Relevant bibliographies by topics / Agricultural pollution

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Agricultural pollution'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Agricultural pollution"

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Wang, Dianshuang. "Manufacturing and agricultural pollution, private mitigation and wage inequality in the presence of pollution externalities." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 2 (February 27, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/79/2018-agricecon.

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The paper incorporates manufacturing and agricultural pollution into a three-sector general equilibrium model with pollution externalities both on agricultural production and labour health. Manufacturing generates pollution that affects agricultural production and health, while agriculture employs the pollutant as a factor for production that only affects health. Under the framework, this paper investigates the impacts of environmental protection policies and a rise in the self-mitigation cost of skilled and unskilled labour on wage inequality. A larger environmental tax expands wage gap if partial elasticity of substitution between labour and dirty input in the urban unskilled sector is small enough. More restrictive agricultural pollutants control narrows down the wage gap. The impact of an increase in the self-mitigation cost of skilled labour on wage inequality is ambiguous, depending on the factors substitution in agriculture and the elasticity of manufacturing pollution on agricultural production, while a larger self-mitigation cost of unskilled labour brings down the wage gap.
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Chen, Weiwei. "Research on the Prevention Methods of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution based on Food-security." Frontiers in Sustainable Development 2, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fsd.v2i11.2931.

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Agricultural resources and environment suffer from exogenous pollution and endogenous pollution, and the sustainable development of agriculture encounters a bottleneck. And we need to pay enough attention to agricultural non-point source pollution that is widely distributed and affects large geographic areas. Agricultural non-point source pollution leads to increasing soil and water pollution and agricultural products quality and safety risks. Previous researches have focused on the environmental impact of point source and industrial pollution. However, that is insufficient attention to the importance of agricultural non-point source pollution. It is necessary to explore the balance between food safety, food security and the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution. This paper presents the sources, pathways, pollutants and prevention methods of agricultural non-point source pollution, which have guiding significance for the protection of the agricultural environment and the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Chen, You-hua, Xiao-wei Wen, Bo Wang, and Pu-yan Nie. "Agricultural pollution and regulation: How to subsidize agriculture?" Journal of Cleaner Production 164 (October 2017): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.216.

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An, Tan. "Research on Agricultural Pollution Problems and Prevention Measures in Guangxi Wuxuan County." Public Administration Research 11, no. 2 (May 14, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v11n2p1.

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With the continuous advancement of agricultural modernization and rural revitalization, the problem of agricultural pollution has become increasingly prominent. Strengthening the control of agricultural pollution to make agriculture sustainable development, affects the development and destiny of a country's agriculture. By investigating the actual situation of agricultural pollution in Wuxuan County, Guangxi, the main problems of local agricultural pollution are put forward, in view of the existing problems, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward, such as improving the protection awareness of practitioners, improving infrastructure construction, accelerating agricultural transformation and upgrading, and strengthening top-level design.
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PІSHСHЕNKО, Oleg. "ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 314, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2023-314-1-5.

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The article examines the ecological and economic security of the agricultural sector. Achieving global food security and food security requires a global approach to food systems. It was found that there is a significant relationship between agriculture and the environment. Sustainable agricultural development ensures food quality and, in tandem, prevents natural disasters such as droughts. However, to meet the food needs of a growing population, poor quality laws and unacceptable agricultural practices arise, which in turn leads to environmental degradation. To meet the food needs of the world’s population, the agricultural sector has been subjected to huge loads and created emissions. Sustainable agriculture helps increase food production while reducing the use of pesticides. It has also been observed that agricultural production sometimes accumulates carbon, thus polluting the environment. It has been shown that there is a significant link between economic growth and environmental pollution. On the other hand, pollution reduction and environmental balance are not sufficiently prioritized in developing and underdeveloped countries
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Agrawal, G. D. "Diffuse agricultural water pollution in India." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0131.

