adquirido, a renda bruta anual das propriedades aumentou e os cultivos característicos das propriedades foram alterados. Constatou-se que na tomada de decisão de escolha do trator são considerados os fatores potência e valor disponível do financiamento, não sendo considerada o tamanho da propriedade e os custos com manutenção do trator adquirido. A modernização da propriedade rural através da aquisição do trator agrícola deveria reduzir o desgaste físico e os riscos ocupacionais do trabalho executado no campo. Contudo, ao analisar os modelos adquiridos foram encontrados níveis muito baixos em relação a conformidade com normas técnicas e regulamentadoras, demonstrando que embora sejam máquinas novas, os seus projetos não estão considerando melhorias que façam com o que trabalho rural seja realizado com maior conforto e segurança.
With the economic recovery and the benefits arising from the Federal Government, the Family Agriculture was encouraged to enter the market in a more organized and competitive way. In the social aspect, it is a return to the values of the land and the environment because family farmers produce in smaller scale and with more diversity. With the demand for products originating from family farming and with the ease of acquisition of machinery and equipment, the small farm is replacing hand work by mechanized tasks. Factors such as the limited manpower, the demand for food and agricultural machinery and equipment market, which expanded by incentives provided by the Federal Government, made that these farms become more productive by joining the partial total mechanization of their activities. Thus, this study aimed to diagnose how the acquisition of tractors through Pronaf Mais Alimentos changed the landscape and the economy of rural properties. The work was developed through analysis of 243 projects for the acquisition of agricultural tractors that use the credit line Pronaf Mais Alimentos elaborated by the rural extension agency Emater/Ascar-RS in central region of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. In field research conducted in 69 rural properties we found that even considering the portion of the acquired funding, the annual gross income of the properties increased and the characteristic cultivation crops of the properties have changed. We found that in making tractor choice decision the factors considered were the engine power and value of available funding, not considering the size of the property and the maintenance costs of the purchased tractor. The modernization of rural property by acquiring the tractor should reduce physical wear and occupational risks of the work performed in the field. However, when analyzing the acquired models we found very low levels of compliance in relation to technical and regulatory standards, demonstrating that although they were brand new machines, their designs are not considering improvements in order to provide rural work with greater comfort and safety
Perin, Gismael Francisco. "AVALIAÇÃO DA EFICIÊNCIA DE DIFERENTES OPERAÇÕES AGRÍCOLAS UTILIZANDO TÉCNICAS DE AGRICULTURA DE PRECISÃO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7501.
Full textEste trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade e a eficiência operacional de duas operações agrícolas utilizando o sistema GPS e softwares como ferramentas para estas avaliações. As operações analisadas foram de colheita, realizada com uma colhedora marca Massey Ferguson, modelo MF34 e de aplicação à taxa variável de insumos, realizada através do conjunto mecanizado trator MF 5310 e distribuidor centrífugo marca Amazone, modelo 1500. As áreas utilizadas estão localizadas na região de Não-Me-Toque/RS. Foi utilizado um receptor de sinal GPS de navegação, embarcado na colhedora e no trator, para a coleta dos dados necessários para as determinações necessárias. Os dados georreferenciados coletados, foram: o trajeto percorrido pelas máquinas na operação, a velocidade de trabalho, à distância percorrida, os tempos de início e fim de operação, tempo de manobras e de descargas ou reabastecimentos, e dados de altitude. A análise, armazenamento e processamento destes dados foram auxiliadas pelos softwares GPS TrackMaker® (trajetos, velocidades, distância e tempos), SGIS® (mapas de produtividade), CR Campeiro 6.0 (mapas de velocidades e altitude) e Microsoft Oficce ExcelTM (filtragem dos dados). As equações para a determinação da eficiência operacional foram às mesmas utilizadas por Mialhe, porém a origem dos dados foi obtida pelo sistema GPS. Além da determinação da capacidade e eficiência operacional, também foi determinada a eficiência de percurso e comparado com a eficiência de trajeto, proposta deste trabalho, na qual a principal informação é à distância percorrida. A eficiência de trajeto se mostrou a informação mais adaptada para talhões com formato irregular. A eficiência operacional da colheita foi de 54,13%, considerada baixa quando comparada com dados médios internacionais. Mesmo com este baixo valor de eficiência, a capacidade operacional na colheita foi de 2,47 ha.h-1. A eficiência operacional na distribuição à taxa variável de insumo, variou nos seis talhões estudados de 52,7% a 65,6%, com valor médio de 58,4%. No caso estudado, a capacidade operacional variou de 12,5 ha.h-1 a 20,6 ha.h-1, média de 17,6 ha.h-1. Além disto, foram confeccionados os mapas de altitude do terreno, baseados nas informações oriundos do sistema GPS. Foram efetuadas correlações entre os diferentes mapas e obtidos valores acima de 90%, chegando a algumas áreas a 98,4%.
Cortez, Jorge Wilson. "Culturas de cobertura, manejo da adubação e de resíduos vegetais em semeadura direta de milho e soja /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105243.
Full textAbstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the fertilization systems (at pre-sowing and sowing) and those consorts of intercalated crops (corn + bean-Stizolobium deeringianum, corn + bean-Cajanus cajan and corn + bean-Dolichos lab lab) in corn crop during the first year; and to evaluate, in the second year, the influence of the fertilization systems (at pre-sowing and sowing) and the management of chaff (knife roller, rotary mower and straw crusher) in the soybean crop. The experiment was done at FCAV-UNESP with totally randomized delineation, on factorial scheme (2x3) with four repetitions during the two agricultural years. The components evaluated were: machine, soil and plant. The stalk diameter, the insertion height of the first cob and the height of corn plants presented higher values for the fertilization system at sowing. The number of rows, viable cobs, cob rate, final stand, dry mass on soil, productiveness, flow of straw, cob and grains and the losses in the harvest were not affected by the fertilization systems and by the consorts in the corn crop. The evaluation of longitudinal distribution of soy plants at sowing and the soybean material flow in the harvester were not affected by the fertilization systems and by the management of chaff. The soybean plants presented higher height of insertion of the first string bean and the number of string beans in the knife roller management. The soybean yield was not affected.
Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani
Coorientador: Rouverson Pereira da Silva
Banca: Afonso Lopes
Banca: José Eduardo Corá
Banca: Alberto Carvalho Filho
Banca: Antonio Machado de Rezende
Doutor
Manoel, Filho Francisco 1974. "Projeto de um controlador fuzzy-PI para ajuste automático de velocidade da colhedora de cana de açúcar." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256779.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: A mecanização da colheita de cana é um processo irreversível no Brasil, tanto por aspectos ambientais quanto econômicos. A agroindústria canavieira da Região Sudeste tem o maior índice de mecanização, compondo a maior frota de colhedoras de cana picada do país. Essas máquinas oferecem diversos dispositivos, visando uma colheita limpa e sem perdas visíveis. Contudo, a literatura científica relata significativos índices de perdas e impurezas associados à colheita mecanizada da cana, em razão da ineficiência destes dispositivos e também pelo seu uso inadequado. Afim de minimizar erros operacionais, este trabalho apresenta o projeto de um controlador fuzzy-PI para ajuste automático da velocidade da colhedora de cana picada em função das condições operacionais. O desenvolvimento desse projeto envolveu a construção de uma base de conhecimento especialista contendo a experiência de profissionais da colheita mecanizada da cana na condução da colhedora. A partir dessa base de conhecimento, utilizando-se o "Fuzzy Logic Toolbox" do MATLAB, desenvolveu-se um sistema especialista fuzzy, com a função de indicar um índice que representa a velocidade de deslocamento da colhedora. Esse sistema especialista combinou dois Fuzzy Inference System, um para as variáveis relacionadas à Cultura e outro para as variáveis relacionadas ao Ambiente. No projeto do controlador, o sistema especialista foi integrado como gerador de setpoint de velocidade, e envolveu a construção do diagrama de blocos do sistema hidráulico no MATLAB-Simulink, que foi parametrizado segundo a especificação dos componentes da colhedora. A validação do sistema foi feita através de cenários operacionais específicos, simulados no modelo e confrontados por especialistas na área, alcançando 86,5% de acerto, indicando potencial técnico para a implantação do controlador
Abstract: The mechanization of the sugarcane harvest is an irreversible process in Brazil, both environmental and economic aspects. The sugar cane industry in the southeast region has the highest rate of mechanization, composing the largest fleet of combines chopped cane country. These machines offer several devices, targeting a harvest clean and without visible losses. However, the scientific literature reports significant loss ratios and impurities due to mechanized harvesting of sugarcane due to the inefficiency of these devices and also for its misuse. In order to minimize operational errors, this search presents the design of a fuzzy-PID controller for automatic adjustment of the speed of sugar cane harvester according to operating conditions. The development of this project involved the construction of a knowledge base containing the expertise of specialists in mechanical harvesting of sugarcane in driving the harvester. From this knowledge base, using the MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, it was developed a fuzzy expert system with the function of indicating an index that represents the speed of the harvester. This expert system combined two Fuzzy Inference System, one for the variables related to culture and other variables related to the environment. In the controller design, the expert system was integrated as generator speed setpoint, and involved the built of block diagram of hydraulic system in MATLAB-Simulink, which was parameterized according to the specification of the components of the harvester. The validation of the system was done through specific operational scenarios simulated in the model, and confronted by experts in the field, reaching 86.5% accuracy, indicating technical potential for the deployment of the driver
Doutorado
Maquinas Agricolas
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
Andersson, Norberto Luiz Marques. "Seleção de tratores agrícolas adequados à agricultura familiar." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2417.
Full textFamily-based farmers work in their fields primarily with crops that can ensure their livelihood. For this reason, they make use of both creativity and the resources available in the farm in order to make their job easier and reduce costs, taking advantage of crop diversification as a necessary action for their food security. As new resources compatible with their savings become available through government lines of credit, farmers can technicize their properties mainly through the acquisition of tractors and agricultural machinery to facilitate and expedite their work. With the aim of supporting these farmers to acquire agricultural tractors suitable for their needs, an assisting and supporting decision methodology based on technical criteria, costs, ergonomics and safety has been developed. Data from 30 families who bought new tractors through PRONAF (National Programme to foster family and small scale farmers) informed this methodology. Next, it was made a comparing spreadsheet between the criteria established with the multicriteria methodology and those directly measured from the tractors purchased by this group of farmers. The results obtained allowed to infer that the model and the spreadsheet established in this work can be easily adapted to other situations and regions where there is the tendency to mechanicize the work of agricultural mechanization. It was also found that low-power but affordable tractors to purchase, as well as operational cost items consistent with the capacity of the tractor, seem to be extremely important for the families surveyed.
