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Journal articles on the topic 'Agricultural organisation society'
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1
Moser, Evelyn. "The Logic of the Soviet Organisational Society." Soziale Systeme 23, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2018): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sosys-2018-0006.
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Abstract The paper describes and discusses the variant of societal differentiation that evolved under the Soviet regime. The argumentation starts with the conceptualisation of socialism as a program with a universal, function system-exceeding claim for validity. The implementation of the socialist program may be perceived as an effort to create structures which allow complete inclusion in the sense of an all-encompassing political addressability. In this regard, the political leadership tried to set up the society as a hierarchically structured organisation. The example of Soviet agriculture and the structures of Soviet villages, however, show that notwithstanding an all-encompassing degree of organisation, strictly ‘organised’ forms of economic communication coexisted with and were interrelated to ‘non-organisable’ and even ideologically deviant forms of agricultural production by personal smallholdings. Such niches of functional differentiation did not only provide compensation for the inability of the political leadership to cope with societal complexity, but also created connectivity in the world society and could hardly be oppressed without putting the stability of the regime at risk.
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Schwarz, Jörg, and Borut Mikulec. "The role of organisations in the professionalisation of adult educators in Germany and Slovenia." Andragoske studije, no. 2 (2020): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/andstud2002009s.
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In this paper, we analyse the role that adult and continuing education (ACE) organisations play in the professionalisation of adult educators (AE) by providing and shaping opportunities for primary professional education and continuing professional development in two Central European countries: Germany and Slovenia. Theoretically, our discussion draws on classical profession theory, organisation theory, and the "new professionalism" discourse; empirically, we perform a comparative analysis between two countries and discuss similarities and differences in terms of state-society contexts, professional organisations, and professionalisation organisations. Our findings indicate that professional and professionalisation organisations represent main institutionalised contexts where the professionalisation of ACE is negotiated. In Slovenia, this is supported by strong state-society contexts, whereas in Germany, traditional regional and institutional diversity is achieved at the price of a unified AE occupational profile.
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Tomlinson, B. R. "Rural Society and Agricultural Development in Japan, 1870–1920: An Overview." Rural History 6, no. 1 (April 1995): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000820.
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In 1868, when the Meiji emperor had his powers ‘restored’ by the political revolution that destroyed the old feudal system of the Tokugawa shoguns, Japan was a predominantly agricultural economy. By the time of the emperor's death in 1912 Japan had achieved significant industrialisation and in 1920, after a further boom during the First World War, she was well advanced along the road to a distinctive type of industrial development based on textile goods for export, heavy industry for domestic civilian and military capital investment, and considerable state intervention in economic and social organisation. In the mid 1880s, about 70% of the gainfully-employed population were engaged in agriculture, producing well over 40% of the gross national product. Farmers derived about three-quarters of their total income from agricultural activities, although agriculture probably absorbed only about 60% of total work hours for the labour force as a whole, with another 2% each for fishing and construction, and a further 16% or so for traditional mining and manufacturing. By 1920, the GDP of the Japanese economy had grown almost three-fold, but the share supplied by agriculture was under 30%, while just over 50% of workers were employed there.1.
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Dimos, N., R. Schaefer, E. Leonard, and J. Koch. "Translational learnings from Australia: How SPAA plays a role in increasing the adoption of precision agriculture." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000085.
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The Society of Precision Agriculture Australia Inc. (SPAA) is recognised as a leading, grower driven farming group in Australia. As an organisation it provides programs and services to its members and wider industry to promote the development and adoption of Precision Agriculture (PA) technologies as a means of enhancing the profitability and sustainability of agricultural production systems. This is achieved through publishing Australia’s only PA-dedicated magazine, delivering field days, seminars and conducting on-farm PA demonstrations and experiments. SPAA provides farmers with an independent source of advice on new concepts and equipment. The grains industry was the springboard for initial adoption, with winegrapes, horticulture and the sugar industry the focus sectors for further expansion. The purpose of this paper is to share the SPAA experience with a view to assisting the development of similar organisations in other countries
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Bennett, A. "GM technologies – opportunities and threats of applying GM technology in less developed and developed countries. ‘Aladdin's Cave or Pandora's Box?’." BSAP Occasional Publication 33 (2004): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500041790.
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Globalization describes the many processes by which society is becoming more interconnected and interdependent. It has many dimensions, trade, finance, information, culture, tourism, the spread of pests and diseases, migration, corruption, environmental change and the supply of food. It is here to stay and offers many opportunities for growth and change. The challenge must be, ‘can it be made to work for the reduction of poverty, instability and hunger?’The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) confidently predict that the demand for meat and animal products will increase by 50% between 2000 and 2020 and for eggs by 25% over the same period.
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Poblome, Jeroen. "Comparing Ordinary Craft Production: Textile and Pottery Production in Roman Asia Minor." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 47, no. 4 (2004): 491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520042467163.
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AbstractI present in this paper a framework of description for pottery and textile manufacturing in Roman Asia Minor. The research forms part of a wider debate on the speci fic, but generally underestimated contribution of the production of artisans to the ancient economy. The regulatory factors and production organisation of both crafts are remarkably similar and are placed against the agricultural background of a pre-industrial society.
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Mallory, Ellen B., Niels Halberg, Lise Andreasen, Kathleen Delate, and Mathieu Ngouajio. "Innovations in Organic Food Systems for Sustainable Production and Ecosystem Services: An Introduction to the Special Issue of Sustainable Agriculture Research." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 3 (June 18, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n3p1.
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<p>Organic agriculture is one of the best developed multifunctional production strategies in agriculture, and yet is not widely understood in terms of its full potential for contributing to food security, economic development, and environmental health. This special edition of the journal Sustainable Agriculture Research explores the knowledge, innovations, potentials, and research needs that will strengthen the links between organic food systems, sustainable production, and enhanced ecosystem services. The following articles are from an international conference titled “Innovations in Organic Food Systems for Sustainable Production and Ecosystem Services,” held on 1-2 November 2014 in Long Beach, California. The conference was co-sponsored by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Co-operative Research Programme on Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems, the International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems (ICROFS), the United Stated Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA), and the American Society of Agronomy (ASA).</p>
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BISSCHOP, CHANTAL. "Making a Rural Movement: The Farmers’ Union's Answer to a Changing Rural World in Flanders, from the 1960s to the 1970s." Rural History 22, no. 2 (September 16, 2011): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793311000045.
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AbstractRecently, there has been growing interest in the emergence of rural movements in response to rapid changes in the post war countryside. However, little attention has been paid to the reaction of the old social movements to this transformation in rural society. In this paper, I concentrate on the reaction of the Boerenbond (Farmers’ Union) to the altering Flemish countryside in the 1960s and 1970s. The transformation of the Boerenbond in 1971 into a specialised agricultural organisation and a broader rural movement countered the rapid shrinking of the farm population and the strong specialising of modern farmers. Furthermore, by attracting non-farmers, the Boerenbond maintained its support in the countryside. A farmers’ union opening up to non-farming members in a society with emerging new social movements seems progressive at first glance. But the overall prevalence of agriculture in all stages of discussions and implementation is striking. Nevertheless, the emergence of a rural movement with new socio-cultural goals within an old, corporatist and Catholic farmers’ union suggests that this is a unique case in north-western Europe.
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Moulton, Mo. "Not to Nationalise, but to Rationalise? Cooperatives, Leadership and the State in the Irish Dairy Industry 1890–1932." Irish Economic and Social History 44, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0332489317718977.
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The Irish cooperative movement in the dairy industry was driven from above, first by the philanthropic Irish Agricultural Organisation Society and then by the Irish Free State. Although the early cooperative movement has been linked with constructive unionism, this article highlights important continuities in the approach taken to cooperative creameries by the Irish Free State government in the 1920s. Using the problem of creamery management as a focus, it argues that the movement was unable to deliver on its stated goal of democratic empowerment of farmers. Instead, it was the means through which power was renegotiated between farmers, landlords and the state in the context of two crucial transitional moments.
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Patterson, Dian L. "Is there a lifeguard at the genepool?" Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-097.
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Modern agricultural practices have led to a decline in our farm animal genetic resources. Changes in the environment or society demands for more ecologically sustainable production systems may require breeds other than those in common use today. Although definitions of levels of concern differ, Canada has a number of endangered breeds which are of cultural and historical interest and which may be useful in future niche markets. Canada has formally ratified the international convention on biological diversity, but funding cuts have jeopardised national programs. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations has the mandate to establish an international program for conserving domestic animal diversity and its sustainable use. A major initiative has been the establishment of a data base and training information available through the World Wide Web. New technologies such as microsatellite markers and mathematical modelling offer promise for integration with more traditional live animal conservation methods and are now being incorporated into conservation schemes in a number of countries. Canadian groups involved in livestock and poultry genetic resource conservation must continue to interact to ensure a coordinated approach. Key words: Biodiversity, breed conservation, animal genetic resources
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King, Roderick W. "Lloyd Thomas Evans AO FAA. 6 August 1927 — 23 March 2015." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 62 (January 2016): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2016.0008.