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Concern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water quality management has been growing recently. Such sources are likely to be even more critical in developing countries, including India, where agriculture and rural habitats are still dominant, unlike the G7 or other affluent industrialised nations. A number of special features of the Indian scene need to be considered. These include: (i) extremely varying rainfall and stream-flow patterns; (ii) still largely traditional agricultural practices with average application of fertilizers and pesticides and significant areas under dry farming or only marginal irrigation; (iii) a very large cattle population, with agriculture almost always linked with animal husbandry; (iv) a culture of living close to the river (if not in the river) with dominating instream uses of bathing, washing, cattle wading, waste disposal, etc. and large-scale floodplain farming; and (v) scant respect for rules, regulations and laws alongside an extremely weak law-enforcement machinery. The paper shows that in the non-monsoon (non-flood) periods, which may account for all but 2 months of a year, agricultural diffuse pollution sources seem to have no impact on stream water quality. During these periods flows are low to minimal and pollution is dominated by the in-stream uses, sullage waters of rural communities and point discharges from urban/industrial sources, if any. Pollution due to agricultural return waters, either as wash-off or as seepage, appears to be rare during the 8-10 fair weather months. However, surface wash-off of pollutants from agricultural sources becomes the dominant factor during flood flows, and seepage/drainage from agricultural fields/soils continues to pollute streams for a month or two after the monsoons are over. Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (or any other agricultural chemicals) in India is still low compared to developed countries, and while eutrophication due to high levels of washed-off nutrients is observed in rural ponds and other stagnant bodies of water receiving agricultural drainage, and excessive pesticide residuals are often reported for vegetables, fodder, milk, etc., monitoring of streams and rivers does not show any significant pollution due to nutrients or pesticides from agricultural diffuse pollution during fair weather months. High nitrate concentrations have been reported in groundwater and in many areas, such as Punjab and Haryana, these can often be linked directly to diffuse agricultural sources. The major problem of agricultural diffuse pollution appears to be the heavy silt loads, along with large quantities of dissolved salts, nutrients, organics and even heavy metals and bacterial contaminants washed off during floods. The silt tends to clog up the flow channel to further encourage seasonal floodplain agriculture. This results in a vicious circle, which degrades the channel, increases flood-damage and is undesirable from ecological and sustainability points of view. High concentrations of salts and nutrients encourage growth of weeds and macrophytes after the floods have passed. The presence of organics, heavy metals and bacterial contamination renders the streamwater unfit for in-stream use or abstraction. With the introduction of intensive agriculture and adoption of modern farming techniques involving the application of much irrigation water and agricultural chemicals, the problems caused by diffuse agricultural pollution are bound to grow. Routine pollution control methods of discharge permits (or consent letters), EIAs or environmental audits, and normal enforcement measures by regulatory agencies are not likely to work for control of such pollution. Using the example of a small river in central India, Paisuni (Mandakini), the paper brings out the nature of the problems, and suggests a possible management approach.
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Xiang, Long, Zhong Bo Yu, Li Chen, Jia Ji He, Cheng Chen, and Xiao Lei Fu. "Evaluating the Characteristics of Hydraulic Driven Non-Point Source Pollution Loss in Agricultural Watershed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 212-213 (October 2012): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.212-213.518.

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Non-point source (NPS) pollution is one of the major pollution sources in agricultural watershed, and the NPS pollution is the governing factor for polluting surface water. In this paper, series of hydrologic response units were set in various land-use plots to observe the runoff yields and NPS pollution yields from 2008 to 2010. The rainfall and fertilization were recorded in various types of land-use. Based on the long-term observation data, the characteristics of flow yield and critical precipitation intensities for generating runoff were quantified, and the hydraulic driven NPS pollutions (TN, TP) were analyzed temporally and spatially. The results show the flow yield is positive to total amount and intensity of precipitation and hillslope, but negative to vegetation canopy and Tillage intensity. Based on surface hydraulic conditions, the NPS pollution yield on various lands are calculated statistically. The seasonal fluctuations of NPS pollution yield rates are strongly related to flow production and human artificial fertilization. This work will enhance the understanding of NPS loss in agricultural watersheds.
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Ahmed, Nihal, Zeeshan Hamid, Farhan Mahboob, Khalil Ur Rehman, Muhammad Sibt e. Ali, Piotr Senkus, Aneta Wysokińska-Senkus, Paweł Siemiński, and Adam Skrzypek. "Causal Linkage among Agricultural Insurance, Air Pollution, and Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity in United States: Pairwise Granger Causality Approach." Agriculture 12, no. 9 (August 26, 2022): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091320.

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Agricultural insurance and green agriculture are strongly related. Agricultural insurance not only motivates farmers to adopt environmentally friendly production technology and enhances the effectiveness of production, but it also accomplishes the goal of lowering the number of chemicals that are put into the environment. This article investigates the dynamic relationship between agricultural insurance, air pollution, and agricultural green total factor productivity. To complete the aim, the authors used the panel auto-regressive distributed lags method (PMG method) and panel data from 50 states of the United States between 2005 and 2019. The empirical findings demonstrate a considerable co-integration and a cross-sectional reliance between agricultural insurance, air pollution, and agricultural green total factor production. Expanding agricultural insurance may boost agricultural green whole factor output but also exacerbate air pollution. However, significant air pollution does not increase agricultural production’s green total factor productivity. The panel Granger causality test shows a one-way causal relationship between agricultural insurance, green total factor productivity, and air pollution. A one-way causal relationship exists between air pollution and agricultural green total factor productivity. The author concluded that improving agricultural insurance coverage or cutting down on air pollution will boost agricultural green total factor output. These findings have long-term policy and management repercussions, particularly for those involved in agriculture policy and environmental management.
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Tian, Jilin, and Yinong Liu. "Spatial Interaction Effect of Nonpoint Source Pollution and Economic Growth on Agriculture Using Kuznets Curve and Grey Correlation Analysis." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (May 31, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6815016.

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This study used the environmental Kuznets curve to assess the link between regional growth in the economy and several types of agricultural nonpoint source pollution. To protect the environment in China, prevention of nonpoint source pollution and agricultural control are essential. In agriculture, nonpoint source pollution is mostly produced by improper usage of agricultural production components such as chemical fertilizers and plastic films. This paper aims to investigate the interacting effects of agricultural nonpoint source pollution and the economics of agricultural growth space to achieve synchronized growth of environmental atmosphere and agricultural economy. To evaluate agricultural nonpoint source pollution completely, the production coefficient technique and the equal standard pollution load approach are utilized. The Kuznets curve is used to verify the interaction impact between agricultural nonpoint sources and each person’s agricultural gross production value. Grey correlation analysis was utilized for further verification to increase the efficacy of verification of interaction effect between the two parameters. Experiments show that the proposed method has a good fitting effect and is easily implementable. It serves as an effective resource for future agricultural research and encourages the green development of agriculture.
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Gunningham, Neil, and Darren Sinclair. "Regulating Intensive Agricultural Pollution." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 12, no. 4 (January 2005): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2005.10648653.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agricultural pollution"

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Ahmad, Muhammad Nauman. "Air pollution impacts to agricultural crops." Thesis, University of York, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1165/.