Os agricultores de base familiar trabalham em suas áreas, primeiramente com culturas vegetais que garantam sua subsistência, para isso utilizam criatividade e recursos disponíveis dentro da propriedade, com a finalidade de facilitação do trabalho e diminuição de custos, utilizando a diversificação de cultivos como ação necessária para sua segurança alimentar. Na medida em que começam a existir recursos disponibilizados através de linhas de crédito governamentais, compatíveis com suas economias, estes agricultores apresentam a possibilidade de tecnificar suas propriedades, principalmente pela aquisição de tratores e máquinas agrícolas, no sentido de facilitar e agilizar seu trabalho. Com a finalidade de apoiar estes agricultores a adquirir tratores agrícolas adequados as suas necessidades desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de auxílio e apoio à decisão, a qual se baseia em critérios técnicos, de custos, de ergonomia e de segurança. Esta metodologia foi suprida com informações obtidas de 30 famílias que compraram tratores novos, através do PRONAF (Programa nacional de fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar). Posteriormente confeccionou-se uma planilha comparativa entre os critérios estabelecidos com a utilização da metodologia multicritério e aqueles medidos diretamente nos tratores adquiridos por este grupo de agricultores. Os resultados obtidos permitiram inferir que o modelo e planilha estabelecidos neste trabalho podem ser facilmente adaptáveis a outras situações e regiões, onde exista a tendência em tecnificar o trabalho de mecanização agrícola. Constatou-se também que, tratores de baixa potência, mas com preço acessível de compra, bem como itens de custo operacional compatível com a capacidade do trator parecem vir a ser por demais importantes para as famílias pesquisadas.
Cavichioli, Fábio Alexandre [UNESP]. "Sistema plantio direto: velocidade de semeadura e populações de plantas de milho." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88268.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A cultura do milho no Brasil tem importante papel sócio-econômico, pois desempenha uma função estratégica na cadeia produtiva. Para a indústria, o milho é uma matéria-prima que possibilita obtenção de subprodutos destinados a alimentação humana e animal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho operacional relacionando o efeito da velocidade de deslocamento de um conjunto trator-semeadora-adubadora combinado com três populações de plantas (número de sementes por metro) na demanda energética do conjunto, na quantificação das características agronômicas referente a cultura do milho e análises físicas e químicas do solo. O experimento foi implantado na área da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Produção da UNESP/Jaboticabal, SP, o solo da área experimental é classificado como LATOSSOLO Vermelho eutroférrico típico, A moderado, textura argilosa. O experimento foi constituído de um esquema fatorial 2x3 conduzido sob delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com tratamentos sob duas velocidades de deslocamento do conjunto trator-semeadora-adubadora (6,5 km h-1 e 4,5 km h-1), definidas em função da potência do trator a ser utilizado, e três populações de plantas de milho (55.000, 65.000 e 75.000 plantas ha-1), definidas em função do híbrido utilizado, com quatro repetições, perfazendo um total de 24 parcelas. Foram analisadas as variáveis referentes a demanda energética da operação de semeadura como: força e potência na barra de tração, consumo horário e operacional de combustível e capacidade de campo operacional. Variáveis referentes a cultura: número médio de dias para emergência das plântulas de milho, população inicial e final de plantas, altura de inserção da espiga viável, altura de plantas e diâmetro do colmo, número de fileiras, número de grãos na fileira e índice de espigas, produtividade de grãos...
The maize crop in Brazil has an important socioeconomic role that it plays a strategic role in the production chain for the industry, corn is a feedstock that allows obtaining products intended for human consumption and animal feed. This study aimed to evaluate the operational performance relating the effect of forward speed of a tractor-planter combined with three plant densities (number of seeds per meter) and the energy demand of the set, the quantification regarding agronomic corn and analysis physical and chemical of soil. The experiment was established in the area of Finance Education, Research and Production, UNESP / Jaboticabal, SP, the experimental area is classified as Typic Eutrudox, moderate, clayey. The experiment consisted of a 2x3 factorial conducted under randomized block design. treatments under two travel speeds of the tractor-planter (6.5 km h-1 and 4.5 km h-1), defined according to the power of the tractor to be used, and three plant populations of maize (55.000, 65.000 and 75.000 plants ha-1), defined depending on the hybrid used, with four replications, a total of 24 plots. We analyzed the variables of energy demand in the sowing operation such as strength and power at the drawbar, fuel consumption and fuel and operating performance in field operations. Variables related to culture: the average number of days to emergence of corn seedlings, initial and final population of plants, height of ear insertion viable, plant height and stem diameter, number of rows, number of grains in the row index and cob, yield and mass of cornstalks and weeds. The speed of movement influence on power, operational field capacity and fuel consumption, increasing these variables and consumption reducing operating this variable, the population of corn plants in the affected stem diameter, with the smallest population in the highest diameter The combination of higher speed of seeding... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Sperry, Robert George. "DEVELOPMENT OF A SEMI-AUTOMATED TOBACCO STRIPPING MACHINE UTILIZING STRING TRIMMERS." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/89.
Full textSampaio, Daniel Portioli. "Identificação das oportunidades à mecanização da colheita de mandioca." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18145/tde-15032018-073438/.
Full textManihot (Manihot Sculenta Crantz) is widely cultivated in Brazil and in the tropical countries as a crop of great nutritional value and resistance to edaphoclimatic conditions, providing food security for several countries. The prevalence of the cultivation in the country is to supply markets of in natura consumption of roots and starch for several agroindustries. Despite its great application, the entire agroindustrial chain has obstacles to its expansion due to the low yield of production, high demand of labor, increasingly scarce due mainly to the arduous work, lack of availability of harvest machines. The objective of this work was to describe the harvesting stages to identify mechanization gaps and to propose alternative that best fit the farming production. The research focused on the industrial cassava production of the states of Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo that holds the highest technology harvesting, and an area of 10 to 20 hectares was selected as the market target. A systematic design methodology was applied to obtain information through technical visits and field experiments, to establish a requirements list to appropriate answer the mechanized harvest. It was verified the bibliographical revision and visits that the operation of extraction, detach, and collection of the roots would be the main opportunities of the mechanization, and the main restriction to the development would be in the operations of positioning and detach, because the roots present a geometry randomness and dependence of the other operations adjustment of the crop and varieties. From this perspective, geometry information was collected for three different varieties of cassava in two harvest periods. The proposition a solution for the harvest, alternatives of mechanical systems was studied for each step of the process, creating a morphology matrix that guided to bring up the five harvesters schematic drawings. Finally, we selected the variant of a harvesting implement composed of mechanical arms with operatorassisted positioning, where the detach of the roots should be performed by mechanical claws to separate the plants aerial parts still in the soil, with the objective to facilitate after root extraction through the analysis of technical, economic, environmental and social parameters. Finally, this study aimed to contribute to the cassava culture chain, with the formalization of information and restrictions for the design of harvester machines adjusted for the national conditions, to indicate alternative to be developed and validated in the field through further works.
Santos, Neisvaldo Barbosa dos. "Identificação dos fatores críticos da colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-19102011-090951/.
Full textThe sugar cane has significant role on Brazilian agribusiness economy. Its sub products are used for electric power generation, fuel production, as raw material for food and chemical industry. On sugarcane production, harvesting is considered as one of the most important operations of the process for it has to attend the raw material demanded by the sugar mill in quality and a competitive cost. However, the economical and operational harvesting performance is influenced by several variables systemically inter-related. Because of this to predict the effects of individual alterations on variables during the operation is difficult. Due to this difficulty the aim of this study was to analyze, in a systemic way, the variables influence on economical and operational performance in sugar cane mechanized harvesting process. For this purpose a model called \"ColheCana\", was developed in a spreadsheet and in a programming language. The model was checked, validated and used on the variables analysis and on the scenarios development. The results showed that the field efficiency and harvester´s initial value are variables of great impact in the cost and that there is a maximum area that one equipment can attend and for this area the cost is minimum. The increasing of field productivity has a positive impact on production cost, but the influence on fuel cost must be considered. The increasing of productivity may cause an increasing of harvester fuel consumption and consequently on the costs. The managerial efficiency is one of the variables that may reflect the reduction of production cost by reducing the time wasted.
Piacentini, Liane. "Software para estimativa do custo operacional da maquinaria agrícola MAQCONTROL." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2007. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/279.
Full textThis work describes the development of a software for farm machinery operation cost calculation, once the use of machines and agricultural implements are one of the factors that demand larger operational costs. Those costs are divided in fixed and variable costs. The objective of this work was to develop a software (MAQCONTROL) that contributed in the process of determination of these costs in an agile and precise way. In the development of the system preliminary calculations had been carried through, calculations of fixed and changeable costs and the capacity of operational field. The fixed costs were determinated for the expenses with depreciation, interests, shelter and insurances. With variable costs, it was given emphasis at the costs of the maintenance, such as: lubrification, filters, tires, grease, fuel, small repairs and exchange of parts. In the software validation were used harvest data from a period of two years, from an agricultural property located in the city of Cascavel, PR. With the processed information it was possible the obtaining of the operational cost (R$ ha-1) and of the operational capacity (ha h-1) of the crop operation.
Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um protótipo computacional para determinação do custo operacional da maquinaria agrícola, uma vez que a utilização de máquinas e implementos agrícolas é um dos fatores que demandam custos operacionais. Esses custos se dividem em custos fixos e variáveis. O objetivo desde trabalho foi desenvolver um software (MAQCONTROL) que contribuísse no processo de determinação destes custos de maneira ágil e precisa. Os custos fixos foram estimados como: as despesas com depreciação, juros, alojamento e seguros. Com os custos variáveis, foi dado ênfase aos custos da manutenção, como: óleos lubrificantes, filtros, pneus, graxa, combustível, pequenos reparos e troca de peças. Na validação do software foram utilizados dados de colheita de um período de dois anos, em uma propriedade agrícola situada no município de Cascavel, PR. Com as informações processadas foi possível a obtenção do custo operacional (R$ ha‑1) e da capacidade operacional (ha h-1) da operação de colheita.
Oliveira, Gustavo Magalhães de. "Desverticalização da colheita mecanizada na cafeicultura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-13042017-095638/.
Full textThe Agribusiness system of coffee has been changing its organization and strategies along the chain. The changes have risen opportunities to outsourcing harvest mechanization services with specialized firms and, consequently, economic performance and coordination mechanism in coffee grower\'s transactions have modified. The investigation aims to analyze the determinants of the choice of outsourcing the services of harvest mechanization transaction of the Agribusiness system of coffee in Brazil. The study is based on a quantitative approach with a survey being performed with a probit regression, and also, a qualitative approach to explore the whole scenario of the phenomenon. The results indicate that the coffee chain has different levels of market concentration, technological patterns, price formation, and different coordination mechanisms along the chain, as well as have showed the existence of conflicts between the institutional and organizational environment of the harvest mechanization transaction. The findings of the econometric model have validated the path dependence aspect and the hypothesis of the asset specificity and uncertainty of the efficient alignment argument of the Transaction Cost Economics. The model has pointed out the level of schooling and the adoption of contracts as a way of coordinating other transactions as determinants of outsourcing of harvest mechanization transaction.
Belardo, Guilherme de Castro. "Avaliação de desempenho efetivo de três colhedoras em cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum ssp) sem queima." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-26112010-144709/.