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Lloyd Evans, a leading plant scientist, published extensively on the regulation of flowering and on crop production during a lifetime spent in research at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). His significant achievements included the identification of a gibberellin plant hormone as a flowering regulator in the grass Lolium temulentum , the discovery of a synthetic gibberellin growth retardant that blocked endogenous gibberellin synthesis, and the discovery of a novel biological flowering clock in Pharbitis with a 12 h (semidian) period. In crops he established the impact on yield of photosynthate production and transport to competing sinks. Two of his books, Crop evolution: adaptation and yield and Feeding the ten billion , have had a major influence on agricultural research and policy. His ability to define research options led to many years of international advisory work. He was an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, subsequently becoming President of the latter.
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Holst, Mads Kähler, Marianne Rasmussen, Kristian Kristiansen, and Jens-Henrik Bech. "Bronze Age ‘Herostrats’: Ritual, Political, and Domestic Economies in Early Bronze Age Denmark." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79 (August 21, 2013): 265–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2013.14.
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In this article we argue that within the Danish Bronze Age there was a short-lived period (roughly 1500–1150 bc) that witnessed a dramatic investment of resources into the construction of monumental architecture in the form of barrows and long houses. These investments had far-reaching long-term effects on the local landscape with negative consequences for agricultural productivity. We use two extraordinary well-documented excavations of a barrow (Skelhøj) and a long house (Legård) as a model for labour organisation and resource allocation, which is calculated against the number of barrows and long houses recorded in the Danish Sites and Monuments database for the period. An astonishing minimum of 50,000 barrows were constructed, devastating an estimated 120,000–150,000 hectares of grassland. During the same time period an estimated 200,000 long houses were constructed and renewed every 30–60 years. In densely settled regions the effects are easily recognisable in pollen diagrams as a near-complete deforestation. Thereby, the productive potential of the economy was, in effect, reduced.The situation was unsustainable in a long-term perspective and, at least on a local scale, it implied the risk of collapse. On the other hand, the exploitation of resources also appears to have entailed a new way of operating in the landscape, which led to a new organisation of the landscape itself and a restructuring of society in the Late Bronze Age. The intense character of these investments in monumental architecture is assumed to rely primarily on ritual and competitive rationales, and it exemplifies how the overall economy may be considered an unstable or contradictory interplay between ritual, political, and domestic rationales.1
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Eddy, M. D. "The University of Edinburgh natural history class lists 1782–1800." Archives of Natural History 30, no. 1 (April 2003): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2003.30.1.97.
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In 1779 Revd Dr John Walker was appointed to be the University of Edinburgh's Professor of Natural History. Because of the institutional structure of the university, he took care to keep detailed class lists from 1782 to 1800. These are extant in the University of Edinburgh's Special Collections Department. As many of the students on the lists would go on to have a profound impact on the practice of nineteenth century natural history, I have compiled them into a table so that they can be used as a reference tool for those interested in the study of natural history in Edinburgh during the late eighteenth century. The table is arranged into columns that state the student's name, degree, year of attendance and geographic origin. To help the reader better understand the table, I have written a brief introductory essay that addresses Walker's organisation of the course and the types of students who attended the lectures. It also identifies the prominent role played by chemistry in Edinburgh's natural history community and discusses the foundation of the Student Natural History Society of Edinburgh.
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Riley, Margaret. "The club at the Temple Coffee House revisited." Archives of Natural History 33, no. 1 (April 2006): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2006.33.1.90.
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A club which met at the Temple Coffee House, near Fleet Street in London, during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is now well known and is considered to be the “earliest natural history society in Britain”. Probably initiated by Hans Sloane (1660–1753) and his close friends, it is referred to in manuscripts as a botanic club, and drew together some of the most active natural historians of the day. Evidence of its business was originally found in remarks scattered through their correspondence. Errors, however, were later discovered in the way this material was interpreted, leading to the assumption that more was known about the club's activities than the facts supported: a membership of forty is an often repeated mistake. This reappraisal of the documentation is made in the light of further research. Some authors concluded that meetings were merely informal gatherings, but comments in The transactioneer (1700), a satirical tract against Sloane, reveal details about the organisation of these occasions. Together with additional archival references, they show that, even when the initial evidence is re-assessed to take account of earlier inaccuracies, the club was indeed a significant focal point for scientific virtuosi and for promoting botanical knowledge.
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Saskia, Visser, Keesstra Saskia, Ní Choncubhair Órlaith, Mulder Titia, Costantini Edoardo, Sousanna Jean Francois, Chenu Claire, et al. "Roadmap for the European Joint Program SOIL: Towards Climate-Smart Sustainable Management of Agricultural Soils." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030089.
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Our planet suffers from humankind’s impact on natural resources, biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems. Intensive modern agriculture with inappropriate inputs of fertilisers, pesticides and fossil fuel –based energy has increasingly added to human pressure on the environment. As a key element of our natural capital, soils are also under threat, despite being essential to provide food, feed, fibre and fuel for an increasing global population. Moreover, soils play a key role in carbon, water and energy cycles, highlighting their importance for biomass provision and the circular bioeconomy. Evidently, these new and complex challenges cannot be resolved effectively with existing knowledge and experience alone. These challenges require scientific research, interdisciplinary collaboration and networking to find context-specific and tailored solutions addressing societal issues of our time and facilitating the adoption of these solutions. The most effective approaches are based on the involvement of multiple actors from science, policy, economy, civil society and farming that have the same goal, work on the same societal issue, but have complementing backgrounds, expertise and perceptions. The European Joint Programme (EJP) SOIL is a European network of research institutes in the field of soil science and agricultural soil management that will provide science-based advice to practitioners and policymakers, at local, national and European level. The EJP SOIL aims to align and boost research, training and capacity building through joint programming activities co-funded by the European Commission and national research programs. This will reduce current fragmentation and help to find synergies in order to make a leapfrog in research on good agricultural soil management in three main areas: climate change mitigation and adaptation, production capacity in healthy food systems, and environmental sustainability. By joint programming, training and capacity building, EJP SOIL will also take into account the need for effective policy solutions, as well as the socio-economic conditions of all stakeholders in the agricultural value chain. Thus, a key focus of the EJP SOIL is to build and strengthen a framework for an integrated community of research groups working on related aspects of agricultural soil management. As part of this effort, EJP SOIL will co-construct with stakeholders a roadmap for agricultural soil research. To develop a structured roadmap, EJP SOIL works with a version of the knowledge management framework of Dalkir (2005). The EJP version uses four compartments: (i) Knowledge development, (ii) knowledge harmonisation, organisation and storage (iii) knowledge sharing and transfer, and (iv) knowledge application. The four segments are part of a cyclic process to enhance the development and use of knowledge on agricultural soils. Knowledge development comprises assessing new knowledge needs to achieve the expected impacts of EJP SOIL. Therefore, by involving multiple stakeholders, knowledge gaps across Europe will be identified to work towards the adoption of Climate-Smart Sustainable Agricultural Soil Management (CSSASM). Within the knowledge sharing and transfer compartment, the capacity of scientists, advisors, policy makers, farmers and other stakeholders will be strengthened. EJP SOIL will work to support networks and co-creation of new knowledge with stakeholder groups, stimulating innovation in CSSASM. The knowledge harmonization, organization and storage compartment of the knowledge framework ensures linkages with all stakeholders to guarantee data harmonization and standardization. The last compartment, application of knowledge, will be facilitated by creating better guidelines, awareness and capacity for Climate-Smart Sustainable Agricultural Soil Management adoption and by strengthening science-to-policy processes at EU and Member State level.
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Özkul, Ali Efdal, Hüseyin Tufan, and Mete Özsezer. "Osmanlı Dönemi’nden İngiliz İdaresine Kıbrıs Türk Temel Eğitimi’nin Modernleşmesi ve Toplumsallaşması / From Ottoman Period to English Administration Modernization and Socialization of Cyprus Turkish Basic Education." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 6, no. 2 (April 6, 2017): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i2.820.
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<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Changes in the primary education programme during the transition period from the agricultural society to the industrial society of the Turkish Cypriots in the Ottoman and British administrations in Cyprus were evaluated in terms of educational programs, number of students and modern agriculture course in this study. Following the Ottoman conquest of island, the educational institutions were also regulated like every other organisation in the island according to the needs. After the British took over the island administration from the Ottoman State, they maintain some of the applications from the old administration as well as replacing some of them according to their own administrative and administrative understandings. During the British administration, the education in the Turkish Cypriot community had switched from the religion intensive curriculum to modern education. This study aimed to reflect the details of new education system during the British administration in the island. In addition, as an example of the socialization of education, the increase in the number of students in education and the situation of female students in this increase have been emphasized in this study. The information obtained by using the first-hand resources of the research period, Blue Book, and education reports, is presented. As a result, the changes made in the Turkish Cypriot Education system have affected the Turkish Cypriot community socially, culturally and politically.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Kıbrıs’ta Osmanlı ve İngiliz idaresinde Kıbrıslı Türklerin tarım toplumundan sanayi toplumuna geçiş sürecinde ilköğretim programında oluşan değişimlerin bu araştırmada eğitim programları ve öğrenci sayısı açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin adayı fethetmesinden sonra adadaki her kurum gibi eğitim teşkilatını da ihtiyaçlara göre düzenlemiştir. İngilizler ada yönetimini Osmanlı Devleti’nden devraldıktan sonra, eski idareden kalan bazı uygulamaları devam ettirirken, bazılarının yerine kendi idari ve yönetim anlayışlarına göre düzenlemişlerdir. İngiliz idaresi sürecinde Kıbrıslı Türklerde eğitim dini ağırlıklı müfredattan modern eğitime geçmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada İngiliz döneminde adada uygulanan yeni eğitim sisteminin detayları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada eğitimin toplumlaşmasına örnek olarak eğitimdeki öğrenci sayılarındaki artışın ve bu artış içerisinde kız öğrencilerin durumuna dikkat çekilmiştir. Söz konusu araştırmada döneminin birinci el kaynakları olan <em>Blue Book’</em>lar<em> </em>ile dönemin eğitim raporlarından faydalanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Kıbrıs Türk Eğitim sisteminde yapılan değişikler Kıbrıs Türk Toplumunu sosyal, kültürel ve siyasi olarak etkilemiştir.</p>
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Bilali, Hamid El, Biljana Panin, Sinisa Berjan, Noureddin Driouech, Aleksandra Despotovic, and Nicola M. Zucaro. "Impacts of the global financial and economic crisis on the agro-food industry and rural livelihoods in Serbia." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 6, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2012): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2012/1-2/15.