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Although air pollution levels are increasing, there is no knowledge of air pollution effects on agricultural crops in the Peshawar region of Pakistan. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ozone (O3) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) on agricultural crops in Peshawar through a combination of field work and experiments. The mean monthly O3 concentration in Peshawar, measured using passive samplers, was between 25-30ppb in February and March, but increased to 35-55ppb in April and May; it fell to 15-20ppb in November/December. O3 injury was found on potato (black flecking), onion (leaf tipburn) and cotton (white stipples) in a survey in April/May, but was absent from many other crops. No O3 injury was found on any crops during a winter survey. O3 fumigation experiments on spinach (Beta vulgaris) and onion (Allium cepa) in open-top chambers in UK showed that high O3 concentrations can affect both species in terms of visible injury and growth. However, onion is at greater risk in the field as it is a summer crop and is likely to be exposed to high O3 concentrations, unlike spinach, which is grown in the winter season. An EDU experiment on spinach under field conditions in Peshawar showed no effect on growth during winter season. However, elemental contents of spinach were significantly reduced in EDU treated plants. The HF concentrations in Peshawar, measured using passive samplers were higher in summer than in winter in areas close to brick kiln fields. The mean summer concentration was 0.2μg HF m-3, with maximum of 0.3μg HF m-3 in May. HF was below detection limits of <0.1μg HF m-3 in November-December. Severe HF injuries to mango, apricot and plum leaves, in form of necrotic leaf margins and tipburn, were found near the brick kiln fields. Tomato, maize, wheat and sugarcane were found to be less sensitive, but also showed some HF injury. The fluoride content of fruit leaves, wheat grains and spinach was significantly higher in the brick kiln area than at control sites. There was no significant difference between the soil fluoride content of wheat fields in the brick kiln area and at control sites. Wheat grown at different NaF levels in alkaline soils similar to those in Peshawar, in a greenhouse experiment in the UK showed no effect of fluoride on growth. The degree of powdery mildew infestation increased with increased fluoride concentrations in the soil and ear emergence was also delayed in all treatments except the control. It was concluded that O3 and HF are significant pollutants in Peshawar, especially for summer crops. More detailed studies should be conducted to determine the magnitude of damage caused by these pollutants in the Peshawar region.
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Brown, Colin David. "Pesticide movement from agricultural land." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238925.

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Falconer, Katherine. "Environmental policy and the use of agricultural pesticides." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271974.

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Ward, Neil. "Farming on the treadmill : agricultural change and pesticide pollution." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349790/.

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The thesis examines the pollution of water by pesticides in Britain, an issue of public and political concern since the late 1980s as the results of extensive water monitoring, required under the EC's Drinking Water Directive have highlighted the spread and levels of contamination. The study explores the co-evolution of post-war agricultural policy and pesticide usage and examines how pesticide pollution of water has been constructed as a 'problem' and how this has been contested by different groups. Survey material from the Bedford Ouse catchment in Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire is used to explain how farmers use pesticides, for what reasons, and with what understandings of the pollution risks their use brings. The questions to be addressed are: i) why, since the Second World War, have pesticides become such an important element of farming practice in Britain ? ii) how do farmers decide which chemicals to use and how to use them ? iii) how has pesticide pollution of water emerged as a 'problem' ? and iv) what are the implications for farming practices of regulations to tackle pesticide pollution ? Pollution is conceptualised as the outcome of a pollution production process' involving a network of actors, including farmers, advisors, scientists, pesticide manufacturers and regulatory agencies. Through an examination of farmers' actions in this context the thesis shows that, far from being the result of some natural technological progression, the increasing dependence upon pesticide technologies has been shaped and determined by broader social and political factors. The first part of the thesis explores the historical context for pesticide use in Britain, concentrating on the roles of agricultural policy and science and technology. In the second part, the actions of arable farmers are assessed through locally-based fieldwork conducted in 1991 in the catchment of the Bedford Ouse.
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Buck, Sharon Perkins. "Applying Probabilistic Risk Assessment to Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36525.

