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Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural occupation'
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1
Etowa, Egbe Bassey, and Olugbenga Wilson Adejo. "Occupational choice and agricultural labour efficiency in Nigeria: Impact of ICTs." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2017): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/1-2/14.
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Increased labour efficiency is imperative in the developing world and particularly in Nigerian Agriculture which should be in its leaping phase. The interaction between labour efficiency and ICTs is inevitable in the realisation of the nation’s agribusiness potentials. Following a vivid descriptive statistics on main occupations and access to ICTs among the Nigerian populace, this study assessed effects of ICTs on the probability that a working aged Nigerian chose agricultural occupation over non-agricultural occupations. In doing so, the study analysed the effects of access to ICTs on agricultural labour efficiency in Nigeria. Data used for the analysis were drawn from the Nigerian General Household Survey-Panel held in 2010-2011 period. Analytical framework for the study include: Logistic Regression and Multiple Regression Models. Results show that access to mobile phones, using the internet to obtain information, and using the internet to send or receive mails were significant factors of the probability that a Nigerian chose agriculture or its related activities as a main occupation. Again, access to personal computers, use of the internet for e-banking, e-learning and for reading e-newspapers had significant impact on agricultural labour efficiency in Nigeria. The study recommends that labour policies should find a place for the role of ICTs, particularly the internet.
JEL. Code: Q12
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Osabohien, Romanus, Alexander Nimo Wiredu, Paul Matin Dontsop Nguezet, Djana Babatima Mignouna, Tahirou Abdoulaye, Victor Manyong, Zoumana Bamba, and Bola Amoke Awotide. "Youth Participation in Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 7795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147795.
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With data from 683 systematically selected households, the study employed the Heckman two-stage model and the propensity score matching method (PSM) to examine the impact of youth participation in agriculture as a primary occupation on income and poverty in Nigeria. The results indicate that the gender of the youth and their determination to stay in agriculture significantly increases the probability that youth will participate in agriculture as a primary occupation. In addition, youth participation in agriculture as a main occupation contributes significantly to per capita household income and has the likelihood to reduce poverty by 17%. The daily wage rate of hired labor and the total farmland owned are the variables that positively explained the per capita income. Poverty was reduced by market access, having agriculture as a primary occupation, income from agricultural production, the total monetary value of all the household assets, determination to remain in agriculture, and the square of the respondents’ age. These results imply that creating employment for youth by engaging them in agriculture as a full-time occupation can increase their income and reduce poverty. However, the promotion of other secondary occupations, land, and market access is also vital.
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Bochtis, Dionysis, Lefteris Benos, Maria Lampridi, Vasso Marinoudi, Simon Pearson, and Claus G. Sørensen. "Agricultural Workforce Crisis in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 8212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198212.
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COVID-19 and the restrictive measures towards containing the spread of its infections have seriously affected the agricultural workforce and jeopardized food security. The present study aims at assessing the COVID-19 pandemic impacts on agricultural labor and suggesting strategies to mitigate them. To this end, after an introduction to the pandemic background, the negative consequences on agriculture and the existing mitigation policies, risks to the agricultural workers were benchmarked across the United States’ Standard Occupational Classification system. The individual tasks associated with each occupation in agricultural production were evaluated on the basis of potential COVID-19 infection risk. As criteria, the most prevalent virus transmission mechanisms were considered, namely the possibility of touching contaminated surfaces and the close proximity of workers. The higher risk occupations within the sector were identified, which facilitates the allocation of worker protection resources to the occupations where they are most needed. In particular, the results demonstrated that 50% of the agricultural workforce and 54% of the workers’ annual income are at moderate to high risk. As a consequence, a series of control measures need to be adopted so as to enhance the resilience and sustainability of the sector as well as protect farmers including physical distancing, hygiene practices, and personal protection equipment.
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Adamchak, Donald J., and Michael T. Mbizvo. "The impact of husband's and wife's education and occupation on family size in Zimbabwe." Journal of Biosocial Science 26, no. 4 (October 1994): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021672.
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SummaryThis paper assesses the impact of husband's and wife's education and occupation on family size in Zimbabwe. Results from the 1988 Male Fertility Survey indicate that husband's education had a strong negative effect, and wife's education had a moderate negative effect on the number of children ever born. Contrary to the literature, wives who were not employed had significantly fewer children than those who work in agriculture, and fewer, but not significantly, than those in non-agricultural occupations. Findings show the importance of husband's education and the changing dynamics of wife's occupation in fertility decline.
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Feitosa-Assis, Ana Isabela, and Vilma Sousa Santana. "Occupation and maternal mortality in Brazil." Revista de Saúde Pública 54 (July 16, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001736.
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate maternal mortality ratio according to occupation in Brazil. METHODS: This is a mortality study conducted with national data from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratios were estimated according to the occupation recorded in death certificates, using the Brazilian Classification of Occupation (CBO), version 2002. RESULTS: A total of 1,738 maternal deaths records were found, corresponding to a maternal mortality ratio of 57.6/100,000 live births. It varied among occupational groups, with higher estimates among service and agricultural workers, particularly for domestic workers (123.2/100,000 live births), followed by general agricultural workers (88.3/100,000 live births). Manicurists and nursing technicians also presented high maternal mortality ratio. Maternal occupation was not reported in 17.0% of SIM registers and in 13.2% of SINASC data. Inconsistent records of occupation were found.“Housewife” prevailed in SIM (35.5%) and SINASC (39.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal mortality ratio differs by occupation, suggesting a work contribution, which requires further research focusing occupational risk factors. Socioeconomic factors are closely related to occupation, and their combination with work exposures and the poor access to health services need to be also addressed.
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Li, Hui Jing, and Guang Ji Tong. "The Establishment of Agricultural Engineering Information System for Farmer Cultivation." Key Engineering Materials 579-580 (September 2013): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.579-580.381.
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By means of information to improve the quality of farmers, it is not only an important part of constructing the modern agriculture, but also the basic premise and guarantee to cultivate the new occupation farmers and to construct new countryside. In this paper, we analysis the significance on agricultural information to promote the occupation farmers cultivation engineering, and we use SWOT analysis method, analysis the construction of current agricultural informations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threatens, putting forward the suggestion that make the agricultural information as the carrier, and develop the construction of occupation farmers, it is namely promoting agricultural information resources integrating and sharing, innovating rural grass-roots information service mode, constructing rural education information service platform which is regard knowledge push as construction of core and basing on cloud computing environment of agricultural information education system.
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Kootbodien, Tahira, Kerry Wilson, Nonhlanhla Tlotleng, and Nisha Naicker. "P.3.15 Suicide trends by occupation in south africa, 1997 to 2016." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A100.1—A100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.274.