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Sixty-five per cent of the Serbian land area is agricultural and 55% of the population is rural.Agriculture share of GDP is more than 10% and about 47% of the rural labour force deals with agriculture. The aim of this work is to analyse the impacts of the global financial and economic crisis on the Serbian agro-food sector and rural communities. Measures introduced, mainly by public institutions, for relieving the consequences of the crisis are presented and discussed. Easily accessible yet high quality data from the central Office of Statistics in Serbia and specialized literature have been used. Impacts have been assessed by analyzing and discussing the trends of many socio-economic indicators. The crisis has had general impacts on the Serbian economy (low GDP growth, unemployment increase, price volatility, purchasing power decrease, etc.). Due to the crisis growth in agricultural production has been very low (0.1% in 2009). Agro-food exports decreased dramatically in 2008. About 9000 agricultural jobs were lost in 2008 and 2009. Reduced exports and lower domestic demand impacted negatively on agricultural commodity prices and agricultural household incomes.Access to credit became more difficult especially for small producers. However, agriculture is still a very important safety net. Agricultural employment share has increased both for men and women. The importance of agriculture is even higher if we consider the “grey agricultural economy”. To mitigate the crisis effects, the Government provided subsidies to rural people and will adopt the National Strategic Plan and Programme for Rural Development. Nevertheless, public institutions - in partnership with private, civil society and international organisations - should improve rural producers’ access to market information and credits and foster investments in rural areas including non-agricultural ones and those aiming at improving physical capital.
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Nwangwu, Chikodiri, Peter O. Mbah, Chinedu C. Ike, Otu Akanu Otu, and Chikwado Ezugworie. "Transhumant Pastoral Economy and Human Security in Nigeria: Whither Civil Society Organisations?" Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 7 (February 12, 2020): 1033–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620905042.
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The limited access to land in most African states has engendered a fierce competition, especially among various agricultural user groups. The two major groups of agricultural land users are transhumant pastoralists and sedentary peasant farmers. The internecine conflict between these agro-user groups has grave implications for human security in Nigeria and beyond. Explanation of the conflict has centred on climate change and environmental security, population growth and urbanisation, and insecurity. However, the transnational character of this conflict, often made possible by relevant regional protocols, has not received adequate scholarly attention. This paper argues that networking of regional bodies and other stakeholders is the panacea for tackling the tension-soaked relationship between these land users.
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Díaz-Correa, Jennifer, and Miguel López-Navarro. "Managing Sustainable Hybrid Organisations: A Case Study in the Agricultural Sector." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093010.
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Research in the field of sustainability has been dominated by an instrumental logic in which social and environmental aspects are reduced to their ability to generate financial benefits. However, the increasing problems facing society are highlighting the need to change this logic. In this context, a growing body of literature is developing around what are known as hybrid organisations, entities characterised by their combination of a social and/or environmental mission with the pursuit of economic benefit. This research uses a descriptive case study approach in order to examine how a Spanish winery—Celler la Muntanya—has implemented a sustainable business model to create positive social and environmental change. The agricultural sector is receiving increasing attention in the sustainability field because of its impact on society and the territory. In addition, agricultural activity generates tensions between social/environmental dimensions—such as the preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity—and economic benefits. Our case study draws on the ‘sustainability-driven hybrid business model’ and its three basic elements: social and environmental change as organizational objective; mutually beneficial relationships with stakeholders; and progressive interaction with markets, competitors and industry institutions. Our findings contribute to the literature by helping to explain how agricultural organisations can implement their business model based on sustainability criteria.
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Colvin, Christopher L., Stuart Henderson, and John D. Turner. "The origins of the (cooperative) species: Raiffeisen banking in the Netherlands, 1898–1909 1." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 4 (January 14, 2020): 749–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez018.
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Abstract Cooperatively owned Raiffeisen banks first emerged in the Netherlands in the late 1890s and spread rapidly across the country. Using a new dataset, we investigate the determinants of their market entry and early performance. We find the cooperative organisational form, when allied to a change in the structure of Dutch agriculture and the socioreligious pillarisation of Dutch society, was an important factor explaining their entry into rural financial markets. While religious organisations provided a necessary impetus for the emergence of Raiffeisen banks, the economic advantages associated with cooperative enterprises ensured the subsequent survival and success of these banks. “We will now discuss in a little more detail the Struggle for Existence.” From Charles Darwin, The Origins of the Species (1859)
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Mohamad Noor, Nur Hanis, Boon Kwee Ng, and Mohd Johaary Abdul Hamid. "Tapping the Potential of Rice Research for Sustainable Agricultural Development: Lessons from Malaysia’s Public Research Institutions." International Journal of Interdisciplinary and Strategic Studies 2, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47548/ijistra.2021.29.
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This paper explores the achievements, implications and future potential of rice research to achieve sustainable agricultural development in Malaysia according to the Quadruple Helix Innovation Model. The case study on Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) reveals that there are three elements that drive food security and sustainable rice research and development – quality research by Public Research Institutions (PRIs), cooperative private firms in supporting national agricultural agenda and productive farmers in delivering high-yields farming. This paper claims that the presence of public-driven objectives in rice research is the crucial pivot in achieving national food security. The study also found that the cooperation from private firms is key in steering national agricultural agenda towards self-sustaining. The study also found the potential of civil society organisations (CSOs) to transform farmers into more active key players in sustainable agricultural development.
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Jadczyszyn, Jan, and Marek Zieliński. "ASSESSMENT OF FARMS FROM HIGH NATURE VALUE FARMLAND AREAS IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 3 (September 21, 2020): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4013.
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The objective of the study is to assess production potential and structure and the economic situation of farms pursuing their activity in areas (in municipalities) with various saturation of High Nature Value farmland (HNVf) areas in Poland. The first part of the study presented a method of designating HNVf areas, designated by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation National Research Institute (ISSPC-NRI) and the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics National Research Institute (IAFE-NRI), in cooperation with the Institute of Technology and Life Sciences (ITLS), the Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IAFE-PAS), and the Polish Society for the Protection of Birds (PSPB) upon the request of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) and the European Commission (EC). HNVf areas have been designated on the basis of the adopted criteria of characteristics of extensive agriculture and high nature value areas. On the other hand, the second part of the paper consisted of the organisational and economic assessment of farms from municipalities with various saturation of HNVf areas in Poland, uninterruptedly keeping accounts for the Polish FADN in the years 2016-2018. It was determined that farms from municipalities with a high saturation of HNVf areas, when compared to farms from municipalities with a lower saturation of such areas, being a reference point, have a lower production potential of soils and achieve worse production results. They have, inter alia, a smaller UAA size, smaller labour inputs and smaller capital value, including machinery and equipment. In addition, they have lower income per 1 ha of UAA, which limits their development opportunities.
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Schreer, Viola, and Martina Padmanabhan. "The many meanings of organic farming: framing food security and food sovereignty in Indonesia." Organic Agriculture 10, no. 3 (December 20, 2019): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13165-019-00277-z.
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AbstractThis paper contributes to the discourse on food policy, particularly in relation to organic farming in Indonesia. Organic farming was first adopted by non-state actors in Indonesia, by faith-based organisations and then by small farmer associations, while the state support for organic agriculture followed at a later date. The three groups, represented in this study by three case studies, adopt different positions with regard to the definition of organic agriculture and its relevance to food self-sufficiency, food security and food sovereignty. For Bina Sarana Bhakti Foundation (BSB), organic farming is both a spiritual worldview and a practical philosophy. For the Indonesian Peasant Union (SPI), organic agriculture foremost is a political tool to resist global capitalist agriculture. Despite their very different outlooks, both these two civil society organisations see organic agriculture as a post-materialist enterprise directed towards explicitly social-political goals. By contrast, the government’s engagement in organic agriculture, although laced with evocative phrases such as “back to nature”, is driven primarily by visions of developing a new niche market for Indonesian exports. The Indonesian State adopts a one-dimensional productivist definition that excludes different meanings and traditions of organic farming. The reduction of the meaning of ‘organic’ to ‘organically certified products’ excludes farmers who consider that they are practicing organic agriculture. We conclude that there is a strong case to be made that the State should relax its regulatory grip on the organic sector, to create room for sorely needed innovation and cooperation among the different actors involved.