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A probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for the discharge of excessive nitrogen from nonpoint sources (NPSs) to a stream was performed for a small agricultural watershed in northern Virginia. Risk, by definition, is the product of the frequency of occurrence of an event and the consequences of that event. The purpose of this research was to determine the probability of occurrence of a nitrogen discharge event (i.e., frequency). The consequences of such a discharge event were not explicitly determined but were implicitly assumed to be negative in nature. An event tree was developed to show the basic hydrologic processes at work in a small watershed. However, the event tree could not be used to discover the causes for nitrogen loss from the watershed. Therefore, a fault tree was developed for excessive nitrogen discharge in surface runoff on any day from agricultural sources. The development of the fault tree was found to be a useful exercise in understanding the intricate cause and effect relationships between agricultural practices and NPS pollution. Based on the results, the fault tree methodology might be used as an effective teaching or communication tool. The fault tree was also evaluated quantitatively to determine a probability of occurrence for excessive nitrogen discharge to the stream on any day. Land use, fertilization, monitoring, and long-term weather records were used in conjunction with scientific judgment and expert opinion to establish the probabilities within the fault tree and to calculate the overall probability of nitrogen discharge to the stream on any day. The results obtained from the fault tree calculations tend to underestimate the importance of cropland best management practices (BMPs) over the long term, because the fault tree was developed on a daily basis (i.e., every day in a year has the same probability of a discharge event occurring). A more accurate depiction of the NPS pollution control problem was achieved by assuming the occurrence of a runoff event. A second fault tree was presented for the discharge of excessive nitrogen to the stream during a runoff event. The quantitative assessment of the new fault tree showed more clearly the impact of BMPs on reducing the likelihood of nitrogen discharge. A 0.15 decrease in the probability of nitrogen discharge during a runoff event was calculated for the Owl Run watershed from 1987 to 1993 due to the effects of BMPs installed during that time period. A 0.20 decrease was calculated for an Owl Run subwatershed for the same time period. This subwatershed isolated two major dairy operations and the effects of the BMPs installed for those dairies. Despite the success of the fault tree in mirroring changes within the watershed, the amount of data and time required to perform the quantitative assessment may limit its use in the NPS pollution control field. The basic nature of the fault tree technique also limits its usefulness in the field. One such limitation is that degrees of events cannot be expressed. For example, a BMP is either present or not present on a fault tree. There can be no indication of how effective the BMP is in preventing NPS pollution without substantially increasing the level of detail displayed by the tree. Another limitation is that the ultimate result of the fault tree calculations is a probability of occurrence. This value is not as easily understood as the output of NPS pollution computer models, for example, where the output has specific meaning and units (e.g., milligrams of nitrogen per liter of runoff). The qualitative fault tree, however, has the advantage over computer models when it comes to understanding the concepts behind the technique and being able to see the cause and effect relationships at work in the watershed. Laypersons can understand the fault tree more easily than the complex computer code and intricate equations of models.
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Salvato, M. "Performance of wetland systems in reducing agricultural nitrogen pollution." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426572.

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The thesis is about the performance of wetland systems in reducing agricultural nitrogen pollution. It takes into account two experiments at different scale: a 3200 m2 pilot surface wetland and a mesocosm trial. In the first case the aim was to evaluate the performance of the wetland, located at the experimental farm of the University of Padova (Italy), in abating nitrogen coming from 5 ha of surrounding fields. Overall, for the entire period (2.5 years), the basin performed well in abating both nitrate and total nitrogen with a removal efficiency of about 90%. The major quantity of removed nitrogen was stored in vegetation and soil and only 6% was estimated as being lost with denitrification. In the mesocosm experiment the aim was to compare five different species in abating nitrogen coming from a reconstructed wastewater. The experimental setup consisted of plastic tanks, filled with gravel and vegetated with Carex elata All., Juncus effusus L., Typhoides arundinacea (L.) Moench var. picta, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. and Typha latifolia L.. There was also a control without vegetation. A solution of increasing concentrations of NH4-N and NO3-N was applied to the tanks, over 31 cycles of differing lengths. At the end of each cycle exiting water was analysed to determine the two nitrogen forms. All water volumes entering and exiting the tanks were measured in order to evaluate evapotranspiration. At the end of the trials T. latifolia had removed 82% of the entering nitrogen, followed by T. arundinacea (76%), C. elata (75%), Ph. australis (72%) and J. effusus (64%). The control removed 45% of the entering nitrogen. The fate of the two forms of nitrogen differed as NH4-N disappeared almost completely and in short time in all the treatments while NO3-N showed different removal efficiency depending on season and considered species. The major quantity of entering nitrogen was stored in plant tissues with different percentages depending on species. The calculated denitrification varied from 18% for J. effusus to 37% for T. arundinacea.
Il lavoro è consistito nello studio dell’efficienza delle zone umide costruite nel ridurre l’azoto proveniente dall’inquinamento di origine agricola. La tesi prende in considerazione due prove sperimentali a diversa scala nel triennio 2007-2009: una zona umida a flusso superficiale di 3200 m2 e una prova a scala di mesocosmo. Nel primo caso l’obiettivo era di valutare l’efficienza della zona umida sita presso l’azienda agraria sperimentale dell’Università degli Studi di Padova, nell’abbattere azoto proveniente da 5 ha di circostante terreno coltivato. Alla fine del periodo considerato (2.5 anni) il bacino ha dimostrato di abbattere molto bene sia l’azoto nitrico che totale con efficienze di rimozione introno al 90%. La maggior parte dell’azoto in entrata è stata immagazzinata nel comprato suolo/vegetazione mentre la denitrificazione è stata stimata pari al 6%. Nella prova a scala di mesocosmo l’obiettivo era di comparare l’efficienza di rimozione dell’azoto di cinque diverse specie. L’impianto sperimentale era costituito da vasche in plastica riempite di ghiaia e vegetate con Carex elata All., Juncus effusus L., Typhoides arundinacea (L.) Moench var. picta, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin., and Typha latifolia L.. Era presente anche un controllo non vegetato. Una soluzione con concentrazioni crescenti di NH4-N and NO3-N è stata applicata alle vasche effettuando 31 cicli di diversa durata. Alla fine di ogni ciclo l’acqua in uscita dalle vasche è stata analizzata per azoto nitrico e ammoniacale. I volumi di acqua in entrata e uscita sono stati misurati al fine di calcolare l’evapotraspirazione. Considerando tutti e tre gli anni di prova, Typha latifolia L. ha rimosso l’82% dell’azoto in entrata seguita da Typhoides arundinacea (L.) Moench (76%), var. picta, Carex elata All. (75%), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin., (72%) e Juncus effusus L. (64%). Il controllo non vegetato ha rimosso invece il 45%. Azoto ammoniacale e nitrico hanno presentato diverse dinamiche di scomparsa. Il primo è stato abbattuto quasi completamente e in breve tempo in tutti i trattamenti, il secondo invece è stato rimosso in maniera diversa a seconda della stagione e della specie considerata. La maggior quantità di azoto in entrata è stata immagazzinata nei tessuti con percentuali diverse secondo le specie. La denitrificazione calcolata varia dal 18% in Juncus effusus L. al 37% in Typhoides arundinacea (L.) Moench var.picta.
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Dils, Rachael Miriam. "Phosphorus fractionation in hillslope hydrological pathways contributing to agricultural runoff." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252323.