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BackgroundThe risk of suicide varies across occupations. However information is limited in South Africa. Surveillance data are vital to raise awareness of suicide risk for effective interventions in workplaces.MethodTo assess trends in suicide-related mortality by occupation, we analysed underlying cause of death data and occupation information from vital registration data from Statistics South Africa. Suicide (X60-X84) was coded using the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Occupation groups were based on the South African Standard Classification of Occupations (SASCO) groups: (1) managers, (2) professionals, (3) technicians, (4) clerks, (5) service workers, (6) skilled agricultural and fishery workers, (7) craft and related trade workers, (8) plant and machine operators and (9) elementary occupations. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate mortality odds ratios (MOR) for occupation groups in men and women, adjusting for age, year of death, education level, marital status and province of death.ResultsThe 20 year study examined 7 113 episodes of suicide in South Africa of all persons of working age from 1997 to 2016. Deaths by suicide increased from 1997 (n=93, 0.05%) to 2016 (n=389, 0.15%, nptrend, p<0.001). Among men, the risk of suicide was highest in skilled agricultural and fishery workers (MOR=3.0, 95% CI 1.75–5.16). Among women, risk of suicide were highest in skilled agricultural and fishery workers (MOR=2.7, 95% CI 1.03–6.84) and clerical workers (MOR=2.40, 95% CI 1.29–4.46).ConclusionThe results show that agricultural and fishery workers are at highest risk of suicide in men and women of working-age. There is a need for future studies to investigate explanations for the observed differences across occupations, particularly in people employed in lower skill-level groups.
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Kootbodien, Tahira, Kerry Wilson, Nonhlanhla Tlotleng, Vusi Ntlebi, Felix Made, David Rees, and Nisha Naicker. "Tuberculosis Mortality by Occupation in South Africa, 2011–2015." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 2756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122756.
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Work-related tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health concern in low- and middle-income countries. The use of vital registration data for monitoring TB deaths by occupation has been unexplored in South Africa. Using underlying cause of death and occupation data for 2011 to 2015 from Statistics South Africa, age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) were calculated for all persons of working age (15 to 64 years) by the direct method using the World Health Organization (WHO) standard population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate mortality odds ratios (MORs) for occupation groups, adjusting for age, sex, year of death, province of death, and smoking status. Of the 221,058 deaths recorded with occupation data, 13% were due to TB. ASMR for TB mortality decreased from 165.9 to 88.8 per 100,000 population from 2011 to 2015. An increased risk of death by TB was observed among elementary occupations: agricultural labourers (MORadj = 3.58, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.96–4.32), cleaners (MORadj = 3.44, 95% CI 2.91–4.09), and refuse workers (MORadj = 3.41, 95% CI 2.88–4.03); among workers exposed to silica dust (MORadj = 3.37, 95% CI 2.83–4.02); and among skilled agricultural workers (MORadj = 3.31, 95% CI 2.65–4.19). High-risk TB occupations can be identified from mortality data. Therefore, TB prevention and treatment policies should be prioritised in these occupations.
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Duijster, Janneke, Lapo Mughini-Gras, Jacques Neefjes, and Eelco Franz. "Occupational exposure and risk of colon cancer: a nationwide registry study with emphasis on occupational exposure to zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogens." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e050611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050611.
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ObjectivesWhile colon cancer (CC) risk is associated with several lifestyle-related factors, including physical inactivity, smoking and diet, the contribution of occupation to CC morbidity remains largely unclear. Growing evidence indicates that gastrointestinal infections like salmonellosis could contribute to CC development. We performed a nationwide registry study to assess potential associations between occupation (history) and CC, including also those occupations with known increased exposure to gastrointestinal pathogens like Salmonella.MethodsPerson-level occupational data for all residents in The Netherlands were linked to CC diagnosis data. Differences in the incidence of (overall, proximal and distal) CC among occupational sectors and risk groups were tested for significance by calculating standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% CIs using the general population as reference group. Effects of gender, age, exposure duration and latency were also assessed.ResultsSignificant differences in CC incidence were observed only for a few occupational sectors, including the manufacturing of rubber and plastics, machinery and leather, the printing sector and the information service sector (SIRs 1.06–1.88). No elevated risk of CC was observed among people with increased salmonellosis risk through occupational exposure to live animals, manure or among those working in the sale of animal-derived food products (SIRs 0.93–0.95, 0.81–0.95 and 0.93–1.09 for overall, proximal and distal CC, respectively).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that occupation in itself provides a relatively small contribution to CC incidence. This is consistent with previous studies where a similar degree of variation in risk estimates was observed. The lack of an association with the high-risk occupations for salmonellosis might be due to higher levels of physical activity, a known protective factor for CC and other diseases, of people working in the agricultural sector, which might outweigh the potential Salmonella-associated risk of CC.
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Milner, Allison, Matthew J. Spittal, Jane Pirkis, and Anthony D. LaMontagne. "Suicide by occupation: Systematic review and meta-analysis." British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 6 (December 2013): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.128405.
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BackgroundPrevious research has shown that those employed in certain occupations, such as doctors and farmers, have an elevated risk of suicide, yet little research has sought to synthesise these findings across working-age populations.AimsTo summarise published research in this area through systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodRandom effects meta-analyses were used to calculate a pooled risk of suicide across occupational skill-level groups.ResultsThirty-four studies were included in the meta-analysis. Elementary professions (e.g. labourers and cleaners) were at elevated risk compared with the working-age population (rate ratio (RR) = 1.84, 95% CI 1.46–2.33), followed by machine operators and deck crew (RR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.22–2.60) and agricultural workers (RR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.19–2.28). Results suggested a stepwise gradient in risk, with the lowest skilled occupations being at greater risk of suicide than the highest skill-level group.ConclusionsThis is the first comprehensive meta-analytical review of suicide and occupation. There is a need for future studies to investigate explanations for the observed skill-level differences, particularly in people employed in lower skill-level groups.Declaration on interestNone.
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Verma, Kamlesh, and Vinay Kumar Rai. "Changes in Occupational Structure of Population in Ballia district: AGeographical study." National Geographical Journal of India 66, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.48008/ngji.1736.
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All the economic activities for livelihood is called occupation. The people who are involved in various economic activities form the occupational structure of any region. Occupation is an important activity of any population that affects the social, economic, cultural, and demographic characteristics of a region. The proportion of the economically active population in various occupations indicates the economic profile of various groups of the society of that region. This occupational structure varies temporally and spatially which defines the level of development of society and quality of life. The present study is based on Ballia District, lying in the fertile confluence zone of the Ganga and the Ghaghara river. Administratively the district is divided into 17 blocks which are taken as study units. The research aims to compare the working population, occupational structure and its spatial change existing in the district from the period of 2001 to 2011. Data for working population, main and marginal workers along with different occupations are obtained from District Census Handbook of Ballia. Statistical techniques and choropleth maps are used for the representation of occupational structure in the district and consequent changes in the last decade. This comparative analysis will help highlight the spatial variation in different occupations in the study area. This paper deals to analyse the spatial distribution of the working population and change in the occupational structure of Ballia district. The proportion of cultivators and agricultural labourers has decreased from 28.67% to 19.90% and 43.26% to 37.64% level in 2001 to 2011 respectively, while the proportion of household industry workers and other workers have increased from 5.40% to 7.09% and 24.28% to 35.17% level in 2001 to 2011 respectively in Ballia district.
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Meltzer, Howard, Clare Griffiths, Anita Brock, Cleo Rooney, and Rachel Jenkins. "Patterns of suicide by occupation in England and Wales: 2001–2005." British Journal of Psychiatry 193, no. 1 (July 2008): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040550.