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Ozdemır, H. Ozcan. "THE NEXUS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS AND PRODUCTION BEHAVIORS OF THE HEAD OF THE AGRICULTURAL HOLDING IN TURKEY: KIRSEHIR PROVINCE CASE." Journal of Global Innovations in Agricultural and Social Sciences 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22194/jgiass/8.1907.
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The aim of the study has been to record the effect of the organisational behaviour of the heads of agricultural holdings on their agricultural behaviours in Kırşehir province of Turkey. It was attempted to represent the organizational behaviours of producers by three different scales that were developed by different researchers and adapted to the present study. These scales are “Intrinsic Motivation Scale (IMS)”, “Leadership Qualities Scale (LQS)” and “Physiological Empowerment Instrument (PEI)”. The study was conducted in Mucur district of the Kırsehir Province with 98 heads of the agricultural holding between February-March, 2020. As a result, it was determined that the 3 scales had separate effects on different variables. Upon examining the economic variables particularly from (SGDPV) point of view, producers with high PEI and LQS values were found to have more earnings and producers with high IMS value worked mainly in plant production (embraced agricultural production) and tended to have more risks. Individuals with high IMS and PEI were inclined towards formal sources of information and private sector while individuals with high LQS see themselves as the central source of information. Therefore, written and visual sources as well as private sector remain at the top of information source. The sociological changes in rural areas of Turkey produce significant results in agricultural production. Changes in the behaviours of producers lead to the emergence of different roles with the society. There is an important change in the perception of the society with regards to leader farmer and individual with producers having a tendency toward individual action. Therefore, organization behaviour ways of producers do not fit in the theoretical structure or do not affect their agricultural production behaviours. Therefore, more sociological researches are required and new scales should be developed for rural communities and even for agricultural communities. Keywords: Physiological Empowerment Instrument, Intrinsic Motivation Scores, Leadership Qualities
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Malmqvist, P. A., E. Kärrman, and B. Rydhagen. "Evaluation of the ReVAQ project to achieve safe use of wastewater sludge in agriculture." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.759.
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The use of wastewater sludge on arable land in Sweden has been limited for some years due to the low quality, in some respects, of the sludge and to the reluctance of farmers and the food industry to use it. To improve the quality of the sludge, the ReVAQ project has been started, and it now involves seven municipal wastewater organisations. The goal of the project is to introduce a process in which the quality is successively improved by a series of actions taken by society. These actions include tracking and eliminating sources of heavy metals and other substances. As there are numerous sources of some of the substances, the work concentrates on the major sources. Another important activity is to provide information to the users of the wastewater system. The project is being evaluated by Urban Water AB. The results from the first two years indicate that it may be possible to reach the primary technical goal: to obtain a sludge quality that corresponds to that of household wastewater. The more ambitious goal of reaching a quality corresponding to that of WC water (the sum of urine and faeces) does not seem realistic without far-reaching changes in society. The organisations involved, which take the work seriously and are goal-oriented, have achieved measurable results in a short time. The work is also accepted and supported by the board members. More effort is needed, however, to inform the users about the system, and to [motivate them to] change their behaviour regarding matters such as the purchase of everyday products and the use of the toilet facilities.
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Hou, Jeffrey. "Governing urban gardens for resilient cities: Examining the ‘Garden City Initiative’ in Taipei." Urban Studies 57, no. 7 (July 11, 2018): 1398–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018778671.
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With rising concerns for food security and climate adaptation, urban gardening and urban agriculture have emerged as a rising agenda for urban resilience around the world. In East Asia, a variety of initiatives have emerged in recent years with different levels of institutional support. Focusing on Taipei, where a vibrant urban agriculture movement has been unleashed in recent years, this article examines the ongoing outcomes of the city’s new ‘Garden City Initiative’, which supports the establishment of urban gardens including community gardens, rooftop gardens and school gardens. Based on interviews and participant observations during the initial period of advocacy, planning and implementation between 2014 and 2017, this study examines the background of the programme, the involvement of governmental and non-governmental actors and the programme’s ongoing implementation. Based on the findings, the article further reflects upon their implications for the practices of urban governance in the face of contemporary environmental, political and social challenges. The case of Taipei suggests a model in which policy formation and implementation may require opportunistic actions involving a variety of actors and organisations in both institutions and the civil society. Rather than dramatic changes or instant institutional realignment, the effort may require strategic adaptation of the existing bureaucratic structure, while mobilising its strengths and resources. In addition, despite the critical role of civil society organisations, the Taipei case also illustrates a considerable public-sector investment, distinct from the predominant model of neoliberal governance that has been associated with urban gardening programmes elsewhere.
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Frank, Barbara. "Gendered Ritual Dualism in a Patrilineal Society: Opposition and Complementarity in Kulere Fertility Cults." Africa 74, no. 2 (May 2004): 217–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.2.217.
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AbstractAlthough a favourable position for women is usually anticipated where they occupy important economic roles in the context of matrilineal descent, such a position may well exist in a patrilineal society, especially if women organise as in West Africa. Here there exist well-organised women's cult associations which are well known from Liberia and Sierra Leone and occur also in western Cameroon and south-eastern Nigeria. The present article demonstrates the existence of a comparable women's association in middle-belt Nigeria among the Kulere. The article focuses mainly on the manner in which through the cooperation of certain men's and women's associations ‘gender symmetry’ was ritually expressed in the sphere of agriculture and fertility. The practical foundation of this symmetry in fertility cults was a relatively even division of labour between the sexes and a favourable position for women in marriage, since they could decide independently whether to stay with a husband or leave him. Cult associations were predominant in public life. Women were strictly excluded from men's associations which held political–ritual offices and channelled advantages in ritual consumption to men. Notwithstanding this exclusion, women had their own association in which they could regulate their own affairs as well as pass decisions for the whole community including the men. The women's organisation held major responsibilities for the protection and the fertility of the fields, both practically as well as ritually. In this responsibility the women's association cooperated with a men's association which otherwise intimidated women. This association of males protected the fields through the presence of supernatural guardians which was sometimes staged in masquerades. The corresponding duties and cooperation of both associations were enacted ritually through the use of common shrines and when the women contacted water spirits to increase the harvest under the protection of male masqueraders. The Kulere case shows a patrilineal society where women had a relatively independent position which was publicly acknowledged through gender dualism in the ritual organisation of agriculture in which their special capabilities with respect to fertility and sustainability were recognised.
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Garnett, Stephen T., and Jennifer Haydon. "Mapping Research Capacity in North-Western Tropical Australia." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 04, no. 03 (September 2005): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649205001122.
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Research capacity in two jurisdictions in tropical northwestern Australia was mapped to a searchable website. The website provides ready access to all research organisations in the region with the underlying database providing a baseline against which developments in research and research networks can be measured. Of 202 research entities entered into the database, 38 were businesses, 12 civil society organisations, five cooperative research centres, 10 government research institutes, 64 government agencies within three jurisdictions and 70 university research groups within seven universities. The data were analysed by sector to describe the size and linkages between organisations, areas of research strength and socioeconomic objectives of research. Most enterprises undertaking research in tropical Western Australia and the Northern Territory are small with the majority having fewer than 10 research staff. The primary area of expertise for research entities in tropical Western Australia and the Northern Territory is agricultural and environmental research, which is also the area where there is greatest breadth of capacity. Similarly, the socioeconomic objective of most research entities is in fields related to environmental management and social development with the breadth of capacity greatest in environmental policy frameworks. There were substantial differences between the skills and direction of research in government and the universities and those in business.
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Page, Carolyn, and Russell Ayres. "Policy Logic: Creating policy and evaluation capital in your organisation." Evaluation Journal of Australasia 18, no. 1 (March 2018): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035719x17753960.
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Cultural barriers can impede evaluative discourse in government agencies and can pose challenges to good public policy and program implementation. These barriers can be raised—and ameliorated—by applying the “Policy Logic” framework. Policy Logic incorporates elements of the standard “Program Logic” approach, but it goes more deeply into government’s purpose, focusing on the government policy problem to be addressed by the proposed policy or program. The manner in which the framework is used in workshops and discussions with evaluation clients is critical to its success as an evaluation tool. Since its initial development in the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry in 2001, Policy Logic has become increasingly popular as an analytic tool in policy development and program evaluation. The lively, interactive nature of Policy Logic workshops also makes them useful in bridging the divide between policy and program expertise, helping build a confident, speculative conversation in organisations about “what’s needed” and “what works” and improving the way the purpose of policy and programs is communicated to government and to stakeholders. This can deepen the role of evaluation as integral to policy development and program management, rather than as a “bolt on” or an “afterthought” in the policy-implementation process. This article is based on a café-style interactive workshop at the 2017 Australasian Evaluation Society Conference in Canberra, Australia. The workshop was aimed at stimulating discussion and debate about how evaluation practice—assisted by the Policy Logic tool—can help bridge the policy-implementation divide.
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Duvaleix, Sabine, Marie Lassalas, Laure Latruffe, Vasilia Konstantidelli, and Irene Tzouramani. "Adopting Environmentally Friendly Farming Practices and the Role of Quality Labels and Producer Organisations: A Qualitative Analysis Based on Two European Case Studies." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 10457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410457.