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Sweetman, Andrew J. "Organic contaminants in sewage sludges and their fate in agricultural soils." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296973.

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Godun, Oleh Serhiyovich. "Generation of phosphorus bioavailability in runoff from a calcareous agricultural catchment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244141.

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Puvaneswaran, Pathmadevy. "Agricultural sources for lake pollution : soil erosion in Slapton Ley catchment." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10240/.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of soil erosion as a factor in lake pollution and in particular the transport of phosphorus from field soils to streams and lakes in association with mobile sediment. Four land uses were selected as representative of the Slapton Ley catchment area to investigate the levels of phosphorus in the soil. The surface soil samples from the selected land use areas were analysed to determine the water-soluble phosphorus level in solution and exchangeable phosphorus level in sediment. Twelve experimental plots were studied in order to assess the erosional effects of overland flow and thus to determine the level of phosphorus from different land uses which may be influencing the eutrophication of the lake. It was concluded that slope angle, vegetation cover, surficial soil properties, animal influence and agricultural practice are the main factors influencing sediment transportation by overland flow. Estimated results for the agricultural fields indicated that the actual phosphorus loss to the Ley is always greater in sediment than solution and actual phosphorus loss in sediment is greater in arable (root) and cereal than in grass. The point water samples (136) from 13 different sources were grouped. Mean value of phosphorus concentration from the point sources indicated that the agricultural land uses such as arable and cereal provide 2 times more exchangeable phosphorus attached to sediment than the other land uses whereas farm and sewage provided 5 times more soluble phosphorus in water than other sources. Phosphorus concentration during peak discharge was examined for the Cara catchment. The results indicated that the ratio of phosphorus concentration in suspended sediment to phosphorus concentration in water is 240: 0.3 and that there is a linear relationship between phosphorus in water and phosphorus in sediment during the peak discharge. Sediment phosphorus levels in the marsh area were also examined. The results indicated that the top layers of the marsh sediment particularly at the surface, have higher phosphorus concentration than the lower layers and that there are higher levels in sediment than in water. From these results the conclusion was drawn that the soluble phosphorus in water is at highest concentration in sewage works effluent. However this effluent contributes a small proportion of phosphorus load to the Ley compared with the arable (root), cereal and grass lands in the catchment. Agricultural sources, particularly arable sources such as root and cereal play an important role on soil erosion as a factor in lake pollution and in particular in the transport of phosphorus from field soils to streams and lakes in association with mobile sediment in the Slapton Ley catchment.
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Books on the topic "Agricultural pollution"

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Misra, S. G., and Dinesh Moni. Agricultural pollution. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing, 1994.

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Canada. Agriculture Canada. Pollution and agriculture. Ottawa: Communications Branch, Agriculture Canada, 1985.

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Schrama, Geerten J. I., ed. Drinking Water Supply and Agricultural Pollution. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5106-1.

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Shortle, J. S., and D. G. Abler, eds. Environmental policies for agricultural pollution control. Wallingford: CABI, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851993997.0000.

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S, Shortle J., and Abler David Gerrard 1960-, eds. Environmental policies for agricultural pollution control. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub., 2001.

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S, Dhaliwal G., and Kansal B. D, eds. Management of agricultural pollution in India. New Delhi, India: Commonwealth Publishers, 1994.

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1968-, Merrington Graham, ed. Agricultural pollution: Problems and practical solutions. New York: Spon Press, 2002.

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Malik, Arun S. Optimal cost-sharing programs to reduce agricultural pollution. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.

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Malik, Arun S. Optimal cost-sharing programs to reduce agricultural pollution. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1993.

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Sherwood, Marie. Weather, soils and pollution from agriculture. Dublin: AGMET, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Agricultural pollution"

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Abbasi, Aqsa, Ayesha Sajid, Namra Haq, Sammia Rahman, Zujaja-tul Misbah, Gul Sanober, Muhammad Ashraf, and Alvina Gul Kazi. "Agricultural Pollution: An Emerging Issue." In Improvement of Crops in the Era of Climatic Changes, 347–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8830-9_13.