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BackgroundSuicide rates vary by occupation but this relationship has not been frequently studiedAimsTo identify the occupations with significantly high suicide rates in England and Wales in 2001–2005 and to compare these with rates from previous decadesMethodMortality data from death registrations in England and Wales over the calendar years 2001–2005 were used to calculate proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for both men and women aged 20–64 years by their occupationResultsAmong men, in 2001–2005, construction workers, and plant and machine operatives had the greatest number of suicides. The highest PMRs were for health professionals (PMR=164) and agricultural workers (PMR=133). Among women, administrative and secretarial workers had the greatest number of suicides yet the highest PMRs were found for health (PMR=232), and sport and fitness (PMR=244) occupationsConclusionsExcess mortality from suicide remains in some occupational groups. The apparent changes in suicide patterns merits further exploration, for example examining the prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation in medical practitioners, dentists, veterinarians, agricultural workers, librarians and construction workers
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Roy, Subrata K., and Tanaya Kundu Chowdhury. "Differences in Selected Health Traits between Occupational Groups among Oraons of Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal." Journal of Anthropology 2013 (December 26, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/582036.
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Occupational health deals with diseases or injuries caused due to work. Different types of work cause different types of ill-effect on health and may cause changes in health traits; empirical studies on the issues are scanty. The present study aims to investigate the differences in selected health traits between two occupational groups of the same ethnic origin. Cross-sectional data collected on 357 adult Oraon labourers engaged in two different occupations, namely, agriculture and brickfield in Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal, of which are 62 male and 43 female agricultural labourers and 136 male and 116 female brickfield labourers. Data consists of anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and haemoglobin traits. Health status assessed in terms of BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and haemoglobin level following standard cut-off values. Mean values of both the occupational groups show similar trends in case of selected anthropometric and health traits. Individuals are ecto-mesomorphic irrespective of sex and occupation. Majority of individuals of either sex of both the occupational groups are underweight but hypertensive. In anthropological data, the trend of mean values is important than mere statistical significance. Data indicates that both the occupational groups have similar health condition, maybe due to their heavy manual activity.
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Jaakkola, Maritta S., Taina K. Lajunen, Behzad Heibati, Ying-Chuan Wang, Ching-Huang Lai, and Jouni J. K. Jaakkola. "Occupation and subcategories of asthma: a population-based incident case–control study." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 78, no. 9 (July 19, 2021): 661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106953.
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BackgroundWe hypothesised that occupational exposures differently affect subtypes of adult-onset asthma.ObjectiveWe investigated potential relations between occupation and three subtypes of adult asthma, namely atopic asthma, non-atopic asthma and asthma–COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS).MethodsThis is a population-based case–control study of incident asthma among working-age adults living in Pirkanmaa Hospital District in Southern Finland. The determinant of interest was occupation at the time of diagnosis of asthma or the job that the subject had quit due to respiratory symptoms. Asthma was divided into three mutually exclusive subtypes on the basis of any positive IgE antibody (atopic and non-atopic asthma) and presence of persistent airways obstruction in spirometry (ACOS). We applied unconditional logistic regression analysis to estimate adjusted OR (aOR), taking into account gender, age and smoking.ResultsThe following occupational groups showed significantly increased risk of atopic asthma: chemical industry workers (aOR 15.76, 95% CI 2.64 to 94.12), bakers and food processors (aOR 4.69, 95% CI 1.18 to 18.69), waiters (aOR 4.67, 95% CI 1.40 to 15.56) and those unemployed (aOR 3.06, 95% CI 1.52 to 6.17). The following occupations showed clearly increased risk of non-atopic asthma: metal workers (aOR 8.37, 95% CI 3.77 to 18.59) and farmers and other agricultural workers (aOR 2.36, 95% CI 1.10 to 5.06). Some occupational groups showed statistically significantly increased OR of ACOS: electrical and electronic production workers (aOR 30.6, 95% CI 6.10 to 153.35), fur and leather workers (aOR 16.41, 95% CI 1.25 to 215.85) and those retired (aOR 5.55, 95% CI 1.63 to 18.97).ConclusionsOur results show that different occupations are associated with different subtypes of adult-onset asthma.
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SAWICKA, BARBARA HELENA, and TALAL SAEED HAMEED. "Farmers’ knowledge of sustainable potato cultivation techniques in Poland." Agronomy Science 74, no. 3 (December 7, 2019): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2019.3.7.
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The research was aimed at determining the farmers’ knowledge about sustainable agricultural techniques in potato cultivation by identifying their personal, social, economic and communication characteristics. In addition, the intention of research was to find a connection between the farmer's knowledge of potato cultivation in sustainable agricultural techniques and independent variables that characterize the farmers. These studies were based on primary data collected in the years 2014–2016 on a representative sample of 152 potato producers in the Mazovian province. A standardized structure questionnaire was used to collect the field data through personal interviews. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first part contained independent variables (age, level of education, marital status, occupation, sex, source of income), while the second one consisted of an assessment test of potato producer knowledge on sustainable agricultural techniques. The results showed that knowledge about potato cultivation for sustainable agricultural techniques is medium with a low tendency. Among the socio-economic variables, the level of education and occupation were the most important factors influencing the knowledge of a farmer-producer of potato with sustainable agricultural techniques in the studied area. The significant differences occurred between knowledge about potato cultivation for sustainable agricultural techniques according to variables in categories (age, level of education and profession). Only three independent variables had a significant link to the adoption of innovation in agriculture: source of income, level of education and occupation.
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Nugraha, Yogaprasta Adi, and Layung Paramesti Martha. "The Correlation Between Land Ownership Status, Parents Occupation, and Future of Agriculture with the Youth Attitude who Work in Agricultural Sector (Case of Pamijahan Sub-District, Bogor District)." Buletin Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Haluoleo 22, no. 2 (September 27, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37149/bpsosek.v22i2.13493.
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The objectives of this research were (1) identifying parents’ land ownership status in Pamijahan Sub-District, Bogor District, (2) Identifying parents’ occupation in Pamijahan Sub-District, Bogor District, (3) Identifying the youth preference towards residency place in the future, (4) analyzing the correlation between land ownership status, parents’ occupation, youth future residency preference and rural-youth attitude towards agricultural sector. This research was performed in Ciasmara Village, Pamijahan Sub-District, Bogor District, from 2019 to 2020, using quantitative method and chi-square to identify the association between land ownership status, parents’ occupation, youth future residency preference, and rural-youth attitude towards agricultural sector. This research found that parents’ occupation and youth future preference towards residency place were correlated with rural-youth attitude towards agricultural sector
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Hadkhale, Kishor, Jill MacLeod, Paul A. Demers, Jan Ivar Martinsen, Elisabete Weiderpass, Kristina Kjaerheim, Elsebeth Lynge, et al. "Occupational variation in incidence of bladder cancer: a comparison of population-representative cohorts from Nordic countries and Canada." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e016538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016538.