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Various drivers behind the adoption of environmentally friendly practices have been investigated at the farm level in the literature, e.g., farmers’ motivations and attitudes, farms’ structure, and management or policies. Yet, the way in which quality labels and producer organisations influence the adoption of environmentally friendly practices by farmers is still under-researched. We contribute to this topic and present the results of qualitative interviews with producer organisations, conducted in 2019 in two contrasting case studies: the pig sector in Brittany (western France), and the olive oil sector in Crete (Greece). Our study shows that economic actors of food supply chains in these two case studies use European quality labels, a couple of national schemes, and a proliferation of private quality labels (in Brittany’s pig sector). Our interviews reveal that many quality labels, for which agricultural farming systems must comply with a set of rules, are not specifically aimed at improving environmental impacts. In the Cretan olive oil sector, we observe several European public labels. In the French pig sector, many quality labels do not include requirements for practices aiming at improving the environment, but instead focus on other practices that matter for society, namely improving animal welfare. However, advisory services provided by the producer organisations can play a key role in the adoption of environmentally friendly practices. They include research programmes and agronomic events. In Crete, producer organisations are able to offer technical assistance thanks to European support programmes.
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Norén-Nilsson, Astrid, and Netra Eng. "Pathways to Leadership within and beyond Cambodian Civil Society: Elite Status and Boundary-Crossing." Politics and Governance 8, no. 3 (September 4, 2020): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i3.3020.
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Elitisation in Cambodian civil society and how such processes relate to holding elite status in the state, electoral politics, and economic fields, is poorly understood. This article seeks to identify different pathways to becoming an elite within and beyond Cambodian civil society. We focus on four case studies, representing different forms of organisations within the sectors of agriculture and youth. Three main questions are explored. Firstly, we identify different forms of capital needed to reach elite status in civil society. Secondly, we explore how elite status within civil society is related to elite status within other fields, by identifying three pathways of boundary-crossing (Lewis, 2008a) from civil society into the state, electoral politics, and economic fields. Thirdly, we map the perceived possibilities and limitations of each field. In exploring these questions, this article argues for a reappraisal of Cambodian civil society, shifting attention to the networks and platforms that fall outside of the dominant focus on professional NGOs. By empirically tracing how elites move between fields, it aspires to provide a better understanding of the contours of, and relations between, civil society and other fields (including government, electoral politics, and business), including in terms of what particular forms of power pertain to each.
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Adanacıoğlu, Hakan. "Sürdürülebilir Tarımsal Pazarlama Girişimleri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 7 (July 3, 2015): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i7.595-603.446.
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Sustainable marketing is a holistic approach that puts equal emphasis on environmental, social equity, and economic concerns in the development of marketing strategies. The purpose of the study is to examine and discuss the sustainable agricultural marketing initiatives practiced throughout the World and Turkey, and to put forth suggestions to further improve the performance of agricultural marketing initiatives in Turkey. Some of the sustainable agricultural marketing initiatives practiced around the world are carried out through civil organizations. Furthermore; some of these initiatives have also launched by farmers, consumers, food processors and retailers. The long-term strategies to increase these initiatives should be determined due to the fact that examples of successful sustainable agricultural marketing initiatives are inadequate and cannot be spread in Turkey. In this context, first of all, the supports provided by the government to improve agricultural marketing systems, such as EU funds for rural development should be compatible with the goals of sustainable marketing. For this purpose, it should be examined whether all proposed projects related to agricultural marketing meet the social, economic, and environmental principles of sustainable marketing. It is important that supporting organizations, especially civil society organisations, should take an active role for faster dissemination and adoption of sustainable agricultural marketing practices in Turkey. These organizations may provide technical assistance in preparing successful project proposals and training to farm groups. In addition, the other organizations, such as local administrations, producers' associations, cooperatives, can contribute to the success of sustainable agricultural marketing initiatives. The use of direct marketing strategies and vertical integration attempts in sustainable agricultural marketing initiatives that will likely be implemented in Turkey is important in terms of the success of the initiatives. It's also essential to bring to the fore the various themes, such as regional delicacies, safe production methods, human and environmental health, regionalism, regional artisanship, and biodiversity to cultivate a successful marketing strategy in promotional activities of sustainable agricultural marketing initiatives.
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Davidi, Sigal. "By women for women: modernism, architecture, and gender in building the new Jewish society in Mandatory Palestine." Architectural Research Quarterly 20, no. 3 (September 2016): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135516000452.
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This article explores issues of gender and modern architecture in Mandatory Palestine in the context of 1920s and 1930s modernism. Women architects, newly immigrated from Germany, collaborated with WIZO, Women's International Zionist Organisation, in building Domestic Science and Agriculture training schools for Jewish immigrant women in the country. WIZO adopted the concept of the modern domestic sphere, particularly the rational kitchen, believing that a modern and efficient household will benefit women and society as a whole. Thus, their planned schools were to be modern both in appearance and in their built-up space: rational, airy and full of light. The women architects who studied and worked in Germany prior to their immigration, emphasised these modernist concepts in their design. These early ambitious architectural achievements by women for women were unique in the context of modernism and helped structure the national identity of the ‘New re-formed domestic woman’ in Mandatory Palestine.
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Seraphin, Hugues, and Vanessa G. B. Gowreesunkar. "Tourism: how to achieve the sustainable development goals?" Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 13, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-08-2020-0086.
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Purpose The purpose is to provide an overview as to how the sustainable development goals (SDGs) are being implemented by countries with different tourism requirements and resources. In so doing, this theme issue presents case studies from across the globe and examines them from academic and practitioner perspectives. The case studies cover: hospitality, tourism agriculture, events, small and medium sized businesses, sport, the African Union as a regional organisation and wildlife tourism. Ultimately, the objective is to encourage countries to implement the SDGs by highlighting the benefits they bring to the economy, society and the environment. Design/methodology/approach This paper outlines the theme issue approach which draws on a blend of case studies, online sources, literature review and industry reports. This combination of primary, secondary and tertiary data enables a meaningful analysis of the implementation of SDGs in destinations with different requirements and characteristics. Findings The theme issue findings provide insights on the history, status and progress of SDGs in hospitality and tourism worldwide. Based on reviews and practical evidence, it is clear that many countries have not yet successfully implemented the SDGs, whereas others have made significant progress by embracing sustainable action. The overall observations point towards collaboration between stakeholders, and the scale of organisations as a sine qua non condition for the achievement of sustainability. Originality/value The value of this theme issue is that it presents a variety of case studies that demonstrate how different countries have successfully implemented the SDGs and the challenges faced while embracing those actions. Each case presented is unique and the variety of strategies proposed therein serves as guide to practitioners and destination managers. Further, the findings may be applicable to other geographic regions with similar contexts.
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Obrist, Brigit, Iddy Mayumana, and Flora Kessy. "Livelihood, malaria and resilience." Progress in Development Studies 10, no. 4 (September 10, 2010): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146499340901000405.
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In various parts of Sub‐Saharan Africa, malaria is endemic in areas where rain‐fed agriculture implies seasonal mobility from villages to paddy fields. Contributing to the small but growing literature on livelihood and malaria, this article examines the ways in which social actors mobilise, combine and transform capitals on the household and community levels to obtain malaria treatment. It emphasises the structuring force of cultural capital and argues that farmers of the Kilombero Valley in Tanzania develop a remarkable resilience to malaria. However, in spite of all their efforts, the web of resilience they are able to create remains rather weak and should be strengthened through intersectoral collaboration between government and civil society organisations and innovative interventions.
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Hassink, Jan, Herman Agricola, Esther J. Veen, Roald Pijpker, Simone R. de Bruin, Harold A. B. van der Meulen, and Lana B. Plug. "The Care Farming Sector in The Netherlands: A Reflection on Its Developments and Promising Innovations." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093811.
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This paper describes the development of care farming in the Netherlands, one of the pioneering countries in this sector, where care farming has developed into a very diverse sector, with some farmers focussing primarily on agricultural production and others more specifically on providing care services. Care farms are increasingly open to a diversity of participants. The sector has become professionalised with the establishment of strong regional organisations and a steady growth increase in revenues, providing employment opportunities and boosting the economy of rural areas. In this paper, we highlight two promising innovations in care farming: education for school dropouts and the establishment of social farming activities in cities. These innovations face the challenge of connecting not only the agricultural and care sectors, but also the educational sector and the urban context. Initiators face a number of challenges, like trying to embed their activities in the educational sector, a mismatch in regulations and a lack of legitimacy in the case of education on care farms, as well as problems gaining access to land and a lack of recognition in the case of social farming in urban areas. However, the prospects are promising in both cases, because they match the changing demands in Dutch society and are able to integrate social, ecological and economic benefits.
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Haigh, Martin J. "International Development Projects of India's Hindu NGOs." Human Geography 11, no. 3 (November 2018): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861801100306.