Full textIncreasing national and global sugar consumption and pressures by the use of renewable energy sources, such as ethanol and the electric energy generated by the burning of sugar cane sub-products are driving the growth of the area destined to the production of culture in recent decades. According to UNICA (2010), the Brazil reached in 2008/2009 harvest season a total sugarcane production of 569.1 million tons processed, representing a growth of 14.8% regarding the previous crop. This increment is represented mainly by the increase in consumption of ethanol as a fuel which grew 22.2% over the same period. Sugar cane mechanical harvesting also has been increasing in recent years and the main reasons for this growth are the shortage of labor to harvest manual, environmental laws that seek the gradual elimination of sugar cane areas flaring prior to the harvest and the reduction of operational costs of mechanical harvesting against manual harvest. By these factors, and to assess the actual performance of the three sugar cane harvesters models made in Brazil, were conducted tests in field conditions operating in green sugarcane at Clealco sugar cane mill, municipality of Clementina, State of São Paulo in the period from 22 to 27 March 2010. The variety harvested was the RB85-5453, without burning, first cut, with 1,5 m spacing between rows, the soil was classified as red latosol and micro-relief of the land was under appropriate conditions for mechanical harvesting operation with 2.4% slope, and parallelism between planting rows. The test area has been characterized as erect sugar cane and average agricultural productivity was 115.14 t ha-1. The machines were tested at two harvesting speeds pre-established in 5.0 and 7.0 km h-1 (treatments 1 and 2) with five repetitions for each treatment totaling 30 determinations, i.e. 10 to each machine. The statistic analyses design was entirely randomized with schema factorial 3 x 2. Each repetition matched 150 m of harvesting along the row of planting. The test methodology and evaluation of effective performance used were those proposed by Ripoli & Ripoli (2009), through effective capacities determinations, effectiveness of manipulation, field losses indexes, harvesting quality and mineral and vegetal impurities index, fuel consumption and damage index and length frequency of the billets. It was found that with the increased speed of displacement there was no statistical difference in the variables effectiveness of manipulation and in most harvesting quality indexes and harvest losses, only the variable loss of stalks and its fractions has been improved, but the variables effective capacities and fuel consumptions per unit area and production has shown betters index, in other words, increasing the speed of displacement has benefited from economic order while maintaining quality harvest.
Herbener, Ben C. "PRE-WILTING BURLEY TOBACCO TO ENHANCE MANUAL AND MECHANICAL HARVESTING AND HOUSING." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/55.
Full textOliveira, Cilene de. "Plantio mecanizado de cana-de-açúcar: aspectos operacionais e econômicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-03122012-111153/.
Full textBrazil is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world, the crop has great importance for the country\'s agribusiness. The planted area is approximately 8.4 million hectares, and the recent demand for ethanol has contributed to an expansion into new areas, in addition to the sugarcane crop being renewed periodically. Planting is one of the first operations in any agricultural production system and thus affects subsequent operations, as well as the yield. Although the agricultural system of sugarcane production is highly mechanized, the planting operation was virtually the last to have the option of total mechanization. In Brazil the planting is predominantly semi-mechanized, but recently there has been a shift to a fully mechanized planting. However, the operation is influenced by several variables, such as technical and economic characteristics of the machines used in the operation, the particularities of each agricultural property such as the size of the area, the work day, the spacing, the operation speed, the distance of plot planting, among others, that affect economic performance such as scale and the number of sets required in the operation, both for the transport of seedlings and the planting. This way, the general objective of this study was to evaluate the operational performance and economic system of mechanized planting of sugar cane, and the specific objective analyze the behavior of the variables and their relations and inter-relations in operational cost of the system. For analysis of the behavior of these variables, and their respective effects on costs, was created a model in an electronic spreadsheet, Excel®, which was based on operational cycle time between the transport of seedling and planting the grove, limiting the degree of coverage of the study. The model was verified, validated, and used in the analysis of variables through scenario building. The model allowed to evaluate the operational and economic performance of the system of mechanized planting of sugarcane. Based on the results, the load capacity of the planter is the variable of greatest impact on the operational cost of planting and there is a maximum area that a planter can attend, as the operational rate, in that area depend on the characteristics of the proposed system.
Zambrzycki, Geraldo Cesar. "Fluxos de energia de um sistema de produção de soja no Tocantins." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-02012013-092735/.
Full textSoybean is the main product of agribusiness in the country both in volume and in income generation, being that several factors have contributed to its good performance, among which we can mention the adaptability of cultivars at different producing regions. There is a global issue related to non-renewable natural resources, where to seek alternatives to extend the access to such resources. Most of the inputs involved in culture of soy are from fossil energy, configuring your system\'s vulnerability and dependency. A system of agricultural production, the demand for energy is one of the most worrying aspects. In this sense, the analysis of energy flows, developed in the years 1970 and later pervasive in life cycle analysis (LCA), has been a tool used in feasibility studies for energy and sustainability of agricultural systems, from the measurement of direct energy inputs and outputs and inline power in inputs and products. The aim of this study was to measure the energy flow of soybean cultivation in reduced system of tillage of agricultural land in the municipality of Lagoa da Confusão, TO. Found two types of energy entering the system: direct and indirect. How to direct energy was considered: biological, which corresponds to labour and seeds; fossil and that includes diesel fuel, lubricant and grease. As indirect energy was considered: the industrial source, which includes machinery and implements, fertilizers, pesticides and electricity. The energy coefficients were obtained in references on the quantification of energy inputs and operations. Productivity retrieved was 58.45 GJ ha-1. The highest consumption of energy was in the category industrial (4.34 ha GJ-1), followed by fossil energy (GJ 1.83 ha-1) and biological energy (GJ 1.81 ha-1). Energy efficiency is the rational use of energy sources, i.e. spending less energy to provide the same amount of energy in the final product. There was energy, profitability ratio net energy available and defendant (EROI) with 5.13. The Energy Balance indicates absolute gain and energy intensity, which assigns the energy content per unit product physics was 48.91 GJ ha-1. However, despite the high efficiency and profitability, it was found that this system is highly dependent on the use of non-renewable energy, represented by the consumption of diesel oil, fertilization and pesticides, totaling 6.79 GJ ha-1 (71.25%) of the total energy consumed. So, advances in reducing the energy cost bring to the fore the question of nutrients and fuel consumption. The energy matrix has a low energy use in organic production of culture. The use of this energy can decrease the dependency of agricultural systems, by non-renewable energy sources. Therefore, we believe that the great challenge for producers and researchers is how to balance those needs.
Araújo, Augusto Guilherme de. "Estimativa e classificação da compactação do solo pelo tráfego de máquinas agrícolas através da modelagem nebulosa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-06012005-170624/.
Full textAgricultural mechanization is an important technological issue responsible for Brazilian agricultural advance but its large use increases the risk of environmental impacts due to soil degradation resulting from machine traffic. Conservation agriculture adopted in crop production systems has renewed concerns about soil compaction due to machine traffic. Research on this subject approaches the problem in two ways: estimation or prediction of traffic influence on soil physical properties and classification of soil compaction regarding its effects on plant development. The general target is to develop tools in order to avoid excessive soil compaction. This work presents a method to apply fuzzy modeling techniques to estimate and classify soil compaction due to machine traffic based on expert knowledge and experimental data. Simple and accurate models are useful tools for mechanization planning and for increasing agricultural sustainability. Fuzzy models to estimate soil bulk density, total porosity and penetration resistance after traffic were identified based on data and using initial soil conditions and machine variables as inputs. Fuzzy classification model was derived from expert knowledge and represented the qualitative relations between compaction classes and soil physical properties, the former identified by cultural profile method. Soil properties were represented by fuzzy sets and qualitative relations by linguistic fuzzy rules. Observed and estimated data were compared using statistical criteria and expected responses for known input combinations were analyzed. The rate of classification success for each depth was used to evaluate the performance of the classification model. The proposed method was able to provide sufficient amount of data for model training and testing, however more data are required for different input levels and combinations in order to improve models performances. The average percentual errors of the estimation models for soil density and porosity were 5% and 3% respectively, and the average difference between observed and estimated data pairs was not statistically different from zero. For the penetration resistance model, the error was about 18%. The classification model showed good performance with high success rates but with medium accuracy in the 0,10-0,20 m depth. The results show that fuzzy modeling is a valuable tool to approach soil management problems and, in particular, to simulate soil compaction process due to traffic.
Lopes, José Evanaldo Lima. "Mapeamento e caracterização de acidentes envolvendo tratores nas rodovias federais brasileiras que cortam o Estado de Minas Gerais." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/20221.
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One of the main factors responsible for the increasing development of the Brazilian agricultural sector was the inclusion of agricultural mechanization in agriculture, where the tractor was the key element, however, with the increase in the number of tractors, now occur many accidents involving these machines during displacement on the roads and in carrying out operations in the fields. While it is common accidents involving tractors and nonagricultural in the Brazilian federal highways, there is a survey of the geographical distribution of the occurrence points and the characterization of these accidents in the country and especially in the state of Minas Gerais, which presents some characteristics from one extensive road network and a strategic location with important roads linking major economic centers of the country. The objective of this paper perform the mapping and characterization of accidents involving tractors in federias highways crossing the state of Minas Gerais. This research was conducted in the Accident Research Laboratory with Agricultural Machinery (LIMA), belonging to the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), with 148 accidents involving data collected tractors from January 2008 to September 2011 and obtained through a partnership between the LIMA and the 16th Superintendence of the Federal Highway Police -PRF state of Ceará. For the mapping of points of accidents was used ArGIS 9.3® software, the characterization was performed by descriptive statistics of frequency analysis and to analyze the spatial dependence of the evaluated attributes was used Gs + ® software. From the results it was concluded that use of GIS tools proved to be effective in the mapping of accidents with tractors in federias highways in the state of Minas Gerais, the Metropolitan mesoregion of Belo Horizonte highest number of accidents with 53 occurrences, tractors wheels were responsible for 129 accidents, the federal highway with highest record of accidents was BR 381 with 40 accidents, in the afternoon there were 62 accidents, collisions accounted for 114 accidents. The age group most operators involved in accidents was between 20 to 29 years, the cause of most accidents observed was the lack of attention, with 54 cases and 93 accidents occurred weather conditions from clear skies and good visibility. Kriging technique was efficient in the study of accidents with tractors in the state of Minas Gerais.
Um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelo crescente desenvolvimento do setor agrícola brasileiro foi à inserção da mecanização agrícola na agricultura, onde o trator foi o elemento fundamental, no entanto, com o aumento do número de tratores, passaram a ocorrer muitos acidentes envolvendo essas máquinas durante o deslocamento nas estradas e em realização das operações nas lavouras. Embora seja comum a ocorrência de acidentes envolvendo tratores agrícolas e não agrícolas nas rodovias federais brasileiras, não existe um levantamento da distribuição geográfica dos pontos de ocorrências e a caracterização destes acidentes no país e principalmente, no estado de Minas Gerais que apresenta dentre algumas características um extensa malha rodoviária e uma localização estratégica com vias importantes interligando grandes centros econômicos do país. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho realizar o mapeamento e a caracterização dos acidentes envolvendo tratores nas rodovias federias que cortam o estado de Minas Gerais. A presente pesquisa foi realizada no Laboratório de Investigação de Acidentes com Máquinas Agrícolas (LIMA), pertencente à Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), com 148 dados de acidentes envolvendo tratores coletados de janeiro de 2008 a setembro de 2011 e obtidos através de parceria entre o LIMA e a 16a Superintendência da Policia Rodoviária Federal – PRF do estado do Ceará. Para o mapeamento dos pontos dos acidentes foi utilizado o software ArGIS 9.3®, a caracterização foi realizada por estatística descritiva de análise de frequência e para analisar a dependência espacial entre os atributos avaliados foi utilizado o software Gs+®. A partir dos resultados foi possível concluir que uso de ferramentas de SIG mostrou-se eficiente para o mapeamento dos acidentes com tratores nas rodovias federias do estado de Minas Gerais, a mesorregião Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte apresentou maior número de acidentes com 53 ocorrências,os tratores de rodas foram responsáveis por 129 acidentes, a rodovia federal com maior registro de acidentes foi a BR 381 com 40 acidentes,no período da tarde ocorreram 62 acidentes, as colisões foram responsáveis por 114 acidentes.A faixa etária de operadores que mais se envolveram em acidentes foi entre 20 a 29 anos, a causa de acidentes mais observada foi a falta de atenção com 54 casos e 93 acidentes ocorreram em condições meteorológicas de céu claro e com boa visibilidade.A técnica de krigagem mostrou-se eficiente no estudo dos acidentes com tratores no estado de Minas Gerais.