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Assad, Rezwana, Iqra Bashir, Iflah Rafiq, Irshad Ahmad Sofi, Showkat Hamid Mir, Zafar Ahmad Reshi, and Irfan Rashid. "Global Scenario of Remediation Techniques to Combat Pesticide Pollution." In Agricultural Waste, 69–97. First edition.: Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003105046-4.

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Bibi, Fatima, and Noshin Ilyas. "Effect of Agricultural Pollution on Crops." In Agronomic Crops, 593–601. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0025-1_28.

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Keeney, Dennis R. "Nitrogen Management for Maximum Efficiency and Minimum Pollution." In Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils, 605–49. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr22.c16.

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Kumar, Bijendra, and Anshumali. "Assessment of Fluoride in Rainfed and Irrigated Agricultural Soil of Tonalite–Trondjhemite Series in Central India." In Environmental Pollution, 469–76. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5792-2_37.

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Jones, K. C., C. J. Symon, and A. E. Johnston. "Atmospheric Inputs of Cadmium to an Arable Agricultural System." In Air Pollution and Ecosystems, 548–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4003-1_57.

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Sanchez-Hernandez, Juan C., and Jorge Domínguez. "Dual Role of Vermicomposting in Relation to Environmental Pollution." In Bioremediation of Agricultural Soils, 217–36. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315205137-11.

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Eral, M., S. Aytas, S. Akyil, and M. A. A. Aslani. "Environmental Radioactivity In Soil Samples From Agricultural Lands." In Environmental Protection Against Radioactive Pollution, 237–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0975-1_41.

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Swinton, Scott M., Mei-chin Chu, and Sandra S. Batie. "Agricultural Production Contracts to Reduce Water Pollution." In Flexible Incentives for the Adoption of Environmental Technologies in Agriculture, 275–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4395-0_17.

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Shahid, Muhammad, Ashfaq Ahmad, Sana Khalid, Hafiz Faiq Siddique, Muhammad Farhan Saeed, Muhammad Rizwan Ashraf, Muhammad Sabir, et al. "Pesticides Pollution in Agricultural Soils of Pakistan." In Soil Science: Agricultural and Environmental Prospectives, 199–229. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34451-5_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Agricultural pollution"

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Marinov, A. M., M. Pele, E. M. Draghici, G. Vasile, and M. Artimon. "Experimental field research on nitrate balance in agricultural soils." In WATER POLLUTION 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp100161.

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Sun, Wei. "Agricultural pollution issues in the agricultural industry development." In MATERIALS SCIENCE, ENERGY TECHNOLOGY & POWER ENGINEERING IV (MEP 2021). AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0079229.

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SPENGLER, STEVEN R., MARVIN D. HESKETT, and SAMUEL C. SPENGLER. "GLYPHOSATE IN RUNOFF FROM URBAN, MIXED-USE AND AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN HAWAII, USA." In WATER POLLUTION 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp180081.

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Sharratt, B. S. "Fugitive dust from agricultural land affecting air quality within the Columbia Plateau, USA." In AIR POLLUTION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air080291.

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Odiyo, J. O., R. Makungo, and T. G. Muhlarhi. "The impacts of geochemistry and agricultural activities on groundwater quality in the Soutpansberg fractured aquifers." In WATER POLLUTION 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp140111.

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Reznik, Tomaš, Karel Charvat, Vojtech Lukas, Karel Charvat Jr., Šarka Horakova, and Michal Kepka. "Open Data Model for (Precision) Agriculture Applications and Agricultural Pollution Monitoring." In EnviroInfo and ICT for Sustainability 2015. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ict4s-env-15.2015.12.

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Pongpiachan, S. "Impacts of agricultural waste burning on the enhancement of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in northern Thailand." In AIR POLLUTION 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air150011.

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Torma, Stanislav. "THE POSSIBLE WATER POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL SOILS." In 13th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/bc3/s13.033.

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Cerón, J., J. Ramírez, B. Cárdenas, V. Gutiérrez, S. Blanco, R. Cerón, J. Guerra, R. Ramos, and A. Retama. "Trends in ozone levels and identification of visible injuries on agricultural crops in areas in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico Valley." In AIR POLLUTION 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air070401.

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Fedotova, G. V., E. R. Orlova, L. F. Sotnikova, and A. F. Baranova. "Impact of Waste on Pollution of Agricultural Areas." In International Scientific and Practical Conference “Russia 2020 - a new reality: economy and society” (ISPCR 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210222.075.

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Reports on the topic "Agricultural pollution"

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Nevison, Cynthia, and Peter Hess. Agricultural impacts on nitrogen cycling: climate and air pollution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1579513.

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Cardascia, Silvia, Mingyuan Fan, Christian Fischer, and Kevin Chen. Innovative Finance Mechanisms to Protect Water Resources in the Xin’an River Basin. Asian Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf220520-2.

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This brief shows how innovative financing can help cut agricultural pollution in the People’s Republic of China’s Xin’an River Basin by plugging funding gaps for nature-based solutions that also mitigate against climate change.
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Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert, and Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.

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Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
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Metcalfe, Chris, Lisa Guppy, and Manzoor Qadir. Global Barriers To Improving Water Quality: A Critical Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/srlt7852.