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While the ideas and objectives of Western, often religious, agricultural and development organisations in international development are well documented, those of Hindu NGOs operating, internationally, outside India are not. This paper explores the approaches of some of the key players. These include Gandhian Sarvodaya (especially in Sri Lanka), the Ananda Marg's Progressive Utilisation Theory (PROUT) (especially in Venezuela), ISKCON — the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (especially its model farms in Europe), the Ramakrishna Order and, briefly, the “ Bhumi Project”, the Hindu contribution to the UNDP/ARC's multi-faith sustainability initiative “ Many Heavens, One Earth”. Each initiative emphasises different aspects of the Hindu worldview. Gandhian Sarvodaya emphasises self-reliance, non-harming ( ahimsa), and personal ethics ( dharma), while P.R. Sarkar's Ananda Marg, emphasises cooperative enterprise and the institution of a new more spiritually-socialist social order. ISKCON emphasises devotional service ( bhakti yoga) within a model for a self-sufficient, self-sustainable, post-hydrocarbon future, while Swami Vivekananda's Sri Ramakrishna Order emphasises service and holistic development. Finally, the Bhumi Project, a product of the emerging self-awareness of the global Hindu diaspora, aims to unite the work of a range of Hindu organisations. These movements share a development agenda that emphasises self-sustainability, a low ecological footprint, social justice (variously defined), and the development of spiritual rather than economic capital.
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Prasad, C. Shambu. "Constructing Alternative Socio-technical Worlds: Re-imagining RRI through SRI in India." Science, Technology and Society 25, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971721820903002.
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While Responsible Research and Innovation has the potential for democratising the governance of research and innovation, translating it in the Global South would need dialogues and engaging with the plural knowledge systems and ongoing experiments on innovation at the margins that seek to construct alternatives. Entrenched power relations in the South do not allow for public dialogues that allows for society to engage with, if not speak back, to scientists in co-creating newer knowledge. Through the case study of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), an agroecological innovation that arose outside the formal research establishment, we show how vulnerable farming communities can proactively co-create alternatives to existing dilemmas in Indian agriculture. Re-imaging RRI in India, we suggest, requires closer attention to the role of civil society organisations in creating innovation spaces through informal and heterogeneous networks of social learning. Networks, we suggest, allow for better expression of creative dissent that could open newer vistas and alternative framing of knowledge. The RRI agenda is thus incomplete without an engagement with the politics of knowledge, and scientific controversies reveal technological lock-ins that hinders alternative framings and pathways.
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Palis, Florencia G., Grant R. Singleton, Peter R. Brown, Nguyen Huu Huan, Christian Umali, and Nguyen Thi Duong Nga. "Can humans outsmart rodents? Learning to work collectively and strategically." Wildlife Research 38, no. 7 (2011): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10226.
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Context Rodents are one of the major constraints in Asian rice production, both in pre- and post-harvest. Rodents are often perceived by farmers in developing countries to be consistently outsmarting humans – a belief that needs to be overcome. Ecologically based rodent management (EBRM) is a possible solution to manage rodent populations effectively, which in turn can help sustain food security in Asia. Well coordinated community action is necessary to effectively carry out EBRM. This paper considers the socio-cultural challenges of EBRM. Aims To determine whether a multi-stakeholder partnership, facilitated through experiential learning and the use of existing social capital, can generate collective actions for strategic rodent management. Methods Participatory action research was employed in the implementation of EBRM in irrigated rice systems in the Red River Delta in Vietnam. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used including household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Key results The multi-stakeholder partnership and participatory approach effectively generated adoption of EBRM. The strong linkages between extension and political organisations generated diffusion of EBRM into neighbouring provinces. The adoption of EBRM reduced rodenticide use (50%), decreased rice areas with rodent damage (93%), increased rice yields (10–14%), increased economic returns for farmers (20%), strengthened farmers’ collective actions, and changed farmers’ perspectives on rodent management towards a biologically sustainable approach. Conclusions Humans can indeed outsmart rodents through the use of EBRM principles that rely on community actions. Sustainable community actions can be achieved through participatory approaches and a multi-stakeholder partnership built on existing social capital of the society and local communities. Overall, the adoption of EBRM meant better rice yields, higher economic returns for farmers, and reduced human health and environmental risks. Implications To address the problem of sustainable adoption by farmers of an agricultural technology for natural resource management, active participation of various stakeholders through a multi-stakeholder partnership is essential. This partnership should emanate from the social capital of the society, such as the networks of organisations across different scales, from the national to the village level, and the cultural norms and values adhered to by the members of the society and local communities.
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Ignatyeva, Evgeniya. "Women’s Peasant Protest in Siberia in the First Half of 1930: The Phenomenon of a Radical Response to the Policy of Violent Etatization." Ideas and Ideals 13, no. 1-2 (March 19, 2021): 457–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2021-13.1.2-457-475.
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The paper deals with the problem of the phenomenon of women’s protest during the process of “total collectivization” of the agricultural sector. The author investigates the phenomenon as social action within the framework of the structural-functional approach (M. Weber, R. Merton), which allows to eliminate ideological cliches and analyze women’s protest not as an affective social action (“Bab’i bunt” - women’s revolt), but as a complex social action in which the role of goal setting can be dominant. This approach makes it possible to establish the main characteristics of women's protest, its effect, and impact on the culture of peasant protest. It provides an opportunity to consider the processes of interaction between “authority – society” in the extraordinary conditions of “the Great socialist transformation”. Main sources are archival documents of the OGPU authorized representative in the Siberian region (krai); minor sources include archival documents of local party committees and Soviet organisations and also regional press. The author analyzes protest actions recorded by the OGPU officers with the participation of women in the first half of the 1930s, identifying the main characteristics of women’s protest, its forms, causes and motives, as well as the impact on peasant society and state policy. The author also reveals that this social action in the absence of a legal opportunity to influence the agrarian/peasant policy of the party was quite an adequate means to achieve certain goals of the protesters. “Bab’i bunt” was a marker of the extreme social life of early Soviet society during the “Great Break”, which demonstrated the radicalization of relations between the peasant society and authorities during a violent etatization of the village. The conclusion is that the women’s protest, as part of the general peasant protest at the first stage of “complete collectivization”, forced the authorities to adjust their policies and even seek some compromises.
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Ramanujam, Padmapriya, Saravanan Poorni, Manali Ramakrishnan Srinivasan, and Nivedhitha Malli Sureshbabu. "Probiotics in Dental Caries Prevention." Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 56, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2019.56.1.22609.
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The prevalence of oral diseases is increasing and is becoming a major concern in the society. Treatment without prevention is simply unsustainable. One such preventable disease is dental caries. Several strategies for caries prevention have been developed over the years. Bacteriotherapy is one potential method. With better understanding on the importance of a well balanced oral microbial environment for maintaining good dental health, probiotics has gained great momentum in dentistry. The World Health Organization along with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations defined probiotics as “Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”. Several probiotic strains have been identified for caries prevention through various experimental studies. However, identifying the right vehicle for administration of probiotics on everyday basis is the need of the hour. Toothpastes, mouthrinses, powders, tablets, lozenges, chewing gums are some probiotic vehicles that have been studied. This paper would throw light on the microbial strains, mechanism of action, forms and future for probiotics in caries prevention.
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de Bruijn, Mirjam. "The hearthhold in pastoral Fulbe society, central Mali: social relations, milk and drought." Africa 67, no. 4 (October 1997): 625–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161111.
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AbstractIn pastoral Fulbe society in central Mali women had and in some degree still have an important social and economic role, concentrated on a milk economy organised through a special female-headed, women-centred unit called by the Fulbe fayannde, or ‘hearthhold’. In a society of semi-nomadic pastoralists who live most of the year in small social units, social relations and networks are very important, perhaps even crucial to the success of their main survival strategy, which is transhumant cattle-keeping. In the literature on the Fulbe this social unit has received relatively little attention. An analysis from the perspective of the ‘hearthhold’ sheds new light on property and gender relations in Fulbe society in general.Drought has had an enormous impact on the situation of the Jallube studied in this article. Economic change—a switch to agriculture and production for the market—has brought about a shift of focus for the men. Economically, milk is no longer essential for them, and hence the fayannde loses its importance; socially, too, the role of the fayannde, as symbolised by milk, is changing. For women the erosion of the fayannde is serious: an analysis of marriage gifts shows how important the fayannde is not only to the social organisation of the Jallube but also to their economic viability. In times of stress this importance may be greater for women than for men. The decline of the fayannde may lead to a transformation of gender relations, the marriage ceremony and women's social security—changes that the return of the rains or the re-establishment of herds may not reverse.
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Derluguian, Georgi. "Social inequality in the evolution of human societies." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, stmm 2019 (2) (June 14, 2019): 98–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2019.02.098.
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The author develops ideas about the origin of social inequality during the evolution of human societies and reflects on the possibilities of its overcoming. What makes human beings different from other primates is a high level of egalitarianism and altruism, which contributed to more successful adaptability of human collectives at early stages of the development of society. The transition to agriculture, coupled with substantially increasing population density, was marked by the emergence and institutionalisation of social inequality based on the inequality of tangible assets and symbolic wealth. Then, new institutions of warfare came into existence, and they were aimed at conquering and enslaving the neighbours engaged in productive labour. While exercising control over nature, people also established and strengthened their power over other people. Chiefdom as a new type of polity came into being. Elementary forms of power (political, economic and ideological) served as a basis for the formation of early states. The societies in those states were characterised by social inequality and cruelties, including slavery, mass violence and numerous victims. Nowadays, the old elementary forms of power that are inherent in personalistic chiefdom are still functioning along with modern institutions of public and private bureaucracy. This constitutes the key contradiction of our time, which is the juxtaposition of individual despotic power and public infrastructural one. However, society is evolving towards an ever more efficient combination of social initiatives with the sustainability and viability of large-scale organisations.