Matos, Rafael de. "Demanda de potência do motor hidráulico do extrator primário da colhedora de cana-de-açúcar." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256825.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: O crescimento da demanda por cana-de-açúcar e a necessidade de agilidade no processamento do produto, levou o setor agrícola a buscar sistemas de colheita de maior capacidade no campo. No entanto, as colhedoras ainda apresentam alguns pontos críticos em função da qualidade de trabalho devido aos diversos tipos de perdas do produto durante a colheita. A maioria das deficiências encontradas na colhedora podem ser eliminadas, ou pelo menos minimizadas, com a adoção de inovações tecnológicas que permitam a operação otimizada e precisa de diversos de seus subsistemas. Alguns sistemas da colhedora, como por exemplo o circuito do extrator primário, ainda não apresentam um projeto bem definido para os diferentes modelos de colhedoras. Por isso, para começar a haver uma melhora nesse circuito, a análise do consumo de potência de todo esse sistema de limpeza, com valores de potência consumida e instalada, poderia ajudar a entender melhor seu funcionamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a demanda de potência hidráulica no motor hidráulico, instalado no extrator primário da colhedora de cana-de-açúcar, em condições de regime de operação da máquina, além de analisar a relação entre a potência instalada no circuito e a potência consumida. Para isso, instrumentaram-se dois modelos de colhedora e foram realizados quatro ensaios para aquisição de dados de vazão hidráulica e diferencial de pressão no motor hidráulico do extrator, considerando a máquina parada no pátio de uma oficina e operando em campo. Com a máquina parada, ou seja, sem fluxo mássico de cana e impureza proveniente da cana passando pelo ventilador, a potência consumida pelo motor foi de 14,75 kW para uma velocidade angular de 104,7 rad s-1. Já com a colhedora operando em campo, com fluxo mássico de matéria seca passando pelo sistema de limpeza, os resultados foram superiores ao dobro encontrado para os testes com a colhedora parada. Quando comparados à potência nominal instalada, apresentam valores de potência hidráulica consumida de 30 a 50% da potência nominal, o que indica o superdimensionamento de potência dos motores do extrator primário
Abstract: The growing demand of sugar cane and the need for agility in the processing of this product, the agricultural sector led to seek cropping systems with greater capacity in the field. However, the sugar cane harvesters still have some critical points depending on the quality of work due to various types of product losses during harvest. Most of the deficiencies found in the harvester can be eliminated, or at least minimized, with the adoption of technological innovations that allow an optimal operation of its various subsystems. Some systems of the harvester such as the circuit of the primary extractor, does not have a welldefined design for different models of harvesters. So to start an improvement in this circuit, the analysis of power consumption of its cleaning system, with values of power consumed and installed, could help to better understand its operation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the demand for hydraulic power of the hydraulic motor installed on the primary extractor of sugar cane harvesters in terms of machine operation system and analyze the relationship between the installed power in the circuit and power consumed. For this, two models of combines were used in four tests, that were performed for data acquisition of hydraulic flow and differential pressure in the extractor's hydraulic motor, considering the machine stopped in the courtyard and working in the field. With the machine stopped, in other words without mass flow of sugar cane and impurity passing through the fan, the power consumed by the motor was 14.75 kW with an angular velocity of 104.7 rad s-1. In the field operation with mass flow through the cleaning system, the results were more than twice found for the tests with the harvester stopped. When compared to the nominal power installed, the values of hydraulic power consumed ranged from 30 to 50% of rated output, which indicates the overestimation of the power in the primary motor of the extractor
Mestrado
Maquinas Agricolas
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola
Carpes, Dauto Pivetta. "DISTRIBUIÇÃO LONGITUDINAL DE SEMENTES DE MILHO E SOJA EM FUNÇÃO DO TUBO CONDUTOR, MECANISMO DOSADOR E DENSIDADE DE SEMEADURA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7575.
Full textThe competitiveness of the agricultural sector allows producers to seek technology that operate, in a manner, precisely as possible. Some crops have great sensitivity to population change and also the arrangement of the spacing between seeds in the row. Thus, the performance of the seed distribution mechanisms should provide the widest possible range of acceptable spacing, which will contribute that the crop(s) will reach the satisfactory levels of productivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the type of conductor pipe, equipped with a horizontal honeycomb disc and a pneumatic, varying the sowing rate, and the peripheral speed of the seed feeder discs. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory complying with ISO, ABNT, and Project ABNT standards. Treatments consist of a combination of two feeders with six conductor pipes, changing the peripheral speed of the feeder disk to densities obtained: 250,000; 300,000; 350,000; and 400,000 seeds h-1 for soybean, and 60,000; 70,000; 80,000; and 90,000 seeds ha-1 for corn, arranged in a factorial design with four replications for each crop. The conductor tubes were selected based on shape and diameter input and output of seeds, length and size, and evaluating the influence of the way the seeds are released (natural or forced). By increasing the density of seeds ha-1, it decreased the percentage of acceptable spacing, this effect was more accentuated for soybean seeds and when conductor tubes were used with small diameter pipes and straight profile. For corn seed conductor tubes, it also caused reduction in the longitudinal distribution of regularity, but with lower intensity when compared to soybean seeds.
A competitividade do setor agrícola faz com que os produtores busquem máquinas que desempenhem operações de uma forma mais precisa possível. Algumas culturas possuem grande sensibilidade à variação populacional e também ao arranjo dos espaçamentos entre as sementes na linha de semeadura. Dessa forma, o desempenho dos mecanismos de distribuição de sementes deve proporcionar o maior número possível de espaçamentos aceitáveis, o que irá contribuir para que a cultura alcance os níveis satisfatórios de produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tipo de tubo condutor de sementes, combinados com um dosador de disco alveolado horizontal e um pneumático variando-se a densidade de semeadura e consequentemente a velocidade periférica dos discos dosadores de sementes. O experimento foi conduzido em laboratório obedecendo às normas ISO, ABNT e o Projeto de Norma da ABNT. Os tratamentos consistem na combinação de dois dosadores com seis tubos condutores, alterando a velocidade periférica do disco dosador para que fossem obtidas densidades de 250.000, 300.000, 350.000 e 400.000 sementes ha-1 para soja e 60.000, 70.000, 80.000 e 90.000 sementes ha-1 para milho, organizados em esquema fatorial com quatro repetições para cada cultura. Os tubos condutores foram selecionados quanto a sua angulação e diâmetro de entrada e saída das sementes, comprimento e formato, avaliando a influência pelo modo de liberação das sementes (natural ou forçada). Ao aumentar a densidade de sementes ha-1 houve redução do percentual de espaçamentos aceitáveis, este efeito foi mais acentuado para as sementes de soja e quando utilizados tubos condutores com pequeno diâmetro e perfil reto. Para as sementes de milho os tubos condutores também causaram redução na regularidade de distribuição longitudinal, porém com menor intensidade quando comparada as sementes de soja.
Ereno, Luis Henrique Zibikoski. "ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE A UTILIZAÇÃO REAL E A DETERMINADA PELO PLANEJAMENTO DA MECANIZAÇÃO AGRÍCOLA EM EMPRESAS RURAIS DE SOJA E ARROZ." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7496.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to carry out a study comparing actual utilization in rural businesses of soy and rice to that which is determined by agricultural mechanization planning. In this context, the specific objectives were as follow: to gather information about the composition of the agricultural machinery market; to establish a relationship between the number of tractors distributed over areas and crops; to determine the mechanization index (kW. ha-1) of rural businesses in relation to area and crop, thus establishing a comparison between that which is planned technically and that which actually occurs; to analyze the lifetime of the fleet of tractors; to verify the state of conservation of existent agricultural tractors in the rural businesses used in this study and develop a worksheet for dimensioning and selection of agricultural machines. Twenty-two rural businesses in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul with areas greater than 50 hectares that exclusively developed rice or soy crops were sampled. The systematic random technique was utilized for localization of data gathering points. The adapted method of Schlosser (1998), called Step by step was used for the dimensioning of the machines and planning of activities. This method is developed on worksheets, and in this case, utilizing Microsoft Excel. It was concluded that the market of agricultural tractors is led by Massey Ferguson, followed by New Holland, Valtra and John Deere, respectively. Rice businesses presented a greater number of tractors per area and a mechanization index superior to that of soy businesses. The mean real mechanization index was superior to that for technical planning, both for rice and soy businesses, proving the existence of an excess of potency and demonstrating the viability of adopting planning tools in the selection of agricultural machinery, in order to optimize the use of machinery in these crops. The fact that rice crops presented a greater number of tractors per area when compared to soy crops was due to the fact that there are a greater number of operations involved and these are concentrated during the period close to harvest. The mean lifetime tractors in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul was 14.82 years. The state of conversation of the tractors decreased with the age of the tractor. In rice businesses, this wear-out is anticipated because of the operating conditions.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo entre a utilização real e a determinada pelo planejamento técnico da mecanização agrícola em empresas rurais de soja e arroz. Neste cenário buscou-se, especificamente, conhecer a composição do mercado de máquinas agrícolas; estabelecer uma relação entre o número de tratores distribuídos por áreas e culturas; determinar o índice de mecanização (kW. ha-1) das empresas rurais em função da área e da cultura, estabelecendo um comparativo entre o tecnicamente planejado e o real existente; analisar o tempo de utilização da frota de tratores; verificar o estado de conservação dos tratores agrícolas existentes nas empresas rurais amostradas e desenvolver uma planilha para dimensionamento e seleção de máquinas agrícolas. Foram amostradas 22 empresas rurais, na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com áreas superiores a 50 hectares que, dentre suas atividades, desenvolvem a cultura do arroz ou da soja, exclusivamente. A técnica de amostragem utilizada para a localização dos pontos de tomada de dados foi aleatória sistemática. O método selecionado para o planejamento das atividades e o dimensionamento das máquinas foi proposto por Schlosser (1998), denominado Passo a passo . Este método é desenvolvido em planilha de cálculos e, neste caso, utilizada no Microsoft Office Excel. Ao final deste trabalho concluiu-se que, o mercado de tratores agrícolas tem maior participação da marca Massey Ferguson, seguido pelas marcas New Holland, Valtra e John Deere, respectivamente. As empresas orizícolas apresentam maior número de tratores por área e índice de mecanização superior em relação às sojicultoras. O índice de mecanização médio real foi superior ao tecnicamente planejado, tanto para a cultura do arroz como para a soja, comprovando a existência de um excesso de potência e demonstrando a viabilidade de adoção de ferramentas de planejamento e seleção para a mecanização agrícola, com vistas à otimização do uso do maquinário nesses cultivos. A cultura do arroz apresentou maior número de tratores por área em relação à cultura da soja, em função de ocorrer maior número de operações e estas se concentrarem no período próximo a semeadura. O tempo de uso médio dos tratores na região central do Rio Grande do Sul foi de 14,82 anos. O estado de conservação dos tratores é decrescente, conforme ficam mais velhos. E, na orizicultura, o desgaste é antecipado, em função das condições das operações.