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ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to compare occupational variation of the risk of bladder cancer in the Nordic countries and Canada.MethodsIn the Nordic Occupational Cancer study (NOCCA), 73 653 bladder cancer cases were observed during follow-up of 141.6 million person-years. In the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC), 8170 cases were observed during the follow-up of 36.7 million person-years. Standardised incidence ratios with 95% CI were estimated for 53 occupations in the NOCCA cohort and HR with 95% CIs were estimated for 42 occupations in the CanCHEC.ResultsElevated risks of bladder cancer were observed among hairdressers, printers, sales workers, plumbers, painters, miners and laundry workers. Teachers and agricultural workers had reduced risk of bladder cancer in both cohorts. Chimney-sweeps, tobacco workers and waiters had about 1.5-fold risk in the Nordic countries; no risk estimates for these categories were given from the CanCHEC cohort.ConclusionWe observed different occupational patterns in risk of bladder cancer in Nordic countries and Canada. The only occupation with similarly increased risk was observed among sales workers. Differences in smoking across occupational groups may explain some, but not all, of this variation.
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Belukhin, Nikita. "The Taste of War: the Danish Collaborationism under the German Occupation in 1940—1945." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016460-5.
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The article deals with the phenomenon of the Danish economic collaboration during the German occupation of Denmark in 1940—1945. The occupation of Denmark is a unique case among other occupied European countries such as France, Belgium and the Netherlands during the Second World War where Germany openly pursued the policy of economic exploitation and introduced strict rationing practices. The peculiar “soft” conduct of the Danish occupation is mainly attributed to the special role Denmark’s agricultural exports played in the German war economy. Under the occupation the efficient system of production and food consumption control was devised in Denmark which met the interests and needs of both the Danish population and Germany’s economy. The article highlights the specific mechanisms of economic coordination between Denmark and the German occupation authorities within industry and agriculture, and reveals Denmark’s role in the German military and economic plans.
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Kotagama, Hemesiri Bandara, and Hamam Al-Farsi. "Impact of the Domestic Labor Market on Sustainability of Agriculture in Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 23 (January 10, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol23iss0pp24-28.
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Undistorted factor markets are a perquisite for efficient allocation of resources and growth in production. In Oman by 2013, only 16% of households have reported agriculture as the main occupation and 53% have reported nonagricultural government employment as the main occupation. This situation is hypothesized to be related to the labor market; where government legislated higher remuneration in the nonagricultural government sector vis-a-vis agricultural sector, influences Omani farmers to move to nonagricultural employment, causing reduced cultivated area and farm production. The study uses operations research methods to quantify the impact of labor market policies on agricultural employment, farm gross income and land use intensity (proxy for farm production and food security). It is found that the shift of Omani labor from agriculture is influenced by higher wages in the nonagricultural sectors. The agricultural land use intensity is thereby decreased. The policy of allowing hiring of expatriate labor is beneficial in overcoming labor scarcity. However, in the long-run both farm productivity need to improve to be competitive with legislated income receivable from nonagricultural employment and ideally labor markets need to operate freely, to enhance food security and assure employment of Omani labor in agriculture.
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Kotagama, Hemesiri Bandara, and Hamam Al-Farsi. "Impact of the Domestic Labor Market on Sustainability of Agriculture in Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 23, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol23iss1pp24-28.
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Undistorted factor markets are a perquisite for efficient allocation of resources and growth in production. In Oman by 2013, only 16% of households have reported agriculture as the main occupation and 53% have reported nonagricultural government employment as the main occupation. This situation is hypothesized to be related to the labor market; where government legislated higher remuneration in the nonagricultural government sector vis-a-vis agricultural sector, influences Omani farmers to move to nonagricultural employment, causing reduced cultivated area and farm production. The study uses operations research methods to quantify the impact of labor market policies on agricultural employment, farm gross income and land use intensity (proxy for farm production and food security). It is found that the shift of Omani labor from agriculture is influenced by higher wages in the nonagricultural sectors. The agricultural land use intensity is thereby decreased. The policy of allowing hiring of expatriate labor is beneficial in overcoming labor scarcity. However, in the long-run both farm productivity need to improve to be competitive with legislated income receivable from nonagricultural employment and ideally labor markets need to operate freely, to enhance food security and assure employment of Omani labor in agriculture.
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Коrzun, Оlena. "ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH WORK ON THE TERRITORY OF THE REICHSKOMMISSARIAT «UKRAINE»." Journal of Ukrainian History, no. 40 (2019): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2019.40.14.
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Agricultural research as a system of permanent research institutes for agricultural needs during the Second World War on the territory of Ukraine has proved to be a remarkable period in the study of the history of science. Within 6 years it changed its structure several times to meet the needs of the party that captured Ukrainian territories: in Western Ukraine from the Polish model to the Soviet one; under fascist occupation - to meet the needs of the Germans and Romanians; evacuation and re-evacuation, which also required reorganization, re-institutionalization of the institutions to new climatic conditions in the critical situation of the war time. A separate aspect of the research is an analysis of changes in the organizational structure of the agrarian research institutes during the German occupation. This article is aimed at analyzing the organizational structure of agricultural research in the period of the German occupation during World War II on the territory of the Reichskommissariat «Ukraine» on the basis of original sources. The analysis of these issues will allow us to reflect on the events of the World War II more closely, better understand the plans of Nazi Germany on the development of Ukrainian lands meant for the prospective settlement of the Germans, the organizational drawbacks of the Soviet agricultural research and Nazi’s attempts to overcome them. Utilization of the Ukrainian arable farm lands became a major geostrategic and military aspect German invasion plans. For the effective exploitation of this territory, all German scientific forces were united to study the agricultural potential of the occupied lands. With the establishment of new occupation authorities in Ukraine, their primary actions were to collect maximum information from scientific documentation and materials on breeding, to involve the best local scientists to projects aimed at deep study of the occupied territories for the prospective German settlers. The main organization responsible for the collection and export of scientific material from the occupied territories was the Rosenberg Operational Headquarters, which collaborated with the Imperial Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories. The departments of this ministry belonged to the Central Research Service of the East, under supervision of all German scholars who came for scientific work on the territory of the Reichscommissariat «Ukraine». In order to study the scientific potential of the agricultural sector in the autumn of 1941, the Center for Research of Agriculture and Forestry for Northwestern Ukraine was created. During 1942-1943 agricultural scientific institutions accounted to the Institute of Local Lore and Economic Research, and later to the National Research Center with the allocation of a separate Special Group on Agricultural Research. This structure allowed the occupational authorities to control the institutional, financial, personnel and scientific issues of the institutions and integrate domestic agricultural research with the German science management. Despite the presence of the Ukrainian administration representatives in each agricultural research institute, all issues were resolved solely by the German authorities subordinated to the Imperial Ministry of Occupied Eastern Territories The occupation authorities planned to use the scientific potential of these institutions for better development of the invaded territories. This issue was in the center of attention, both for economic, scientific and ideological benefits of the new government. With approaching military actions, German curators were ordered to export scientific records, elite seed funds and valuable literature. At the beginning of 1945, researchers of agricultural research institutes and scientific documentation were scattered among different German institutions in Poland and Germany. Thus, despite numerous difficulties caused on the territory of Ukrainian lands by the Second World War and German interference into the organizational framework of agricultural science, this situation proved to have a positive turn, because Ukrainian scientists never ceased their work, managed to preserve the agricultural potential of Ukraine.