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Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 sets ambitious targets for improving global water quality prior to 2030. However, in low-income countries (LICs) and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), there are significant barriers to improving water quality. Progress towards achieving the SGD 6 targets is unlikely unless there are programmes put in place to address these barriers. In this critical review, we document past experiences that show that interventions within LICs and LMICs to reduce sources of water pollution from industries, municipal wastewater and agricultural runoff have been largely ineffective. We review evidence that improvements to water quality are likely to lag behind advances in other SGD targets in countries with developing economies. Finally, water quality monitoring programmes in many nations are unlikely to be effective because of inadequate frequency and density of measurements, as well as unreasonable expectations regarding the scope of the monitoring programmes . We present some potential solutions to these problems, including setting realistic objectives for monitoring programmes, developing appropriate, lowcost solutions for pollution abatement and focusing on strengthening institutional and regulatory capacity.
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Nin Pratt, Alejandro, and Héctor Valdés Conroy. After the Boom: Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002955.

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The convergence of a favorable macroeconomic environment and high prices of primary commodities between 2000 and 2011 contributed to the best performance of agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) since the 1980s, with steady growth of total factor productivity (TFP) and output per worker and a reduction in the use of input per worker. The end of the upward phase of the commodity cycle in 2011 together with less favorable external markets and a deterioration of the policy environment in several countries, motivates us to revisit the situation of agriculture in LAC in recent years to analyze how these changes have affected its performance. This study applies a framework that uses index numbers together with data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate levels of productivity and efficiency, incorporating technical change together with technical (TE) and environmental efficiency (EE) into the decomposition of TFP. The EE index adjusts the TFP measure for pollution, treating GHG emissions as a by-product of the desired crop or livestock outputs. TFP and efficiency of crop and livestock sub-sectors was calculated for 24 LAC countries from 2000 to 2016. Our results show that the period of fast agricultural growth in LAC, driven by technical change and resource reallocation, transformed agriculture in the region leaving it in a better position to cope with the more unfavorable regional macroeconomic environment and the less dynamic global markets observed after 2011.
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Johnson, Stanley, Eli Feinerman, E. Kwan Choi, and Eshel Bresler. Regulation of Nitrogen Pollution in Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7603835.bard.

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Weldon, James, and Carlotta Meriggi. Modelling the risks of invasive aquatic species spread in Swedish lakes. Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.r68r25qcb1.

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Species distribution modelling is a valuable tool for identifying areas most at risk of the spread of invasive species. Here we model the environmental factors governing the distributions of two invasive species of concern that are currently found in Sweden at only a limited number of locations: the aquatic macrophyte Elodea nuttallii (Nuttall’s waterweed / smal vattenpest) and the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha (Zebra mussel / vandrarmussla). For E.nuttallii, the greatest risk factors are connectivity with other water bodies (facilitating dispersion), human population density and length of growing season. This implies that it is principally well-connected lakes in populated areas of southern Sweden that are most at risk of further spread (although other areas of concern are identified). For D.polymorpha, water alkalinity and the proportion of agricultural land (a source of nutrient pollution) are the most important factors, and the models identify lakes Vänern and Vättern, waters in parts of Östergötland, Jämtland and Gotland as key areas of concern for further spread.
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Yao, Yixin, Mingyuan Fan, Arnaud Heckmann, and Corazon Posadas. Transformative Solutions and Green Finance in the People’s Republic of China and Mongolia. Asian Development Bank Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/xfvh2542.

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Asia has experienced widespread transformation and growth, accompanied by increased demographic pressure, greater intensification of agricultural production, industrialization, and urbanization. This economic growth has been very resource- and carbon-intensive, while climate change has triggered or exacerbated behaviors and defense mechanisms that have come at the expense of the natural environment. Therefore, we examine and compare three Asian Development Bank (ADB) projects in two member countries of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation: one in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and two in Mongolia that relate to sustainable green development and use innovative financial mechanisms, and behavior-changing nudges. We provide comparative analyses and aim to demonstrate effective, innovative, and sustainable green finance and green transformation approaches in these two countries to address these pressures. The ADB–PRC loan for the Anhui Huangshan Xin’an River Ecological Protection and Green Development project aims to help Huangshan municipality reduce water pollution in the Xin’an River Basin, which is part of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The project is piloting innovative green financing mechanisms to reduce rural pollution and complement the ongoing interprovincial eco-compensation scheme while supporting green agroecological businesses through two interventions: the Green Investment Fund and the Green Incentive Mechanism. In Mongolia, ADB and the Government of Mongolia have developed two large-scale transformative projects using integrated design and innovative green financing mechanisms to leverage private sector investment: (i) Aimags and Soums Green Regional Development Investment Program, which aims to promote green urban–rural linkages, green agribusiness development, natural capital, rangeland regeneration, and soil carbon sequestration through the (ii) Ulaanbaatar Green Affordable Housing and Resilient Urban Renewal Project, which aims to transform Ulaanbaatar’s vulnerable and substandard peri-urban areas into low-carbon, resilient eco-districts that provide access to green affordable housing.
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Just, Richard E., Eithan Hochman, and Sinaia Netanyahu. Problems and Prospects in the Political Economy of Trans-Boundary Water Issues. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573997.bard.