Lopes, Josà Evanaldo Lima. "Mapping and characterization of accidents involving tractors in the Brazilian federal highways that cross the state of Minas Gerais." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13998.
Full textOne of the main factors responsible for the increasing development of the Brazilian agricultural sector was the inclusion of agricultural mechanization in agriculture, where the tractor was the key element, however, with the increase in the number of tractors, now occur many accidents involving these machines during displacement on the roads and in carrying out operations in the fields. While it is common accidents involving tractors and nonagricultural in the Brazilian federal highways, there is a survey of the geographical distribution of the occurrence points and the characterization of these accidents in the country and especially in the state of Minas Gerais, which presents some characteristics from one extensive road network and a strategic location with important roads linking major economic centers of the country. The objective of this paper perform the mapping and characterization of accidents involving tractors in federias highways crossing the state of Minas Gerais. This research was conducted in the Accident Research Laboratory with Agricultural Machinery (LIMA), belonging to the Federal University of Cearà (UFC), with 148 accidents involving data collected tractors from January 2008 to September 2011 and obtained through a partnership between the LIMA and the 16th Superintendence of the Federal Highway Police -PRF state of CearÃ. For the mapping of points of accidents was used ArGIS 9.3 software, the characterization was performed by descriptive statistics of frequency analysis and to analyze the spatial dependence of the evaluated attributes was used Gs +  software. From the results it was concluded that use of GIS tools proved to be effective in the mapping of accidents with tractors in federias highways in the state of Minas Gerais, the Metropolitan mesoregion of Belo Horizonte highest number of accidents with 53 occurrences, tractors wheels were responsible for 129 accidents, the federal highway with highest record of accidents was BR 381 with 40 accidents, in the afternoon there were 62 accidents, collisions accounted for 114 accidents. The age group most operators involved in accidents was between 20 to 29 years, the cause of most accidents observed was the lack of attention, with 54 cases and 93 accidents occurred weather conditions from clear skies and good visibility. Kriging technique was efficient in the study of accidents with tractors in the state of Minas Gerais.
Um dos principais fatores responsÃveis pelo crescente desenvolvimento do setor agrÃcola brasileiro foi à inserÃÃo da mecanizaÃÃo agrÃcola na agricultura, onde o trator foi o elemento fundamental, no entanto, com o aumento do nÃmero de tratores, passaram a ocorrer muitos acidentes envolvendo essas mÃquinas durante o deslocamento nas estradas e em realizaÃÃo das operaÃÃes nas lavouras. Embora seja comum a ocorrÃncia de acidentes envolvendo tratores agrÃcolas e nÃo agrÃcolas nas rodovias federais brasileiras, nÃo existe um levantamento da distribuiÃÃo geogrÃfica dos pontos de ocorrÃncias e a caracterizaÃÃo destes acidentes no paÃs e principalmente, no estado de Minas Gerais que apresenta dentre algumas caracterÃsticas um extensa malha rodoviÃria e uma localizaÃÃo estratÃgica com vias importantes interligando grandes centros econÃmicos do paÃs. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho realizar o mapeamento e a caracterizaÃÃo dos acidentes envolvendo tratores nas rodovias federias que cortam o estado de Minas Gerais. A presente pesquisa foi realizada no LaboratÃrio de InvestigaÃÃo de Acidentes com MÃquinas AgrÃcolas (LIMA), pertencente à Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC), com 148 dados de acidentes envolvendo tratores coletados de janeiro de 2008 a setembro de 2011 e obtidos atravÃs de parceria entre o LIMA e a 16a SuperintendÃncia da Policia RodoviÃria Federal â PRF do estado do CearÃ. Para o mapeamento dos pontos dos acidentes foi utilizado o software ArGIS 9.3Â, a caracterizaÃÃo foi realizada por estatÃstica descritiva de anÃlise de frequÃncia e para analisar a dependÃncia espacial entre os atributos avaliados foi utilizado o software Gs+Â. A partir dos resultados foi possÃvel concluir que uso de ferramentas de SIG mostrou-se eficiente para o mapeamento dos acidentes com tratores nas rodovias federias do estado de Minas Gerais, a mesorregiÃo Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte apresentou maior nÃmero de acidentes com 53 ocorrÃncias,os tratores de rodas foram responsÃveis por 129 acidentes, a rodovia federal com maior registro de acidentes foi a BR 381 com 40 acidentes,no perÃodo da tarde ocorreram 62 acidentes, as colisÃes foram responsÃveis por 114 acidentes.A faixa etÃria de operadores que mais se envolveram em acidentes foi entre 20 a 29 anos, a causa de acidentes mais observada foi a falta de atenÃÃo com 54 casos e 93 acidentes ocorreram em condiÃÃes meteorolÃgicas de cÃu claro e com boa visibilidade.A tÃcnica de krigagem mostrou-se eficiente no estudo dos acidentes com tratores no estado de Minas Gerais
Garcia, Marco Antonio Lopes. "Avaliação de um sistema de plantio mecanizado de cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-03112008-154538/.
Full textThe mechanized plantation system has shown that it is more profitable and viable in an operational point of view than semi-mechanized plantation, that it banish lack of manual labor motivate principally for the mechanization of the harvest. The biometric parameters of the culture, the evaluation of the effective cost and the energy demand of the planters are important for the vegetative development of the sugarcane, for the production costs adjustment and choice power source. Therefore, the objective of the current task was to evaluate the differences between the biometric parameters of a variety submitted to mechanized and semi-mechanized plantation, besides analyzed the energy demand and operational performance in relation to the mobilization of soil by the billet sugarcane planter. In the same way it evaluated the effective capacity of a pricked sugar cane planter, as well as the effective cost of this system, compared to the effective cost of the conventional plantation (semi-mechanized). The conclusion is that the mechanized plantation caused more damage to the buds, reducing the number of viable buds per meter of furrow and of affiliates, increasing the percentage of crop failure and reflecting in a significant reduction of the agricultural productivity. The variables, traction power, power at the traction bar, time consumption and effective field capacity were directly proportional to the increase in speed. On the other hand, the area and volume of mobilized soil, and the operational specific consumption did not suffer significant variation due to the increase in speed. The effective capacity was measured to be 1.11 ha h-1. The effective cost of the mechanized plantation, without involving prior costs (cutting, loading and transportation of the seedlings to the plantation area), showed that it is highly advantageous when compared to the semi-mechanized, which presented a total cost of 216.24 R$ ha-1, compared to 121.00 R$ ha-1, that is, 56% more.
Cosentino, Rui Marcos Assis. "Modelo empírico de depreciação para tratores agrícolas de rodas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-04032005-162345/.
Full textThe depreciation of wheeled tractors is an important component of the fixed cost. The right determination of this parameter is vital to determine the machinery cost during its useful life. Several methods are proposed in order to estimate tractor depreciation with more than a year of use: linear, decreasing balance, sum of the years digit, fund of capital recovery and the values published by the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo. The most adequate among the available methods is the market price, which is based on research of the machinery value ok tractor dealers. This work consists in a surveying of sale prices of agricultural wheeled tractors and in the comparison of the obtained data (value practiced in the market) with those obtained by methods proposed on references. In order to obtain these data it was elaborated a questionnaire, which had fields for the evaluated machine and its main components to be evaluated. For the evaluation of the tractor conservation, grades from 1 (bad) to 5 (excellent) were attributed to each component. This questionnaire was available on the web site of the College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo. Tractor dealers throughout the country were contacted and asked to join the survey. The low rate of answers (3%) motivated a survey done directly to dealers located in a 150- km radius from Piracicaba, state of São Paulo. The step after the data collection was the analyses of useful life (years), power, worked hours and the conservation state of the evaluated tractors. As the tractor age was increasing the conservation state was worsening. Tractors up to 34 years of use were counted. The analysis of worked hours was hardened by the lack of trustfulness of the hour counter and by the information gotten in tractors with broken instruments. Power levels found in the evaluated fleet were concentrated on those more traded in Brazil. The regression analysis was significant only when useful life and market price were related. The comparison between the developed model and the proposed methods revealed the biggest difference on the first year of use, and it became more trustful from the seventh year of use, comparing with the linear and decreasing balance methods; when comparing to the sum of the years digit method and the values published by the newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, from the third year of use, and finally, when comparing to fund of capital recovery method, from the eighth year of use.
Schogor, Ana Luiza Bachmann. "Avaliação agronômica da cana-de-açúcar submetida a métodos de colheita para produção animal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-14102008-101106/.
Full textThis research aimed to study harvesting losses, morphologic composition, dynamics of tillering and accumulation and, tiller density of sugarcane IAC86-2480 variety under three harvesting methods. In manual harvesting (MAN), plants were harvested to ground level, using a cutter. For mechanical harvesting (MEC), the harvester (adjusted for 20 cm from the ground) was pulled by a tractor and had a wagon attached to it to accommodate the harvested material. For mechanical harvesting followed by manual (MEC + MAN), the same procedures for mechanical harvesting were followed, however, after cutting, the remaining stalks were cut to ground level with a cutter. Experimental units (plots) (0.34ha) were composed in complete randomized block design, with six replications. Each plot corresponded to eight 15 m-long rows spaced 1.3 from each other. The losses were expressed in moisture and dry matter. Productivity and available forage (in t FM and DM/ha) were similar among the treatments (P>0.05). Total losses were higher (P<0.05) for MEC+MAN treatment, showing 18.5% of FM in relation to productivity. Nevertheless, losses became similar (P>0.05) when compared to productivity of DM harvesting, ranging from 17.7 to 25.7% for MAN and MEC+MAN treatments, respectively. Quantitative losses and losses related to straw and stalk fractions were similar among the treatments (P>0.05), stalk fractions accounted for the differences, generating values of relative losses in FM of 1.5% for MAN, 7.6% for MEC, and of 12.7% for MEC+MAN. The number of damage stalks was higher (P>0.05) for MEC+MAN treatment (one each 0.7 m). The number of whole plants left on the field was higher for MEC treatment (one each 1.5 m). Thus, the transit of the harvester over the crop, in the first cycle, determined the losses and damages increase to the harvest, although it was considered satisfactory. During regrowth and plant growth in the subsequent cycle, characteristics were evaluated monthly, as follows: No difference P>0.05) was found between accumulated biomass in FM and DM among the treatments. MAN harvesting showed DM accumulation rates higher than the others P<0.05). The final number of tillers by meter was 16 for MAN treatment, 14 for MEC and 15 for MEC+MAN, no difference (P>0.05) reported among treatments. Basal and linear tillers were the main components of the final population of tillers, being that the aerial tillering remained alive until 90 days after harvesting, and presented 5 tillers/meter maximum for the MEC harvesting. No difference (P>0.05) was registered among the treatments in relation to whole plant and stalk weights, height, diameter, knots number, number and weight of green, senescent and dead leaves, maturation rate and brix. Harvesting methods presented no changes in morphologic composition, tillering and growth standards of the variables analyzed during the first cycle of evaluation.