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King, Charlotte L., R. Alexander Bentley, Charles Higham, Nancy Tayles, Una Strand Viðarsdóttir, Robert Layton, Colin G. Macpherson, and Geoff Nowell. "Economic change after the agricultural revolution in Southeast Asia?" Antiquity 88, no. 339 (March 2014): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00050250.
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Three prehistoric sites in the Upper Mun River Valley of north-eastern Thailand have provided a detailed chronological succession comprising 12 occupation phases. These represent occupation spanning 2300 years, from initial settlement in the Neolithic (seventeenth century BC) through to the Iron Age, ending in the seventh century AD with the foundation of early states. The precise chronology in place in the Upper Mun River Valley makes it possible to examine changes in social organisation, technology, agriculture and demography against a background of climatic change. In this area the evidence for subsistence has been traditionally drawn from the biological remains recovered from occupation and mortuary contexts. This paper presents the results of carbon isotope analysis to identify and explain changes in subsistence over time and between sites, before comparing the results with two sites of the Sakon Nakhon Basin, located 230km to the north-east, to explore the possibility of regional differences.
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Verhoeve, Anna, Valerie Dewaelheyns, Eva Kerselaers, Elke Rogge, and Hubert Gulinck. "Virtual farmland: Grasping the occupation of agricultural land by non-agricultural land uses." Land Use Policy 42 (January 2015): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.09.008.
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Calis, Irene. "Aid and Occupation." Journal of Palestine Studies 42, no. 3 (2013): 10–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2013.42.3.10.
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This article foregrounds how international aid and the Israeli occupation intersect in the historically prosperous West Bank agricultural village of Jayyus; with most of its lands isolated behind the Israeli Wall, Jayyus is now aid-dependent. While material aid plays a larger role in sustaining the village, it is through “advocacy work” (a form of international aid largely unaddressed in the literature) that Jayyusis experience aid on a daily basis. The article examines the paradoxes of dependence and subordination seen from the vantage point of local communities under the jurisdiction of an occupying power and in the absence of a sovereign Palestinian state. Also shown is how the routinization of aid both obscures the ongoing status of occupation and has become an important mechanism that sustains it.
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Sobrinho Júnior, Manoel Fortunato, Elis Regina Costa de Morais, and Paulo César Moura da Silva. "SOIL USE AND OCCUPATION OF WIND FARM AGRICULTURAL AREAS." Mercator 19, no. 2020 (December 15, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4215/rm2020.e19030.
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Wind energy, despite being considered clean and renewable, has negative impacts in the social and environmental scope, significantly altering coastal areas and the interior of Northeast Brazil, this is mainly due to the new land uses arising from the installation of wind towers. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze changes in land use and occupation of agricultural areas exploited by wind energy, to identify the potential of these agricultural areas for the construction of wind farms and to verify the reconciliation between wind and agricultural activity. Primary and secondary data collection was used, covering semi-structured interviews and analysis of satellite images. The study area was the municipality of Serra do Mel, located in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The results obtained were processed in the geographic information system QGIS and demonstrated through thematic maps and graphs. It was possible to conclude that the installation of wind farms caused few changes in the classes of use and occupation of the land, it was found that the agricultural areas of Serra do Mel have great potential for wind energy due to the speed of the winds and the condition of the land and identified there is also the possibility of reconciling agricultural and wind activity.
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Miligi, Lucia, Cristina Aprea, and Laura Settimi. "Health Risk and Occupation in Agricultural Settings in Italy." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 11, no. 1 (January 2005): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2005.11.1.96.
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Schwartz, David A., L. A. Newsum, and Ruth Markowitz Heifetz. "Parental occupation and birth outcome in an agricultural community." Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 12, no. 1 (February 1986): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2180.
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Yoon, Jin-Ha, Sun Jae Jung, Jaesung Choi, and Mo-Yeol Kang. "Suicide Trends over Time by Occupation in Korea and Their Relationship to Economic Downturns." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 5, 2019): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112007.
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We analyzed suicide mortality by occupation using administrative data from 1993 to 2016. Methods: National death records from 1993 to 2016 of the Korea National Statistical Office (KNSO) were used. Suicidal death was taken from Korean Classification of Disease codes as intentional self-harm (X60–X84) and sequelae of intentional self-harm (Y870). Occupational groups were categorized into “Manager,” “Officer,” ”Service-Trade,” “Agricultural-Fishery-Forestry” (AFF), “Skilled Manual,” and “Unskilled Manual.” Direct standardized mortality (DSM) and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Overall, suicide rates increased during economic downturns, especially among lower socio-economic occupation classes. Both DSM and SMR were highest in AFF, followed by Unskilled Manual, Service-Trade, Officer, Skilled Manual, and Manager categories among men, whereas women showed the highest DSM and SMR in AFF, followed by Service-Trade, Officer, Unskilled Manual, Manager, and Skilled Manual categories. The age-stratified analysis showed that age groups with increasing trends in suicide differed according to occupation and gender. In certain occupational groups, the time-point prevalence fluctuated with socio-economic background in suicidal mortality and differed by age and gender.
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Šukys, Ritoldas, Petras Čyras, Algirdas Jakutis, and Aušra Stankiuviene. "ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF ACCIDENTS AT WORK AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2004): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2004.9637649.
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The main purpose of this scientific research is to estimate social and economical consequences of accidents at work and occupational diseases and prepare recommendations to avoid negative economical and social consequences. To achieve this purpose the methods of selection, poll, statistical analytical and mathematical modeling methods were used. The analysis of present workers health was accomplished and safety conditions in separate economic areas were estimated. Manufacturing, building, agricultural economy and transport companies were studied more detailed. Estimating economical consequences of accidents at work and occupational diseases these expenses were estimated: Paid by social insurance regarding accidents and occupational diseases per year. The missed days at work regarding accidents and occupational diseases. Losses of working capacity are: Regarding serious accidents per year; Regarding serious accidents during time left until retirement; Regarding occupation diseases per year; Regarding occupation diseases during time left until retirement. A loss in these companies makes 74 % of all losses, because of accidents and occupational diseases in Lithuania's economy. After summarizing the results of this research, social and economical consequences of accidents and occupational diseases at work were estimated in separate economical areas and in the whole country. Recommendations for social consequences of occupational disability are given.
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Ehlers, Janet K., Catherine Connon, Christa L. Themann, John R. Myers, and Tern Ballard. "Health and Safety Hazards Associated with Farming." AAOHN Journal 41, no. 9 (September 1993): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507999304100902.
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Farming is a hazardous occupation with a unique combination of exposures and psychosocial factors that often vary with the type of operation. Some hazards are unique to farming; others are common in industry. Many who farm also work at other jobs. Even for non-agricultural companies, farm related illnesses and injuries can be costly in terms of lost work time, medical insurance, and life insurance. According to a former U.S Surgeon General, “Because of agriculture's diversity and geographic distribution, we must depend on local action to deal practically with the problem” (Novello, 1991). Occupational health nurses in both agricultural and non-agricultural industries can play an important role in local action to protect their workers, neighbors, friends, and families.
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Keene, Deborah A. "Reevaluating Late Prehistoric Coastal Subsistence and Settlement Strategies: New Data from Grove's Creek Site, Skidaway Island, Georgia." American Antiquity 69, no. 4 (October 2004): 671–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128443.