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The objective of this research was to develop and apply a conceptual framework for evaluating the potential of trans-boundary bargaining with respect to water resource sharing. The research accomplished this objective by developing a framework for trans-boundary bargaining, identifying opportunities for application, and illustrating the potential benefits that can be gained thereby. Specifically, we have accomplished the following: - Developed a framework to measure the potential for improving economic efficiency considering issues of political feasibility and sustainability that are crucial in trans-boundary cooperation. - Used both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to assess feasible coalitions among the parties involved and to model potential bargaining procedures. - Identified empirically alternative schemes of cooperation that both improve upon the economic efficiency of present water usage and appease all of the cooperating parties. - Estimated the potential short-run and long-run affects of water reallocation on the agricultural sector and used this information to understand potential strategies taken by the countries in bargaining processes. - Performed case studies in Israeli-Jordanian relations, the relationship of Israel to the Palestinian Authority, and cooperation on the Chesapeake Bay. - Published or have in process publication of a series of refereed journal articles. - Published a book which first develops the theoretical framework, then presents research results relating to the case studies, and finally draws implications for water cooperation issues generally. Background to the Topic The increase in water scarcity and decline in water quality that has resulted from increased agricultural, industrial, and urban demands raises questions regarding profitability of the agricultural sector under its present structure. The lack of efficient management has been underscored recently by consecutive years of drought in Israel and increased needs to clean up the Chesapeake Bay. Since agriculture in the Middle East (Chesapeake Bay) is both the main water user (polluter) and the low-value user (polluter), a reallocation of water use (pollution rights) away from agriculture is likely with further industrial and urban growth. Furthermore, the trans-boundary nature of water resources in the case of the Middle East and the Chesapeake Bay contributes to increased conflicts over the use of the resources and therefore requires a political economic approach. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements and Implications Using game theory tools, we critically identify obstacles to cooperation. We identify potential gains from coordination on trans-boundary water policies and projects. We identify the conditions under which partial (versus grand) coalitions dominate in solving water quality disputes among riparian countries. We identify conditions under which linking water issues to unrelated disputes achieves gains in trans-boundary negotiations. We show that gains are likely only when unrelated issues satisfy certain characteristics. We find conditions for efficient water markets under price-determined and quantity-determined markets. We find water recycling and adoption of new technologies such as desalination can be part of the solution for alleviating water shortages locally and regionally but that timing is likely to be different than anticipated. These results have been disseminated through a wide variety of publications and oral presentations as well as through interaction with policymakers in both countries.
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Einarsson, Rasmus. Nitrogen in the food system. TABLE, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/2fa45626.

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Nitrogen (N) plays a dual role in the agri-food system: it is an essential nutrient for all life forms, yet also an environmental pollutant causing a range of environmental and human health impacts. As the plant nutrient needed in greatest quantities, and as a building block of proteins and other biomolecules, N is a necessary part of all life. In the last century, an enormous increase of N turnover in the agri-food system has enabled increasing per-capita food supply for a growing world population, but as an unintended side effect, N pollution has increased to levels widely agreed in science and policy to be far beyond sustainable limits. There is no such thing as perfectly circular N supply. Losses of N to the environment inevitably arise as N is transformed and used in the food system, for example in soil processes, in manure storage, and in fertilizer application. This lost N must be replaced by ‘new’ N, which is N converted to bioavailable forms from the vast atmospheric pool of unreactive dinitrogen (N2). New N comes mainly as synthetic N fertilizer and through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). In addition, there is a large internal flow of recycled N in the food system, mainly in the form of livestock excreta. This recirculated N, however, is internal to the food system and cannot make up for the inevitable losses of N. The introduction of synthetic N fertilizer during the 20th century revolutionized the entire food system. The industrial production of synthetic N fertilizer was a revolution for agricultural systems because it removed the natural constraint of N scarcity. Given sufficient energy, synthetic N fertilizer can be produced in limitless quantities from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). This has far-reaching consequences for the whole agri-food system. The annual input of synthetic N fertilizer today is more than twice the annual input of new N in pre-industrial agriculture. Since 1961, increased N input has enabled global output of both crop and livestock products to roughly triple. During the same time period, total food-system N emissions to the environment have also more than tripled. Livestock production is responsible for a large majority of agricultural N emissions. Livestock consume about three-quarters of global cropland N output and are thereby responsible for a similar share of cropland N emissions to air and water. In addition, N emissions from livestock housing and manure management systems contribute a substantial share of global N emissions to air. There is broad political agreement that global N emissions from agriculture should be reduced by about 50%. High-level policy targets of the EU and of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity are for a 50% reduction in N emissions. These targets are in line with a large body of research assessing what would be needed to stay within acceptable limits as regards ecosystem change and human health impacts. In the absence of dietary change towards less N-intensive diets, N emissions from food systems could be reduced by about 30%, compared to business-as-usual scenarios. This could be achieved by implementing a combination of technical measures, improved management practices, improved recycling of wasted N (including N from human excreta), and spatial optimization of agriculture. Human dietary change, especially in the most affluent countries, offers a huge potential for reducing N emissions from food systems. While many of the world’s poor would benefit nutritionally from increasing their consumption of nutrient-rich animal-source foods, many other people consume far more nutrients than is necessary and could reduce consumption of animal-source food by half without any nutritional issues. Research shows that global adoption of healthy but less N-polluting diets might plausibly cut future food-system N losses by 10–40% compared to business-as-usual scenarios. There is no single solution for solving the N challenge. Research shows that efficiency improvements and food waste reductions will almost certainly be insufficient to reach agreed environmental targets. To reach agreed targets, it seems necessary to also shift global average food consumption onto a trajectory with less animal-source food.
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