Bonato, Rodrigo Giacomini. "Qualidade operacional da fenação: análise do processo de produção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-19112004-133218/.
Full textIn the very beginning of the 21st century Brazil has nearly 185 million cattle, the biggest livestock of the world, which agribusiness contributes significantly to the GNP of the country. Most of those animals feed in pasture land and one of the main constraints is the seasonality of the herbage, that is, in the winter time the drought restrict the availability of food. Hay is one of the alternatives to counteract that problem and its quality depends on the process of harvesting, among others, in which the agility and efficiency is given by the mechanization. Nowadays rural activity requires cost-effective administration like any other enterprise, so that the producers have to constantly pursue new technologies and managerial processes. Faults and defects in the operations must be detected in time and properly corrected in order to get efficiency in the process, that is, a minor cost. This search for a lower cost can be reached applying the quality management in the business administration. The concepts of quality were developed to the industrial sector and, fully incorporated to the routine administration of the enterprises of that sector, now come to be applied to the agribusiness alike. Due to the high cost of the agricultural production process, a strategic move is the development of techniques to optimize and reduce the mechanized operations. This study aimed at the identification and evaluation of the operations which most impact the cost and quality of the hay harvesting and packing. Data obtained in a hay production farm were analyzed by means of the Statistical Quality Control (SQC) and both the tillage and packing were considered the key points under the economical and quality view in relation to the final product, the fodder. Concerning the tillage, the results indicated the existence of special causes acting in the process, as well as a tendency to operate the machines above the required limits due to the fear of adulterations in the reaped mass. As it was detected that in the packing process prevail the biggest potential to improve, an electronic device of counting was set up in the equipment. This recourse improved somewhat the productive process, mainly in relation to the format of the package: proper maintenance of the length and geometry. In conclusion, the introduction of quality control systems in the mechanized processes of hay harvesting is feasible and, the SQC make it possible to technically characterize the quality of the operations, which leads to a better fodder.
Teixeira, Flávio Luiz dos Santos. "Custo da colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar em três faixas de produtividade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-21082013-110756/.
Full textIn function of the increasing environmental pressures and, the prohibition of sugarcane burning, as well as a lack of labor force and the necessity of cost reduction, the mechanized harvest of the sugarcane has been growing considerably in the past few years. There are many aspects that can affect the operational capacity of a harvester machine, they might be field related, as in the work at a crop level, of administrative order, regarding the managerial and planning aspects, and finally, the machine itself, dealing with matters related to the constructive characteristics of the harvester. In the last harvests, thanks to a diversity of aspects, the agricultural productivity has been showing considerable variations, with a decline tendency, thus, affecting directly the cost by harvested ton. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of mechanized harvesting costs in three distinct intervals of agricultural productivity. The development of this work used as a reference the sugarcane harvest database entries for 2010/2011 from \"Agrícola São João\", a company with its production committed to the Barra Grande sugar-ethanol mill (Lençóis Paulistas/SP). To evaluate the influence of the agricultural productivity on the harvest costs, three company areas were preselected, with productivity intervals (treatments) estimated in: T1 - 35 to 70 t ha-1; T2 - 71 to 100 t ha-1 and T3 - 101 to 135 t ha-1. In a total of 6 areas (repetitions) for each treatment. The general presentation of the data behavior was made using descriptive statistical analysis and, for the statistical analysis a completely randomized design was used, applying the Ftest at a likelihood level of 5%, as well as a Tukey Test for the comparison of probabilities in case of eventual differences between the means. It was observed that the value for harvesting capacity tends to be higher when the machine is operating under conditions of high agricultural productivity. Such relation has showed to be more sensitive to lower values of production, thus, it is usually recommended that the sugarcane crop should undergo a reform when productivity levels are low (< 50 t ha- 1), in a such a way that does not compromises even more the sugarcane production costs.
Paula, Vanderson Rabelo de. "Avaliação dos danos causados pelo inadvertido tráfego de veículos sobre as soqueiras de cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-22102010-085509/.
Full textThis work aimed to evaluate possible damages caused by accidental traffic of agricultural vehicles to sugar cane ratoon at the moment of mechanized harvest. The evaluation was carried out by applying different loads on recently harvested sugar cane roots, under controlled conditions, using, as reference, typical loads applied to the soil by a sugar cane transport system composed by a tractor and infield wagons and identifying their effects on the soil and plant. The experiments were performed in two areas with similar characteristics, however with distinct soil textures - clay and sandy. A tractor was used to apply the loads and five treatments were defined, in which three of them simulated possible situation of accidental traffic on sugar cane roots, one treatment simulated the perfect condition of controlled traffic and the control (no traffic). After simulations of traffic, characteristics of soil (cone index and density) and the plant (sprout failure, sprouting number, biometrics characteristics, yield and raw material quality) were evaluated. Results show strong influence of accidental traffic on the sugar cane ratoon due to the increase of soil compaction. In the clay soil, there was significant yield reduction in the treatments where there was traffic on the sugar cane ratoon and in the sandy soil, differences were not significant. There was no difference of the treatments on the raw material quality, sprout failure and sprouting number. For the biometrical characteristics, traffic on the sugar cane ratoon caused reduction of the stem length on the clay soil. The experiments allowed to conclude that accidental traffic on the sugar cane ratoon promotes modifications in the soil, that was more intense on the clay soil, bringing negative effects on the plant and that controlling traffic permits high intensity of wheeled vehicles without affecting the dynamics of the sugar cane crop.
Mello, Arthur Miola de. "Desempenho de uma enfardadora prismática no recolhimento de palhiço." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-13102009-141028/.
Full textOne of the factors that still delay the use of the residue of sugar cane mechanical harvest for energy cogeneration is the lack of knowledge of processes or systems that allow the materials removal and transportation to the cogenerations place. The objective of this research was study the performances technical, economic and energetic of a bailing, in different conditions of distribution of sugar cane residue on the surface, trying to make viable the collection of the remaining mechanized harvest. The test was realized at sugar cane mill Iracema, located in Iracemápolis-SP, in an area of sugar cane, mechanically harvested. The area was divided into three sub-areas, with five replicates of 15 bales each. The treatments were: T1-sugar cane residue \"in natura\", without row; T2-sugar cane residue with simple row; T3-sugar cane residue with double row. The main evaluations were: force on traction bar, power, effective speed, fuel consumption, capacitys production and effectives field, bailings effectives costs, bailings energetic efficiency and energetic potential of the sugar cane residue bailed. The results showed that the force demand on traction bar to pull the baler showed no differences between the treatments and ranged from 344.21 to 369.43 kgf, the power demand required for the displacement the tractor and the baler was low and, thus, reserve the largest portion to operate the PTO. There were significant differences in operating speeds, with a value of 4.9 km.h-1 on baling without row, 2.45 km.h-1 on baling with simple row and 1.73 km.h-1 on baling with double row. The effective production capacity in the T1 was 6.55 t.h-1, 8.1 t.h-1 in T2 and 5.81 t.h-1 in T3. The effective field capacity was 7.75 t.ha-1 in T1, 9.2 t.ha-1 in T2 and 7.54 t.ha-1. The hourly consumption of fuel at T1 was 7.86 l.h-1 in T2 was 7.48 l.h-1 and T3 of 6.54 l.h-1. The consumption per ton of sugar cane residue collected was lower in treatment T2 (0.92 l.t-1), followed by T3 (1.13 l.t-1) and T1 (1.20 l.t-1). The treatment T2 had lower cost per ton of sugar cane residue baled (7.45.R$.t-1), the cost in T1 was 9.33 R$.t-1 and T3 was 10.49 R$.t-1. The energetic efficiency of the baling operation in T1 was 99.62% at T2 was 99.71% and 99.64% in T3. The energetic potential of the sugar cane residue baled at T1 was 9.92 EBP.ha-1 in T2 was 11.77 EBP.ha-1 and T3 was 9.65 EBP.ha-1. The results may conclude that: the rows operation reduced the sugar cane residue humidity, the demand of the traction force and power to pull the baler were small, the simple rows was the system that showed better performance and energy economic; the baler had a small effective capacity for this is inappropriate for large areas; considering the many variables that affects the treatments, understood that the best option for the use of this baler is operating in sugar cane residues areas with simple rows.
Santos, Evandro Chaves dos. "Colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) sem queima prévia: análise de parâmetros de desempenho efetivo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-21122012-141948/.
Full textBrazil is the largest sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) producer in the world. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, there have been processed 571.4 million tons in 2011/2012. Analyzing all operations in this production process, the stage of harvest can be considered one of the most important and conclusive, and absorbing on average more than 30% of the total cost of the agricultural sector of a sugarcane mill. The replacement of semi-mechanized harvesting by mechanized harvesting not only enables the reduction of production costs, but also solve the problems related to shortage of manpower as well as the existing environmental policies towards the burning of sugarcane. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effective performance of three harvesters models manufactured in the country. The field tests were conducted at a sugarcane mill in the region of Novo Horizonte, State of Sao Paulo, in November 2010. The sugarcane variety harvested was the SP91-1285, the second cut, without burning, with 1.5 m spacing between rows with agricultural productivity average of 78.89 t ha-1. The test area has been classified as erect sugarcane, in sandy soil and slope of 2%. The statistic analyses design was entirely randomized with schema factorial 3X2, being evaluated three harvesters models with two different harvesting speeds (5.00 km h-1 and 7.00 km h-1) and six repetitions for each speed, a total of 12 determinations analyzed for each variable and each repetition corresponding to approximately 150 m of harvesting. The testing methodology was that proposed by Ripoli and Ripoli (2009), through measurements of the effectiveness of manipulation, effective capacities, loss rates of raw material, rates of mineral and vegetal impurities harvested, fuel consumption, damage index and length frequency of the billets. It was verified that the increase in speed provided a significant increase in effectiveness of manipulation and all effective capacities. Besides, a significant decrease of the total loss rate and the fuel consumption, except in the fuel consumption per unit time (L h-1) which received no significant differences. Thus, increasing the speed of displacement resulting in gains in effective performance.
Suguisawa, Jorge Murilo. "Diagnóstico da condição tecnológica, sob a ótica da qualidade, das operações mecanizadas da cultura do trigo em sistema plantio direto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-28092004-144420/.
Full textConsidering the relevance of wheat crop in Brazil, and that the yield increase depends also on the correct execution of implementation and management of the crop, this work aimed to evaluate how stable the production processes are and to the specified patterns attending of a no-tillage wheat crop. The data were collected at Paiquerê farm, belonged to Lúcio Miranda Group, in of Piraí do Sul city, Paraná state. Six operations of the production process of the no-tillage wheat were considered: harvesting of the former crop, spraying before drilling, drilling, fertilizer spreading, spraying and wheat harvesting. To evaluate the studied production system, it were determined to each considered operation, performance indicators and specification limits to each indicator. Tools of descriptive statistics analysis, of quality control and GIS were used. It was concluded that the evaluated system did not attend the specified patterns, needing improvements in all operations involved in the process. The utilization of control charts, histogram and GIS identified where there were problems and that were not in the agronomic specification range in all the evaluated operations. The use of geostatistical techniques together GIS technology allowed the adequate zoning of the studied indicators, identifying areas with distinct quantities.
Tabile, Rubens André. "Efeito de biodeisel de mamona no diesel interior e metropolitano em trator agrícola /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88283.