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This paper tests existing models of coastal subsistence strategies and settlement patterns of the late prehistoric inhabitants of the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic coastal plain. Excavations at Grove's Creek Site (09CH71), Skidaway Island, Georgia were conducted to determine the season of occupation of the site. Paleoethnobotanical and zooarchaeological data were used to determine the subsistence strategies of the inhabitants. Stable isotope analysis of oyster shells is combined with the faunal and botanical data to determine the seasons of occupation of the site. The most notable discovery was the diversity of agricultural plants. Paleoethnobotanical data indicate a spring through autumn occupation, and the stable isotope data indicate winter through summer. Faunal data suggest occupation from spring through early winter. Therefore, the site was occupied year-round. This information, coupled with other data from the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic Coast, suggests a revision to existing subsistence and settlement pattern models. Coastal peoples lived in permanent villages and relied on a mix of agriculture, hunting, fishing, and gathering. Short trips were likely made to procure some resources, but there was not an extensive seasonal round.
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Adamopoulos, Tasso, and Diego Restuccia. "Land Reform and Productivity: A Quantitative Analysis with Micro Data." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20150222.
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We assess the effects of a major land policy change on farm size and agricultural productivity using a quantitative model and micro-level data. We study the 1988 land reform in the Philippines that imposed a ceiling on land holdings, redistributed above-ceiling lands to landless and smallholder households, and severely restricted the transferability of the redistributed farmlands. We study this reform in the context of an industry model of agriculture with a nondegenerate distribution of farm sizes featuring an occupation decision and a technology choice of farm operators. In this model, the land reform can reduce agricultural productivity not only by misallocating resources across farmers but also by distorting farmers’ occupation and technology decisions. The model, calibrated to prereform farm-level data in the Philippines, implies that on impact, the land reform reduces average farm size by 34 percent and agricultural productivity by 17 percent. The government assignment of land and the ban on its transfer are key for the magnitude of the results since a market allocation of the above-ceiling land produces about one-third of the size and productivity effects. These results emphasize the potential role of land market efficiency for misallocation and productivity in the agricultural sector. (JEL D24, O11, O13, Q12, Q15, Q18, Q24, Q28)
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Halder, Soumik, and Sayani Mukhopadhyay. "Transitional Phase in Agriculture Towards Modernisation: A Perspective on Paddy Cultivation." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 29, no. 2 (December 2019): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120912129.
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The contribution of agriculture in GDP of India is dramatically reduced though a large number of people are associated with this occupation. To increase the GDP contribution of agriculture and to raise the income of farmers, the use of modern machineries is an utmost necessity. The aim of this study is to identify the status of mechanisation of agriculture at Rampurhat: I block in Birbhum district to assess the impact of modern machineries on farming and livelihood status of farmers and agricultural labourers. To reduce the cost of agricultural production, farmers resort to farm mechanisation without changing the overall cultivation practice in this area. This region is in a transitional stage of modernisation of agriculture. This research also investigates and discusses the problems associated with the prospects of mechanisation of agriculture in this area.
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Smith, David, and Harry Kenward. "Roman Grain Pests in Britain: Implications for Grain Supply and Agricultural Production." Britannia 42 (April 19, 2011): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x11000031.
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AbstractIt is over 30 years since Paul Buckland first presented a series of arguments concerning beetle (Coleoptera) grain pests: their origin, the timing of their introduction to Britain, and their implications for agricultural production during the Roman occupation. Here we return to the topic in the light of new data from a range of archaeological deposits, including civilian and military sites dating from the earliest period of Roman occupation. Infestation rates and, potentially, grain loss may have been high throughout Roman Britain, though many infestations may have been in equine feed. Beetle grain pests are not recorded in Britain prior to the Roman invasion, and it appears that they were absent, or extremely rare, in the early medieval period and up to the Norman Conquest. This pattern of occurrence is reviewed and it is suggested that ecological theory offers an explanation which is in accord with supposed socio-economic changes and trade. The role of grain pests is considered in the economic modelling of Romano-British agriculture.
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Tambi, Mbu Daniel. "HIV/AIDS pandemic and agricultural production in Cameroon." RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-1-72-89.
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Whether HIV/AIDS affects agricultural production in Cameroon is purely an empirical issue due to controversy in results over the years. This study has as objectives to assess factors that affect the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and to explore the influence of HIV/AIDS on agricultural production in Cameroon. The 2007 Household Consumption Survey is use as our source of data together with other variables imported into the survey data from the ministries in charge of public health and agriculture. Estimates are obtained using instrumental variables two-stage least squares regression method. The result shows that the prevalence of HIV/AIDS pandemic in Cameroon is strongly influence by level of education, age, occupation and environmental characteristics, while the main result reveals that the prevalence of HIV/AIDS correlates negatively with agricultural production. These results have implications for agricultural policy instruments that could offer interventions to HIV/AIDS affected persons to mitigate the negative effect on agricultural production.
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Sumani, John Bosco Baguri. "Exploring Sustainability Features and Determinants of Agricultural Insurance Programmes in Low-income Countries." Ghana Journal of Geography 12, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v12i2.8.
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Agriculture is the main occupation and source of livelihood for the majority of the inhabitants in low-income countries. However, agricultural activities in these countries are confronted with a plethora of challenges, including production and marketing risks. Some of the farmers in low-income countries have been employing autonomous and planned adaptation strategies, including agricultural insurance contracts to cope with the agricultural risks. Agricultural insurance has been acclaimed to possess enormous potential for managing agricultural risks in low-income countries. This study employed the literature review approach to identify the features and determinants of sustainable agricultural insurance programmes in low-income countries. The study found that the appropriate institutional arrangements, socio-economic and ecological pillars could interact to make agricultural insurance programmes in low-income countries sustainable. Since most low-income countries are still piloting and up scaling their agricultural insurance programmes, I recommend incorporating the institutional, socio-economic and ecological dimensions into the design and implementation of their agricultural insurance schemes.
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Zhu, Yuanyuan, Yukuan Wang, Bin Fu, Qin Liu, Ming Li, and Kun Yan. "How Are Rural Youths’ Agricultural Skills? Empirical Results and Implications in Southwest China." Agriculture 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090874.
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Global agriculture is facing an aging workforce and successor crisis, while the degradation of rural youths’ agricultural skills, which is indeed a concrete manifestation of young agricultural labor loss, has received little attention. Based on data from 1902 questionnaires in rural Southwest China, this study draws on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the degradation of their skills to deepen the insights into the relationship between rural youth and agriculture. We found that rural youth have much lower agricultural skills than rural middle-aged and elderly residents, and their agricultural skills vary depending on gender, age, and occupation. Rural young non-agricultural workers’ large proportion among rural youth and low skills are the main sources of the reduction in rural youths’ skills. According to ordered logistic regression analysis, rural young non-agricultural workers who are older, have less education per person in their household, and have a larger cultivated land size have higher skills. As for rural students, 65.44% of the rural students have no skills, age and family’s agricultural income are significant positive influencing factors of their agricultural skills, and female youth have higher agricultural skills. The results provide references for policymakers to formulate targeted policies to cultivate rural young agricultural successors.