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Scott, Joanne, and Ross Laurie. "Celebrating Her First Half-Century: Queensland's Jubilee Carnival." Queensland Review 16, no. 2 (July 2009): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600005109.
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Queensland's Jubilee Carnival of 1909 was, according to Australia's Governor-General, Lord Dudley, ‘the principal and most prominent feature in the series of festivities by which the people of Queensland are seeking to celebrate the jubilee of their existence’. Indeed, with the exception of the Carnival, the ‘series of festivities’ was rather lack-lustre, offering relatively little of substance to excite the attention of contemporaries or of later commentators. Offering a distraction from the political instability of the era – between 1907 and 1909, voters had gone to the state polls three times – the Jubilee Carnival reaffirmed and reinvigorated a story that had been told and retold each year at Brisbane's showgrounds for more than three decades. The particular power of the Carnival did not, therefore, derive from its status as a unique event that commemorated a defining moment in Queensland's development: the separation from New South Wales and the beginning of self-government in 1859. Instead, the significance of the Jubilee Carnival as the centrepiece of the 1909 celebrations depended on its effective alignment with Queensland's largest annual event, the Brisbane Exhibition, and on the resulting connections between the Carnival, the Exhibition and a narrative of successful colonisation that had been celebrated each year since the inaugural Brisbane Exhibition of 1876. For many non-Indigenous Queenslanders, it was a compelling story that resolutely ignored the unsavoury aspects of the state's past and present in favour of an uplifting account of a society in which perseverance, applied to nature's bounty in the interests of the British Empire, was rewarded. It was, above all, a story of progress – that most powerful of talismans for settler societies. The Jubilee Carnival thus reiterated a familiar story; in so doing, it confirmed the iconic status of the capital city's annual agricultural show and positioned the show's host, the National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland (NAIAQ), as one of the state's most important organisations.
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Limbu, Numa. "COVID-19 AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES." ENSEMBLE SP-1, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2021-sp1-a015.
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COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus. This new virus and disease were unknown before its outbreak in Wuhan, China, 2019. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organisation (hereafter referred to as WHO). The virus that causes COVID-19 infects people of all ages. According to the report of the WHO, the total cases reported were 62, 573, 188; 43, 193, 999 recovered, and 1,458,305 deaths (Worldometer, 2020). Its impact can be seen on every corner of the world, most prominently on a specific group of the population known as Indigenous Communities. Indigenous communities are also known as tribal people, Adivasis, i.e., aboriginal communities; and are a significant part of the world’s population. They are far from the contemporary trend, economic development and have their own language, religion, cultures, festivals, music, cuisine, etc. Zacharius, T. (2020) mentions that they have lived close to nature, and their way of life is different from than mainstream lifestyle. They mostly depend on agriculture and handicrafts and hold a vast amount of Traditional Knowledge. The Communities are economically and socially backward and live in isolation and self-contained groups. Less development and failure to reach the Indigenous communities have made them face various issues during this pandemic situation. The Coronavirus (hereafter referred to as COVID-19) pandemic poses a grave health threat to the Indigenous communities around the world. The absence of proper healthcare, sanitation, other preventive measures significantly increases the danger. This paper describes the impact of COVID-19 on society, especially on the health of Indigenous Communities.
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Dondeynaz, C., J. López Puga, and C. Carmona Moreno. "Bayesian networks modelling in support to cross cutting analysis of water supply and sanitation in developing countries." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2013): 2481–548. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-2481-2013.
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Abstract. Despite the efforts made towards the millennium goals targets during the last decade, access to improved water supply or basic sanitation remains still not accessible for millions of people across the world. This paper proposes a set of models that use 25 key variables from the WatSan4Dev dataset and country profiles involving Water Supply and Sanitation (Dondeynaz et al., 2012). This paper proposes the use of Bayesian Network modelling methods because adapted to the management of non-normal distribution, and integrate a qualitative approach for data analysis. They also offer the advantage to integrate preliminary knowledge into the probabilistic models. The statistical performance of the proposed models ranges between 80 and 95% which is very satisfactory taking into account the strong heterogeneity of variables. Probabilistic scenarios run from the models allow a quantification of the relationships between human development, external support, governance aspects, economic activities and Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) access. According to models proposed in this paper, a strong poverty reduction will induce an increment of the WSS access equal to 75–76% through: (1) the organisation of on-going urbanisation process to avoid slums development; and, (2) the improvement of health care for instance for children. On one side, improving governance, such as institutional efficiency, capacities to make and apply rules or control of corruption will also have a positive impact on WSS sustainable development. The first condition for an increment of the WSS access remains of course an improvement of the economic development with an increment of household income. Moreover, a significant country environmental commitment associated with civil society freedom of expression constitutes a favourable environment for sustainable WSS services delivery. Intensive agriculture through irrigation practises also appears as a mean for sustainable WSS thanks to multi-uses and complementarities. Strong and structured agriculture sector facilitates rural development in areas where WSS access often steps behind compared to urban areas1. External financial support, named Official Development Aid (ODA), plays a role in WSS improvement but comes last in the sensitivity analyses of models. This aid supports first poor countries at 47%, and is associated to governance aspects: (1) political stability and (2) country environmental commitment and civil society degree of freedom. These governance aspects constitute a good framework for aid implementation in recipient countries. Modelling is run with the five groups of countries as defined in Dondeynaz et al. (2012). Models for profile 4 (essential external support) and profile 5 (primary material consumption) are specifically detailed and analysed in this paper. For countries in profile 4, to fight against water scarcity and desertification pressure should be the priority. However, for countries in profile 5, efforts should first concentrate on political stability consolidation while supporting economic activity diversification. Nevertheless, for both profiles, reduction of poverty should remain the first priority as previously indicated. 1 JMP statistics, 2004 http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/
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Chirisa, Innocent, Trynos Gumbo, Veronica N. Gundu-Jakarasi, Washington Zhakata, Thomas Karakadzai, Romeo Dipura, and Thembani Moyo. "Interrogating Climate Adaptation Financing in Zimbabwe: Proposed Direction." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 6517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126517.
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Reducing vulnerability to climate change and enhancing the long-term coping capacities of rural or urban settlements to negative climate change impacts have become urgent issues in developing countries. Developing countries do not have the means to cope with climate hazards and their economies are highly dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water, and coastal zones. Like most countries in Southern Africa, Zimbabwe suffers from climate-induced disasters. Therefore, this study maps critical aspects required for setting up a strong financial foundation for sustainable climate adaptation in Zimbabwe. It discusses the frameworks required for sustainable climate adaptation finance and suggests the direction for success in leveraging global climate financing towards building a low-carbon and climate-resilient Zimbabwe. The study involved a document review and analysis and stakeholder consultation methodological approach. The findings revealed that Zimbabwe has been significantly dependent on global finance mechanisms to mitigate the effects of climate change as its domestic finance mechanisms have not been fully explored. Results revealed the importance of partnership models between the state, individuals, civil society organisations, and agencies. Local financing institutions such as the Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe (IDBZ) have been set up. This operates a Climate Finance Facility (GFF), providing a domestic financial resource base. A climate change bill is also under formulation through government efforts. However, numerous barriers limit the adoption of adaptation practices, services, and technologies at the scale required. The absence of finance increases the vulnerability of local settlements (rural or urban) to extreme weather events leading to loss of life and property and compromised adaptive capacity. Therefore, the study recommends an adaptation financing framework aligned to different sectoral policies that can leverage diverse opportunities such as blended climate financing. The framework must foster synergies for improved impact and implementation of climate change adaptation initiatives for the country.
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Millar, K. M., and T. B. Mepham. "Bioethical analysis of biotechnologies: lessons from automatic milking systems (AMS) and bovine somatotrophin (bST)." BSAP Occasional Publication 28 (2001): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500040954.
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AbstractTechnologies emerging from current bioengineering research areas may have a substantial impact on society and raise many ethical issues. Consequentially, there is a significant interest amongst public and private organisations to identify ethical issues, improve stakeholder participation, and develop frameworks and assessment procedures to aid decision-makers evaluate these complex issues. This paper explores a form of bioethical analysis that has been developed to aid decision-makers in the agricultural and food sectors. Two agricultural technologies will be used as case studies to examine the application of this form of bioethical analysis in technology assessment, viz automatic milking systems (AMS) and bovine somatotrophin (bST). The bioethical framework applied, the Ethical Matrix developed by Mepham (e.g. 1996; 2000), is based on a principled approach drawn from the concept of the ‘common morality’ where the ‘impacts’ of a technology are assessed in terms of respect for three ethical principles (wellbeing, autonomy and justice) as they apply to various interest groups.To explore stakeholder issues raised by the technologies, two workshops and separate postal surveys of farmers, consumers and retailers were conducted to examine the attitudes to the two technologies. Each survey included matched questions, so that attitudes could be cross-compared, with the Ethical Matrix used as a guiding framework. The three surveys highlighted specific attitudes of consumers, farmers and retailers to bST and AMS (response rates were 19.3%, 27.3% and 69% respectively), as well as identifying general trends in attitudes to technological development. Consumers distinguished clearly between what they considered to be more acceptable (AMS was largely acceptable with some caveats) and less acceptable technologies (bST). bST use in the UK was unacceptable to the majority of UK farmers whereas AMS was accepted with caution. Retailers, overall, had a cautious but considered approach to the technologies, applying a precautionary approach in their policies.Applying the Ethical Matrix aided the clarification of ethical issues which underlie differences in opinion on the acceptability and required legal control of the two technologies. In summary, bST supporters placed a greater emphasis on productivity and prosperity, whereas sceptics focused on perceived risks, and on producers' and consumers' lack of autonomy. Potential positive impacts of AMS were identified as improvements in dairy production efficiency and enhancement of dairy farmer and cow welfare, while concerns included impacts on rural employment, milk quality and the increasingly instrumental use of animals.The incorporation of bioethical analysis into technology assessment, specifically in the form of the Ethical Matrix, was generally regarded as providing a useful and valuable tool, helping to clarifying issues and encourage dialogue. Individuals with contrasting worldviews can use it effectively, allowing any conflicts and consistencies of the arguments to be cross-compared. This is particularly important for policy makers who need to be explicit and transparent and to justify their decisions by reference to widely accepted ethical norms. At a simplistic level, this method may act merely as a comprehensive check-list, but when applied more comprehensively it can encourage stakeholder dialogue and clarify the interactions of scientific and ethical aspects of a particular issue.