Full textBanca: Marcilio Vieira Martins Filho
Banca: Luís Carlos Passarini
Resumo: A grande demanda de recursos energéticos pelos sistemas de produção aliados à escassez dos combustíveis fósseis tem motivado o desenvolvimento e a produção do Biodiesel, que é um combustível produzido de fontes renováveis. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o desempenho operacional e a opacidade da fumaça do motor de um trator agrícola, operando com diesel metropolitano e interior misturados ao Biodiesel de mamona, em sete proporções. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da UNESP/Jaboticabal - SP. Os resultados mostraram que o tipo de diesel influenciou no consumo de combustível e na opacidade da fumaça, sendo o diesel metropolitano de melhor qualidade. Observou-se, também, que à medida que a proporção de Biodiesel aumentou, o mesmo ocorreu para o consumo de combustível, entretanto, a opacidade da fumaça reduziu com acréscimo da proporção de Biodiesel até B75.
Abstract: The great demand for energy resources by production systems allied to scarcity of fossil fuels has driven the development and production of Biodiesel, a fuel produced from renewable sources. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the performance and smoke opacity from a farm tractor, operating with interior and metropolitano diesel mixed with mamona Biodiesel in seven proportions. The tests were conducted in Departamento de Engenharia Rural of UNESP / Jaboticabal - SP. The results showed that the kind of diesel influenced consumption of fuel and smoke opacity, and the metropolitano diesel showed better quality, it was observed as well that as Biodiesel proportion increased, comsumption of fuel increased too, however, the opacity of smoke decreased with an increase of Biodiesel proportions by B75.
Mestre
Oliveira, Tiago Carletti Antunes de. "Estudos sobre desempenho de sistemas de piloto automático em tratores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11148/tde-10112009-150847/.
Full textFor the sugarcane scenery one of the sustainability problems is the indiscriminate traffic of machinery wheels on the sugar cane, especially in the mechanical harvest, due to misalignment of the cane rows and difficulty of maintenance of the vehicles and compositions away of the crop rows. This is the reason the technologies of auto-guidance systems are succeeding in the sugar cane business. In the scenery of the citrus the implantation of an orchard is a stage of extreme economical importance due to the high cost, once several automated operations are involved. After the soil tillage, the manual alignment of the rows is accomplished for the transplanting, stage that demands the use of a team composed by a topographer and about 8 to 10 staffs. The use of auto-guidance systems provides the elimination of the manual alignment of the rows for transplanting and consequent reduction of the number of staffs. The technologies of autoguidance systems based on orientation through satellites intend to improve the alignment and the operational capacity of mechanized operations. The target of this work was to evaluate the performance of the use of some auto-guidance systems in sugarcane and citrus. In sugarcane the objective was to evaluate the accuracy of auto-guidance system in the furrows opening. In citrus the target was to evaluate the accuracy of auto-guidance systems in the opening furrows for transplanting and to analyze the operational and economical performance of an auto-guidance system compared to the usual practice, of optic and manual alignment. In the first test, on sugar cane, two types of guidance systems (universal and integrated) were involved, with two types of GPS signals (SF1 and RTK) and two types of tractors (Valtra BH 180 and John Deere 7815). Three replications were accomplished in the operation of opening furrows to evaluate parallelism errors of auto-guidance equipments in straight and curved tracks. The second part of the research was divided in two parts. The first stage consisted on georreferencing the plants in the field three months after the transplanting using both technologies for furrows opening, auto-pilot and manual alignment. In the second stage field capacities were evaluated by collecting data with a GPS receiver, with the tractor under the two conditions, with and without auto-guidance use. For the tests on opening furrows in sugarcane the integrated auto-guidance obtained better accuracy than the universal systems in straight tracks and in curved tracks, presenting lower aligning errors. In straight tracks the universal system 200 resulted in lower error values than the universal system 100. The universal system 100 resulted in lower errors in curved lines than the universal system 200. All the evaluated technologies obtained better performance in straight tracks. RTK signal had better accuracy when compared to SF1. In the implantation of citrus orchards the average aligning error on furrows opening was 0.08 m in the conventional system against 0.04 m for the auto-guidance systems. The opening of furrows operation using the auto-guidance presented lower field efficiency. However, with auto-guidance it was possible to work with higher speeds, what resulted in a higher field capacity and smaller operation cost.
Greco, Silvia Cristina Bender. "Análise da tendência à redução do numero de bóias-frias em Toledo/PR, a partir de 1970, redução influenciada pela modernização agrícola e pelas alterações nas culturas produzidas." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2007. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2203.
Full textThis work presents the connection between the diminution in the amount of field men (bóias-frias) and the agricultural modernization in Toledo-Pr, since 70's decade. It is presented a description of the colonization process and the agricultural modernization to show how the field men (bóias-frias) are set on this context. Questions were done with the field men (bóias-frias), farmers and agents (gatos). Its answers showed an opinion about the beginning and trends related to this kind of work and its diminution. It was identified that the main cause of field men (bóias-frias) beginning is the agricultural modernization, in addition to the produced crops changes. About the trends, the results show that the amount of field men (bóias-frias) is decreasing continuously. This fact may happen as a consequence of technology development, where the mechanical works take place over manual work. Overall, the field men (bóias-frias) had an enormous importance to the agricultural modernization because the fact that their work were used to non-mechanical duties, at that time. With the constant machines, technologies, and inputs development, it is possible to conclude that the necessity of field men (bóias-frias) work has been decreasing as well as its population, nearly extinct.
O presente estudo objetivou apresentar a relação entre a diminuição do número de bóias-frias e a modernização ocorrida na agricultura do município de Toledo-PR, a partir da década de 1970. Apresentamos uma descrição do processo de colonização e modernização da agricultura do município para mostrar como o bóia-fria se insere nesse contexto. Realizamos questionamentos com bóias-frias, agricultores e recrutadores ("gatos"). Esses questionamentos apresentaram as opiniões sobre o surgimento e as tendências quanto à diminuição desta forma de trabalho. Identificamos que o principal fator apontado como causa de surgimento dos bóias-frias é a modernização da agricultura, aliando-se as alterações nas culturas produzidas. Quanto ás tendências futuras, apresentou-se uma tendência à diminuição cada vez maior do número de bóias-frias. Esse fato seria conseqüência dos avanços cada vez maiores em tecnologia, substituindo-se cada vez mais o trabalho manual pelo mecânico. Podemos concluir que os bóias-frias tiveram uma enorme importância para o processo de modernização da agricultura. Isso pela utilização desses trabalhadores em etapas não mecanizadas inicialmente. Com o constante e gradual desenvolvimento de máquinas, tecnologias e insumos, a redução da necessidade de bóias-frias fez com que gradualmente essa população diminuísse de forma extrema, tendendo a extinção.
Coelho, Andre Luiz de Freitas. "Comportamento dinâmico do sistema fruto- pedúnculo-ramo do cafeeiro submetido à vibrações mecânicas." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3665.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Coffee manual harvesting is a complex and costly activity due to factors such as plant height, land slope, weather conditions, correct time for harvesting, beyond high production cost with manpower. Then, mechanization arises as a solution by increasing the process' operational capability and the reduction of physical effort for harvesting. The development of efficient harvesting machines requires the knowledge about the plant s dynamic behavior, aiming a greater overthrowing efficiency and less breakage of branches and leaf fall. This study aimed to analyze the dynamic behavior of the fruit-stem-branch system of the coffee plant subjected to mechanical vibration. This study was carried out using samples of Arabica coffee Red Catuaí variety collected in an experimental area of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Federal University of Viçosa) in Viçosa City/Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from May to July, 2013. This study is composed by five papers: (1) in the first paper, mass, volume, specific density, elasticity modulus, Poisson's ratio, and the constituents' damping ratio of the fruit-stem-branch system were experimentally determined. Damping ratio values obtained for the stem and the branch were lower than one, characterizing them as an underdamped system; (2) in the second paper, certain methodology was developed for determining the elasticity modulus of the fruit and stem by comparing the natural frequencies obtained by the finite elements method with the natural frequencies obtained experimentally. The average values for the elasticity modulus were 15.74; 23.90, and 4645.90 MPa for stem in green and ripe ripeness stages, and for the branch, respectively; (3) in the third study, the natural frequencies and the modes shapes were determined for the fruit- stem, branch, and fruit-stem-branch systems using the stochastic finite elements method, in which the specific density and elasticity modulus of fruits, stems, and branches were treated as random values. The natural frequencies were reduced to the extent that the ripeness stage evolved or according as the system total mass increased. For the fourth and fifth modes shapes, larger deformations in the stems were found; (4) in the fourth paper, the stresses in the fruit-stem, branch and fruit-stem-branch systems were determined when subjected to mechanical vibration with frequency related to the natural frequency, peak to peak displacement of 10 mm, and stimulation time of 10 s. The von Mises stresses were higher for systems in green ripeness stage and in the jointing regions of the stem to the branch and of the branch to the stem due to higher frequency vibrations applied on this ripeness stage and to the higher bending moments in these regions, respectively; (5) in the fifth paper, a overthrowing efficiency test with a fruits' bunch samples were subjected to mechanical vibrations at different frequencies (16.4; 20.3; 24.0; 25.6; 30.0; and 33.0 Hz), peak to peak displacement (5.0; 7.0; and 9.0 mm), and vibration times (10.0 and 20.0 s). For the studied amplitudes, the overthrowing efficiency of ripe fruits tended to be higher than the overthrowing efficiency of the green fruits. The overthrowing efficiency increased according as the frequency and vibration amplitude increased.
A colheita manual do café é considerada uma atividade complexa e onerosa, devido a fatores como altura das plantas, inclinação dos terrenos, condições climáticas, necessidade da colheita no período correto, além do elevado custo de produção com mão de obra. A mecanização surge, então, como uma solução pelo aumento da capacidade operacional do processo e redução dos esforços físicos para a colheita. O desenvolvimento de máquinas de colheita eficientes exige conhecimento acerca do comportamento dinâmico da planta, visando à maior eficiência de derriça, além de menor quebra de galhos e queda de folhas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho analisar o comportamento dinâmico do sistema fruto-pedúnculo- ramo do cafeeiro submetido a vibrações mecânicas. O trabalho foi desenvolvimento empregando amostras de café arábica, variedade Catuaí Vermelho, coletados em uma Área Experimental da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa/MG, no período maio a julho/2013. O trabalho foi dividido por cinco artigos. No primeiro artigo, foram determinados experimentalmente a massa, o volume, a massa específica, o módulo de elasticidade, o coeficiente de Poisson e a razão de amortecimento dos constituintes do sistema fruto-pedúnculo-ramo. Os módulos de elasticidade dos frutos e dos pedúnculos no estádio de maturação verde foram superiores aos valores para o estádio de maturação cereja. Foram obtidos valores de razão de amortecimento para o pedúnculo e ramo menores que o unitário, caracterizando-os como um sistema subamortecido. No segundo, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para determinação do módulo de elasticidade do fruto e do pedúnculo pela comparação entre as frequências naturais obtidas pelo método de elementos finitos e as frequências naturais obtidas experimentalmente. Os valores médios para os módulos de elasticidades foram de 15,74; 23,90 e 4645,90 MPa para o pedúnculo nos estágios de maturação verde, cereja e para o ramo, respectivamente. No terceiro artigo, foram determinados as frequências naturais e os modos de vibração dos sistemas fruto-pedúnculo, ramo e fruto-pedúnculo-ramo, empregando o método de elementos finitos estocástico, em que a massa específica e o módulo de elasticidade dos frutos pedúnculos e ramos foram tratados como valores aleatórios. As frequências naturais foram reduzidas na medida em que evoluiu o estádio de maturação ou na medida em que aumentou a massa total do sistema. Para o quarto e o quinto modos de vibração, foram constatadas maiores deformações nos pedúnculos. No quarto artigo, foram determinadas as tensões nos sistemas fruto-pedúnculo, ramo e fruto-pedúnculo-ramo, quando submetidos à vibração mecânica com frequência referente à frequência natural, deslocamento pico a pico de 10 mm e tempo de excitação de 10 s. As tensões de von Mises foram superiores para sistemas no estádio de maturação verde e nas regiões de engaste do pedúnculo ao ramo e no engaste do ramo ao tronco devidas às maiores frequências de vibrações aplicadas neste estádio de maturação e aos maiores momentos fletores nestas regiões, respectivamente. E no quinto artigo, foi feito um ensaio de eficiência de derriça, em que amostras com um cacho de frutos foram submetidas a vibrações mecânicas em diferentes frequências (16,4; 20,3; 24; 25,6; 30,0 e 33,0 Hz), deslocamento pico-a-pico (5,0; 7,0 e 9,0 mm) e tempos de vibração (10,0 e 20,0 s). Para as amplitudes estudadas, houve tendência de a eficiência de derriça dos frutos cereja ser superior à dos frutos verdes. A eficiência de derriça aumentou na medida em que foram aumentadas a frequência e a amplitude de vibração.