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Junior, Antonio Felipe Couto, Osmar Abílio de Carvalho Júnior, Éder De Souza Martins, and Vinícius Vasconcelos. "CHARACTERIZATION OF THE AGRICULTURE OCCUPATION IN THE CERRADO BIOME USING MODIS TIME-SERIES." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v31i3.312.
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ABSTRACT.This paper aims to characterize the agriculture expansion in the Cerrado biome using time-series data of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. The study area is the municipality of Luís Eduardo Magalhães (Bahia State, Brazil), with recent growth of agribusiness. The methodology can be subdivided into the following steps: 1) noise reduction, 2) endmembers identification, and 3) mixing linear analysis. In the noise reduction was applied the following procedures: 1) moving median filter; 2) Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transformation, and 3) Inverse MNF transformation. The results provided a significant noise reduction, besides eliminating the atmospheric interferences. Three endmembers were identified: 1) Natural Vegetation; 2) Agriculture; 3) Change Areas (conversion). We used the linear mixture analysis with the selected endmembers to generate fraction images. These images evidenced the agriculture expansion from west to east. These methods overcame the spatial resolution restrictions and evidenced the potential for discriminating the phenology of growing agricultural crops.Keywords: agriculture expansion, cerrado, time-series, MODIS, change detection. RESUMO. O artigo objetiva caracterizar a expansão agrícola no bioma Cerrado utilizando dados de séries temporais do sensor Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). A área de estudo é o município de Luís Eduardo Magalhães (Bahia), com recente crescimento do agronegócio. A metodologia pode ser subdividida nas seguintes etapas: (a) redução do ruído, (b) identificação dos membros finais, e (c) análise linear de mistura. Na redução do ruído foram aplicados os seguintes procedimentos: (a) filtro de mediana, (b) transformação Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF), e (c) transformação inversa MNF. Os resultados proporcionaram uma redução significativa dos ruídos, além da eliminação de interferências atmosféricas. Três membros finais foram identificados: 1) Vegetação Natural; 2) Agricultura; 3) Área de Mudança (Conversão). Foi usada a análise de mistura linear com os membros finais selecionados para gerar as imagens de fração. Estas imagens evidenciaram a expansão agrícola partindo de oeste para leste. Os métodos apresentados proporcionaram a superação da limitação da resolução espacial e evidenciaram um potencial de discriminação da fenologia de cultivos agrícolas.Palavras-chave: expansão agrícola, cerrado, séries temporais, MODIS, detecção de mudança.
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Daigle, Courtney L. "185 Impact of labor issues on animal welfare." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.027.
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Abstract Stockmanship is the physical manifestation of animal welfare, yet producers face challenges in recruiting and retaining stockpeople. The human population is increasingly urban, fewer people are working in agriculture, there is limited awareness in urban communities that stockmanship is a potential occupation, the current agricultural workforce is aging, and smear campaigns present a negative public perception of agricultural animal handling that neither provides an accurate representation of the occupation nor inspires those wanting to work with animals to enter into this profession. Compensation for stockpeople must increase, the workload needs to be critically evaluated, and the pay strategy should change. Stockpeople can become overwhelmed by the number of animals they are responsible for monitoring, they work long hours for little pay, and can suffer from exhaustion and compassion fatigue. These challenges contribute to high turnover rates (up to 35%) in animal operations. When there is a change in stockperson, the animals notice and the human-animal relationship is disrupted. Employee turnover is associated with the loss of institutional knowledge regarding the operation’s infrastructure, standard operating procedures, and the behavior and health history of individual animals. These factors can result in inconsistencies in animal care, and forces the operation to devote more resources to training new personnel. The training period is challenging for the trainer, the trainee, and the animals – particularly regarding euthanasia. A single stockperson can have operation-level consequences on producer profitability, both positively and negatively. We must challenge “folklore husbandry” and begin implementing scientifically supported, economically viable, and professionally executed husbandry practices. The next generation of stockpeople are most likely urban born and proficient in developing and applying new technologies. Rebranding the occupation and highlighting that stockpeople work with animals and technology may increase the attractiveness of this occupation to urbanites that are seeking a career working with animals.
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Firkus, Angela. "Agricultural Extension and the Campaign to Assimilate the Native Americans of Wisconsin, 1914–1932." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9, no. 4 (October 2010): 473–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400004229.
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Congress founded the Agricultural Extension Service (AES) in the Smith-Lever Act of 1914 to disseminate agricultural research to individual farmers. In some states the AES also worked to encourage Native Americans to adopt sedentary intensive agriculture and all aspects of assimilation connected with that occupation. J. F. Wojta, AES administrator in Wisconsin from 1914 to 1940, took a deep interest in Indian farmers and used the power and resources of his office to instruct Native Americans. Ho-Chunks, Menominees, Ojibwes, and Oneidas in Wisconsin adopted or rejected these social, economic, and political assimilation efforts during the Progressive Era according to their own circumstances and goals. The experience of Wisconsin tribes with the state's agricultural extension programs illustrates different ways that Native peoples tried to benefit from modern government services while maintaining their own culture and kinship ties.
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Xavier, António, Maria de Belém Costa Freitas, and Rui Fragoso. "Disaggregation of Statistical Livestock Data Using the Entropy Approach." Advances in Operations Research 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/397675.
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A process of agricultural data disaggregation is developed to address the lack of updated disaggregated data concerning main livestock categories at subregional and county level in the Alentejo Region, southern Portugal. The model developed considers that the number of livestock units is a function of the agricultural and forest occupation, and data concerning the existing agricultural and forest occupation, as well as the conversion of livestock numbers into normal heads, are needed in order to find this relation. The weight of each livestock class is estimated using a dynamic process based on a generalized maximum entropy model and on a crossentropy minimization model, which comprises two stages. The model was applied to the county of Castelo de Vide and their results were validated in cross reference to real data from different sources.
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Jiwane, Rekha Shivkumar. "Hazardous effect of Agricultural occupation on male fertility in central India." International Journal of Biomedical Research 4, no. 5 (May 31, 2013): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijbr.v4i5.263.
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Gorecki, Pawel P. "Human Occupation and Agricultural Development in the Papua New Guinea Highlands." Mountain Research and Development 6, no. 2 (May 1986): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673269.
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Danilova, Marina, Saso Stoleski, and Dragan Mijakoski. "Respiratory Symptoms and Ventilatory Function in Never-Smoking Males Working in Dusty Occupations." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 2, no. 4 (December 15, 2014): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2014.116.
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AIM: To assess the effect of occupational exposure on respiratory symptoms and ventilatory capacity in never-smoking male workers exposed to mineral or organic dusts.MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study including 138 never-smoking male workers exposed to mineral or organic dust (34 construction workers, 32 furniture manufacturers, 37 agricultural workers, and 35 bakers) and 35 unexposed controls (office workers). Evaluation of all study subjects included completion of a questionnaire and spirometric measurements.RESULTS: The prevalence of the overall respiratory symptoms in the last 12 months was higher in dusty occupation workers than its prevalence in office workers. Statistically significant difference was found between the prevalence of cough in construction workers, agricultural workers and bakers, as well as between the prevalence of phlegm in construction workers, furniture manufacturers and agricultural workers as compared to its prevalence in office workers. The mean values of spirometric parameters were lower in all groups of exposed workers as compared to their mean values in office workers with statistical significance for all measured parameters in construction workers and furniture manufacturers, as well as for small airways indices in agricultural workers and bakers.CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate significant effect of occupational exposure on respiratory symptoms and ventilatory capacity impairment in workers exposed to mineral or organic dusts.