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Suckling, David Maxwell. "New Zealand Plant Protection Medal 2017." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 26, 2018): 358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.223.
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This medal is awarded by the New Zealand Plant Protection Society to honour those who have made exceptional contributions to plant protection in New Zealand in the widest sense. The medal is awarded for outstanding services to plant protection, whether through research, education, implementation or leadership.
In 2017, the New Zealand Plant Protection Medal was awarded Prof David Maxwell (Max) Suckling. In his 35+ years of research, Max has been pivotal in bringing odour-based technologies to New Zealand. In particular, his research on insect pheromones has enabled integrated pest management to be realised in this country. As a result, New Zealand plant-based industries can access premium overseas markets due to the low pest prevalence and low pesticide residue on primary produce. It has also reduced grower exposure to pesticides.
The acknowledgement of his broad knowledge of risks and benefits that new organisms and substances can pose to New Zealand has been exemplified by his position of Chair of the Environmental Risk Management Authority Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Committee where he presided over decisions from determining which organisms are new to New Zealand through to whether the benefits of the release of new organisms outweighed the risks. His unique knowledge and ability to make sound judgements based on the evidence presented also led to two invitations back to the Environmental Protection Authority after he had finished as a special member on the Committee so that New Zealand could safely continue to assess the use of biological control agents.
Since 2004, in his role as Science Group Leader of the Biosecurity group at The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd (PFR), Max has been instrumental in developing tools to improve detection sensitivity and socially acceptable eradication options for new pests that threaten New Zealand, such as the Queensland fruit fly and the painted apple moth.
Max has been a member of the New Zealand Plant Protection Society for many years and served as President from 1999 to 2001. He was nominated for the Medal because of the passion he has displayed towards developing and making available socially acceptable pest eradication and management tools in New Zealand. The work that he and the chemical ecology team he has built and led, has had a large impact in many sectors from horticulture to biosecurity.
This use of socially acceptable tools for the productive sectors naturally led to Max’s involvement in the pest surveillance and eradication space. He led the Eradication and Response Theme in the Better Border Biosecurity collaboration for over ten years, co-ordinating research among Crown Research Institutes to achieve their goals and the goals of New Zealand’s biosecurity practitioners. He has gone beyond odour-based technologies and branched into sound, vision and sterile-insect technologies for managing pests, sticking with the social acceptance theme.
Max is an innovative thinker, testing novel approaches for pest management, and can bring quite separate groups together to achieve a goal. For example, he combined an irradiator used to sterilise medical equipment and insect rearing to achieve a boutique insect-sterilisation programme against the painted apple moth. By pushing the envelope, he is seen as a world leader in his field of using socially acceptable tools, with numerous invitations as a keynote speaker at international meetings, which has allowed him to return to New Zealand with some of the latest scientific ideas.
He has served on working groups of the sterile-insect technique for the joint division of the Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency. He was recently made a professor when he was made a joint appointment at PFR and the University of Auckland, and has supervised and co-supervised a number of PhD and MSc students.
His outstanding collaboration and mentoring skills enable him to work across different fields, secure new knowledge and tools for novel pest-management approaches, bring together people from different organisations, and mentor ‘thinking-out-of-the-square’ scientists for the future.
His desire to protect New Zealand’s flora, fauna and people, make him a worthy recipient of the New Zealand Plant Protection Medal.
NZPP Medal recipients for the previous five years:
2016: Rob Beresford
2015: Gary Barker
2014: -
2013: Andrew Hodson
2012: Margaret Dick
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Čerba, Otakar. "Roles of Ontologies in Cartography." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-39-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Ontologies (in computer science and information science) represent the essential tool for a formalised description of concepts, data, information, knowledge and other entities as well as relations among them. Their history is relatively old. The idea of ontologies in informatics started in the mid-1970s, but ontology as the philosophical discipline connected to existence and nature of reality came from the Ancient Greek. The ontologies as a part of knowledge-based systems were discussed in the 1980s. In 1993 Thomas R. Gruber defined ontology in information science as "a specification of a conceptualisation". After that, the first languages and formats coding ontologies have been developed, and massive construction process of ontologies began. For example, the Basel Register of Thesauri, Ontologies and Classifications presents about 700 ontologies and more the 1000 other tools with a similar character. The theory of ontologies and development as ontologies are entirely on a high level. However, their implementation (especially in several domains) is in its infancy.</p><p> For example, in the geographical domain, there are many ontologies (called geo-ontologies) such as FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Geopolitical Ontology, ontologies of USGS (United States Geological Survey) or ontologies of Ordnance Survey. However, their implementation is usually limited by home organisations, which provide for the management, development and updating of ontologies. In many cases, they are not an integral part of Linked Open Data (LOD). This fact can be considered as the critical shortcoming because only in connection with Linked Open Data and free data sharing and combining the main benefits of ontologies (emphasis on a semantic description, derivation of new knowledge or complete independence) can be fully appreciated.</p><p> This document has to describe opportunities for the implementation of ontologies in cartography. The purpose of the implementation of an ontology depends on various types of ontologies. There are defined four essential types of ontologies - upper ontologies, domain ontologies, task ontologies and application ontologies.</p><p> Upper and domain ontologies contain general terms (in the case of upper ontologies) and domain-specific terms (in case of domain ontologies). Annotation properties (labels, definitions or comments) usually describe these terms, interconnected by data properties and/or object properties and restricted by logical axioms. Such ontologies are usually provided as vocabularies or thesauri. They can be used in two ways. Domain ontologies can describe cartography as a science or human activity. In previous years several paper and articles were discussing the term "cartography" and its position in Linked Open Data space, including various ontologies, ontological description of cartographic knowledge or ontological comparison of various definitions of the term "map". These activities can aim for the development of a cartographic knowledge base or building of semantic tools such as multilingual thesauri or vocabularies.</p><p> The second way consists in the exploitation of domain ontologies containing semantic information about data visualising by a map. In this case, such domain ontology can be used as a tool for development of a legend of a map, especially in a case where a map is focused on particular issues. If such ontology is published as Linked Open Data, it is possible to generate such legend automatically as well as to reflect any changes. Such solution enables an efficient interconnection of cartographers and domain experts. Domain ontologies can be used for a definition of logical rules restricting and describing data, information and knowledge. These rules and knowledge extracted in the reasoning process can be applied during the map development. They can provide information on possible combinations of data or a hierarchy of objects visualising by a map and described by a map legend.</p><p> The task ontologies are not focused on a complicated system of classes (representing types of object) as domain ontologies. They are usually based on instances (individuals) representing concrete data objects. Therefore they can be used as data resources. However, the overwhelming majority of geo-ontologies does not contain any geometry (coordinates) to enable a visualisation in a map. This apparent disadvantage shows the importance of LOD. If a task ontology is published as 5-star LOD (RDF /Resource Description Framework/ data with interconnection to external data resources published on the Web under an open license), and identity relation (links to equivalent object published in other data sets) are filled, it is possible to find in LOD space geometries as well as other additional information and attributes for visualization.</p><p> The remaining type of ontologies is called application ontology. It is a combination of both previous kinds &ndash; domain ontology and task ontology. Application ontologies usually provide vocabularies as well as data stored in an ontological structure. Such a combination allows controlling data correctness and integrity by a set of logical rules. This functionality is emphasised by the rich possibilities of the Description Logic (quantifiers or types of relations). Their implementation in cartography corresponds with methods discussed in previous paragraphs. The main advantage of the approach using an application ontology consists in a homogeneous interconnection of data and semantics.</p><p> The real implementation of ontologies, other semantic resources and Linked Open Data principles in cartography can make web mapping development process more efficient, because the normalised semantic description enables to automatize many activities, including a derivation of new data and knowledge or checking of data as well as cartographic processes. Such an approach can bring the cartography closer to knowledge bases and systems and realise ideas of real-time cartography.</p><p> The research reported in this paper has been supported by the following project &ndash; Sustainability support of the centre NTIS &ndash; New Technologies for the Information Society, LO1506, Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports.</p>