Tabile, Rubens André [UNESP]. "Efeito de biodeisel de mamona no diesel interior e metropolitano em trator agrícola." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88283.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A grande demanda de recursos energéticos pelos sistemas de produção aliados à escassez dos combustíveis fósseis tem motivado o desenvolvimento e a produção do Biodiesel, que é um combustível produzido de fontes renováveis. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o desempenho operacional e a opacidade da fumaça do motor de um trator agrícola, operando com diesel metropolitano e interior misturados ao Biodiesel de mamona, em sete proporções. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da UNESP/Jaboticabal - SP. Os resultados mostraram que o tipo de diesel influenciou no consumo de combustível e na opacidade da fumaça, sendo o diesel metropolitano de melhor qualidade. Observou-se, também, que à medida que a proporção de Biodiesel aumentou, o mesmo ocorreu para o consumo de combustível, entretanto, a opacidade da fumaça reduziu com acréscimo da proporção de Biodiesel até B75.
The great demand for energy resources by production systems allied to scarcity of fossil fuels has driven the development and production of Biodiesel, a fuel produced from renewable sources. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the performance and smoke opacity from a farm tractor, operating with interior and metropolitano diesel mixed with mamona Biodiesel in seven proportions. The tests were conducted in Departamento de Engenharia Rural of UNESP / Jaboticabal - SP. The results showed that the kind of diesel influenced consumption of fuel and smoke opacity, and the metropolitano diesel showed better quality, it was observed as well that as Biodiesel proportion increased, comsumption of fuel increased too, however, the opacity of smoke decreased with an increase of Biodiesel proportions by B75.
Vischi, Filho Oswaldo Julio 1961. "Indicadores físicos e mecânicos do solo sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar em áreas comerciais." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257135.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de açúcar e o segundo de álcool e para tanto possui mais de 10 milhões de hectares explorados com cana-de-açúcar. Houve a necessidade de modernizar o setor preparando as áreas de produção para a colheita mecanizada de cana crua. Este sistema visando a maior mecanização das etapas de produção, com ênfase para a colheita, promove o tráfego intenso das máquinas sobre o solo, resultando na sua compactação. Indicadores do processo de compactação derivados da curva de compressão e do intervalo hídrico ótimo do solo podem ser influenciados diferenciadamente pelo sistema de manejo. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os ciclos de uso do solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar utilizando indicadores de qualidade estrutural do solo em função da pressão de pré-consolidação e do intervalo hídrico ótimo do solo que possibilitem diagnosticar o comportamento estrutural dos mesmos com diferentes épocas de implantação e classes texturais. O experimento foi desenvolvido na usina São Martinho, município de Pradópolis, SP, em lavoura comercial de cana-de-açúcar, em quatro áreas distintas sobre Latossolo Vermelho, com duas classes texturais (argilosa e média), em sistemas com seis e dezoito anos de colheita mecanizada. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial, com os fatores: dois ciclos de colheita mecanizada (um e três ciclos), duas classes texturais (argilosa e média), dois locais de coleta (canteiro e linha de plantio) e quatro camadas amostradas. Os tratamentos foram: área com um ciclo de colheita mecanizada (seis anos de cultivo) em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico, textura argilosa (T1); área com três ciclos de colheita mecanizada (dezoito anos de cultivo) em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, textura argilosa (T2); área com um ciclo de colheita mecanizada em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura média (T3) e área com três ciclos de colheita mecanizada em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura média (T4). O solo foi amostrado nas linhas de plantio e no canteiro, nas camadas de 0,00-0,10, 0,10-0,20,0,20-0,30 e 0,30-0,40 m. Os atributos do solo avaliados foram: densidade, porosidade, resistência à penetração, conteúdo de água, estabilidade de agregados, teor de carbono e curva de retenção de água. A qualidade física do solo foi avaliada por meio do intervalo hídrico ótimo e pela modelagem da capacidade de suporte de carga, relacionando a pressão de pré-consolidação em função do teor de água. O maquinário de plantio e colheita da usina (trator, transbordo e colhedora de cana) foi avaliado quanto à área de contato, real e da elipse e pressão de contato dos rodados sobre o solo. Os resultados evidenciam a diminuição da porosidade total e a macroporosidade. A microporosidade e a produtividade da cultura não foram afetadas. Maior macroporosidade, Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo, diâmetro médio ponderado e diâmetro médio geométrico e menor densidade e resistência do solo à penetração ocorreram na linha de plantio. Os maiores teores de água no solo ocorreram no solo argiloso no sistema com três ciclos de colheita mecanizada (T2). O Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo no solo argiloso foi maior para o sistema de colheita mecanizada com um ciclo (T1) e no solo de textura média no sistema com três ciclos (T4). A colhedora de cana com massa de 18,3 Mg foi a máquina que apresentou a maior área de contato e a menor pressão de contato. O transbordo com massa de 28,74 Mg - foi o equipamento que apresenta a menor área de contato e a maior pressão de contato. As maiores capacidades de suporte de carga ocorreram no sistema de colheita mecanizada com dezoito anos, tanto no Latossolo Vermelho argiloso (T2) quanto no Latossolo Vermelho de textura média (T4), em relação ao sistema com seis anos (T1 e T3)
Abstract: Brazil is the world's largest sugar producer and the second for alcohol, for that it has over 10 million hectares exploited with sugarcane. There was a need to modernize the sector preparing the production areas to receive the mechanized harvesting of sugarcane. This system aiming at the highest possible mechanization of production stages, with emphasis on harvest, promotes intense machine traffic on the ground, resulting in its compaction. Indicators of compaction process derived from compression curve; in addition from the soil Least Limiting Water Range can be influenced differently by the handling system applied to sugarcane. The study aimed to evaluate the use of soil cycles cultivated with sugar cane using sustainability structural models of soil in terms of pre-consolidation pressure, as well as soil Least Limiting Water Range that allow diagnosing the soil structural behavior under cultivation of sugar cane at different times of deployment and textural classes. The experiment was conducted at Usina São Martinho, in Pradópolis, SP, sugarcane commercial farming, in four distinct areas on Oxisol, with two textural classes (clayey and medium), at systems with six and eighteen years of mechanized harvesting. The experimental design was entirely randomized in mechanized harvest, along with factors: two cycles of mechanized harvest (one and three cycles), two texture classes (clayey and medium), two harvest location (bed and rows), as well as four sampled layers. The treatments were: one cycle (six years of cultivation) area with mechanized harvesting in Oxisol, clayey (T1); area with three cycles of mechanical harvesting (eighteen years of cultivation) in Oxisol Typic Acrudox, clayey (T2); area with one mechanized harvest cycle in Oxisol Typic Acrudox, medium texture (T3) and areas with three cycles of mechanized harvesting in Oxisol Typic Acrudox, medium texture (T4). Soil was sampled on rows and bed, at layers of 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30 and 0.30-0.40 m. Soil attributes evaluated were: bulk density, soil porosity, soil penetration resistance, water content, aggregate stability, carbon content and soil water retention curve. Soil physical quality was assessed by Least Limiting Water Range, as well by support modeling capacity of soil load, relating pre-consolidation pressure to water content function. The farm machinery for planting and harvesting (tractor, transshipment t and sugarcane harvester) was evaluated for contact area, real and eclipse, also wheel contact pressure on soil. The results show the decrease in total porosity and macroporosity. The microporosity and the crop yield were not affected. Greater macroporosity, Limiting Water Range, medium weight diameter and medium geometric diameter, as well as lower density and penetration soil resistance occurred in the rows. The higher water content on the soil occurred in clayey soil at three cycle system of mechanical harvesting (T2). The Limiting Water Range in clayey soil was higher for mechanical harvesting system with one cycle (T1) and on the medium textured soil in the system with three cycles (T4). The sugarcane harvester with mass 18.3 Mg was the machine with the highest contact area, as well as the lowest contact pressure. Transshipment with mass 28.74 Mg. was the equipment that showed the smallest contact area and the greatest contact pressure. The highest load bearing capacity occurred in mechanized harvesting system with eighteen years, both for an Oxisol (T2) as for Oxisol of medium texture (T4), compared to six years old system (T1 and T3)
Doutorado
Agua e Solo
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
Bramucci, Marcelo. "Determinação e quantificação de fatores de influência sobre a produtividade de "Harvesters" na colheita de madeira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-02052002-083723/.
Full textThe Brazilian cellulose and paper industry has been total sales of US$ 7.5 billions on 2000, with consume of 14 millions of m3 of eucalypt wood. Logging and wood transportation are responsible for 50% of final cost of wood. On cut-to-length system, the harvester is the main machine used on felling and processing of wood. This is an equipment with high cost and technology, justifying studies to improve the planning and precision of operations for obtainment of the best use of machines, with low number of work hours. This work aimed, based on industry data bank, to analyze the kind of influence of different technical variables about the productivity of these equipments and obtain mathematic models to predict the expected productivity for a harvester on different work conditions. It was picked up data from Duratex S.A., Votorantim Cellulose and Paper, Cia. Suzano of Paper and Cellulose and Aracruz Celulose S.A. It was done two spreadsheets, one for harvesting and processing with no debarking, and other for processing with debarking done by harvester. This study analyzed data referent of more than 4 millions m3 of eucalypt wood harvested on first rotation and 200 thousand hours of work by 69 harvesters, totalizing more than 14 thousand of data lines. Average individual volume was the variable that, isolated, better explain harvester productivity; followed by mean DBH, mean height and volume of wood per hectare. More precise models were obtained for different work systems (i.e. with or without wood debarking) with determination coefficient higher than 0.75, by multiple linear regression.