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Kumar, Amit, Dipak Kumar Bose, Jahanara Jahanara, and Saloni Sarraf. "AWARENESS OF THE RESPONDENTS TOWARDS ACTIVITIES OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY IN PATNA DISTRICT OF BIHAR." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 8, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i8.001.
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Agriculture being the backbone of Indian economy also acts as the core of Bihar’s economy, employing 77 per cent of the work force and generating 35 per cent of the state domestic product. Meanwhile, the modernization and improvement of agriculture needs considerable investment. Whereas, Indian agriculture remained as poor man’s occupation institutional credit plays an important role in agricultural development. Thus, Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) provide cheaper credit to agriculture. Descriptive research design is adopted. 120 respondents from Baruna, Chipra and Faziabad in Sampatchak block of Patna district in Bihar was purposively selected for the study since it had more number of co-operative society are present as compared to others. The primary data were collected with the help of interview schedule and the responses were recorded, classified and tabulated and appropriate statistical tools were employed. The results indicated that 48.33 per cent of the respondents were aware of the functions of the co-operative society and 45 per cent of the respondents opined that the co-operative society performance was average in marketing of agricultural products. It also implied that rules, regulations and laws should be enacted and standardized for better regulation of co-operative societies.
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Maluccio, John A., Paúl Melgar, Humberto Méndez, Alexis Murphy, and Kathryn M. Yount. "Social and Economic Development and Change in four Guatemalan Villages: Demographics, Schooling, Occupation, and Assets." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 26, no. 2_suppl1 (June 2005): S25—S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265050262s104.
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This article uses census data and village histories to examine changes over the last 35 years in the four villages where the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) Longitudinal Study (1969–77) was conducted and offers a rare picture of development and change in rural localities over a long period of time. In addition, by characterizing the environment in which the subjects of this study were raised, we provide context for and inputs into quantitative analyses of data collected at various points in time on these subjects. The villages have undergone massive demographic, social, and economic change. Initial differences have conditioned many of these changes, especially differences associated with agricultural potential and location. Originally these villages were rather isolated, but road and transportation access has improved substantially. The populations in the villages have more than doubled and also have aged. While marriage patterns have held steady, religious practice has changed a great deal. After many years of steady out-migration, three of the four villages are more recently experiencing net in-migration, a pattern associated with ease of access. Schooling access and outcomes also have improved, with average grades of schooling nearly tripling and literacy doubling to levels currently above national averages. Although agriculture remains an important component of individual livelihood strategies, non-agricultural sources of employment have become more important. Much of this change is associated with declining agricultural markets and increased access to non-agricultural jobs near the villages and in the capital. Accompanying these changes has been an improvement in living standards as measured by a number of indicators of household living conditions and consumer durable goods.
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Dr. V. B. Kirubanand, Dr Rohini v,. "Environment based Precision Agriculture." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 6157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.3133.
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Agriculture, farming or animal husbandry is a vital occupation, since the history of mankind. The name agriculture represents all entities that came under the linear sequence of links of food chain for human beings. India is in an agricultural era, which is earning fame to it. In the fast moving world, agriculture should also run in the same pace along with the existing nature. This paper analyses the different methodologies for environment friendly precision agriculture. It also comparesthevariousmethodsavailablefortheusageofmoderntoolsandtechniquesinagriculture in the digital world. It discusses an insight to dwell into the different techniques for intelligent farming in the digital world. It acts as a decision support system for the farmers to perform environment friendly smartarming.
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Ajami, Amir Ismail. "FROM PEASANT TO FARMER: A STUDY OF AGRARIAN TRANSFORMATION IN AN IRANIAN VILLAGE, 1967–2002." International Journal of Middle East Studies 37, no. 3 (July 22, 2005): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743805052104.
Full textAbstract:
Iranian agriculture and rural society have undergone profound socioeconomic and political changes over the past four decades. While recognizing the significant impact of urbanization, economic development, and integration of the rural economy in the market, this paper contends that the land-reform program of the 1960s and the 1979 revolution represent the primary turning points in the rural transformation. Land reform, through intense state intervention, dramatically changed the traditional landlord-sharecropping system (nizam-i arbab-rayati). Peasant uprisings, the forcible occupation of large estates, and the agrarian policies of the postrevolutionary regime have led to the demise of the urban agricultural bourgeoisie and the empowerment of the peasants. There has been a disintegration of large-scale public and private agricultural production systems, including agribusinesses, farm corporations, and the agricultural production cooperatives developed under the shah's regime.
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Cámalich, María Dolores, R. Buxó, E. Chávez, J. C. Echallier, Pedro Gonzáles, Antonio Goñi, M. Mañosa, et al. "Cueva de El Toro (Antequera, Malaga-Spain): a Neolithic stockbreeding community in the Andalusian region, between the 6th and 3th millennia BC." Documenta Praehistorica 31 (December 31, 2004): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.31.12.
Full textAbstract:
The occupation evidence shown by the cave El Toro, is that of a unique stockbreeding community in the Andalusian region. The calibrated dates for this occupation period go from the second quarter of the sixth millennium up to the second millennium BP. There is also evidence of occasional occupation throughout later millennia up to the Hispano-Muslim period. The nature of thisoccupation is determined by the close link between the cave and the community which occupied it, both continuously and periodically. Throughout the occupation levels, the community's skillful control of technical processesand its remarkable knowledge on how to transform local primary resources, have shown that this community reached a high level of technological development. However, its main economic activity was related to agricultural and farming exploitation, particularly to stockbreeding.
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Mohindra, Versha. "Groping the Shriving of Cultivable Land in India." Think India 19, no. 3 (November 13, 2016): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v19i3.7779.
Full textAbstract:
Agriculture in India is a combination of traditional and modern farming techniques. Although main occupation of Indian is agriculture, in spite of this, agriculture growth rate is very low, thats why the present study is mainly concerned with analyzing the temporal growth of agriculture production of food grains with the help of various statistical techniques. The study has considered period from 2000-01 to 2014-15. The present study is based upon secondary data. In the last many years, there is an upward and downward fluctuation in all the food grains crops under area under cultivation. Cultivable land in India continues to shrivel. The decline is mainly ascribed to distraction of cultivable land for non-agricultural purposes, including construction, industries, and other development activities. Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has expressed his concerns over shrinking of land resources because of the fragmentation of land. He further said that the Kisan Channel should act as an open university for farmers in terms of guidance and proper knowledge for better agricultural techniques. It is suggested that technological and institutional support for all the crops should be there. Along with diversification of agricultural activities, an imperative factor for enhancing agricultural production and productivity in India is to be considered. Further, better irrigation facilities, normal rainfall, and improved fertilizer consumption will help a lot to enlarge the total food-grains in the country.